TY - JOUR A1 - Cajar, Anke A1 - Schneeweiss, Paul A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Laubrock, Jochen T1 - Coupling of attention and saccades when viewing scenes with central and peripheral degradation JF - Journal of vision N2 - Degrading real-world scenes in the central or the peripheral visual field yields a characteristic pattern: Mean saccade amplitudes increase with central and decrease with peripheral degradation. Does this pattern reflect corresponding modulations of selective attention? If so, the observed saccade amplitude pattern should reflect more focused attention in the central region with peripheral degradation and an attentional bias toward the periphery with central degradation. To investigate this hypothesis, we measured the detectability of peripheral (Experiment 1) or central targets (Experiment 2) during scene viewing when low or high spatial frequencies were gaze-contingently filtered in the central or the peripheral visual field. Relative to an unfiltered control condition, peripheral filtering induced a decrease of the detection probability for peripheral but not for central targets (tunnel vision). Central filtering decreased the detectability of central but not of peripheral targets. Additional post hoc analyses are compatible with the interpretation that saccade amplitudes and direction are computed in partial independence. Our experimental results indicate that task-induced modulations of saccade amplitudes reflect attentional modulations. KW - scene viewing KW - saccades KW - attention KW - gaze-contingent displays KW - spatial frequencies KW - tunnel vision Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1167/16.2.8 SN - 1534-7362 VL - 16 PB - Association for Research in Vision and Opthalmology CY - Rockville ER - TY - GEN A1 - Cajar, Anke A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Laubrock, Jochen T1 - Eye movements during gaze-contingent spatial-frequency filtering of real-world scenes: Effects of filter location, cutoff, and size T2 - Perception Y1 - 2016 SN - 0301-0066 SN - 1468-4233 VL - 45 SP - 126 EP - 126 PB - Sage Publ. CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cajar, Anke A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Laubrock, Jochen T1 - Spatial frequency processing in the central and peripheral visual field during scene viewing JF - Vision research : an international journal for functional aspects of vision. N2 - Visuospatial attention and gaze control depend on the interaction of foveal and peripheral processing. The foveal and peripheral regions of the visual field are differentially sensitive to parts of the spatial frequency spectrum. In two experiments, we investigated how the selective attenuation of spatial frequencies in the central or the peripheral visual field affects eye-movement behavior during real-world scene viewing. Gaze-contingent low-pass or high-pass filters with varying filter levels (i.e., cutoff frequencies; Experiment 1) or filter sizes (Experiment 2) were applied. Compared to unfiltered control conditions, mean fixation durations increased most with central high-pass and peripheral low-pass filtering. Increasing filter size prolonged fixation durations with peripheral filtering, but not with central filtering. Increasing filter level prolonged fixation durations with low-pass filtering, but not with high-pass filtering. These effects indicate that fixation durations are not always longer under conditions of increased processing difficulty. Saccade amplitudes largely adapted to processing difficulty: amplitudes increased with central filtering and decreased with peripheral filtering; the effects strengthened with increasing filter size and filter level. In addition, we observed a trade-off between saccade timing and saccadic selection, since saccade amplitudes were modulated when fixation durations were unaffected by the experimental manipulations. We conclude that interactions of perception and gaze control are highly sensitive to experimental manipulations of input images as long as the residual information can still be accessed for gaze control. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - Eye movements KW - Scene viewing KW - Spatial frequencies KW - Gaze-contingent displays Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2016.05.008 SN - 0042-6989 SN - 1878-5646 VL - 127 SP - 186 EP - 197 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - THES A1 - Cajar, Anke T1 - Eye-movement control during scene viewing T1 - Blicksteuerung bei der Betrachtung natürlicher Szenen BT - the roles of central and peripheral vision BT - die Rollen des zentralen und peripheren Sehens N2 - Eye movements serve as a window into ongoing visual-cognitive processes and can thus be used to investigate how people perceive real-world scenes. A key issue for understanding eye-movement control during scene viewing is the roles of central and peripheral vision, which process information differently and are therefore specialized for different tasks (object identification and peripheral target selection respectively). Yet, rather little is known about the contributions of central and peripheral processing to gaze control and how they are coordinated within a fixation during scene viewing. Additionally, the factors determining fixation durations have long been neglected, as scene perception research has mainly been focused on the factors determining fixation locations. The present thesis aimed at increasing the knowledge on how central and peripheral vision contribute to spatial and, in particular, to temporal aspects of eye-movement control during scene viewing. In a series of five experiments, we varied processing difficulty in the central or the peripheral visual field by attenuating selective parts of the spatial-frequency spectrum within these regions. Furthermore, we developed a computational model on how foveal and peripheral processing might be coordinated for the control of fixation duration. The thesis provides three main findings. First, the experiments indicate that increasing processing demands in central or peripheral vision do not necessarily prolong fixation durations; instead, stimulus-independent timing is adapted when processing becomes too difficult. Second, peripheral vision seems to play a prominent role in the control of fixation durations, a notion also implemented in the computational model. The model assumes that foveal and peripheral processing proceed largely in parallel and independently during fixation, but can interact to modulate fixation duration. Thus, we propose that the variation in fixation durations can in part be accounted for by the interaction between central and peripheral processing. Third, the experiments indicate that saccadic behavior largely adapts to processing demands, with a bias of avoiding spatial-frequency filtered scene regions as saccade targets. We demonstrate that the observed saccade amplitude patterns reflect corresponding modulations of visual attention. The present work highlights the individual contributions and the interplay of central and peripheral vision for gaze control during scene viewing, particularly for the control of fixation duration. Our results entail new implications for computational models and for experimental research on scene perception. N2 - Blickbewegungen stellen ein Fenster in aktuelle visuell-kognitive Prozesse dar und können genutzt werden um zu untersuchen wie Menschen natürliche Szenen wahrnehmen. Eine zentrale Frage ist, welche Rollen zentrales und peripheres Sehen für die Blicksteuerung in Szenen spielen, da sie Information unterschiedlich verarbeiten und auf verschiedene Aufgaben spezialisiert sind (Objektidentifikation bzw. periphere Zielauswahl). Jedoch ist kaum bekannt, welche Beiträge zentrale und periphere Verarbeitung für die Blicksteuerung in Szenen leisten und wie sie während der Fixation koordiniert werden. Des Weiteren wurden Einflussfaktoren auf Fixationsdauern bisher vernachlässigt, da die Forschung zur Szenenwahrnehmung hauptsächlich auf Einflussfaktoren auf Fixationsorte fokussiert war. Die vorliegende Arbeit hatte zum Ziel, das Wissen über die Beiträge des zentralen und peripheren Sehens zu räumlichen, aber vor allem zu zeitlichen Aspekten der Blicksteuerung in Szenen zu erweitern. In einer Serie von fünf Experimenten haben wir die Verarbeitungsschwierigkeit im zentralen oder peripheren visuellen Feld durch die Abschwächung selektiver Raumfrequenzanteile innerhalb dieser Regionen variiert. Des Weiteren haben wir ein computationales Modell zur Koordination von fovealer und peripherer Verarbeitung für die Kontrolle von Fixationsdauern entwickelt. Die Arbeit liefert drei Hauptbefunde. Erstens zeigen die Experimente, dass erhöhte Verarbeitungsanforderungen im zentralen oder peripheren visuellen Feld nicht zwangsläufig zu längeren Fixationsdauern führen; stattdessen werden Fixationsdauern stimulus-unabhängig gesteuert, wenn die Verarbeitung zu schwierig wird. Zweitens scheint peripheres Sehen eine entscheidene Rolle für die Kontrolle von Fixationsdauern zu spielen, eine Idee, die auch im computationalen Modell umgesetzt wurde. Das Modell nimmt an, dass foveale und periphere Verarbeitung während der Fixation weitgehend parallel und unabhängig ablaufen, aber interagieren können um Fixationsdauern zu modulieren. Wir schlagen somit vor, dass Änderungen in Fixationsdauern zum Teil auf die Interaktion von zentraler und peripherer Verarbeitung zurückgeführt werden können. Drittens zeigen die Experimente, dass räumliches Blickverhalten sich weitgehend an Verarbeitungsanforderungen anpasst und Betrachter Szenenregionen mit Raumfrequenzfilterung als Sakkadenziele vermeiden. Wir zeigen, dass diese Sakkadenamplitudeneffekte entsprechende Modulationen der visuellen Aufmerksamkeit reflektieren. Die vorliegende Arbeit hebt die einzelnen Beiträge und das Zusammenspiel zentralen und peripheren Sehens für die Blicksteuerung in der Szenenwahrnehmung hervor, besonders für die Kontrolle von Fixationsdauern. Unsere Ergebnisse geben neue Implikationen für computationale Modelle und experimentelle Forschung zur Szenenwahrnehmung. KW - psychology KW - eye movements KW - scene perception KW - Psychologie KW - Blickbewegungen KW - Szenenwahrnehmung Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-395536 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Cajar, Anke A1 - Schneeweiß, Paul A1 - Engelbert, Ralf A1 - Laubrock, Jochen T1 - Coupling of attention and saccades when viewing scenes with central and peripheral degradation N2 - Degrading real-world scenes in the central or the peripheral visual field yields a characteristic pattern: Mean saccade amplitudes increase with central and decrease with peripheral degradation. Does this pattern reflect corresponding modulations of selective attention? If so, the observed saccade amplitude pattern should reflect more focused attention in the central region with peripheral degradation and an attentional bias toward the periphery with central degradation. To investigate this hypothesis, we measured the detectability of peripheral (Experiment 1) or central targets (Experiment 2) during scene viewing when low or high spatial frequencies were gaze-contingently filtered in the central or the peripheral visual field. Relative to an unfiltered control condition, peripheral filtering induced a decrease of the detection probability for peripheral but not for central targets (tunnel vision). Central filtering decreased the detectability of central but not of peripheral targets. Additional post hoc analyses are compatible with the interpretation that saccade amplitudes and direction are computed in partial independence. Our experimental results indicate that task-induced modulations of saccade amplitudes reflect attentional modulations. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 316 KW - scene viewing KW - saccades KW - attention KW - gaze-contingent displays KW - spatial frequencies KW - tunnel vision Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-394918 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cajar, Anke A1 - Schneeweiß, Paul A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Laubrock, Jochen T1 - Coupling of attention and saccades when viewing scenes with central and peripheral degradation JF - Journal of Vision N2 - Degrading real-world scenes in the central or the peripheral visual field yields a characteristic pattern: Mean saccade amplitudes increase with central and decrease with peripheral degradation. Does this pattern reflect corresponding modulations of selective attention? If so, the observed saccade amplitude pattern should reflect more focused attention in the central region with peripheral degradation and an attentional bias toward the periphery with central degradation. To investigate this hypothesis, we measured the detectability of peripheral (Experiment 1) or central targets (Experiment 2) during scene viewing when low or high spatial frequencies were gaze-contingently filtered in the central or the peripheral visual field. Relative to an unfiltered control condition, peripheral filtering induced a decrease of the detection probability for peripheral but not for central targets (tunnel vision). Central filtering decreased the detectability of central but not of peripheral targets. Additional post hoc analyses are compatible with the interpretation that saccade amplitudes and direction are computed in partial independence. Our experimental results indicate that task-induced modulations of saccade amplitudes reflect attentional modulations. KW - scene viewing KW - saccades KW - attention KW - gaze-contingent displays KW - spatial frequencies KW - tunnel vision Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1167/16.2.8 SN - 1534-7362 VL - 16 IS - 2 SP - 1 EP - 19 PB - ARVO CY - Rockville, Md. ER -