TY - JOUR A1 - Baltes, Paul B. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Further testing of limits of cognitive plasticity : negative age differences in a mnemonic skill are robust Y1 - 1992 SN - 0012-1649 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - From presentation time to processing time : a psychophysics approach to episodic memory Y1 - 1995 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dambacher, Michael A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Hofmann, Markus A1 - Jacobs, Arthur M. T1 - Frequency and predictability effects on event-related potentials during reading N2 - Effects of frequency, predictability, and position of words on event-related potentials were assessed during word-by-word sentence reading in 48 subjects in an early and in a late time window corresponding to P200 and N400. Repeated measures multiple regression analyses revealed a P200 effect in the high-frequency range also the P200 was larger on words at the beginning and end of sentences than on words in the middle of sentences (i.e., a quadratic effect of word position). Predictability strongly affected the N400 component; the effect was stronger for low than for high- frequency words. The P200 frequency effect indicates that high-frequency words are lexically accessed very fast, independent of context information. Effects on the N400 suggest that predictability strongly moderates the late access especially of low-frequency words. Thus, contextual facilitation on the N400 appears to reflect both lexical and post- lexical stages of word recognition, questioning a strict classification into lexical and post-lexical processes. Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00068993 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2006.02.010 SN - 0006-8993 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Krampe, Ralf-Thomas A1 - Mayr, Ulrich T1 - Formal models of age differences in task complexity effects Y1 - 2003 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Shu, Hua A1 - Zhou, Wei A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Font size modulates saccade-target selection in Chinese reading JF - Attention, perception, & psychophysics : AP&P ; a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc. N2 - In alphabetic writing systems, saccade amplitude (a close correlate of reading speed) is independent of font size, presumably because an increase in the angular size of letters is compensated for by a decrease of visual acuity with eccentricity. We propose that this invariance may (also) be due to the presence of spaces between words, guiding the eyes across a large range of font sizes. Here, we test whether saccade amplitude is also invariant against manipulations of font size during reading Chinese, a character-based writing system without spaces as explicit word boundaries for saccade-target selection. In contrast to word-spaced alphabetic writing systems, saccade amplitude decreased significantly with increased font size, leading to an increase in the number of fixations at the beginning of words and in the number of refixations. These results are consistent with a model which assumes that word beginning (rather than word center) is the default saccade target if the length of the parafoveal word is not available. KW - Eye movement KW - Saccade KW - Chinese KW - Font size Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-010-0029-y SN - 1943-3921 VL - 73 IS - 2 SP - 482 EP - 490 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Richter, Eike M. A1 - Nuthmann, Antje A1 - Shu, Hua T1 - Flexible saccade-target selection in Chinese reading N2 - As Chinese is written without orthographical word boundaries (i.e., spaces), it is unclear whether saccade targets are selected on the basis of characters or words and whether saccades are aimed at the beginning or the centre of words. Here, we report an experiment where 30 Chinese readers read 150 sentences while their eye movements were monitored. They exhibited a strong tendency to fixate at the word centre in single-fixation cases and at the word beginning in multiple-fixation cases. Different from spaced alphabetic script, initial fixations falling at the end of words were no more likely to be followed by a refixation than initial fixations at word centre. Further, single fixations were shorter than first fixations in two-fixation cases, which is opposite to what is found in Roman script. We propose that Chinese readers dynamically select the beginning or centre of words as saccade targets depending on failure or success with segmentation of parafoveal word boundaries. Y1 - 2010 UR - http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t716100704~db=all U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/17470210903114858 SN - 1747-0218 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laubrock, Jochen A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Fixational eye movements predict the perceived direction of ambiguous apparent motion N2 - Neuronal activity in area LIP is correlated with the perceived direction of ambiguous apparent motion (Z. M. Williams, J. C. Elfar, E. N. Eskandar, L. J. Toth, & J. A. Assad, 2003). Here we show that a similar correlation exists for small eye movements made during fixation. A moving dot grid with superimposed fixation point was presented through an aperture. In a motion discrimination task, unambiguous motion was compared with ambiguous motion obtained by shifting the grid by half of the dot distance. In three experiments we show that (a) microsaccadic inhibition, i.e., a drop in microsaccade frequency precedes reports of perceptual flips, (b) microsaccadic inhibition does not accompany simple response changes, and (c) the direction of microsaccades occurring before motion onset biases the subsequent perception of ambiguous motion. We conclude that microsaccades provide a signal on which perceptual judgments rely in the absence of objective disambiguating stimulus information. Y1 - 2008 UR - http://www.journalofvision.org/content/by/year U6 - https://doi.org/10.1167/8.14.13 SN - 1534-7362 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - Fixation durations before word skipping in reading N2 - We resolve a controversy about reading fixations before word-skipping saccades which were reported as longer or shorter than control fixations in earlier studies. Our statistics are based on resampling of matched sets of fixations before skipped and nonskipped words, drawn from a database of 121,321 single fixations contributed by 230 readers of the Potsdam sentence corpus. Matched fixations originated from single-fixation forward-reading patterns and were equated for their positions within words. Fixations before skipped words were shorter before short or high-frequency words and longer before long or low-frequency words in comparison with control fixations. Reasons for inconsistencies in past research and implications for computational models are discussed Y1 - 2005 SN - 1069-9384 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Face memory skill acquisition Y1 - 2001 SN - 0-8261-1372-9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pan, Jinger A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Laubrock, Jochen A1 - Shu, Hua A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Eye-voice span during rapid automatized naming of digits and dice in Chinese normal and dyslexic children JF - Developmental science. N2 - We measured Chinese dyslexic and control children's eye movements during rapid automatized naming (RAN) with alphanumeric (digits) and symbolic (dice surfaces) stimuli. Both types of stimuli required identical oral responses, controlling for effects associated with speech production. Results showed that naming dice was much slower than naming digits for both groups, but group differences in eye-movement measures and in the eye-voice span (i.e. the distance between the currently fixated item and the voiced item) were generally larger in digit-RAN than in dice-RAN. In addition, dyslexics were less efficient in parafoveal processing in these RAN tasks. Since the two RAN tasks required the same phonological output and on the assumption that naming dice is less practiced than naming digits in general, the results suggest that the translation of alphanumeric visual symbols into phonological codes is less efficient in dyslexic children. The dissociation of the print-to-sound conversion and phonological representation suggests that the degree of automaticity in translation from visual symbols to phonological codes in addition to phonological processing per se is also critical to understanding dyslexia. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12075 SN - 1467-7687 VL - 16 IS - 6 SP - 967 EP - 979 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Risse, Sarah A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Eye-movement control in reading : experimental and corpus-analysis challenges for a computational model Y1 - 2008 SN - 978-7-201-06107-8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Zhou, Wei A1 - Shu, Hua A1 - Yusupu, Rizwangul A1 - Miao, Dongxia A1 - Kruegel, Andre A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Eye movements guided by morphological structure: Evidence from the Uighur language JF - Cognition : international journal of cognitive science N2 - It is generally accepted that low-level features (e.g., inter-word spaces) are responsible for saccade-target selection in eye-movement control during reading. In two experiments using Uighur script known for its rich suffixes, we demonstrate that, in addition to word length and launch site, the number of suffixes influences initial landing positions. We also demonstrate an influence of word frequency. These results are difficult to explain purely by low-level guidance of eye movements and indicate that due to properties specific to Uighur script low-level visual information and high-level information such as morphological structure of parafoveal words jointly influence saccade programming. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - Eye movements KW - Morphological structure KW - Landing position KW - Uighur Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2014.03.008 SN - 0010-0277 SN - 1873-7838 VL - 132 IS - 2 SP - 181 EP - 215 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fernandez, Gerardo A1 - Shalom, Diego E. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Sigman, Mariano T1 - Eye movements during reading proverbs and regular sentences: the incoming word predictability effect JF - Language, cognition and neuroscience KW - eye movements KW - reading KW - proverbs KW - incoming word predictability effect Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/01690965.2012.760745 SN - 2327-3798 SN - 2327-3801 VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - 260 EP - 273 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Dambacher, Michael A1 - Dimigen, Olaf A1 - Jacobs, Arthur M. A1 - Sommer, Werner T1 - Eye movements and brain electric potentials during reading JF - Psychological research : an international journal of perception, attention, memory, and action N2 - The development of theories and computational models of reading requires an understanding of processing constraints, in particular of timelines related to word recognition and oculomotor control. Timelines of word recognition are usually determined with event-related potentials (ERPs) recorded under conditions of serial visual presentation (SVP) of words; timelines of oculomotor control are derived from parameters of eye movements (EMs) during natural reading. We describe two strategies to integrate these approaches. One is to collect ERPs and EMs in separate SVP and natural reading experiments for the same experimental material (but different subjects). The other strategy is to co-register EMs and ERPs during natural reading from the same subjects. Both strategies yield data that allow us to determine how lexical properties influence ERPs (e.g., the N400 component) and EMs (e.g., fixation durations) across neighboring words. We review our recent research on the effects of frequency and predictability of words on both EM and ERP measures with reference to current models of eye-movement control during reading. Results are in support of the proposition that lexical access is distributed across several fixations and across brain-electric potentials measured on neighboring words. Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-011-0376-x SN - 0340-0727 VL - 76 IS - 2 SP - 145 EP - 158 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Özkan, Ayşegül A1 - Fikri, Figen Beken A1 - Kırkıcı, Bilal A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Acartürk, Cengiz T1 - Eye movement control in Turkish sentence reading JF - Quarterly journal of experimental psychology : QJEP / EPS, Experimental Psychology Society N2 - Reading requires the assembly of cognitive processes across a wide spectrum from low-level visual perception to high-level discourse comprehension. One approach of unravelling the dynamics associated with these processes is to determine how eye movements are influenced by the characteristics of the text, in particular which features of the words within the perceptual span maximise the information intake due to foveal, spillover, parafoveal, and predictive processing. One way to test the generalisability of current proposals of such distributed processing is to examine them across different languages. For Turkish, an agglutinative language with a shallow orthography-phonology mapping, we replicate the well-known canonical main effects of frequency and predictability of the fixated word as well as effects of incoming saccade amplitude and fixation location within the word on single-fixation durations with data from 35 adults reading 120 nine-word sentences. Evidence for previously reported effects of the characteristics of neighbouring words and interactions was mixed. There was no evidence for the expected Turkish-specific morphological effect of the number of inflectional suffixes on single-fixation durations. To control for word-selection bias associated with single-fixation durations, we also tested effects on word skipping, single-fixation, and multiple-fixation cases with a base-line category logit model, assuming an increase of difficulty for an increase in the number of fixations. With this model, significant effects of word characteristics and number of inflectional suffixes of foveal word on probabilities of the number of fixations were observed, while the effects of the characteristics of neighbouring words and interactions were mixed. KW - Eye movements KW - reading KW - Turkish Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/1747021820963310 SN - 1747-0218 SN - 1747-0226 VL - 74 IS - 2 SP - 377 EP - 397 PB - Sage Publ. CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Pan, Jinger A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Eye Movement Control in Chinese Reading: A Cross-Sectional Study JF - Developmental psychology N2 - The present study explored the age-related changes of eye movement control in reading-that is, where to send the eyes and when to move them. Different orthographies present readers with somewhat different problems to solve, and this might, in turn, be reflected in different patterns of development of reading skill. Participants of different developmental levels (Grade 3, N = 30; Grade 5, N = 27 and adults, N = 27) were instructed to read sentences for comprehension while their eye movements were recorded. Contrary to previous findings that have been well documented indicating early maturation of saccade generation in English, current results showed that saccade generation among Chinese readers was still under development at Grade 5, although immediate lexical processing was relatively well-established. The distinct age-related changes in eye movements are attributable to certain linguistic properties of Chinese including the lack of interword spaces and word boundary uncertainty. The present study offers an example of how human eye movement adapts to the orthographic environment. KW - Chinese KW - eye movement KW - reading KW - development Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000819 SN - 0012-1649 SN - 1939-0599 VL - 55 IS - 11 SP - 2275 EP - 2285 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Wei, Ping A1 - Dambacher, Michael A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Zhou, Xiaolin T1 - Experimental effects and individual differences in linear mixed models: estimating the relationship between spatial, object, and attraction effects in visual attention Y1 - 2010 UR - http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00238/full U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00238 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Wei, Ping A1 - Dambacher, Michael A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Zhou, Xiaolin T1 - Experimental effects and individual differences in linear mixed models estimating the relationship between spatial, object, and attraction effects in visual attention JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - Linear mixed models (LMMs) provide a still underused methodological perspective on combining experimental and individual-differences research. Here we illustrate this approach with two-rectangle cueing in visual attention (Egly et al., 1994). We replicated previous experimental cue-validity effects relating to a spatial shift of attention within an object (spatial effect), to attention switch between objects (object effect), and to the attraction of attention toward the display centroid (attraction effect), also taking into account the design-inherent imbalance of valid and other trials. We simultaneously estimated variance/covariance components of subject-related random effects for these spatial, object, and attraction effects in addition to their mean reaction times (RTs). The spatial effect showed a strong positive correlation with mean RT and a strong negative correlation with the attraction effect. The analysis of individual differences suggests that slow subjects engage attention more strongly at the cued location than fast subjects. We compare this joint LMM analysis of experimental effects and associated subject-related variances and correlations with two frequently used alternative statistical procedures. KW - linear mixed model KW - individual differences KW - visual attention KW - spatial attention KW - object-based attention Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00238 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 2 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dambacher, Michael A1 - Slattery, Timothy J. A1 - Yang, Jinmian A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Rayner, Keith T1 - Evidence for direct control of eye movements during reading JF - Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance N2 - It is well established that fixation durations during reading vary with processing difficulty, but there are different views on how oculomotor control, visual perception, shifts of attention, and lexical (and higher cognitive) processing are coordinated. Evidence for a one-to-one translation of input delay into saccadic latency would provide a much needed constraint for current theoretical proposals. Here, we tested predictions of such a direct-control perspective using the stimulus-onset delay (SOD) paradigm. Words in sentences were initially masked and, on fixation, were individually unmasked with a delay (0-, 33-, 66-, 99-ms SODs). In Experiment 1, SODs were constant for all words in a sentence; in Experiment 2, SODs were manipulated on target words, while nontargets were unmasked without delay. In accordance with predictions of direct control, nonzero SODs entailed equivalent increases in fixation durations in both experiments. Yet, a population of short fixations pointed to rapid saccades as a consequence of low-level information at nonoptimal viewing positions rather than of lexical processing. Implications of these results for theoretical accounts of oculomotor control are discussed. KW - stimulus-onset delay KW - oculomotor control KW - fixation durations KW - sentence reading Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031647 SN - 0096-1523 VL - 39 IS - 5 SP - 1468 EP - 1484 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Risse, Sarah A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Evidence for delayed Parafoveal-on-Foveal effects from word n+2 in reading JF - Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance N2 - During reading information is acquired from word(s) beyond the word that is currently looked at. It is still an open question whether such parafoveal information can influence the current viewing of a word, and if so, whether such parafoveal-on-foveal effects are attributable to distributed processing or to mislocated fixations which occur when the eyes are directed at a parafoveal word but land on another word instead. In two display-change experiments, we orthogonally manipulated the preview and target difficulty of word n+2 to investigate the role of mislocated fixations on the previous word n+1. When the eyes left word n, an easy or difficult word n+2 preview was replaced by an easy or difficult n+2 target word. In Experiment 1, n+2 processing difficulty was manipulated by means of word frequency (i.e., easy high-frequency vs. difficult low-frequency word n+2). In Experiment 2, we varied the visual familiarity of word n+2 (i.e., easy lower-case vs. difficult alternating-case writing). Fixations on the short word n+1, which were likely to be mislocated, were nevertheless not influenced by the difficulty of the adjacent word n+2, the hypothesized target of the mislocated fixation. Instead word n+1 was influenced by the preview difficulty of word n+2, representing a delayed parafoveal-on-foveal effect. The results challenge the mislocated-fixation hypothesis as an explanation of parafoveal-on-foveal effects and provide new insight into the complex spatial and temporal effect structure of processing inside the perceptual span during reading. KW - perceptual span KW - n+2-boundary paradigm KW - preview benefit KW - parafoveal-on-foveal effect KW - mislocated fixations KW - eye movements Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027735 SN - 0096-1523 VL - 38 IS - 4 SP - 1026 EP - 1042 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Göthe, Katrin A1 - Oberauer, Klaus A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Eliminating dual-task costs by minimizing crosstalk between tasks: The role of modality and feature pairings JF - Cognition : international journal of cognitive science N2 - We tested the independent influences of two content-based factors on dual-task costs, and on the parallel processing ability: The pairing of S-R modalities and the pairing of relevant features between stimuli and responses of two tasks. The two pairing factors were realized across four dual-task groups. Within each group the two tasks comprised two different stimulus modalities (visual and auditory), two different relevant stimulus features (spatial and verbal) and two response modalities (manual and vocal). Pairings of S-R modalities (standard: visual-manual and auditory-vocal, non-standard: visual-vocal and auditory manual) and feature pairings (standard: spatial-manual and verbal-vocal, non-standard: spatial-vocal and verbal-manual) varied across groups. All participants practiced their respective dual-task combination in a paradigm with simultaneous stimulus onset before being transferred to a psychological refractory period paradigm varying stimulus-onset asynchrony. A comparison at the end of practice revealed similar dual-task costs and similar pairing effects in both paradigms. Dual-task costs depended on modality and feature pairings. Groups training with non-standard feature pairings (i.e., verbal stimulus features mapped to spatially separated response keys, or spatial stimulus features mapped to verbal responses) and non-standard modality pairings (i.e., auditory stimulus mapped to manual response, or visual stimulus mapped to vocal responses) had higher dual-task costs than respective standard pairings. In contrast, irrespective of modality pairing dual-task costs virtually disappeared with standard feature pairings after practice in both paradigms. The results can be explained by crosstalk between feature-binding processes for the two tasks. Crosstalk was present for non-standard but absent for standard feature pairings. Therefore, standard feature pairings enabled parallel processing at the end of practice. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - Parallel processing KW - Modality pairings KW - Representational overlap KW - Bottleneck Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2016.02.003 SN - 0010-0277 SN - 1873-7838 VL - 150 SP - 92 EP - 108 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weck, Florian A1 - Junga, Yvonne Marie A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Hahn, Daniela A1 - Brucker, Katharina A1 - Witthöft, Michael T1 - Effects of competence feedback on therapist competence and patient outcome BT - a randomized controlled trial JF - Journal of consulting and clinical psychology N2 - Objective: Therapist competence is considered essential for the success of psychotherapy. Feedback is an intervention which has the potential to improve therapist competence. The present study investigated whether competence feedback leads to an improvement of therapist competence and patient outcome. Method: Sixty-seven master-level clinical trainees were randomly assigned to either a competence feedback group (CFG) or a control group (CG). Patients with a diagnosis of major depression (N = 114) were randomly assigned to CFG or CG. Treatment included 20 individual sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). In CFG, therapists received, parallel to the treatment, five competence feedbacks, based on videotaped therapy sessions. Independent raters assessed therapist competence with the Cognitive Therapy Scale (CTS) and provided the competence feedback. Patient outcome was evaluated with the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and therapeutic alliance (Helping Alliance Questionnaire [HAQ]) from both therapist's (HAQ-T) and patient's (HAQ-P) perspective were evaluated after each of the 20 sessions. Results: (a) Therapist competence (CTS) increased significantly more for CFG than CG. (b) Depression (BDI-II) decreased significantly across sessions for both groups, but without evidence for a group-differential benefit for the CFG. (c) Therapeutic alliance (HAQ-T/P) increased significantly across sessions for both groups from both perspectives, but without group differences. (d) There is a positive effect of BDI-II on CTS at the beginning and a negative effect of CTS on BDI-II at the end of therapy. Conclusion: Competence feedback improves therapists' independently rated competence, but there is no evidence that competence feedback in CBT leads to better outcome. What is the public health significance of this article? This study suggests the substantial value of systematic competence feedback for improving therapist competence in the psychotherapy of depression. No significant effect of competence feedback on the reduction of reported depressive symptoms was found. KW - feedback KW - outcome KW - major depression KW - therapeutic alliance KW - therapeutic KW - competencies Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000686 SN - 0022-006X SN - 1939-2117 VL - 89 IS - 11 SP - 885 EP - 897 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dittmann-Kohli, Freya A1 - Lachmann, Margic A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Baltes, Paul B. T1 - Effects of cognitive training and testing on intellectual efficacy beliefs in elderly adults Y1 - 1991 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Beurskens, Rainer A1 - Mühlbauer, Thomas A1 - Grabow, Lena A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Granacher, Urs T1 - Effects of Backpack Carriage on Dual-Task Performance in Children During Standing and Walking JF - Journal of motor behavior KW - attentional demand KW - cognitive performance KW - gait analysis KW - load carriage KW - postural control Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/00222895.2016.1152137 SN - 0022-2895 SN - 1940-1027 VL - 48 SP - 500 EP - 508 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fühner, Thea Heidi A1 - Granacher, Urs A1 - Golle, Kathleen A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Effect of timing of school enrollment on physical fitness in third graders JF - Scientific Reports N2 - Timing of initial school enrollment may vary considerably for various reasons such as early or delayed enrollment, skipped or repeated school classes. Accordingly, the age range within school grades includes older-(OTK) and younger-than-keyage (YTK) children. Hardly any information is available on the impact of timing of school enrollment on physical fitness. There is evidence from a related research topic showing large differences in academic performance between OTK and YTK children versus keyage children. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare physical fitness of OTK (N = 26,540) and YTK (N = 2586) children versus keyage children (N = 108,295) in a representative sample of German third graders. Physical fitness tests comprised cardiorespiratory endurance, coordination, speed, lower, and upper limbs muscle power. Predictions of physical fitness performance for YTK and OTK children were estimated using data from keyage children by taking age, sex, school, and assessment year into account. Data were annually recorded between 2011 and 2019. The difference between observed and predicted z-scores yielded a delta z-score that was used as a dependent variable in the linear mixed models. Findings indicate that OTK children showed poorer performance compared to keyage children, especially in coordination, and that YTK children outperformed keyage children, especially in coordination. Teachers should be aware that OTK children show poorer physical fitness performance compared to keyage children. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-11710-x SN - 2045-2322 VL - 12 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Springer Nature CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Oberauer, Klaus A1 - Demmrich, Anke A1 - Mayr, Ulrich A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Dissociating retention and access in working memory : an age-comparative study of mental arithmetic Y1 - 2001 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Risse, Sarah A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Dissociating preview validity and preview difficulty in parafoveal processing of word n+1 during reading JF - Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance N2 - Many studies have shown that previewing the next word n + 1 during reading leads to substantial processing benefit (e.g., shorter word viewing times) when this word is eventually fixated. However, evidence of such preprocessing in fixations on the preceding word n when in fact the information about the preview is acquired is far less consistent. A recent study suggested that such effects may be delayed into fixations on the next word n + 1 (Risse & Kliegl, 2012). To investigate the time course of parafoveal information-acquisition on the control of eye movements during reading, we conducted 2 gaze-contingent display-change experiments and orthogonally manipulated the processing difficulty (i.e., word frequency) of an n + 1 preview word and its validity relative to the target word. Preview difficulty did not affect fixation durations on the pretarget word n but on the target word n + 1. In fact, the delayed preview-difficulty effect was almost of the same size as the preview benefit associated with the n + 1 preview validity. Based on additional results from quantile-regression analyses on the time course of the 2 preview effects, we discuss consequences as to the integration of foveal and parafoveal information and potential implications for computational models of eye guidance in reading. KW - display-change awareness KW - eye movements KW - parafoveal-on-foveal effect KW - parafoveal preview benefit KW - perceptual span Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034997 SN - 0096-1523 SN - 1939-1277 VL - 40 IS - 2 SP - 653 EP - 668 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haendler, Yair A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Adani, Flavia T1 - Discourse accessibility constraints in children´s processing of object relative clauses JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - Children’s poor performance on object relative clauses has been explained in terms of intervention locality. This approach predicts that object relatives with a full DP head and an embedded pronominal subject are easier than object relatives in which both the head noun and the embedded subject are full DPs. This prediction is shared by other accounts formulated to explain processing mechanisms. We conducted a visual-world study designed to test the off-line comprehension and on-line processing of object relatives in German-speaking 5-year-olds. Children were tested on three types of object relatives, all having a full DP head noun and differing with respect to the type of nominal phrase that appeared in the embedded subject position: another full DP, a 1st- or a 3rd-person pronoun. Grammatical skills and memory capacity were also assessed in order to see whether and how they affect children’s performance. Most accurately processed were object relatives with 1st-person pronoun, independently of children’s language and memory skills. Performance on object relatives with two full DPs was overall more accurate than on object relatives with 3rd-person pronoun. In the former condition, children with stronger grammatical skills accurately processed the structure and their memory abilities determined how fast they were; in the latter condition, children only processed accurately the structure if they were strong both in their grammatical skills and in their memory capacity. The results are discussed in the light of accounts that predict different pronoun effects like the ones we find, which depend on the referential properties of the pronouns. We then discuss which role language and memory abilities might have in processing object relatives with various embedded nominal phrases. KW - child language KW - relative clauses KW - discourse KW - pronouns KW - intervention locality KW - visual-world paradigm Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00860 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 6 IS - 860 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haendler, Yair A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Adani, Flavia T1 - Discourse accessibility constraints in children's processing of object relative clauses JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - Children's poor performance on object relative clauses has been explained in terms of intervention locality. This approach predicts that object relatives with a full DP head and an embedded pronominal subject are easier than object relatives in which both the head noun and the embedded subject are full DPs. This prediction is shared by other accounts formulated to explain processing mechanisms. We conducted a visual-world study designed to test the off-line comprehension and on-line processing of object relatives in German-speaking 5-year-olds. Children were tested on three types of object relatives, all having a full DP head noun and differing with respect to the type of nominal phrase that appeared in the embedded subject position: another full DP, a 1st- or a 3rd-person pronoun. Grammatical skills and memory capacity were also assessed in order to see whether and how they affect children's performance. Most accurately processed were object relatives with 1st-person pronoun, independently of children's language and memory skills. Performance on object relatives with two full DPs was overall more accurate than on object relatives with 3rd-person pronoun. In the former condition, children with stronger grammatical skills accurately processed the structure and their memory abilities determined how fast they were; in the latter condition, children only processed accurately the structure if they were strong both in their grammatical skills and in their memory capacity. The results are discussed in the light of accounts that predict different pronoun effects like the ones we find, which depend on the referential properties of the pronouns. We then discuss which role language and memory abilities might have in processing object relatives with various embedded nominal phrases. KW - child language KW - relative clauses KW - discourse KW - pronouns KW - intervention locality KW - visual-world paradigm Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00360 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 6 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mayr, Ulrich A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Differential effects of cue changes and task changes on task-set selection costs Y1 - 2003 SN - 0278-7393 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tetzner, Julia A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Busching, Robert A1 - Esser, Günter T1 - Developmental problems in adolescence BT - a person-centered analysis across time and domains JF - Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology N2 - This longitudinal study investigated patterns of developmental problems across depression, aggression, and academic achievement during adolescence, using two measurement points two years apart (N = 1665; age T1: M = 13.14; female = 49.6%). Latent Profile Analyses and Latent Transition Analyses yielded four main findings: A three-type solution provided the best fit to the data: an asymptomatic type (i.e., low problem scores in all three domains), a depressed type (i.e., high scores in depression), an aggressive type (i.e., high scores in aggression). Profile types were invariant over the two data waves but differed between girls and boys, revealing gender specific patterns of comorbidity. Stabilities over time were high for the asymptomatic type and for types that represented problems in one domain, but moderate for comorbid types. Differences in demographic variables (i.e., age, socio-economic status) and individual characteristics (i.e., self-esteem, dysfunctional cognitions, cognitive capabilities) predicted profile type memberships and longitudinal transitions between types. KW - Adolescence KW - Person-centered approach KW - Depression KW - Aggression KW - Academic achievement Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2017.08.003 SN - 0193-3973 SN - 1873-7900 VL - 53 SP - 40 EP - 53 PB - Elsevier CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - von der Malsburg, Titus Raban A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Vasishth, Shravan T1 - Determinants of Scanpath Regularity in Reading JF - Cognitive science : a multidisciplinary journal of anthropology, artificial intelligence, education, linguistics, neuroscience, philosophy, psychology ; journal of the Cognitive Science Society N2 - Scanpaths have played an important role in classic research on reading behavior. Nevertheless, they have largely been neglected in later research perhaps due to a lack of suitable analytical tools. Recently, von der Malsburg and Vasishth (2011) proposed a new measure for quantifying differences between scanpaths and demonstrated that this measure can recover effects that were missed with the traditional eyetracking measures. However, the sentences used in that study were difficult to process and scanpath effects accordingly strong. The purpose of the present study was to test the validity, sensitivity, and scope of applicability of the scanpath measure, using simple sentences that are typically read from left to right. We derived predictions for the regularity of scanpaths from the literature on oculomotor control, sentence processing, and cognitive aging and tested these predictions using the scanpath measure and a large database of eye movements. All predictions were confirmed: Sentences with short words and syntactically more difficult sentences elicited more irregular scanpaths. Also, older readers produced more irregular scanpaths than younger readers. In addition, we found an effect that was not reported earlier: Syntax had a smaller influence on the eye movements of older readers than on those of young readers. We discuss this interaction of syntactic parsing cost with age in terms of shifts in processing strategies and a decline of executive control as readers age. Overall, our results demonstrate the validity and sensitivity of the scanpath measure and thus establish it as a productive and versatile tool for reading research. KW - Eye movements KW - Reading KW - Scanpaths KW - Language understanding KW - Oculo-motor control KW - Individual differences KW - Aging KW - Development Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12208 SN - 0364-0213 SN - 1551-6709 VL - 39 IS - 7 SP - 1675 EP - 1703 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Richter, Eike M. A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Current advances in SWIFT N2 - Models of eye movement control are very useful for gaining insights into the intricate connections of different cognitive and oculomotor subsystems involved in reading. The SWIFT model (Engbert, Longtin, & Kliegl (2002). Vision Research, 42, 621 - 636) proposed a unified mechanism to account for all types of eye movement patterns that might be observed in reading behavior. The model is based on the notion of spatially distributed, or parallel, processing of words in a sentence. We present a refined version of SWIFT introducing a letter-based approach that proposes a processing gradient in the shape of a smooth function. We show that SWIFT extents its capabilities by accounting for distributions of landing positions. Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/13890417 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2005.07.003 SN - 1389-0417 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rolfs, Martin A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Crossmodal coupling of oculomotor control and spatial attention in vision and audition N2 - Fixational eye movements occur involuntarily during visual fixation of stationary scenes. The fastest components of these miniature eye movements are microsaccades, which can be observed about once per second. Recent studies demonstrated that microsaccades are linked to covert shifts of visual attention. Here, we generalized this finding in two ways. First, we used peripheral cues, rather than the centrally presented cues of earlier studies. Second, we spatially cued attention in vision and audition to visual and auditory targets. An analysis of microsaccade responses revealed an equivalent impact of visual and auditory cues on microsaccade-rate signature (i.e. an initial inhibition followed by an overshoot and a final return to the pre-cue baseline rate). With visual cues or visual targets, microsaccades were briefly aligned with cue direction and then opposite to cue direction during the overshoot epoch, probably as a result of an inhibition of an automatic saccade to the peripheral cue. With left auditory cues and auditory targets microsaccades oriented in cue direction. We argue that microsaccades can be used to study crossmodal integration of sensory information and to map the time course of saccade preparation during covert shifts of visual and auditory attention Y1 - 2005 SN - 0014-4819 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Teich, Paula A1 - Fühner, Thea Heidi A1 - Baehr, Florian A1 - Puta, Christian A1 - Granacher, Urs A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Covid pandemic effects on the physical fitness of primary school children BT - results of the german EMOTIKON project JF - Sports Medicine - Open N2 - BackgroundIn spring of 2020, the Sars-CoV-2 incidence rate increased rapidly in Germany and around the world. Throughout the next 2 years, schools were temporarily closed and social distancing measures were put in place to slow the spread of the Covid-19 virus. Did these social restrictions and temporary school lockdowns affect children's physical fitness? The EMOTIKON project annually tests the physical fitness of all third-graders in the Federal State of Brandenburg, Germany. The tests assess cardiorespiratory endurance (6-min-run test), coordination (star-run test), speed (20-m sprint test), lower (powerLOW, standing long jump test), and upper (powerUP, ball-push test) limbs muscle power, and static balance (one-legged stance test with eyes closed). A total of 125,893 children were tested in the falls from 2016 to 2022. Primary analyses focused on 98,510 keyage third-graders (i.e., school enrollment according to the legal key date, aged 8 to 9 years) from 515 schools. Secondary analyses included 27,383 older-than-keyage third-graders (i.e., OTK, delayed school enrollment or repetition of a grade, aged 9 to 10 years), who have been shown to exhibit lower physical fitness than expected for their age. Linear mixed models fitted pre-pandemic quadratic secular trends, and took into account differences between children and schools.ResultsThird-graders exhibited lower cardiorespiratory endurance, coordination, speed and powerUP in the Covid pandemic cohorts (2020-2022) compared to the pre-pandemic cohorts (2016-2019). Children's powerLOW and static balance were higher in the pandemic cohorts compared to the pre-pandemic cohorts. From 2020 to 2021, coordination, powerLOW and powerUP further declined. Evidence for some post-pandemic physical fitness catch-up was restricted to powerUP. Cohen's |ds| for comparisons of the pandemic cohorts 2020-2022 with pre-pandemic cohorts 2016-2019 ranged from 0.02 for powerLOW to 0.15 for coordination. Within the pandemic cohorts, keyage children exhibited developmental losses ranging from approximately 1 month for speed to 5 months for cardiorespiratory endurance. For powerLOW and static balance, the positive pandemic effects translate to developmental gains of 1 and 7 months, respectively. Pre-pandemic secular trends may account for some of the observed differences between pandemic and pre-pandemic cohorts, especially in powerLOW, powerUP and static balance. The pandemic further increased developmental delays of OTK children in cardiorespiratory endurance, powerUP and balance.ConclusionsThe Covid-19 pandemic was associated with declines in several physical fitness components in German third-graders. Pandemic effects are still visible in 2022. Health-related interventions should specifically target those physical fitness components that were negatively affected by the pandemic (cardiorespiratory endurance, coordination, speed). KW - Sars-CoV-2 KW - Cohort study KW - Cardiorespiratory endurance KW - Muscle power KW - Physical fitness KW - Youth KW - EMOTIKON KW - Linear mixed models Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-023-00624-1 SN - 2198-9761 VL - 9 IS - 1 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Li, Nan A1 - Wang, Suiping A1 - Mo, Luxi A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Contextual constraint and preview time modulate the semantic preview effect BT - evidence from Chinese sentence reading JF - The quarterly journal of experimental psychology N2 - Word recognition in sentence reading is influenced by information from both preview and context. Recently, semantic preview effect (SPE) was observed being modulated by the constraint of context, indicating that context might accelerate the processing of semantically related preview words. Besides, SPE was found to depend on preview time, which suggests that SPE may change with different processing stages of preview words. Therefore, it raises the question of whether preview time-dependent SPE would be modulated by contextual constraint. In this study, we not only investigated the impact of contextual constraint on SPE in Chinese reading but also examined its dependency on preview time. The preview word and the target word were identical, semantically related or unrelated to the target word. The results showed a significant three-way interaction: The SPE depended on contextual constraint and preview time. In separate analyses for low and high contextual constraint of target words, the SPE significantly decreased with an increase in preview duration when the target word was of low constraint in the sentence. The effect was numerically in the same direction but weaker and statistically nonsignificant when the target word was highly constrained in the sentence. The results indicate that word processing in sentences is a dynamic process of integrating information from both preview (bottom-up) and context (top-down). KW - Semantic preview benefit KW - contextual constraint KW - word process KW - reading Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1310914 SN - 1747-0218 SN - 1747-0226 VL - 71 IS - 1 SP - 241 EP - 249 PB - Sage Publ. CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ong, James Kwan Yau A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Conditional co-occurrence probability acts like frequency in predicting fixation durations Y1 - 2008 UR - http://www.jemr.org/ SN - 1995-8692 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Kemper, Susan T1 - Concluding observations Y1 - 1999 SN - 0-7923-8526-8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Longtin, Andre T1 - Complexity of eye movements in reading N2 - During reading, our eyes perform complicated sequences of fixations on words. Stochastic models of eye movement control suggest that this seemingly erratic behaviour can be attributed to noise in the oculomotor system and random fluctuations in lexical processing. Here, we present a qualitative analysis of a recently published dynamical model [Engbert et al., 2002] and propose that deterministic nonlinear control accounts for much of the observed complexity of eye movement patterns during reading. Based on a symbolic coding technique we analyze robust statistical features of simulated fixation sequences Y1 - 2004 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mayr, Ulrich A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Complex semantic processing in old age : does it stay or does it go? Y1 - 2000 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heister, Julian A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Comparing word frequencies from different German text corpora JF - Potsdam cognitive science series N2 - Inhalt: Introduction Developments in creating corpora dlexDB, subtitles, and tabloid newspapers Rating corpus emotionality Current study Method Materials Corpora Results Type-token ratio Validity: Effects of task difficulty Emotionality of a corpus Validity: Effects of emotionality Discussion Outlook References Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-62346 SN - 2190-4545 SN - 2190-4553 IS - 3 SP - 27 EP - 44 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heister, Julian A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Comparing word frequencies from different German text corpora Y1 - 2012 SN - 978-3-86956-178-3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Philipp, Doris T1 - Cognitive plasticity Y1 - 2002 SN - 0-7619-5494-5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schroeder, Sascha A1 - Würzner, Kay-Michael A1 - Heister, Julian A1 - Geyken, Alexander A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - childLex: a lexical database of German read by children JF - Behavior research methods : a journal of the Psychonomic Society N2 - This article introduces childLex, an online database of German read by children. childLex is based on a corpus of children's books and comprises 10 million words that were syntactically annotated and lemmatized. childLex reports linguistic norms for lexical, superlexical, and sublexical variables in three different age groups: 6-8 (grades 1-2), 9-10 (grades 3-4), and 11-12 years (grades 5-6). Here, we describe how childLex was collected and analyzed. In addition, we provide information about the distributions of word frequency, word length, and orthographic neighborhood size, as well as their intercorrelations. Finally, we explain how childLex can be accessed using a Web interface. KW - Lexical database KW - Child language KW - Reading development Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-014-0528-1 SN - 1554-351X SN - 1554-3528 VL - 47 IS - 4 SP - 1085 EP - 1094 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - CarPrice versus CarpRice: Word Boundary Ambiguity Influences Saccade Target Selection During the Reading of Chinese Sentences JF - Journal of experimental psychology : Learning, memory, and cognition N2 - As a contribution to a theoretical debate about the degree of high-level influences on saccade targeting during sentence reading, we investigated eye movements during the reading of structurally ambiguous Chinese character strings and examined whether parafoveal word segmentation could influence saccade-target selection. As expected, ambiguous strings took longer to process. More critically there were theoretically relevant interactions between ambiguity and launch site when first-fixation location and saccade amplitude served as dependent variables: Ambiguous strings in the parafovea triggered longer saccades and more rightward fixations for close launch sites than unambiguous ones; the reverse result was obtained for far launch sites. These crossover interactions indicate that parafoveal word segmentation influences saccade generation in Chinese and provide support of the hypothesis that high-level information can be involved in the decision about where to fixate next. KW - Chinese KW - ambiguity KW - fixation location KW - parafoveal KW - word segmentation Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000276 SN - 0278-7393 SN - 1939-1285 VL - 42 SP - 1832 EP - 1838 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Binocular coordination in microsaccades Y1 - 2003 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Oberauer, Klaus A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Beyond resources : formal models of complexity effects in age differences in working memory Y1 - 2001 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lindenberger, Ulman A1 - Brehmer, Y. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Baltes, Paul B. T1 - Benefits of graphic design expertise in old age : compensatory effects of a graphical lexicon? Y1 - 2008 SN - 978-0-521-87205-8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hortobagyi, Tibor A1 - Uematsu, Azusa A1 - Sanders, Lianne A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Tollar, Jozsef A1 - Moraes, Renato A1 - Granacher, Urs T1 - Beam Walking to Assess Dynamic Balance in Health and Disease BT - a Protocol for the "BEAM" Multicenter Observational Study JF - Gerontology N2 - Background: Dynamic balance keeps the vertical projection of the center of mass within the base of support while walking. Dynamic balance tests are used to predict the risks of falls and eventual falls. The psychometric properties of most dynamic balance tests are unsatisfactory and do not comprise an actual loss of balance while walking. Objectives: Using beam walking distance as a measure of dynamic balance, the BEAM consortium will determine the psychometric properties, lifespan and patient reference values, the relationship with selected “dynamic balance tests,” and the accuracy of beam walking distance to predict falls. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study will examine healthy adults in 7 decades (n = 432) at 4 centers. Center 5 will examine patients (n = 100) diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, and balance disorders. In test 1, all participants will be measured for demographics, medical history, muscle strength, gait, static balance, dynamic balance using beam walking under single (beam walking only) and dual task conditions (beam walking while concurrently performing an arithmetic task), and several cognitive functions. Patients and healthy participants age 50 years or older will be additionally measured for fear of falling, history of falls, miniBESTest, functional reach on a force platform, timed up and go, and reactive balance. All participants age 50 years or older will be recalled to report fear of falling and fall history 6 and 12 months after test 1. In test 2, seven to ten days after test 1, healthy young adults and age 50 years or older (n = 40) will be retested for reliability of beam walking performance. Conclusion: We expect to find that beam walking performance vis-à-vis the traditionally used balance outcomes predicts more accurately fall risks and falls. Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT03532984. KW - Aging KW - Gait KW - Balance KW - Dual tasks KW - Falls Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1159/000493360 SN - 0304-324X SN - 1423-0003 VL - 65 IS - 4 SP - 332 EP - 339 PB - Karger CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pietrek, Anou F. A1 - Kangas, Maria A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Rapp, Michael A. A1 - Heinzel, Stephan A1 - Van der Kaap-Deeder, Jolene A1 - Heissel, Andreas T1 - Basic psychological need satisfaction and frustration in major depressive disorder JF - Frontiers in Psychiatry - Mood Disorders N2 - Basic psychological needs theory postulates that a social environment that satisfies individuals’ three basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness leads to optimal growth and well-being. On the other hand, the frustration of these needs is associated with ill-being and depressive symptoms foremost investigated in non-clinical samples; yet, there is a paucity of research on need frustration in clinical samples. Survey data were compared between adult individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD; n = 115; 48.69% female; 38.46 years, SD = 10.46) with those of a non-depressed comparison sample (n = 201; 53.23% female; 30.16 years, SD = 12.81). Need profiles were examined with a linear mixed model (LMM). Individuals with depression reported higher levels of frustration and lower levels of satisfaction in relation to the three basic psychological needs when compared to non-depressed adults. The difference between depressed and non-depressed groups was significantly larger for frustration than satisfaction regarding the needs for relatedness and competence. LMM correlation parameters confirmed the expected positive correlation between the three needs. This is the first study showing substantial differences in need-based experiences between depressed and non-depressed adults. The results confirm basic assumptions of the self-determination theory and have preliminary implications in tailoring therapy for depression. KW - basic need satisfaction and frustration KW - depressive symptoms KW - clinical sample KW - need profiles KW - social environment Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.962501 SN - 1664-0640 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Frontiers Media S.A. CY - Lausanne, Schweiz ER -