TY - JOUR A1 - Gonschorek, Julia A1 - Langer, Anja A1 - Bernhardt, Benjamin A1 - Raebiger, Caroline T1 - Big Data in the Field of Civil Security Research: Approaches for the Visual Preprocessing of Fire Brigade Operations JF - Science N2 - This article gives insight in a running dissertation at the University in Potsdam. Point of discussion is the spatial and temporal distribution of emergencies of German fire brigades that have not sufficiently been scientifically examined. The challenge is seen in Big Data: enormous amounts of data that exist now (or can be collected in the future) and whose variables are linked to one another. These analyses and visualizations can form a basis for strategic, operational and tactical planning, as well as prevention measures. The user-centered (geo-) visualization of fire brigade data accessible to the general public is a scientific contribution to the research topic 'geovisual analytics and geographical profiling'. It may supplement antiquated methods such as the so-called pinmaps as well as the areas of engagement that are freehand constructions in GIS. Considering police work, there are already numerous scientific projects, publications, and software solutions designed to meet the specific requirements of Crime Analysis and Crime Mapping. By adapting and extending these methods and techniques, civil security research can be tailored to the needs of fire departments. In this paper, a selection of appropriate visualization methods will be presented and discussed. KW - Big Data KW - Civil Security KW - Explorative (Data-) Analysis KW - Geovisual Analytics KW - Visualization Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4018/IJAEIS.2016010104 SN - 1947-3192 SN - 1947-3206 VL - 7 SP - 54 EP - 64 PB - IGI Global CY - Hershey ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rybski, Diego A1 - Reusser, Dominik Edwin A1 - Winz, Anna-Lena A1 - Fichtner, Christina A1 - Sterzel, Till A1 - Kropp, Jürgen T1 - Cities as nuclei of sustainability? JF - Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science N2 - We have assembled CO2 emission figures from collections of urban GHG emission estimates published in peer-reviewed journals or reports from research institutes and non-governmental organizations. Analyzing the scaling with population size, we find that the exponent is development dependent with a transition from super- to sub-linear scaling. From the climate change mitigation point of view, the results suggest that urbanization is desirable in developed countries. Further, we compare this analysis with a second scaling relation, namely the fundamental allometry between city population and area, and propose that density might be a decisive quantity too. Last, we derive the theoretical country-wide urban emissions by integration and obtain a dependence on the size of the largest city. KW - Scaling KW - cities KW - climate change KW - development process KW - allometry Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0265813516638340 SN - 2399-8083 SN - 2399-8091 VL - 44 IS - 3 SP - 425 EP - 440 PB - Sage Publ. CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Langerwisch, Fanny A1 - Walz, Ariane A1 - Rammig, Anja A1 - Tietjen, Britta A1 - Thonicke, Kirsten A1 - Cramer, Wolfgang T1 - Deforestation in Amazonia impacts riverine carbon dynamics JF - Earth system dynamics N2 - Fluxes of organic and inorganic carbon within the Amazon basin are considerably controlled by annual flooding, which triggers the export of terrigenous organic material to the river and ultimately to the Atlantic Ocean. The amount of carbon imported to the river and the further conversion, transport and export of it depend on temperature, atmospheric CO2, terrestrial productivity and carbon storage, as well as discharge. Both terrestrial productivity and discharge are influenced by climate and land use change. The coupled LPJmL and RivCM model system (Langerwisch et al., 2016) has been applied to assess the combined impacts of climate and land use change on the Amazon riverine carbon dynamics. Vegetation dynamics (in LPJmL) as well as export and conversion of terrigenous carbon to and within the river (RivCM) are included. The model system has been applied for the years 1901 to 2099 under two deforestation scenarios and with climate forcing of three SRES emission scenarios, each for five climate models. We find that high deforestation (business-as-usual scenario) will strongly decrease (locally by up to 90 %) riverine particulate and dissolved organic carbon amount until the end of the current century. At the same time, increase in discharge leaves net carbon transport during the first decades of the century roughly unchanged only if a sufficient area is still forested. After 2050 the amount of transported carbon will decrease drastically. In contrast to that, increased temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentration determine the amount of riverine inorganic carbon stored in the Amazon basin. Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations increase riverine inorganic carbon amount by up to 20% (SRES A2). The changes in riverine carbon fluxes have direct effects on carbon export, either to the atmosphere via outgassing or to the Atlantic Ocean via discharge. The outgassed carbon will increase slightly in the Amazon basin, but can be regionally reduced by up to 60% due to deforestation. The discharge of organic carbon to the ocean will be reduced by about 40% under the most severe deforestation and climate change scenario. These changes would have local and regional consequences on the carbon balance and habitat characteristics in the Amazon basin itself as well as in the adjacent Atlantic Ocean. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-7-953-2016 SN - 2190-4979 SN - 2190-4987 VL - 7 SP - 953 EP - 968 PB - Copernicus CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nitze, Ingmar A1 - Grosse, Guido T1 - Detection of landscape dynamics in the Arctic Lena Delta with temporally dense Landsat time-series stacks JF - Remote sensing of environment : an interdisciplinary journal N2 - Arctic permafrost landscapes are among the most vulnerable and dynamic landscapes globally, but due to their extent and remoteness most of the landscape changes remain unnoticed. In order to detect disturbances in these areas we developed an automated processing chain for the calculation and analysis of robust trends of key land surface indicators based on the full record of available Landsat TM, ETM +, and OLI data. The methodology was applied to the similar to 29,000 km(2) Lena Delta in Northeast Siberia, where robust trend parameters (slope, confidence intervals of the slope, and intercept) were calculated for Tasseled Cap Greenness, Wetness and Brightness, NDVI, and NDWI, and NDMI based on 204 Landsat scenes for the observation period between 1999 and 2014. The resulting datasets revealed regional greening trends within the Lena Delta with several localized hot-spots of change, particularly in the vicinity of the main river channels. With a 30-m spatial resolution various permafrost-thaw related processes and disturbances, such as thermokarst lake expansion and drainage, fluvial erosion, and coastal changes were detected within the Lena Delta region, many of which have not been noticed or described before. Such hotspots of permafrost change exhibit significantly different trend parameters compared to non-disturbed areas. The processed dataset, which is made freely available through the data archive PANGAEA, will be a useful resource for further process specific analysis by researchers and land managers. With the high level of automation and the use of the freely available Landsat archive data, the workflow is scalable and transferrable to other regions, which should enable the comparison of land surface changes in different permafrost affected regions and help to understand and quantify permafrost landscape dynamics. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. KW - Trend analysis KW - Permafrost thaw KW - Thermokarst KW - Thermoerosion KW - Land cover disturbances KW - River delta KW - Arctic tundra KW - Vegetation greening KW - Vegetation change KW - Coastal dynamics KW - Siberia Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.03.038 SN - 0034-4257 SN - 1879-0704 VL - 181 SP - 27 EP - 41 PB - Elsevier CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kornhuber, Kai A1 - Petoukhov, Vladimir A1 - Petri, Stefan A1 - Rahmstorf, Stefan A1 - Coumou, Dim T1 - Evidence for wave resonance as a key mechanism for generating high-amplitude quasi-stationary waves in boreal summer JF - Climate dynamics : observational, theoretical and computational research on the climate system N2 - Several recent northern hemisphere summer extremes have been linked to persistent high-amplitude wave patterns (e.g. heat waves in Europe 2003, Russia 2010 and in the US 2011, Floods in Pakistan 2010 and Europe 2013). Recently quasi-resonant amplification (QRA) was proposed as a mechanism that, when certain dynamical conditions are fulfilled, can lead to such high-amplitude wave events. Based on these resonance conditions a detection scheme to scan reanalysis data for QRA events in boreal summer months was implemented. With this objective detection scheme we analyzed the occurrence and duration of QRA events and the associated atmospheric flow patterns in 1979-2015 reanalysis data. We detect a total number of 178 events for wave 6, 7 and 8 and find that during roughly one-third of all high amplitude events QRA conditions were met for respective waves. Our analysis reveals a significant shift for quasi-stationary waves 6 and 7 towards high amplitudes during QRA events, lagging first QRA-detection by typically one week. The results provide further evidence for the validity of the QRA hypothesis and its important role in generating high amplitude waves in boreal summer. KW - Rossby waves KW - Wave resonance KW - Atmospheric dynamics KW - Extreme weather Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3399-6 SN - 0930-7575 SN - 1432-0894 VL - 49 SP - 1961 EP - 1979 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kutzschbach, Martin A1 - Wunder, Bernd A1 - Krstulovic, Marija A1 - Ertl, Andreas A1 - Trumbull, Robert B. A1 - Rocholl, Alexander A1 - Giester, Gerald T1 - First high-pressure synthesis of rossmanitic tourmaline and evidence for the incorporation of Li at the X site JF - Physics and chemistry of minerals / in cooperation with the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) N2 - Lithium is an important component of some tourmalines, especially in chemically evolved granites and pegmatites. All attempts at synthesizing Li-rich tourmaline have so far been unsuccessful. Here we describe the first synthesis of rossmanitic tourmaline at 4 GPa and 700 degrees C in the system Li2OAl2O3SiO2B2O3H2O (LASBH) from seed-free solid starting materials consisting of a homogenous mixture of Li2O, gamma-Al2O3, quartz and H3BO3. The solid run products after 12-day run duration comprise rossmanitic tourmaline (68 wt%), dumortierite (28 wt%) and traces of spodumene (3 wt%) and coesite (1 wt%). Tourmaline forms idiomorphic, large prismatic crystals (30 X 100 mu m), which are inclusion free and chemically unzoned. The refined cell dimensions of the tourmaline are: a = 15.7396(9) angstrom, c = 7.0575(5) angstrom, V = 1514.1(2) angstrom 3. Conventionally, the Li+ ion is assumed to exclusively occupy the octahedral Y site in the tourmaline structure to a maximum of 2 Li per formula unit (pfu). However, the chemical composition of our synthetic tourmaline determined by electron microprobe and secondary ion mass spectroscopy results in the formula: (X)(square Li-0.67(11)(0.33(11)))(Y)(Al2.53(10)Li0.47(10))(Z)(Al-6)T(Si5.42(15)B0.58(15))O-18(B)(BO3)(3)(V+W)[(OH)(2.40(3))O-1.60(3)], wherein a significant amount of Li occupies the X site for charge balance requirements. Reliable assignment of the OH-stretching vibrations in a polarized single-crystal Raman spectrum such as a single-crystal XRD structure refinement, confirms the incorporation of Li at the X site [0.24(9) and 0.15(5) Li-X pfu, respectively]. The SREF data show that the LiO1 distances are shortened significantly in order to compensate for the smaller ionic radius of Li+ compared to Na+, K+ or Ca2+ at the X site, i.e., Li is closer to the Si6O18 ring and to a sevenfold coordination with oxygen. KW - High-pressure synthesis KW - Tourmaline KW - Rossmanite KW - Crystal chemistry KW - X site occupancy KW - SIMS KW - SREF KW - Li isotope fractionation Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00269-016-0863-0 SN - 0342-1791 SN - 1432-2021 VL - 44 SP - 353 EP - 363 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - THES A1 - Gutsch, Martin T1 - Model-based analysis of climate change impacts on the productivity of oak-pine forests in Brandenburg T1 - Modell-basierte Analyse der Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf die Produktivität von Eichen-Kiefern-Mischbeständen in Brandenburg N2 - The relationship between climate and forest productivity is an intensively studied subject in forest science. This Thesis is embedded within the general framework of future forest growth under climate change and its implications for the ongoing forest conversion. My objective is to investigate the future forest productivity at different spatial scales (from a single specific forest stand to aggregated information across Germany) with focus on oak-pine forests in the federal state of Brandenburg. The overarching question is: how are the oak-pine forests affected by climate change described by a variety of climate scenarios. I answer this question by using a model based analysis of tree growth processes and responses to different climate scenarios with emphasis on drought events. In addition, a method is developed which considers climate change uncertainty of forest management planning. As a first 'screening' of climate change impacts on forest productivity, I calculated the change in net primary production on the base of a large set of climate scenarios for different tree species and the total area of Germany. Temperature increases up to 3 K lead to positive effects on the net primary production of all selected tree species. But, in water-limited regions this positive net primary production trend is dependent on the length of drought periods which results in a larger uncertainty regarding future forest productivity. One of the regions with the highest uncertainty of net primary production development is the federal state of Brandenburg. To enhance the understanding and ability of model based analysis of tree growth sensitivity to drought stress two water uptake approaches in pure pine and mixed oak-pine stands are contrasted. The first water uptake approach consists of an empirical function for root water uptake. The second approach is more mechanistic and calculates the differences of soil water potential along a soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. I assumed the total root resistance to vary at low, medium and high total root resistance levels. For validation purposes three data sets on different tree growth relevant time scales are used. Results show that, except the mechanistic water uptake approach with high total root resistance, all transpiration outputs exceeded observed values. On the other hand high transpiration led to a better match of observed soil water content. The strongest correlation between simulated and observed annual tree ring width occurred with the mechanistic water uptake approach and high total root resistance. The findings highlight the importance of severe drought as a main reason for small diameter increment, best supported by the mechanistic water uptake approach with high root resistance. However, if all aspects of the data sets are considered no approach can be judged superior to the other. I conclude that the uncertainty of future productivity of water-limited forest ecosystems under changing environmental conditions is linked to simulated root water uptake. Finally my study aimed at the impacts of climate change combined with management scenarios on an oak-pine forest to evaluate growth, biomass and the amount of harvested timber. The pine and the oak trees are 104 and 9 years old respectively. Three different management scenarios with different thinning intensities and different climate scenarios are used to simulate the performance of management strategies which explicitly account for the risks associated with achieving three predefined objectives (maximum carbon storage, maximum harvested timber, intermediate). I found out that in most cases there is no general management strategy which fits best to different objectives. The analysis of variance in the growth related model outputs showed an increase of climate uncertainty with increasing climate warming. Interestingly, the increase of climate-induced uncertainty is much higher from 2 to 3 K than from 0 to 2 K. N2 - Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit der Modellierung der Produktivität von Eichen-Kiefern Mischbeständen mit besonderem Fokus auf das Bundesland Brandenburg. Es werden drei Hauptfragen bearbeitet: a) wie verhält sich die Produktivität der beiden Baumarten im Vergleich zu den beiden anderen Hauptbaumarten Fichte und Buche im gesamtdeutschen Vergleich unter verschiedenen Klimaszenarien, b) wie wichtig ist der Prozess der Wasseraufnahme über die Wurzeln bei der Modellierung der Produktivität unter Bedingungen von Trockenjahren, c) wie lassen sich Unsicherheiten durch Bewirtschaftung und Klimaszenarien in der Modellierung der Eichen-Kiefern Mischbestände und bei nachfolgenden Entscheidungsprozessen berücksichtigen? Der methodische Schwerpunkt der Arbeit liegt auf der Modellierung. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit werden mit Hilfe von verschiedenen unabhängigen Umweltvariablen des Klimas und des Bodens Wirkungsbeziehungen zur Produktivität ermittelt, die Aussagen zur Veränderung der Produktivität in Abhängigkeit dieser Umweltvariablen erlauben. Damit können verschiedene Regionen in Deutschland auf ihre Sensitivität der Produktivität gegenüber verschiedenen Klimaszenarien hin untersucht werden. Im zweiten Teil werden innerhalb eines prozess-basierten Waldwachstumsmodell 4C zwei unterschiedliche Ansätze der Wasseraufnahme über die Wurzeln analysiert. Dabei werden Messdaten zur Transpiration, zu Bodenwassergehalten und zu Durchmesserzuwächsen auf Basis von Jahrringchronologien zur Überprüfung herangezogen. Der erste Ansatz ist eine empirisch abgeleitete Gleichung, die die Wasseraufnahme in Abhängigkeit des Wassergehalts beschreibt. Der zweite Ansatz berücksichtigt die unterschiedlichen Druckpotenziale sowie einzelne Widerstände entlang des Wasserflusses vom Boden über die Pflanze in die Atmosphäre. Im dritten Teil der Arbeit wird das Waldwachstumsmodell angewendet und eine Auswahlmethodik vorgestellt, die Entscheidungen bei Unsicherheit erlaubt. Dabei werden die vorhandenen Unsicherheiten, hervorgerufen durch Bewirtschaftung und Klima, in den Prozess der Entscheidungsfindung quantitativ mit einbezogen. Drei verschiedene Bewirtschaftungsstrategien, die unterschiedliche Durchforstungsstärken beinhalten, werden simuliert und ihr Erreichen von drei vorher festgelegten Ziele (maximale Kohlenstoffspeicherung im Bestand, maximale Holzernte, moderates Ziel hinsichtlich Kohlenstoffspeicherung und Holzernte) untersucht. Bezogen auf die erste Frage ergibt die Arbeit zwei wesentliche Ergebnisse. Eine Temperaturerhöhung bis zu drei Kelvin bis 2060 führt zu positiven Ergebnissen in der Produktivität von Eichen-, Kiefern-, Buchen- und Fichtenbeständen. Allerdings ist in niederschlagsarmen Regionen, wie im nordostdeutschen Tiefland, dieser positive Trend stark abhängig von der Länge der Trockenperioden innerhalb der Vegetationszeit. Demzufolge ist die Produktivitätsveränderung der vier Baumarten im Land Brandenburg mit der höchsten Unsicherheit im Vergleich zu den anderen Bundesländern verbunden. Zur zweiten Frage gibt die Arbeit zwei wesentliche Ergebnisse. Im Vergleich mit den Messdaten auf unterschiedlicher zeitlicher und physiologischer Ebene kann kein Ansatz ermittelt werden, der jeweils das bessere Ergebnis erzielt. Im Vergleich von Transpiration, Bodenwassergehalt und Trockenjahren ergeben sich zwar etwas bessere Ergebnisse für den prozess-basierten gegenüber dem empirischen Ansatz, doch sind diese sehr stark abhängig vom angenommenen Wurzelwiderstand. Dieser ist schwer zu bestimmen und verhindert bisher eine breite Anwendung des Ansatzes innerhalb der Waldwachstumsmodelle. Hier ist weiterer Forschungsbedarf vorhanden um bei der Modellierung der Auswirkungen von Trockenjahren auf die Produktivität die Modellunsicherheit zu verringern. Für die letzte Frage ergeben sich ebenso interessante Ergebnisse. Keine Durchforstungsstrategie kann alle drei Zielstellungen erfüllen. Die Methodik erlaubt aber ein großes Maß an Objektivität beim Vergleich der unterschiedlichen Bewirtschaftungsstrategien unter der Unsicherheit der Klimaszenarien. Die Varianz, bezogen auf Ergebnisse zur Bestandesbiomasse, Holzernte und zum jährlichen Holzzuwachs, steigt mit steigender Klimaerwärmung. Dabei ist der Anstieg in der Varianz größer bei einem Temperaturanstieg von zwei Kelvin auf drei Kelvin als von null Kelvin auf zwei Kelvin. Das heißt, Auswirkungen einer Klimaerwärmung verlaufen hier nicht linear. KW - climate change KW - forest management KW - forest growth modelling KW - scenario analysis KW - water uptake KW - Klimawandel KW - Klimaauswirkung KW - Forstwirtschaft KW - Waldbewirtschaftung KW - Waldwachstumsmodellierung KW - Unsicherheit Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-97241 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Licht, Alexis A1 - Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume A1 - Pullen, Alex A1 - Kapp, Paul A1 - Abels, Hemmo A. A1 - Lai, Zulong A1 - Guo, ZhaoJie A1 - Abell, Jordan A1 - Giesler, Dominique T1 - Resilience of the Asian atmospheric circulation shown by paleogene dust provenance T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - The onset of modern central Asian atmospheric circulation is traditionally linked to the interplay of surface uplift of the Mongolian and Tibetan-Himalayan orogens, retreat of the Paratethys sea from central Asia and Cenozoic global cooling. Although the role of these players has not yet been unravelled, the vast dust deposits of central China support the presence of arid conditions and modern atmospheric pathways for the last 25 million years (Myr). Here, we present provenance data from older (42-33 Myr) dust deposits, at a time when the Tibetan Plateau was less developed, the Paratethys sea still present in central Asia and atmospheric pCO(2) much higher. Our results show that dust sources and near-surface atmospheric circulation have changed little since at least 42 Myr. Our findings indicate that the locus of central Asian high pressures and concurrent aridity is a resilient feature only modulated by mountain building, global cooling and sea retreat. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1114 KW - Chinese Loess Plateau KW - last glacial maximum KW - Tibetan Plateau KW - Yellow-River KW - climate KW - basin KW - evolution KW - ardification KW - monsoons KW - desert Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-436381 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 1114 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Steinbrink, Malte A1 - Buning, Michael A1 - Legant, Martin A1 - Schauwinhold, Berenike A1 - Süßenguth, Tore T1 - Touring Katutura! BT - Poverty, Tourism, and Poverty Tourism in Windhoek, Namibia N2 - Guided sightseeing tours of the former township of Katutura have been offered in Windhoek since the mid-1990s. City tourism in the Namibian capital had thus become, at quite an early point in time, part of the trend towards utilising poor urban areas for purposes of tourism – a trend that set in at the beginning of the same decade. Frequently referred to as “slum tourism” or “poverty tourism”, the phenomenon of guided tours around places of poverty has not only been causing some media sensation and much public outrage since its emergence; in the past few years, it has developed into a vital field of scientific research, too. “Global Slumming” provides the grounds for a rethinking of the relationship between poverty and tourism in world society. This book is the outcome of a study project of the Institute of Geography at the School of Cultural Studies and Social Science of the University of Osnabrueck, Germany. It represents the first empirical case study on township tourism in Namibia. It focuses on four aspects: 1. Emergence, development and (market) structure of township tourism in Windhoek 2. Expectations/imaginations, representations as well as perceptions of the township and its inhabitants from the tourist’s perspective 3. Perception and assessment of township tourism from the residents’ perspective 4. Local economic effects and the poverty-alleviating impact of township tourism The aim is to make an empirical contribution to the discussion around the tourism-poverty nexus and to an understanding of the global phenomenon of urban poverty tourism. T3 - Potsdamer Geographische Praxis - 11 KW - Katutura KW - Namibia KW - Windhoek KW - authenticity KW - poverty KW - slum tourism KW - slumming KW - tourism KW - township KW - township tourism KW - Armut KW - Authentizität KW - Katutura KW - Namibia KW - Slumming KW - Slumtourismus KW - Tourismus KW - Township KW - Townshiptourismus KW - Windhoek Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-95917 SN - 978-3-86956-384-8 SN - 2194-1599 SN - 2194-1602 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER -