TY - JOUR A1 - Vandewal, Koen A1 - Albrecht, Steve A1 - Hoke, Eric T. A1 - Graham, Kenneth R. A1 - Widmer, Johannes A1 - Douglas, Jessica D. A1 - Schubert, Marcel A1 - Mateker, William R. A1 - Bloking, Jason T. A1 - Burkhard, George F. A1 - Sellinger, Alan A1 - Frechet, Jean M. J. A1 - Amassian, Aram A1 - Riede, Moritz K. A1 - McGehee, Michael D. A1 - Neher, Dieter A1 - Salleo, Alberto T1 - Efficient charge generation by relaxed charge-transfer states at organic interfaces JF - Nature materials N2 - carriers on illumination. Efficient organic solar cells require a high yield for this process, combined with a minimum of energy losses. Here, we investigate the role of the lowest energy emissive interfacial charge-transfer state (CT1) in the charge generation process. We measure the quantum yield and the electric field dependence of charge generation on excitation of the charge-transfer (CT) state manifold viaweakly allowed, low-energy optical transitions. For a wide range of photovoltaic devices based on polymer: fullerene, small-molecule:C-60 and polymer: polymer blends, our study reveals that the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) is essentially independent of whether or not D, A or CT states with an energy higher than that of CT1 are excited. The best materials systems show an IQE higher than 90% without the need for excess electronic or vibrational energy. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/NMAT3807 SN - 1476-1122 SN - 1476-4660 VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - 63 EP - 68 PB - Nature Publ. Group CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cherstvy, Andrey G. A1 - Petrov, Eugene P. T1 - Modeling DNA condensation on freestanding cationic lipid membranes JF - Physical chemistry, chemical physics : a journal of European Chemical Societies N2 - Motivated by recent experimental observations of a rapid spontaneous DNA coil-globule transition on freestanding cationic lipid bilayers, we propose simple theoretical models for DNA condensation on cationic lipid membranes. First, for a single DNA rod, we examine the conditions of full wrapping of a cylindrical DNA-like semi-flexible polyelectrolyte by an oppositely charged membrane. Then, for two parallel DNA rods, we self-consistently analyze the shape and the extent of the membrane enveloping them, focusing on membrane elastic deformations and the membrane-DNA embracing angle, which enables us to compute the membrane-mediated DNA-DNA interactions. We examine the effects of the membrane composition and its charge density, which are the experimentally tunable parameters. We show that membrane-driven rod-rod attraction is more pronounced for higher charge densities and for smaller surface tensions of the membrane. Thus, we demonstrate that for a long DNA chain adhered to a cationic lipid membrane, such membrane-induced DNA-DNA attraction can trigger compaction of DNA. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cp53433b SN - 1463-9076 SN - 1463-9084 VL - 16 IS - 5 SP - 2020 EP - 2037 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tu, Rui A1 - Wang, Li T1 - Real-time coseismic wave retrieving by integrated Kalman filter with observations of GPS, Glonass and strong-motion sensor JF - Advances in space research N2 - A method of real-time coseismic wave retrieving was proposed based on the tight integration of GPS, Glonass and strong-motion sensor observations, the validation and precision analysis have been made by an experimental data. The series of results have been shown that: by the integrated Kalman filter and multi-sensors, the coseismic waves can be optimally recovered by complement the advantages of each other, especially when the observation conditions are very bad. In additional, the results are not significantly effected by different receiver clock error processes for the integration solution. KW - GPS and Glonass KW - Strong-motion sensor KW - Baseline shift KW - Integrated Kalman filter KW - Real-time earthquake monitoring and early warning Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2013.10.011 SN - 0273-1177 SN - 1879-1948 VL - 53 IS - 1 SP - 130 EP - 137 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kusterer, D. -J. A1 - Nagel, T. A1 - Hartmann, S. A1 - Werner, K. A1 - Feldmeier, Achim T1 - Monte Carlo radiation transfer in CV disk winds: application to the AM CVn prototype JF - Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal N2 - Context. AMCVn systems are ultracompact binaries in which a (semi-) degenerate star transfers helium-dominated matter onto a white dwarf. They are effective gravitational-wave emitters and potential progenitors of Type Ia supernovae. Aims. To understand the evolution of AMCVn systems it is necessary to determine their mass-loss rate through their radiation-driven accretion-disk wind. We constructed models to perform quantitative spectroscopy of P Cygni line profiles that were detected in UV spectra. Methods. We performed 2.5D Monte Carlo radiative transfer calculations in hydrodynamic wind structures by making use of realistic NLTE spectra from the accretion disk and by accounting for the white dwarf as an additional photon source. Results. We present first results from calculations in which LTE opacities are used in the wind model. A comparison with UV spectroscopy of the AMCVn prototype shows that the modeling procedure is potentially a good tool for determining mass-loss rates and abundances of trace metals in the helium-rich wind. KW - radiative transfer KW - stars: winds, outflows KW - stars: individual: AM CVn KW - accretion, accretion disks Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201321438 SN - 0004-6361 SN - 1432-0746 VL - 561 PB - EDP Sciences CY - Les Ulis ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wendt, Martin T1 - Constraints on variations of m(p)/m(e) based on UVES observations of H-2 JF - Astronomische Nachrichten = Astronomical notes N2 - This article summarizes the latest results on the proton-to-electron mass ratio derived from H-2 observations at high redshift in the light of possible variations of fundamental physical constants. The focus lies on UVES observations of the past years as enormous progress was achieved since the first positive results on / were published. With the better understanding of systematics, dedicated observation runs, and numerous approaches to improve wavelength calibration accuracy, all current findings are in reasonable good agreement with no variation and provide an upper limit of / < 1 x 10(-5) for the redshift range of 2 < z < 3. (( KW - cosmology: observations KW - early Universe KW - quasars: absorption lines Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.201312008 SN - 0004-6337 SN - 1521-3994 VL - 335 IS - 1 SP - 106 EP - 112 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Richter, Philipp A1 - Fox, Andrew J. A1 - Ben Bekhti, Nadya A1 - Murphy, M. T. A1 - Bomans, Dominik J. A1 - Frank, S. T1 - High-resolution absorption spectroscopy of the circumgalactic medium of the Milky Way JF - Astronomische Nachrichten = Astronomical notes KW - Galaxy: halo KW - Galaxy: structure KW - quasars: absorption lines KW - techniques: spectroscopic Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.201312013 SN - 0004-6337 SN - 1521-3994 VL - 335 IS - 1 SP - 92 EP - 98 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bonifacio, P. A1 - Rahmani, H. A1 - Whitmore, J. B. A1 - Wendt, Martin A1 - Centurion, Martin A1 - Molaro, P. A1 - Srianand, R. A1 - Murphy, M. T. A1 - Petitjean, P. A1 - Agafonova, I. I. A1 - Evans, T. M. A1 - Levshakov, S. A. A1 - Lopez, S. A1 - Martins, C. J. A. P. A1 - Reimers, D. A1 - Vladilo, G. T1 - Fundamental constants and high-resolution spectroscopy JF - Astronomische Nachrichten = Astronomical notes KW - atomic processes KW - cosmology: observations KW - elementary particles KW - line: formation KW - quasars: absorption lines KW - techniques: spectroscopic Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.201312005 SN - 0004-6337 SN - 1521-3994 VL - 335 IS - 1 SP - 83 EP - 91 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cherstvy, Andrey G. A1 - Chechkin, Aleksei V. A1 - Metzler, Ralf T1 - Particle invasion, survival, and non-ergodicity in 2D diffusion processes with space-dependent diffusivity JF - Soft matter N2 - We study the thermal Markovian diffusion of tracer particles in a 2D medium with spatially varying diffusivity D(r), mimicking recently measured, heterogeneous maps of the apparent diffusion coefficient in biological cells. For this heterogeneous diffusion process (HDP) we analyse the mean squared displacement (MSD) of the tracer particles, the time averaged MSD, the spatial probability density function, and the first passage time dynamics from the cell boundary to the nucleus. Moreover we examine the non-ergodic properties of this process which are important for the correct physical interpretation of time averages of observables obtained from single particle tracking experiments. From extensive computer simulations of the 2D stochastic Langevin equation we present an in-depth study of this HDP. In particular, we find that the MSDs along the radial and azimuthal directions in a circular domain obey anomalous and Brownian scaling, respectively. We demonstrate that the time averaged MSD stays linear as a function of the lag time and the system thus reveals a weak ergodicity breaking. Our results will enable one to rationalise the diffusive motion of larger tracer particles such as viruses or submicron beads in biological cells. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/c3sm52846d SN - 1744-683X SN - 1744-6848 VL - 10 IS - 10 SP - 1591 EP - 1601 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mkrtchian, Vanik E. A1 - Henkel, Carsten T1 - On non-equilibrium photon distributions in the Casimir effect JF - Annalen der Physik N2 - The electromagnetic field in a typical geometry of the Casimir effect is described in the Schwinger-Keldysh formalism. The main result is the photon distribution function (Keldysh Green function) in any stationary state of the field. A two-plate geometry with a sliding interface in local equilibrium is studied in detail, and full agreement with the results of Rytov fluctuation electrodynamics is found. KW - Casimir effect KW - van der Waals interaction KW - quantum friction KW - nonequilibrium electrodynamics of nanosystems Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.201300135 SN - 0003-3804 SN - 1521-3889 VL - 526 IS - 1-2 SP - 87 EP - 101 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liu, W. A1 - Tkachov, R. A1 - Komber, H. A1 - Senkovskyy, V. A1 - Schubert, M. A1 - Wei, Z. A1 - Facchetti, A. A1 - Neher, Dieter A1 - Kiriy, A. T1 - Chain-growth polycondensation of perylene diimide-based copolymers: a new route to regio-regular perylene diimide-based acceptors for all-polymer solar cells and n-type transistors JF - Polymer Chemistry N2 - Herein, we report the chain-growth tin-free room temperature polymerization method to synthesize n-type perylene diimide-dithiophene-based conjugated polymers (PPDIT2s) suitable for solar cell and transistor applications. The palladium/electron-rich tri-tert-butylphosphine catalyst is effective to enable the chain-growth polymerization of anion-radical monomer Br-TPDIT-Br/Zn to PPDIT2 with a molecular weight up to M-w approximate to 50 kg mol(-1) and moderate polydispersity. This is the second example of the polymerization of unusual anion-radical aromatic complexes formed in a reaction of active Zn and electron-deficient diimide-based aryl halides. As such, the discovered polymerization method is not a specific reactivity feature of the naphthalene-diimide derivatives but is rather a general polymerization tool. This is an important finding, given the significantly higher maximum external quantum efficiency that can be reached with PDI-based copolymers (32-45%) in all-polymer solar cells compared to NDI-based materials (15-30%). Our studies revealed that PPDIT2 synthesized by the new method and the previously published polymer prepared by step-growth Stille polycondensation show similar electron mobility and all-polymer solar cell performance. At the same time, the polymerization reported herein has several technological advantages as it proceeds relatively fast at room temperature and does not involve toxic tin-based compounds. Because several chain-growth polymerization reactions are well-suited for the preparation of well-defined multi-functional polymer architectures, the next target is to explore the utility of the discovered polymerization in the synthesis of end-functionalized polymers and block copolymers. Such materials would be helpful to improve the nanoscale morphology of polymer blends in all-polymer solar cells. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/c3py01707a SN - 1759-9954 SN - 1759-9962 VL - 5 IS - 10 SP - 3404 EP - 3411 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Albrecht, Torsten A1 - Levermann, Anders T1 - Fracture-induced softening for large-scale ice dynamics JF - The Cryosphere : TC ; an interactive open access journal of the European Geosciences Union N2 - Floating ice shelves can exert a retentive and hence stabilizing force onto the inland ice sheet of Antarctica. However, this effect has been observed to diminish by the dynamic effects of fracture processes within the protective ice shelves, leading to accelerated ice flow and hence to a sea-level contribution. In order to account for the macroscopic effect of fracture processes on large-scale viscous ice dynamics (i.e., ice-shelf scale) we apply a continuum representation of fractures and related fracture growth into the prognostic Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM) and compare the results to observations. To this end we introduce a higher order accuracy advection scheme for the transport of the two-dimensional fracture density across the regular computational grid. Dynamic coupling of fractures and ice flow is attained by a reduction of effective ice viscosity proportional to the inferred fracture density. This formulation implies the possibility of non-linear threshold behavior due to self-amplified fracturing in shear regions triggered by small variations in the fracture-initiation threshold. As a result of prognostic flow simulations, sharp across-flow velocity gradients appear in fracture-weakened regions. These modeled gradients compare well in magnitude and location with those in observed flow patterns. This model framework is in principle expandable to grounded ice streams and provides simple means of investigating climate-induced effects on fracturing (e. g., hydro fracturing) and hence on the ice flow. It further constitutes a physically sound basis for an enhanced fracture-based calving parameterization. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-587-2014 SN - 1994-0416 SN - 1994-0424 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - 587 EP - 605 PB - Copernicus CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Winkler, Roland G. A1 - Cherstvy, Andrey G. ED - Muller, M. T1 - Strong and weak polyelectrolyte adsorption onto oppositely charged curved surfaces JF - Advances in polymer science JF - Advances in Polymer Science N2 - Polyelectrolytes are macromolecules composed of charged monomers and exhibit unique properties due to the interplay of their flexibility and electrostatic interactions. In solution, they are attracted to oppositely charged surfaces and interfaces and exhibit a transition to an adsorbed state when certain conditions are met concerning the charge densities of the polymer and surface and the properties of the solution. In this review, we discuss two limiting cases for adsorption of flexible polyelectrolytes on curved surfaces: weak and strong adsorption. In the first case, adsorption is strongly influenced by the entropic degrees of freedom of a flexible polyelectrolyte. By contrast, in the strong adsorption limit, electrostatic interactions dominate, which leads to particular adsorption patterns, specifically on spherical surfaces. We discuss the corresponding theoretical approaches, applying a mean-field description for the polymer and the polymer-surface interaction. For weak adsorption, we discuss the critical adsorption behavior by exactly solvable models for planar and spherical geometries and a generic approximation scheme, which is additionally applied to cylindrical surfaces. For strong adsorption, we investigate various polyelectrolyte patterns on cylinders and spheres and evaluate their stability. The results are discussed in the light of experimental results, mostly of DNA adsorption experiments. Y1 - 2014 SN - 978-3-642-40734-5; 978-3-642-40733-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/12_2012_183 SN - 0065-3195 VL - 255 SP - 1 EP - 56 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schleussner, Carl-Friedrich A1 - Runge, Jakob A1 - Lehmann, Jasvcha A1 - Levermann, Anders T1 - The role of the North Atlantic overturning and deep ocean for multi-decadal global-mean-temperature variability JF - Earth system dynamics Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-5-103-2014 SN - 2190-4979 SN - 2190-4987 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - 103 EP - 115 PB - Copernicus CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - de Carvalho, Sidney J. A1 - Metzler, Ralf A1 - Cherstvy, Andrey G. T1 - Critical adsorption of polyelectrolytes onto charged Janus nanospheres JF - Physical chemistry, chemical physics : a journal of European Chemical Societies N2 - Based on extensive Monte Carlo simulations and analytical considerations we study the electrostatically driven adsorption of flexible polyelectrolyte chains onto charged Janus nanospheres. These net-neutral colloids are composed of two equally but oppositely charged hemispheres. The critical binding conditions for polyelectrolyte chains are analysed as function of the radius of the Janus particle and its surface charge density, as well as the salt concentration in the ambient solution. Specifically for the adsorption of finite-length polyelectrolyte chains onto Janus nanoparticles, we demonstrate that the critical adsorption conditions drastically differ when the size of the Janus particle or the screening length of the electrolyte are varied. We compare the scaling laws obtained for the adsorption-desorption threshold to the known results for uniformly charged spherical particles, observing significant disparities. We also contrast the changes to the polyelectrolyte chain conformations close to the surface of the Janus nanoparticles as compared to those for simple spherical particles. Finally, we discuss experimentally relevant physicochemical systems for which our simulations results may become important. In particular, we observe similar trends with polyelectrolyte complexation with oppositely but heterogeneously charged proteins. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/c4cp02207f SN - 1463-9076 SN - 1463-9084 VL - 16 IS - 29 SP - 15539 EP - 15550 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Palyulin, Vladimir V. A1 - Ala-Nissila, Tapio A1 - Metzler, Ralf T1 - Polymer translocation: the first two decades and the recent diversification JF - Soft matter N2 - Probably no other field of statistical physics at the borderline of soft matter and biological physics has caused such a flurry of papers as polymer translocation since the 1994 landmark paper by Bezrukov, Vodyanoy, and Parsegian and the study of Kasianowicz in 1996. Experiments, simulations, and theoretical approaches are still contributing novel insights to date, while no universal consensus on the statistical understanding of polymer translocation has been reached. We here collect the published results, in particular, the famous-infamous debate on the scaling exponents governing the translocation process. We put these results into perspective and discuss where the field is going. In particular, we argue that the phenomenon of polymer translocation is non-universal and highly sensitive to the exact specifications of the models and experiments used towards its analysis. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/c4sm01819b SN - 1744-683X SN - 1744-6848 VL - 10 IS - 45 SP - 9016 EP - 9037 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Di Florio, G. A1 - Bruendermann, E. A1 - Yadavalli, Nataraja Sekhar A1 - Santer, Svetlana A1 - Havenith, Martina T1 - Confocal raman microscopy and AFM study of the interface between the photosensitive polymer layer and multilayer graphene JF - Soft materials N2 - In this paper we report on the interaction between photosensitive azobenzene-containing polymer films and on top adsorbed graphene multilayers. The photosensitive polymer film changes its topography under irradiation with light interference patterns according to their polarization distribution. The multilayer graphene follows the deformation of the polymer film and stretches accordingly. Using confocal Raman microspectroscopy we can detect the appearance of additional peaks in the Raman spectrum of the photosensitive polymer film upon irradiation indicating a molecular interaction at the interface between the graphene multilayer and the polymer matrix. Multi-component analysis of the specific Raman bands shows that the interaction involves the graphene rings and the aromatic rings of the azobenzenes causing the strong adhesion between the two materials. KW - Graphene KW - Multilayer graphene KW - Photosensitive polymer film KW - Confocal Raman microscopy KW - AFM KW - Surface Relief Grating KW - Interfacial molecular interaction Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/1539445X.2014.945040 SN - 1539-445X SN - 1539-4468 VL - 12 SP - S98 EP - S105 PB - Taylor & Francis Group CY - Philadelphia ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ehlert, D. A1 - Levermann, Anders T1 - Mechanism for potential strengthening of Atlantic overturning prior to collapse JF - Earth system dynamics N2 - The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) carries large amounts of heat into the North Atlantic influencing climate regionally as well as globally. Palaeo-records and simulations with comprehensive climate models suggest that the positive salt-advection feedback may yield a threshold behaviour of the system. That is to say that beyond a certain amount of freshwater flux into the North Atlantic, no meridional overturning circulation can be sustained. Concepts of monitoring the AMOC and identifying its vicinity to the threshold rely on the fact that the volume flux defining the AMOC will be reduced when approaching the threshold. Here we advance conceptual models that have been used in a paradigmatic way to understand the AMOC, by introducing a density-dependent parameterization for the Southern Ocean eddies. This additional degree of freedom uncovers a mechanism by which the AMOC can increase with additional freshwater flux into the North Atlantic, before it reaches the threshold and collapses: an AMOC that is mainly wind-driven will have a constant upwelling as long as the Southern Ocean winds do not change significantly. The downward transport of tracers occurs either in the northern sinking regions or through Southern Ocean eddies. If freshwater is transported, either atmospherically or via horizontal gyres, from the low to high latitudes, this would reduce the eddy transport and by continuity increase the northern sinking which defines the AMOC until a threshold is reached at which the AMOC cannot be sustained. If dominant in the real ocean this mechanism would have significant consequences for monitoring the AMOC. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-5-383-2014 SN - 2190-4979 SN - 2190-4987 VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - 383 EP - 397 PB - Copernicus CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Levermann, Anders A1 - Winkelmann, Ricarda A1 - Nowicki, S. A1 - Fastook, J. L. A1 - Frieler, Katja A1 - Greve, R. A1 - Hellmer, H. H. A1 - Martin, M. A. A1 - Meinshausen, Malte A1 - Mengel, Matthias A1 - Payne, A. J. A1 - Pollard, D. A1 - Sato, T. A1 - Timmermann, R. A1 - Wang, Wei Li A1 - Bindschadler, Robert A. T1 - Projecting antarctic ice discharge using response functions from SeaRISE ice-sheet models JF - Earth system dynamics N2 - The largest uncertainty in projections of future sea-level change results from the potentially changing dynamical ice discharge from Antarctica. Basal ice-shelf melting induced by a warming ocean has been identified as a major cause for additional ice flow across the grounding line. Here we attempt to estimate the uncertainty range of future ice discharge from Antarctica by combining uncertainty in the climatic forcing, the oceanic response and the ice-sheet model response. The uncertainty in the global mean temperature increase is obtained from historically constrained emulations with the MAGICC-6.0 (Model for the Assessment of Greenhouse gas Induced Climate Change) model. The oceanic forcing is derived from scaling of the subsurface with the atmospheric warming from 19 comprehensive climate models of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP-5) and two ocean models from the EU-project Ice2Sea. The dynamic ice-sheet response is derived from linear response functions for basal ice-shelf melting for four different Antarctic drainage regions using experiments from the Sea-level Response to Ice Sheet Evolution (SeaRISE) intercomparison project with five different Antarctic ice-sheet models. The resulting uncertainty range for the historic Antarctic contribution to global sea-level rise from 1992 to 2011 agrees with the observed contribution for this period if we use the three ice-sheet models with an explicit representation of ice-shelf dynamics and account for the time-delayed warming of the oceanic subsurface compared to the surface air temperature. The median of the additional ice loss for the 21st century is computed to 0.07 m (66% range: 0.02-0.14 m; 90% range: 0.0-0.23 m) of global sea-level equivalent for the low-emission RCP-2.6 (Representative Concentration Pathway) scenario and 0.09 m (66% range: 0.04-0.21 m; 90% range: 0.01-0.37 m) for the strongest RCP-8.5. Assuming no time delay between the atmospheric warming and the oceanic subsurface, these values increase to 0.09 m (66% range: 0.04-0.17 m; 90% range: 0.02-0.25 m) for RCP-2.6 and 0.15 m (66% range: 0.07-0.28 m; 90% range: 0.04-0.43 m) for RCP-8.5. All probability distributions are highly skewed towards high values. The applied ice-sheet models are coarse resolution with limitations in the representation of grounding-line motion. Within the constraints of the applied methods, the uncertainty induced from different ice-sheet models is smaller than that induced by the external forcing to the ice sheets. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-5-271-2014 SN - 2190-4979 SN - 2190-4987 VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - 271 EP - 293 PB - Copernicus CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Moule, Adam J. A1 - Neher, Dieter A1 - Turner, Sarah T. ED - Ludwigs, S T1 - P3HT-Based solar cells: structural properties and photovoltaic performance JF - Advances in Polymer Science JF - Advances in Polymer Science N2 - Each year we are bombarded with B.Sc. and Ph.D. applications from students that want to improve the world. They have learned that their future depends on changing the type of fuel we use and that solar energy is our future. The hope and energy of these young people will transform future energy technologies, but it will not happen quickly. Organic photovoltaic devices are easy to sketch, but the materials, processing steps, and ways of measuring the properties of the materials are very complicated. It is not trivial to make a systematic measurement that will change the way other research groups think or practice. In approaching this chapter, we thought about what a new researcher would need to know about organic photovoltaic devices and materials in order to have a good start in the subject. Then, we simplified that to focus on what a new researcher would need to know about poly-3-hexylthiophene: phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester blends (P3HT: PCBM) to make research progress with these materials. This chapter is by no means authoritative or a compendium of all things on P3HT: PCBM. We have selected to explain how the sample fabrication techniques lead to control of morphology and structural features and how these morphological features have specific optical and electronic consequences for organic photovoltaic device applications. KW - Free carrier generation KW - Non-geminate recombination KW - Organic solar cells Y1 - 2014 SN - 978-3-662-45145-8; 978-3-662-45144-1 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/12_2014_289 SN - 0065-3195 VL - 265 SP - 181 EP - 232 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stephan, Christoph A. T1 - A dark sector extension of the almost-commutative standard model JF - International journal of modern physics : A, Particles and fields, gravitation, cosmology, nuclear physics N2 - We consider an extension of the Standard Model within the framework of Noncommutative Geometry. The model is based on an older model [C. A. Stephan, Phys. Rev. D 79, 065013 (2009)] which extends the Standard Model by new fermions, a new U(1)-gauge group and, crucially, a new scalar field which couples to the Higgs field. This new scalar field allows to lower the mass of the Higgs mass from similar to 170 GeV, as predicted by the Spectral Action for the Standard Model, to a value of 120-130 GeV. The shortcoming of the previous model lay in its inability to meet all the constraints on the gauge couplings implied by the Spectral Action. These shortcomings are cured in the present model which also features a "dark sector" containing fermions and scalar particles. KW - Noncommutative geometry KW - spectral triple KW - beyond Standard Model KW - Higgs boson KW - scalar fields Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217751X14500055 SN - 0217-751X SN - 1793-656X VL - 29 IS - 1 PB - World Scientific CY - Singapore ER -