TY - JOUR A1 - Goethe, Katrin A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Gendt, Anja A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Working memory in children tracing age differences and special educational needs to parameters of a formal model JF - Developmental psychology N2 - Parameters of a formal working-memory model were estimated for verbal and spatial memory updating of children. The model proposes interference though feature overwriting and through confusion of whole elements as the primary cause of working-memory capacity limits. We tested 2 age groups each containing 1 group of normal intelligence and I deficit group. For young children the deficit was developmental dyslexia; for older children it was a general learning difficulty. The interference model predicts less interference through overwriting but more through confusion of whole elements for the dyslexic children than for their age-matched controls. Older children exhibited less interference through confusion of whole elements and a higher processing rate than young children, but general learning difficulty was associated with slower processing than in the age-matched control group. Furthermore, the difference between verbal and spatial updating mapped onto several meaningful dissociations of model parameters. KW - working-memory capacity KW - interference model KW - dyslexia KW - general learning difficulty Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025660 SN - 0012-1649 VL - 48 IS - 2 SP - 459 EP - 476 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Göthe, Katrin A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Gendt, Anja A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Working memory in children : tracing age differences and special educational needs to parameters of a formal model N2 - Parameters of a formal working-memory model were estimated for verbal and spatial memory updating of children. The model proposes interference though feature overwriting and through confusion of whole elements as the primary cause of working-memory capacity limits. We tested 2 age groups each containing 1 group of normal intelligence and 1 deficit group. For young children the deficit was developmental dyslexia; for older children it was a general learning difficulty. The interference model predicts less interference through overwriting but more through confusion of whole elements for the dyslexic children than for their age-matched controls. Older children exhibited less interference through confusion of whole elements and a higher processing rate than young children, but general learning difficulty was associated with slower processing than in the age-matched control group. Furthermore, the difference between verbal and spatial updating mapped onto several meaningful dissociations of model parameters. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nicenboim, Bruno A1 - Vasishth, Shravan A1 - Gattei, Carolina A1 - Sigman, Mariano A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Working memory differences in long-distance dependency resolution JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - There is a wealth of evidence showing that increasing the distance between an argument and its head leads to more processing effort, namely, locality effects: these are usually associated with constraints in working memory (DLT: Gibson, 2000: activation-based model: Lewis and Vasishth, 2005). In SOV languages, however, the opposite effect has been found: antilocality (see discussion in Levy et al., 2013). Antilocality effects can be explained by the expectation based approach as proposed by Levy (2008) or by the activation-based model of sentence processing as proposed by Lewis and Vasishth (2005). We report an eye-tracking and a self-paced reading study with sentences in Spanish together with measures of individual differences to examine the distinction between expectation- and memory based accounts, and within memory-based accounts the further distinction between DLT and the activation-based model. The experiments show that (i) antilocality effects as predicted by the expectation account appear only for high-capacity readers; (ii) increasing dependency length by interposing material that modifies the head of the dependency (the verb) produces stronger facilitation than increasing dependency length with material that does not modify the head; this is in agreement with the activation-based model but not with the expectation account; and (iii) a possible outcome of memory load on low-capacity readers is the increase in regressive saccades (locality effects as predicted by memory-based accounts) or, surprisingly, a speedup in the self-paced reading task; the latter consistent with good-enough parsing (Ferreira et al., 2002). In sum, the study suggests that individual differences in working memory capacity play a role in dependency resolution, and that some of the aspects of dependency resolution can be best explained with the activation-based model together with a prediction component. KW - locality KW - antilocality KW - working memory capacity KW - individual differences KW - Spanish KW - activation KW - DLT KW - expectation Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00312 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 6 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nicenboim, Bruno A1 - Vasishth, Shravan A1 - Gattei, Carolina A1 - Sigman, Mariano A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Working memory differences in long-distance dependency resolution JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - There is a wealth of evidence showing that increasing the distance between an argument and its head leads to more processing effort, namely, locality effects; these are usually associated with constraints in working memory (DLT: Gibson, 2000; activation-based model: Lewis and Vasishth, 2005). In SOV languages, however, the opposite effect has been found: antilocality (see discussion in Levy et al., 2013). Antilocality effects can be explained by the expectation-based approach as proposed by Levy (2008) or by the activation-based model of sentence processing as proposed by Lewis and Vasishth (2005). We report an eye-tracking and a self-paced reading study with sentences in Spanish together with measures of individual differences to examine the distinction between expectation- and memory-based accounts, and within memory-based accounts the further distinction between DLT and the activation-based model. The experiments show that (i) antilocality effects as predicted by the expectation account appear only for high-capacity readers; (ii) increasing dependency length by interposing material that modifies the head of the dependency (the verb) produces stronger facilitation than increasing dependency length with material that does not modify the head; this is in agreement with the activation-based model but not with the expectation account; and (iii) a possible outcome of memory load on low-capacity readers is the increase in regressive saccades (locality effects as predicted by memory-based accounts) or, surprisingly, a speedup in the self-paced reading task; the latter consistent with good-enough parsing (Ferreira et al., 2002). In sum, the study suggests that individual differences in working memory capacity play a role in dependency resolution, and that some of the aspects of dependency resolution can be best explained with the activation-based model together with a prediction component. KW - locality KW - antilocality KW - working memory capacity KW - individual differences KW - Spanish KW - activation KW - DLT KW - expectation Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00312 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 6 IS - 312 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rodriguez-Villagra, Odir Antonio A1 - Göthe, Katrin A1 - Oberauer, Klaus A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Working memory capacity in a go/no-go task - age differences in interference, processing speed, and attentional control JF - Developmental psychology N2 - We tested the limits of working-memory capacity (WMC) of young adults, old adults, and children with a memory-updating task. The task consisted of mentally shifting spatial positions within a grid according to arrows, their color signaling either only go (control) or go/no-go conditions. The interference model (IM) of Oberauer and Kliegl (2006) was simultaneously fitted to the data of all groups. In addition to the 3 main model parameters (feature overlap, noise, and processing rate), we estimated the time for switching between go and no-go steps as a new model parameter. In this study, we examined the IM parameters across the life span. The IM parameter estimates show that (a) conditions were not different in interference by feature overlap and interference by confusion; (b) switching costs time; (c) young adults and children were less susceptible than old adults to interference due to feature overlap; (d) noise was highest for children, followed by old and young adults; (e) old adults differed from children and young adults in lower processing rate; and (f) children and old adults had a larger switch cost between go steps and no-go steps. Thus, the results of this study indicated that across age, the IM parameters contribute distinctively for explaining the limits of WMC. KW - working memory capacity KW - interference model KW - inhibition KW - children KW - old adults and young adults Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030883 SN - 0012-1649 VL - 49 IS - 9 SP - 1683 EP - 1696 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhou, Wei A1 - Wang, Aiping A1 - Shu, Hua A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Yan, Ming T1 - Word segmentation by alternating colors facilitates eye guidance in Chinese reading JF - Memory & cognition N2 - During sentence reading, low spatial frequency information afforded by spaces between words is the primary factor for eye guidance in spaced writing systems, whereas saccade generation for unspaced writing systems is less clear and under debate. In the present study, we investigated whether word-boundary information, provided by alternating colors (consistent or inconsistent with word-boundary information) influences saccade-target selection in Chinese. In Experiment 1, as compared to a baseline (i.e., uniform color) condition, word segmentation with alternating color shifted fixation location towards the center of words. In contrast, incorrect word segmentation shifted fixation location towards the beginning of words. In Experiment 2, we used a gaze-contingent paradigm to restrict the color manipulation only to the upcoming parafoveal words and replicated the results, including fixation location effects, as observed in Experiment 1. These results indicate that Chinese readers are capable of making use of parafoveal word-boundary knowledge for saccade generation, even if such information is unfamiliar to them. The present study provides novel support for the hypothesis that word segmentation is involved in the decision about where to fixate next during Chinese reading. KW - Chinese KW - Word segmentation KW - Fixation location KW - Parafoveal KW - Color Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-018-0797-5 SN - 0090-502X SN - 1532-5946 VL - 46 IS - 5 SP - 729 EP - 740 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hörnig, Robin A1 - Weskott, Thomas A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Fanselow, Gisbert T1 - Word order variation in spatial descriptions with adverbs N2 - Previous research has shown that in a three-term spatial reasoning task, the second premise of a German premise pair is especially easy to comprehend if (1) the prepositional object rather than the grammatical subject denotes the given entity, and if (2) the term denoting the given entity precedes the term denoting the new entity. Accordingly, the second premise is easiest to comprehend with noncanonical word order-that is, with the prepositional object in preverbal position denoting the given entity (e.g., To the right of the given object is the new subject). This finding is explained in terms of contextual licensing of noncanonical word order. Here, we discuss and tested two alternative accounts of contextual licensing, given-new and partially ordered set relations (Poset). The given-new account claims that noncanonical word order is licensed by the term denoting the given entity preceding the term denoting the new entity. On the Poset account, noncanonical word order is licensed if the preverbal constituent introduces a new entity that stands in a transitive, irreflexive, and asymmetric relation to a given entity. Comprehension times for second premises with spatial adverbs in four different word orders support both accounts of contextual licensing; Poset licensing was stronger than given-new licensing. Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.springerlink.com/content/0090-502x/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193264 SN - 0090-502X ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laubrock, Jochen A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Rolfs, Martin A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - When do microsaccades follow spatial attention? N2 - Following up on an exchange about the relation between microsaccades and spatial attention (Horowitz, Fencsik, Fine, Yurgenson, & Wolfe, 2007; Horowitz, Fine, Fencsik, Yurgenson, & Wolfe, 2007; Laubrock, Engbert, Rolfs, & Kliegl, 2007), we examine the effects of selection criteria and response modality. We show that for Posner cuing with saccadic responses, microsaccades go with attention in at least 75% of cases (almost 90% if probability matching is assumed) when they are first (or only) microsaccades in the cue target interval and when they occur between 200 and 400 msec after the cue. The relation between spatial attention and the direction of microsaccades drops to chance level for unselected microsaccades collected during manual-response conditions. Analyses of data from four cross-modal cuing experiments demonstrate an above-chance, intermediate link for visual cues, but no systematic relation for auditory cues. Thus, the link between spatial attention and direction of microsaccades depends on the experimental condition and time of occurrence, but it can be very strong. Y1 - 2010 UR - http://app.psychonomic-journals.org/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/APP.72.3.683 SN - 1943-3921 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thiel, Marco A1 - Romano, Maria Carmen A1 - Kurths, Jürgen A1 - Rolfs, Martin A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Twin surrogates to test for complex synchronisation N2 - We present an approach to generate (multivariate) twin surrogates (TS) based on recurrence properties. This technique generates surrogates which correspond to an independent copy of the underlying system, i.e. they induce a trajectory of the underlying system starting at different initial conditions. We show that these surrogates are well suited to test for complex synchronisation and exemplify this for the paradigmatic system of Rossler oscillators. The proposed test enables to assess the statistical relevance of a synchronisation analysis from passive experiments which are typical in natural systems Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.mendeley.com/research/twin-surrogates-to-test-for-complex-synchronisation/#page-1 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1209/epl/i2006-10147-0 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dimigen, Olaf A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Sommer, Werner T1 - Trans-saccadic parafoveal preview benefits in fluent reading: A study with fixation-related brain potentials JF - NeuroImage : a journal of brain function N2 - During natural reading, a parafoveal preview of the upcoming word facilitates its subsequent recognition (e.g., shorter fixation durations compared to masked preview) but nothing is known about the neural correlates of this so-called preview benefit. Furthermore, while the evidence is strong that readers preprocess orthographic features of upcoming words, it is controversial whether word meaning can also be accessed parafoveally. We investigated the timing, scope, and electrophysiological correlates of parafoveal information use in reading by simultaneously recording eye movements and fixation-related brain potentials (FRPs) while participants read word lists fluently from left to right. For one word the target (e.g., "blade") parafoveal information was manipulated by showing an identical ("blade"), semantically related ("knife"), or unrelated ("sugar") word as preview. In boundary trials, the preview was shown parafoveally but changed to the correct target word during the incoming saccade. Replicating classic findings, target words were fixated shorter after identical previews. In the EEG, this benefit was reflected in an occipitotemporal preview positivity between 200 and 280 ms. In contrast, there was no facilitation from related previews. In parafoveal-on-foveal trials, preview and target were embedded at neighboring list positions without a display change. Consecutive fixation of two related words produced N400 priming effects, but only shortly (160 ms) after the second word was directly fixated. Results demonstrate that neural responses to words are substantially altered by parafoveal preprocessing under normal reading conditions. We found no evidence that word meaning contributes to these effects. Saccade-contingent display manipulations can be combined with EEG recordings to study extrafoveal perception in vision. KW - EEG KW - Eye tracking KW - Active vision KW - Eye-fixation-related potentials (EFRP) KW - Parafoveal vision KW - Boundary technique Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.04.006 SN - 1053-8119 SN - 1095-9572 VL - 62 IS - 1 SP - 381 EP - 393 PB - Elsevier CY - San Diego ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Nuthmann, Antje A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - Tracking the mind during reading : the influence of past, present, and future words on fixation durations N2 - Reading requires the orchestration of visual, attentional, language-related, and oculomotor processing constraints. This study replicates previous effects of frequency, predictability, and length of fixated words on fixation durations in natural reading and demonstrates new effects of these variables related to previous and next words. Results are based on fixation durations recorded from 222 persons, each reading 144 sentences. Such evidence for distributed processing of words across fixation durations challenges psycholinguistic immediacy-of-processing and eye- mind assumptions. Most of the time the mind processes several words in parallel at different perceptual and cognitive levels. Eye movements can help to unravel these processes Y1 - 2006 UR - http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=browsePA.volumes&jcode=xge&vol=135&issue=1 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.135.1.12 SN - 0096-3445 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Towards a perceptual-span theory of distributed processing in reading : a reply to Rayner, Pollatsek, Drieghe, Slattery, and Reichle Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rolfs, Martin A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - Toward a model of microsaccade generation : the case of microsaccadic inhibition Y1 - 2008 UR - http://www.journalofvision.org/content/by/year U6 - https://doi.org/10.1167/8.11.5 SN - 1534-7362 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mayr, Ulrich A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Krampe, Ralf-Thomas T1 - Timing, sequencing and executive control in repetitive movement production N2 - The authors demonstrate that the timing and sequencing of target durations require low-level timing and executive control. Sixteen young (M-age = 19 years) and 16 older (M-age = 70 years) adults participated in 2 experiments. In Experiment 1, individual mean-variance functions for low-level timing (isochronous tapping) and the sequencing of multiple targets (rhythm production) revealed (a) a dissociation of low-level timing and sequencing in both age groups, (b) negligible age differences for low-level timing, and (c) large age differences for sequencing. Experiment 2 supported the distinction between low-level timing and executive functions: Selection against a dominant rhythm and switching between rhythms impaired performances in both age groups and induced pronounced perseveration of the dominant pattern in older adults. Y1 - 2005 SN - 0096-1523 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Mayr, Ulrich A1 - Krampe, Ralf-Thomas T1 - Time-accuracy functions for the determination of person and process differences : an application to cognitive aging Y1 - 1994 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schlesewsky, Matthias A1 - Fanselow, Gisbert A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Krems, J. T1 - The subject preference in the processing of locally ambiguous Wh-questions in german Y1 - 2000 SN - 0-7923-6104- 0 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Volbrecht, V. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - The perception of blackness : an historical and contemporary review Y1 - 1998 SN - 3-11-015431-5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nuthmann, Antje A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - The IOVP-effect in mindless reading : Experiment and modeling N2 - Fixation durations in reading are longer for within-word fixation positions close to word center than for positions near word boundaries. This counterintuitive result was termed the Inverted-Optimal Viewing Position (IOVP) effect. We proposed an explanation of the effect based on error-correction of mislocated fixations [Nuthmann, A., Engbert, R., & Kliegl, R. (2005). Mislocated fixations during reading and the inverted optimal viewing position effect. Vision Research, 45, 2201-2217], that suggests that the IOVP effect is not related to word processing. Here we demonstrate the existence of an IOVP effect in "mindless reading", a G-string scanning task. We compare the results from experimental data with results obtained from computer simulations of a simple model of the IOVP effect and discuss alternative accounts. We conclude that oculornotor errors, which often induce mislocalized fixations, represent the most important source of the IOVP effect. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Y1 - 2007 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2006.11.005 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ohl, Sven A1 - Brandt, Stephan A. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - The generation of secondary saccades without postsaccadic visual feedback JF - Journal of vision N2 - Primary saccades are often followed by small secondary saccades, which are generally thought to reduce the distance between the saccade endpoint and target location. Accumulated evidence demonstrates that secondary saccades are subject to various influences, among which retinal feedback during postsaccadic fixation constitutes only one important signal. Recently, we reported that target eccentricity and an orientation bias influence the generation of secondary saccades. In the present study, we examine secondary saccades in the absence of postsaccadic visual feedback. Although extraretinal signals (e.g., efference copy) have received widespread attention in eye-movement studies, it is still unclear whether an extraretinal error signal contributes to the programming of secondary saccades. We have observed that secondary saccade latency and amplitude depend on primary saccade error despite the absence of postsaccadic visual feedback. Strong evidence for an extraretinal error signal influencing secondary saccade programming is given by the observation that secondary saccades are more likely to be oriented in a direction opposite to the primary saccade as primary saccade error shifts from target undershoot to overshoot. We further show how the functional relationship between primary saccade landing position and secondary saccade characteristics varies as a function of target eccentricity. We propose that initial target eccentricity and an extraretinal error signal codetermine the postsaccadic activity distribution in the saccadic motor map when no visual feedback is available. KW - monocular deprivation KW - binocular combination KW - sensory balance Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1167/13.5.11 SN - 1534-7362 VL - 13 IS - 5 PB - Association for Research in Vision and Opthalmology CY - Rockville ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - The game of word skipping : who are the competitors? N2 - Computational models such as E-Z Reader and SWIFT are ideal theoretical tools to test quantitatively our current understanding of eye-movement control in reading. Here we present a mathematical analysis of word skipping in the E-Z Reader model by semianalytic methods, to highlight the differences in current modeling approaches. In E-Z Reader, the word identification system must outperform the oculomotor system to induce word skipping. In SWIFT, there is competition among words to be selected as a saccade target. We conclude that it is the question of competitors in the "game" of word skipping that must be solved in eye movement research Y1 - 2003 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krampe, Ralf-Thomas A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Mayr, Ulrich A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Vorberg, D. T1 - The fast and the slow of skilled bimanual rhythm production : parallel versus integrated timing Y1 - 2000 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laubrock, Jochen A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - The eye-voice span during reading aloud JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - Although eye movements during reading are modulated by cognitive processing demands, they also reflect visual sampling of the input, and possibly preparation of output for speech or the inner voice. By simultaneously recording eye movements and the voice during reading aloud, we obtained an output measure that constrains the length of time spent on cognitive processing. Here we investigate the dynamics of the eye-voice span (EVS), the distance between eye and voice. We show that the EVS is regulated immediately during fixation of a word by either increasing fixation duration or programming a regressive eye movement against the reading direction. EVS size at the beginning of a fixation was positively correlated with the likelihood of regressions and refixations. Regression probability was further increased if the EVS was still large at the end of a fixation: if adjustment of fixation duration did not sufficiently reduce the EVS during a fixation, then a regression rather than a refixation followed with high probability. We further show that the EVS can help understand cognitive influences on fixation duration during reading: in mixed model analyses, the EVS was a stronger predictor of fixation durations than either word frequency or word length. The EVS modulated the influence of several other predictors on single fixation durations (SFDs). For example, word-N frequency effects were larger with a large EVS, especially when word N-1 frequency was low. Finally, a comparison of SFDs during oral and silent reading showed that reading is governed by similar principles in both reading modes, although EVS maintenance and articulatory processing also cause some differences. In summary, the EVS is regulated by adjusting fixation duration and/or by programming a regressive eye movement when the EVS gets too large. Overall, the EVS appears to be directly related to updating of the working memory buffer during reading. KW - reading KW - eye movements KW - eye-voice span KW - synchronization KW - working memory updating KW - psychologinguistics Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01432 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 6 IS - 1432 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laubrock, Jochen A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - The eye-voice span during reading aloud JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - Although eye movements during reading are modulated by cognitive processing demands, they also reflect visual sampling of the input, and possibly preparation of output for speech or the inner voice. By simultaneously recording eye movements and the voice during reading aloud, we obtained an output measure that constrains the length of time spent on cognitive processing. Here we investigate the dynamics of the eye-voice span (EVS), the distance between eye and voice. We show that the EVS is regulated immediately during fixation of a word by either increasing fixation duration or programming a regressive eye movement against the reading direction. EVS size at the beginning of a fixation was positively correlated with the likelihood of regressions and refixations. Regression probability was further increased if the EVS was still large at the end of a fixation: if adjustment of fixation duration did not sufficiently reduce the EVS during a fixation, then a regression rather than a refixation followed with high probability. We further show that the EVS can help understand cognitive influences on fixation duration during reading: in mixed model analyses, the EVS was a stronger predictor of fixation durations than either word frequency or word length. The EVS modulated the influence of several other predictors on single fixation durations (SFDs). For example, word-N frequency effects were larger with a large EVS, especially when word N-1 frequency was low. Finally, a comparison of SFDs during oral and silent reading showed that reading is governed by similar principles in both reading modes, although EVS maintenance and articulatory processing also cause some differences. In summary, the EVS is regulated by adjusting fixation duration and/or by programming a regressive eye movement when the EVS gets too large. Overall, the EVS appears to be directly related to updating of the working memory buffer during reading. KW - reading KW - eye movements KW - eye-voice span KW - synchronization KW - working memory updating KW - psychologinguistics Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01437 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 6 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Verhaeghen, Paul A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - The effects of learning a new algorithm on asymptotic accuracy and execution speed in old age : a reanalysis Y1 - 2000 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krampe, Ralf-Thomas A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - The effects of expertise and age on rhythm production : adaptations to timing and sequencing constraints Y1 - 2002 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Baayen, Harald R. A1 - Vasishth, Shravan A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Bates, Douglas T1 - The cave of shadows: Addressing the human factor with generalized additive mixed models JF - Journal of memory and language KW - Generalized additive mixed models KW - Within-experiment adaptation KW - Autocorrelation KW - Experimental time series KW - Confirmatory versus exploratory data analysis KW - Model selection Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2016.11.006 SN - 0749-596X SN - 1096-0821 VL - 94 SP - 206 EP - 234 PB - Elsevier CY - San Diego ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Mayr, Ulrich A1 - Junker, Martina A1 - Fanselow, Gisbert T1 - Testing age invariance in language processes Y1 - 1999 SN - 0-7923-8526-8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scheffczyk, Christian A1 - Krampe, Ralf-Thomas A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Rosenblum, Michael A1 - Kurths, Jürgen A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Tempo-induced transitions in polyrhythmic hand movements N2 - We investigate the cognitive control in polyrhythmic hand movements as a model paradigm for bimanual coordination. Using a symbolic coding of the recorded time series, we demonstrate the existence of qualitative transitions induced by experimental manipulation of the tempo. A nonlinear model with delayed feedback control is proposed, which accounts for these dynamical transitions in terms of bifurcations resulting from variation of the external control parameter. Furthermore, it is shown that transitions can also be observed due to fluctuations in the timing control level. We conclude that the complexity of coordinated bimanual movements results from interactions between nonlinear control mechanisms with delayed feedback and stochastic timing components. Y1 - 1997 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Mayr, Ulrich T1 - Task-set switching and long-term memory retrieval Y1 - 2000 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fanselow, Gisbert A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Schlesewsky, Matthias T1 - Syntactic variation in German wh-questions Y1 - 2008 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dambacher, Michael A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Synchronizing timelines : relations between fixation durations and N400 amplitudes during sentence reading N2 - We examined relations between eye movements (single-fixation durations) and RSVP-based event-related potentials (ERPs; N400s) recorded during reading the same sentences in two independent experiments. Longer fixation durations correlated with larger N400 amplitudes. Word frequency and predictability of the fixated word as well as the predictability of the upcoming word accounted for this covariance in a path-analytic model. Moreover, larger N400 amplitudes entailed longer fixation durations on the next word, a relation accounted for by word frequency. This pattern offers a neurophysiological correlate for the lag-word frequency effect on fixation durations: word processing is reliably expressed not only in fixation durations on currently fixated words, but also in those on subsequently fixated words. Y1 - 2007 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00068993 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2007.04.027 SN - 0006-8993 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Krampe, Ralf-Thomas A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Synchronizing movements with the metronome : nonlinear error corrections and unstable periodic orbits Y1 - 2002 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Romano, Maria Carmen A1 - Thiel, Marco A1 - Kurths, Jürgen A1 - Rolfs, Martin A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Synchronization Analysis and Recurrence in Complex Systems Y1 - 2006 SN - 978-3-527-40623-4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schiek, Michael A1 - Scheffczyk, Christian A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Kurths, Jürgen A1 - Krampe, Ralf-Thomas A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Drepper, Friedhelm R. T1 - Symbolic dynamics of physiological synchronisation : examples from bimanual movements and cardiorespiratory interaction N2 - Key words: Nonlinear time series analysis, symbolic dynamics, phase transitions, physiological data, biological synchronization, production of polyrhythms, cardiorespiratory interaction, variation of control parameter Y1 - 1997 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Scheffczyk, Christian A1 - Krampe, Ralf-Thomas A1 - Kurths, Jürgen A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Symbolic dynamics of bimanual production of polyrhythms N2 - We analyse time series from a study on bimanual rhythmic movements in which the speed of performance (the external control parameter) was experimentally manipulated. Using symbolic transformations as a visualization technique we observe qualitative changes in the dynamics of the timing patterns. Such phase transitions are quantitatively described by measures of complexity. Using these results we develop an advanced symbolic coding which enables us to detect important dynamical structures. Furthermore, our analysis raises new questions concerning the modelling of the underlying human cognitive-motor system. Y1 - 2002 SN - 3-540- 63481-9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laubrock, Jochen A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - SWIFT explorations of age differences in eye movements during reading Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01497634 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.06.013 SN - 0149-7634 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - SWIFT explorations Y1 - 2003 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Nuthmann, Antje A1 - Richter, Eike M. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - SWIFT : A dynamical model of saccade generation during reading N2 - Mathematical, models,have become an important tool for understanding the control of eye movements during reading. Main goals of the development of the SWIFT model (R. Engbert, A. Longtin, & R. Kliegl, 2002) were to investigate the possibility of spatially distributed processing and to implement a general mechanism for all types of eye movements observed in reading experiments. The authors present an advanced version of SWIFT that integrates properties of the oculomotor system and effects of word recognition to explain many of the experimental phenomena faced in reading research. They propose new procedures for the estimation of model parameters and for the test of the model's performance. They also present a mathematical analysis of the dynamics of the SWIFT model. Finally, within this framework, they present an analysis of the transition from parallel to serial processing Y1 - 2005 SN - 0033-295X ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Boston, Marisa Ferrara A1 - Hale, John A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Vasishth, Shravan T1 - Surprising parser actions and reading difficulty Y1 - 2008 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dambacher, Michael A1 - Dimigen, Olaf A1 - Braun, Mario A1 - Wille, Kristin A1 - Jacobs, Arthur M. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Stimulus onset asynchrony and the timeline of word recognition: Event-related potentials during sentence reading JF - Neuropsychologia : an international journal in behavioural and cognitive neuroscience N2 - Three ERP experiments examined the effect of word presentation rate (i.e., stimulus onset asynchrony, SOA) on the time course of word frequency and predictability effects in sentence reading. In Experiments 1 and 2, sentences were presented word-by-word in the screen center at an SOA of 700 and 490 ms, respectively. While these rates are typical for psycholinguistic ERP research, natural reading happens at a considerably faster pace. Accordingly. Experiment 3 employed a near-normal SOA of 280 ms, which approximated the rate of normal reading. Main results can be summarized as follows: (1) The onset latency of early frequency effects decreases gradually with increasing presentation rates. (2) An early interaction between top-down and bottom-up processing is observed only under a near-normal SOA. (3) N400 predictability effects occur later and are smaller at a near-normal (i.e., high) presentation rate than at the lower rates commonly used in ERP experiments. (4) ERP morphology is different at the shortest compared to longer SOAs. Together, the results point to a special role of a near-normal presentation rate for visual word recognition and therefore suggest that SOA should be taken into account in research of natural reading. KW - Word recognition KW - Sentence reading KW - Stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) KW - Frequency KW - Predictability KW - Event-related potentials (ERPs) Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.04.011 SN - 0028-3932 VL - 50 IS - 8 SP - 1852 EP - 1870 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lindenberger, Ulman A1 - Mayr, Ulrich A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Speed and intelligence in old age Y1 - 1993 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Matuschek, Hannes A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Holschneider, Matthias T1 - Smoothing Spline ANOVA Decomposition of Arbitrary Splines: An Application to Eye Movements in Reading JF - PLoS one N2 - The Smoothing Spline ANOVA (SS-ANOVA) requires a specialized construction of basis and penalty terms in order to incorporate prior knowledge about the data to be fitted. Typically, one resorts to the most general approach using tensor product splines. This implies severe constraints on the correlation structure, i.e. the assumption of isotropy of smoothness can not be incorporated in general. This may increase the variance of the spline fit, especially if only a relatively small set of observations are given. In this article, we propose an alternative method that allows to incorporate prior knowledge without the need to construct specialized bases and penalties, allowing the researcher to choose the spline basis and penalty according to the prior knowledge of the observations rather than choosing them according to the analysis to be done. The two approaches are compared with an artificial example and with analyses of fixation durations during reading. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119165 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 10 IS - 3 PB - PLoS CY - San Fransisco ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Oberauer, Klaus A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Simultaneous cognitive operations in working memory after dual-task practice N2 - The authors tested the hypothesis that with adequate practice, people can execute 2 cognitive operations in working memory simultaneously. In Experiment 1, 6 students practiced updating 2 items in working memory through 2 sequences of operations (1 numerical, 1 spatial). In different blocks, imperative stimuli for the 2 sequences of operations were presented either simultaneously or sequentially. Initially, most participants experienced substantial dual-task costs. After 24 sessions of practice, operation latencies for simultaneous presentation were equal to the maximum of times for the 2 operations in the sequential condition, suggesting perfect timesharing. Experiment 2 showed that a reduction of dual-task costs requires practice on the combination of the 2 updating tasks, not just practice on each individual task. Hence, the reduction of dual-task costs cannot be explained by shortening or automatization of individual operations Y1 - 2004 SN - 0096-1523 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rolfs, Martin A1 - Laubrock, Jochen A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Shortening and prolongation of saccade latencies following microsaccades N2 - When the eyes fixate at a point in a visual scene, small saccades rapidly shift the image on the retina. The effect of these microsaccades on the latency of subsequent large-scale saccades may be twofold. First, microsaccades are associated with an enhancement of visual perception. Their occurrence during saccade target perception could, thus, decrease saccade latencies. Second, microsaccades are likely to indicate activity in fixation-related oculomotor neurons. These represent competitors to saccade-related cells in the interplay of gaze holding and shifting. Consequently, an increase in saccade latencies would be expected after microsaccades. Here, we present evidence for both aspects of microsaccadic impact on saccade latency. In a delayed response task, participants made saccades to visible or memorized targets. First, microsaccade occurrence up to 50 ms before target disappearance correlated with 18 ms (or 8%) faster saccades to memorized targets. Second, if microsaccades occurred shortly (i.e., < 150 ms) before a saccade was required, mean saccadic reaction time in visual and memory trials was increased by about 40 ms (or 16%). Hence, microsaccades can have opposite consequences for saccade latencies, pointing at a differential role of these fixational eye movements in the preparation of saccade motor programs Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.springerlink.com/content/y67j226367352u28/fulltext.html U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-005-0148-1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Rabe, Maximilian Michael A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Reich, Sebastian T1 - Sequential data assimilation of the stochastic SEIR epidemic model for regional COVID-19 dynamics JF - Bulletin of mathematical biology : official journal of the Society for Mathematical Biology N2 - Newly emerging pandemics like COVID-19 call for predictive models to implement precisely tuned responses to limit their deep impact on society. Standard epidemic models provide a theoretically well-founded dynamical description of disease incidence. For COVID-19 with infectiousness peaking before and at symptom onset, the SEIR model explains the hidden build-up of exposed individuals which creates challenges for containment strategies. However, spatial heterogeneity raises questions about the adequacy of modeling epidemic outbreaks on the level of a whole country. Here, we show that by applying sequential data assimilation to the stochastic SEIR epidemic model, we can capture the dynamic behavior of outbreaks on a regional level. Regional modeling, with relatively low numbers of infected and demographic noise, accounts for both spatial heterogeneity and stochasticity. Based on adapted models, short-term predictions can be achieved. Thus, with the help of these sequential data assimilation methods, more realistic epidemic models are within reach. KW - Stochastic epidemic model KW - Sequential data assimilation KW - Ensemble Kalman KW - filter KW - COVID-19 Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11538-020-00834-8 SN - 0092-8240 SN - 1522-9602 VL - 83 IS - 1 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mayr, Ulrich A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Krampe, Ralf-Thomas T1 - Sequential and coordinative processing dynamics in figural transformations across the life span Y1 - 1996 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Verhaeghen, Paul A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Mayr, Ulrich T1 - Sequential and coordinative complexity in time-accurary functions for mental arithmetic Y1 - 1997 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mayr, Ulrich A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Sequential and coordinative complexity : age-based processing limitations in figural transformation N2 - Dimensions of cognitive complexity in figural transformations were examined in the context of adult age differences. Sequential complexity was manipulated through figural transformations of single objects in a multiple- object array. Coordinative complexity was induced through spatial or nonspatial transformations of the entire array. Results confirmed the prediction that age-related slowing is larger in coordinative complexity than in sequential complexity conditions. The effect was stable across 8 sessions (Exp 1), was obtained when age groups were equated in accuracy with criterion-referenced testing (Exp 2), and was corroborated by age-differential probabilities of error types (Exps 1 and 2). A model is proposed attributing age effects under coordinative complexity to 2 factors: (1) basic- level slowing and (2) time-consuming reiterations through the processing sequence due to age-related working memory failures. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) Y1 - 1993 SN - 0278-7393 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kinder, Annette A1 - Rolfs, Martin A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Sequence learning at optimal stimulus-response mapping : evidence from a serial reaction-time task N2 - We propose a new version of the serial reaction time (SRT) task in which participants merely looked at the target instead of responding manually. As response locations were identical to target locations, stimulus - response compatibility was maximal in this task. We demonstrated that saccadic response times decreased during training and increased again when a new sequence was presented. It is unlikely that this effect was caused by stimulus - response (S - R) learning because bonds between (visual) stimuli and (oculomotor) responses were already well established before the experiment started. Thus, the finding shows that the building of S - R bonds is not essential for learning in the SRT task. Y1 - 2008 UR - http://tandfprod.literatumonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17470210701557555 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/17470210701557555 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hohenstein, Sven A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Semantic preview benefit in eye movements during reading : a parafoveal fast-priming study N2 - Eye movements in reading are sensitive to foveal and parafoveal word features. Whereas the influence of orthographic or phonological parafoveal information on gaze control is undisputed, there has been no reliable evidence for early parafoveal extraction of semantic information in alphabetic script. Using a novel combination of the gaze- contingent fast-priming and boundary paradigms, we demonstrate semantic preview benefit when a semantically related parafoveal word was available during the initial 125 ms of a fixation on the pretarget word (Experiments 1 and 2). When the target location was made more salient, significant parafoveal semantic priming occurred only at 80 ms (Experiment 3). Finally, with short primes only (20, 40, 60 ms), effects were not significant but were numerically in the expected direction for 40 and 60 ms (Experiment 4). In all experiments, fixation durations on the target word increased with prime durations under all conditions. The evidence for extraction of semantic information from the parafoveal word favors an explanation in terms of parallel word processing in reading. Y1 - 2010 UR - http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/xlm/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/A0020233 SN - 0278-7393 ER -