TY - JOUR A1 - Gerhard, Reimund A1 - Kacprzyk, Ryszard T1 - Paul Böning - early electret researcher in Shanghai and Wroclaw (1922-1945) JF - IEEE transactions on dielectrics and electrical insulation N2 - The scientific career and the research activities of Paul Boening, especially during his tenures at Tongji University in Shanghai (Woosung Campus, 1922-1936) and the Technical University of Wroclaw (TH Breslau, 1936-1945), are briefly reviewed. In particular, Boening's pioneering investigations in the area of electrets and space charge in dielectrics are emphasized. We attempt to shed some light on the significant achievements of a virtually unknown contributor to the early history of electrets and of space-charge research and high-voltage engineering, during the 1920s and 1930s. It should be noted that dielectrics research was a truly international endeavor already at that time. KW - dielectrics KW - electrets KW - electrostatic KW - experiments KW - (high-)voltage measurements KW - space charge Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2022.3168372 SN - 1070-9878 SN - 1558-4135 VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - 853 EP - 858 PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers CY - New York, NY ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gerlach, Marius A1 - Preitschopf, Tobias A1 - Karaev, Emil A1 - Quitian-Lara, Heidy Mayerly A1 - Mayer, Dennis A1 - Bozek, John A1 - Fischer, Ingo A1 - Fink, Reinhold F. T1 - Auger electron spectroscopy of fulminic acid, HCNO BT - an experimental and theoretical study JF - Physical chemistry, chemical physics : a journal of European Chemical Societies N2 - HCNO is a molecule of considerable astrochemical interest as a precursor to prebiotic molecules. It is synthesized by preparative pyrolysis and is unstable at room temperature. Here, we investigate its spectroscopy in the soft X-ray regime at the C 1s, N 1s and O 1s edges. All 1s ionization energies are reported and X-ray absorption spectra reveal the transitions from the 1s to the pi* state. Resonant and normal Auger electron spectra for the decay of the core hole states are recorded in a hemispherical analyzer. An assignment of the experimental spectra is provided with the aid of theoretical counterparts. The latter are using a valence configuration interaction representation of the intermediate and final state energies and wavefunctions, the one-center approximation for transition rates and band shapes according to the moment theory. The computed spectra are in very good agreement with the experimental data and most of the relevant bands are assigned. Additionally, we present a simple approach to estimate relative Auger transition rates on the basis of a minimal basis representation of the molecular orbitals. We demonstrate that this provides a qualitatively good and reliable estimate for several signals in the normal and resonant Auger electron spectra which have significantly different intensities in the decay of the three core holes. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/d2cp02104h SN - 1463-9076 SN - 1463-9084 VL - 24 IS - 25 SP - 15217 EP - 15229 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gieg, Henrique A1 - Schianchi, Federico A1 - Dietrich, Tim A1 - Ujevic, Maximiliano T1 - Incorporating a Radiative Hydrodynamics Scheme in the Numerical-Relativity Code BAM JF - Universe : open access journal N2 - To study binary neutron star systems and to interpret observational data such as gravitational-wave and kilonova signals, one needs an accurate description of the processes that take place during the final stages of the coalescence, for example, through numerical-relativity simulations. In this work, we present an updated version of the numerical-relativity code BAM in order to incorporate nuclear-theory-based equations of state and a simple description of neutrino interactions through a neutrino leakage scheme. Different test simulations, for stars undergoing a neutrino-induced gravitational collapse and for binary neutron stars systems, validate our new implementation. For the binary neutron stars systems, we show that we can evolve stably and accurately distinct microphysical models employing the different equations of state: SFHo, DD2, and the hyperonic BHB Lambda phi. Overall, our test simulations have good agreement with those reported in the literature. KW - numerical relativity KW - binary neutron stars KW - neutrinos KW - leakage scheme Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/universe8070370 SN - 2218-1997 VL - 8 IS - 7 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grebenkov, Denis S. T1 - An encounter-based approach for restricted diffusion with a gradient drift JF - Journal of physics : A, Mathematical and theoretical N2 - We develop an encounter-based approach for describing restricted diffusion with a gradient drift toward a partially reactive boundary. For this purpose, we introduce an extension of the Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator and use its eigenbasis to derive a spectral decomposition for the full propagator, i.e. the joint probability density function for the particle position and its boundary local time. This is the central quantity that determines various characteristics of diffusion-influenced reactions such as conventional propagators, survival probability, first-passage time distribution, boundary local time distribution, and reaction rate. As an illustration, we investigate the impact of a constant drift onto the boundary local time for restricted diffusion on an interval. More generally, this approach accesses how external forces may influence the statistics of encounters of a diffusing particle with the reactive boundary. KW - boundary local time KW - reflected Brownian motion KW - diffusion-influenced KW - reactions KW - surface reactivity KW - Robin boundary condition KW - Heterogeneous KW - catalysis Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1751-8121/ac411a SN - 1751-8113 SN - 1751-8121 VL - 55 IS - 4 PB - IOP Publ. Ltd. CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grebenkov, Denis S. A1 - Kumar, Aanjaneya T1 - First-passage times of multiple diffusing particles with reversible target-binding kinetics JF - Journal of physics : A, Mathematical and theoretical N2 - We investigate a class of diffusion-controlled reactions that are initiated at the time instance when a prescribed number K among N particles independently diffusing in a solvent are simultaneously bound to a target region. In the irreversible target-binding setting, the particles that bind to the target stay there forever, and the reaction time is the Kth fastest first-passage time to the target, whose distribution is well-known. In turn, reversible binding, which is common for most applications, renders theoretical analysis much more challenging and drastically changes the distribution of reaction times. We develop a renewal-based approach to derive an approximate solution for the probability density of the reaction time. This approximation turns out to be remarkably accurate for a broad range of parameters. We also analyze the dependence of the mean reaction time or, equivalently, the inverse reaction rate, on the main parameters such as K, N, and binding/unbinding constants. Some biophysical applications and further perspectives are briefly discussed. KW - first-passage time KW - diffusion-controlled reactions KW - reversible binding KW - extreme statistics Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1751-8121/ac7e91 SN - 1751-8113 SN - 1751-8121 VL - 55 IS - 32 PB - IOP Publ. CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grebenkov, Denis S. A1 - Metzler, Ralf A1 - Oshanin, Gleb T1 - Search efficiency in the Adam-Delbruck reduction-of-dimensionality scenario versus direct diffusive search JF - New journal of physics : the open-access journal for physics N2 - The time instant-the first-passage time (FPT)-when a diffusive particle (e.g., a ligand such as oxygen or a signalling protein) for the first time reaches an immobile target located on the surface of a bounded three-dimensional domain (e.g., a hemoglobin molecule or the cellular nucleus) is a decisive characteristic time-scale in diverse biophysical and biochemical processes, as well as in intermediate stages of various inter- and intra-cellular signal transduction pathways. Adam and Delbruck put forth the reduction-of-dimensionality concept, according to which a ligand first binds non-specifically to any point of the surface on which the target is placed and then diffuses along this surface until it locates the target. In this work, we analyse the efficiency of such a scenario and confront it with the efficiency of a direct search process, in which the target is approached directly from the bulk and not aided by surface diffusion. We consider two situations: (i) a single ligand is launched from a fixed or a random position and searches for the target, and (ii) the case of 'amplified' signals when N ligands start either from the same point or from random positions, and the search terminates when the fastest of them arrives to the target. For such settings, we go beyond the conventional analyses, which compare only the mean values of the corresponding FPTs. Instead, we calculate the full probability density function of FPTs for both scenarios and study its integral characteristic-the 'survival' probability of a target up to time t. On this basis, we examine how the efficiencies of both scenarios are controlled by a variety of parameters and single out realistic conditions in which the reduction-of-dimensionality scenario outperforms the direct search. KW - first-passage times KW - Adam-Delbruck scenario KW - dimensional reduction KW - bulk KW - and surface diffusion Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ac8824 SN - 1367-2630 VL - 24 IS - 8 PB - IOP Publ. Ltd. CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Griggio, Massimo A1 - Bedin, Luigi R. A1 - Raddi, Roberto A1 - Reindl, Nicole A1 - Tomasella, Lina A1 - Scalco, M. A1 - Salaris, M. A1 - Cassisi, S. A1 - Ochner, P. A1 - Ciroi, S. A1 - Rosati, P. A1 - Nardiello, Domenico A1 - Anderson, J. A1 - Libralato, Mattia A1 - Bellini, A. A1 - Vallenari, A. A1 - Spina, L. A1 - Pedani, M. T1 - Astro-photometric study of M37 with Gaia and wide-field ugi-imaging JF - Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society N2 - We present an astrometric and photometric wide-field study of the Galactic open star cluster M37 (NGC 2099). The studied field was observed with ground-based images covering a region of about four square degrees in the Sloan-like filters ugi. We exploited the Gaia catalogue to calibrate the geometric distortion of the large field mosaics, developing software routines that can be also applied to other wide-field instruments. The data are used to identify the hottest white dwarf (WD) member candidates of M37. Thanks to the Gaia EDR3 exquisite astrometry we identified seven such WD candidates, one of which, besides being a high-probability astrometric member, is the putative central star of a planetary nebula. To our knowledge, this is a unique object in an open cluster, and we have obtained follow-up low-resolution spectra that are used for a qualitative characterization of this young WD. Finally, we publicly release a three-colour atlas and a catalogue of the sources in the field of view, which represents a complement of existing material. KW - catalogues KW - white dwarfs KW - open clusters and associations: individual: KW - M37 (NGC2099) Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac1920 SN - 0035-8711 SN - 1365-2966 VL - 515 IS - 2 SP - 1841 EP - 1853 PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grischek, Max A1 - Caprioglio, Pietro A1 - Zhang, Jiahuan A1 - Pena-Camargo, Francisco A1 - Sveinbjornsson, Kari A1 - Zu, Fengshuo A1 - Menzel, Dorothee A1 - Warby, Jonathan A1 - Li, Jinzhao A1 - Koch, Norbert A1 - Unger, Eva A1 - Korte, Lars A1 - Neher, Dieter A1 - Stolterfoht, Martin A1 - Albrecht, Steve T1 - Efficiency Potential and Voltage Loss of Inorganic CsPbI2Br Perovskite Solar Cells JF - Solar RRL N2 - Inorganic perovskite solar cells show excellent thermal stability, but the reported power conversion efficiencies are still lower than for organic-inorganic perovskites. This is mainly caused by lower open-circuit voltages (V(OC)s). Herein, the reasons for the low V-OC in inorganic CsPbI2Br perovskite solar cells are investigated. Intensity-dependent photoluminescence measurements for different layer stacks reveal that n-i-p and p-i-n CsPbI2Br solar cells exhibit a strong mismatch between quasi-Fermi level splitting (QFLS) and V-OC. Specifically, the CsPbI2Br p-i-n perovskite solar cell has a QFLS-e center dot V-OC mismatch of 179 meV, compared with 11 meV for a reference cell with an organic-inorganic perovskite of similar bandgap. On the other hand, this study shows that the CsPbI2Br films with a bandgap of 1.9 eV have a very low defect density, resulting in an efficiency potential of 20.3% with a MeO-2PACz hole-transporting layer and 20.8% on compact TiO2. Using ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy measurements, energy level misalignment is identified as a possible reason for the QFLS-e center dot V-OC mismatch and strategies for overcoming this V-OC limitation are discussed. This work highlights the need to control the interfacial energetics in inorganic perovskite solar cells, but also gives promise for high efficiencies once this issue is resolved. KW - CsPbI2Br KW - efficiency potentials KW - inorganic perovskites KW - photoluminescence KW - solar cells KW - voltage losses Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202200690 SN - 2367-198X VL - 6 IS - 11 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Guggenberger, Tobias A1 - Chechkin, Aleksei A1 - Metzler, Ralf T1 - Absence of stationary states and non-Boltzmann distributions of fractional Brownian motion in shallow external potentials JF - New journal of physics : the open-access journal for physics N2 - We study the diffusive motion of a particle in a subharmonic potential of the form U(x) = |x|( c ) (0 < c < 2) driven by long-range correlated, stationary fractional Gaussian noise xi ( alpha )(t) with 0 < alpha <= 2. In the absence of the potential the particle exhibits free fractional Brownian motion with anomalous diffusion exponent alpha. While for an harmonic external potential the dynamics converges to a Gaussian stationary state, from extensive numerical analysis we here demonstrate that stationary states for shallower than harmonic potentials exist only as long as the relation c > 2(1 - 1/alpha) holds. We analyse the motion in terms of the mean squared displacement and (when it exists) the stationary probability density function. Moreover we discuss analogies of non-stationarity of Levy flights in shallow external potentials. KW - diffusion KW - Boltzmann distribution KW - fractional Brownian motion Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ac7b3c SN - 1367-2630 VL - 24 IS - 7 PB - Dt. Physikalische Ges. CY - [Bad Honnef] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Guo, Yingjie A1 - Ni, Binbin A1 - Fu, Song A1 - Wang, Dedong A1 - Shprits, Yuri Y. A1 - Zhelavskaya, Irina A1 - Feng, Minghang A1 - Guo, Deyu T1 - Identification of controlling geomagnetic and solar wind factors for magnetospheric chorus intensity using feature selection techniques JF - Journal of geophysical research : A, Space physics N2 - Using over-5-year EMFISIS wave measurements from Van Allen Probes, we present a detailed survey to identify the controlling factors among the geomagnetic indices and solar wind parameters for the 1-min root mean square amplitudes of lower band chorus (LBC) and upper band chorus (UBC). A set of important features are automatically determined by feature selection techniques, namely, Random Forest and Maximum Relevancy Minimum Redundancy. Our analysis results indicate the AE index with zero-time-delay dominates the intensity evolution of LBC and UBC, consistent with the evidence that chorus waves prefer to occur and amplify during enhanced substorm periods. Regarding solar wind parameters, solar wind speed and IMF B-z are identified as the controlling factors for chorus wave intensity. Using the combination of all these important features, a predictive neural network model of chorus wave intensity is established to reconstruct the temporal variations of chorus wave intensity, for which application of Random Forest produces the overall best performance. Plain Language Summary Whistler mode chorus waves are electromagnetic waves observed in the low-density region near the geomagnetic equator outside the plasmapause. The dynamics of Earth's radiation belts are largely influenced by chorus waves owing to their dual contributions to both radiation belt electron acceleration and loss. In this study, we use feature selection techniques to identify the controlling geomagnetic and solar wind factors for magnetospheric chorus waves. Feature selection techniques implement the processes which can select the features most influential to the output. In this study, the inputs are geomagnetic indices and solar wind parameters and the output is the chorus wave intensity. The results indicate that AE index with zerotime delay dominates the chorus wave intensity. Furthermore, solar wind speed and IMF B-z are identified as the most important solar wind drivers for chorus wave intensity. On basis of the combination of all these important geomagnetic and solar wind controlling factors, we develop a neural network model of chorus wave intensity, and find that the model with the inputs identified using the Random Forest method produces the overall best performance. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JA029926 SN - 2169-9380 SN - 2169-9402 VL - 127 IS - 1 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken, NJ ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gupta, Banshi D. A1 - Pathak, Anisha A1 - Shrivastav, Anand T1 - Optical Biomedical Diagnostics Using Lab-on-Fiber Technology BT - a review JF - Photonics : open access journal N2 - Point-of-care and in-vivo bio-diagnostic tools are the current need for the present critical scenarios in the healthcare industry. The past few decades have seen a surge in research activities related to solving the challenges associated with precise on-site bio-sensing. Cutting-edge fiber optic technology enables the interaction of light with functionalized fiber surfaces at remote locations to develop a novel, miniaturized and cost-effective lab on fiber technology for bio-sensing applications. The recent remarkable developments in the field of nanotechnology provide innumerable functionalization methodologies to develop selective bio-recognition elements for label free biosensors. These exceptional methods may be easily integrated with fiber surfaces to provide highly selective light-matter interaction depending on various transduction mechanisms. In the present review, an overview of optical fiber-based biosensors has been provided with focus on physical principles used, along with the functionalization protocols for the detection of various biological analytes to diagnose the disease. The design and performance of these biosensors in terms of operating range, selectivity, response time and limit of detection have been discussed. In the concluding remarks, the challenges associated with these biosensors and the improvement required to develop handheld devices to enable direct target detection have been highlighted. KW - fiber optic sensors KW - synthesis KW - interferometry KW - fluorescence KW - SERS KW - SPR KW - immunosensors KW - enzymatic sensors KW - molecular imprinted polymers Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9020086 SN - 2304-6732 VL - 9 IS - 2 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haas, Bernhard A1 - Shprits, Yuri Y. A1 - Allison, Hayley A1 - Wutzig, Michael A1 - Wang, Dedong T1 - Which parameter controls ring current electron dynamics JF - Frontiers in astronomy and space sciences N2 - Predicting the electron population of Earth's ring current during geomagnetic storms still remains a challenging task. In this work, we investigate the sensitivity of 10 keV ring current electrons to different driving processes, parameterised by the Kp index, during several moderate and intense storms. Results are validated against measurements from the Van Allen Probes satellites. Perturbing the Kp index allows us to identify the most dominant processes for moderate and intense storms respectively. We find that during moderate storms (Kp < 6) the drift velocities mostly control the behaviour of low energy electrons, while loss from wave-particle interactions is the most critical parameter for quantifying the evolution of intense storms (Kp > 6). Perturbations of the Kp index used to drive the boundary conditions at GEO and set the plasmapause location only show a minimal effect on simulation results over a limited L range. It is further shown that the flux at L & SIM; 3 is more sensitive to changes in the Kp index compared to higher L shells, making it a good proxy for validating the source-loss balance of a ring current model. KW - ring current KW - magnetosphere KW - electron lifetimes KW - electrons KW - van allen probes (RBSP) KW - ring current model KW - verb Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2022.911002 SN - 2296-987X VL - 9 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hantschmann, Markus A1 - Föhlisch, Alexander T1 - A rate model approach for FEL pulse induced transmissions changes, saturable absorption, X-ray transparency and stimulated emission JF - Journal of electron spectroscopy and related phenomena : the international journal on theoretical and experimental aspects of electron spectroscopy N2 - As the use of free electron laser (FEL) sources increases, so do the findings mentioning non-linear phenomena occurring at these experiments, such as saturable absorption, induced transparency and scattering breakdowns. These are well known among the laser community, but are still rarely understood and expected among the X-ray community and to date lack tools and theories to accurately predict the respective experimental parameters and results. We present a simple theoretical framework to access short X-ray pulse induced light- matter interactions which occur at intense short X-ray pulses as available at FEL sources. Our approach allows to investigate effects such as saturable absorption, induced transparency and scattering suppression, stimulated emission, and transmission spectra, while including the density of state influence relevant to soft X-ray spectroscopy in, for example, transition metal complexes or functional materials. This computationally efficient rate model based approach is intuitively adaptable to most solid state sample systems in the soft X-ray spectrum with the potential to be extended for liquid and gas sample systems as well. The feasibility of the model to estimate the named effects and the influence of the density of state is demonstrated using the example of CoPd transition metal systems at the Co edge. We believe this work is an important contribution for the preparation, performance, and understanding of FEL based high intensity and short pulse experiments, especially on functional materials in the soft X-ray spectrum. KW - Free-electron-laser science KW - RIXS at FELs KW - Stimulated scattering KW - Pulse induced transparency KW - Scattering breakdown Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elspec.2021.147139 SN - 0368-2048 VL - 256 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hassanin, Alshaimaa A1 - Kliem, Bernhard A1 - Seehafer, Norbert A1 - Török, Tibor T1 - A model of homologous confined and ejective eruptions involving kink instability and flux cancellation JF - The astrophysical journal : an international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics N2 - In this study, we model a sequence of a confined and a full eruption, employing the relaxed end state of the confined eruption of a kink-unstable flux rope as the initial condition for the ejective one. The full eruption, a model of a coronal mass ejection, develops as a result of converging motions imposed at the photospheric boundary, which drive flux cancellation. In this process, parts of the positive and negative external flux converge toward the polarity inversion line, reconnect, and cancel each other. Flux of the same amount as the canceled flux transfers to a flux rope, increasing the free magnetic energy of the coronal field. With sustained flux cancellation and the associated progressive weakening of the magnetic tension of the overlying flux, we find that a flux reduction of approximate to 11% initiates the torus instability of the flux rope, which leads to a full eruption. These results demonstrate that a homologous full eruption, following a confined one, can be driven by flux cancellation. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac64a9 SN - 2041-8205 SN - 2041-8213 VL - 929 IS - 2 PB - IOP Publ. Ltd. CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - He, Yushuang A1 - Wang, Feipeng A1 - He, Li A1 - Wang, Qiang A1 - Li, Jian A1 - Qian, Yihua A1 - Gerhard, Reimund A1 - Plath, Ronald T1 - An insight Into the role of Nano-Alumina on DC Flashover-Resistance and surface charge variation of Epoxy Nanocomposites JF - IEEE transactions on dielectrics and electrical insulation N2 - The addition of nano-Al2O3 has been shown to enhance the breakdown voltage of epoxy resin, but its flashover results appeared with disputation. This work concentrates on the surface charge variation and dc flashover performance of epoxy resin with nano-Al2O3 doping. The dispersion of nano-Al2O3 in epoxy is characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The dc flashover voltages of samples under either positive or negative polarity are measured with a finger-electrode system, and the surface charge variations before and after flashovers were identified from the surface potential mapping. The results evidence that nano-Al2O3 would lead to a 16.9% voltage drop for the negative flashovers and a 6.8% drop for positive cases. It is found that one-time flashover clears most of the accumulated surface charges, regardless of positive or negative. As a result, the ground electrode is neighbored by an equipotential zone enclosed with low-density heterocharges. The equipotential zone tends to be broadened after 20 flashovers. The nano-Al2O3 is noticed as beneficial to downsize the equipotential zone due to its capability on charge migration, which is reasonable to maintain flashover voltage at a high level after multiple flashovers. Hence, nano-Al2O3 plays a significant role in improving epoxy with high resistance to multiple flashovers. KW - surface morphology KW - Epoxy resins KW - Electric potential KW - Surface treatment KW - Doping KW - Epoxy resin KW - multiple KW - flashover KW - nanocomposite KW - surface charge Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2022.3173510 SN - 1070-9878 SN - 1558-4135 VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - 1022 EP - 1029 PB - Inst. of Electr. and Electronics Engineers CY - Piscataway ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heinsohn, Natascha Katharina A1 - Niedl, Robert Raimund A1 - Anielski, Alexander A1 - Lisdat, Fred A1 - Beta, Carsten T1 - Electrophoretic mu PAD for purification and analysis of DNA samples JF - Biosensors : open access journal N2 - In this work, the fabrication and characterization of a simple, inexpensive, and effective microfluidic paper analytic device (mu PAD) for monitoring DNA samples is reported. The glass microfiber-based chip has been fabricated by a new wax-based transfer-printing technique and an electrode printing process. It is capable of moving DNA effectively in a time-dependent fashion. The nucleic acid sample is not damaged by this process and is accumulated in front of the anode, but not directly on the electrode. Thus, further DNA processing is feasible. The system allows the DNA to be purified by separating it from other components in sample mixtures such as proteins. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that DNA can be moved through several layers of the glass fiber material. This proof of concept will provide the basis for the development of rapid test systems, e.g., for the detection of pathogens in water samples. KW - microfluidic paper analytic device (mu PAD) KW - patterning glass microfiber KW - fiber-electrophoresis chip KW - DNA KW - imprinted electrodes KW - cross layer chip KW - polymerase chain reaction (PCR) KW - purification Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12020062 SN - 2079-6374 VL - 12 IS - 2 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Herbst, Konstantin A1 - Baalmann, Lennart R. A1 - Bykov, Andrei A1 - Engelbrecht, N. Eugene A1 - Ferreira, Stefan E. S. A1 - Izmodenov, Vladislav V. A1 - Korolkov, Sergey D. A1 - Levenfish, Ksenia P. A1 - Linsky, Jeffrey L. A1 - Meyer, Dominique M. -A. A1 - Scherer, Klaus A1 - Strauss, R. Du Toit T1 - Astrospheres of planet-hosting cool stars and beyond when modeling meets observations JF - Space science reviews N2 - Thanks to dedicated long-term missions like Voyager and GOES over the past 50 years, much insight has been gained on the activity of our Sun, the solar wind, its interaction with the interstellar medium, and, thus, about the formation, the evolution, and the structure of the heliosphere. Additionally, with the help of multi-wavelength observations by the Hubble Space Telescope, Kepler, and TESS, we not only were able to detect a variety of extrasolar planets and exomoons but also to study the characteristics of their host stars, and thus became aware that other stars drive bow shocks and astrospheres. Although features like, e.g., stellar winds, could not be measured directly, over the past years several techniques have been developed allowing us to indirectly derive properties like stellar mass-loss rates and stellar wind speeds, information that can be used as direct input to existing astrospheric modeling codes. In this review, the astrospheric modeling efforts of various stars will be presented. Starting with the heliosphere as a benchmark of astrospheric studies, investigating the paleo-heliospheric changes and the Balmer H alpha projections to 1 pc, we investigate the surroundings of cool and hot stars, but also of more exotic objects like neutron stars. While pulsar wind nebulae (PWNs) might be a source of high-energy galactic cosmic rays (GCRs), the astrospheric environments of cool and hot stars form a natural shield against GCRs. Their modulation within these astrospheres, and the possible impact of turbulence, are also addressed. This review shows that all of the presented modeling efforts are in excellent agreement with currently available observations. KW - Magneto-hydrodynamic modeling KW - Stochastic differential equations KW - Galactic cosmic rays KW - Heliosphere KW - Astrosphere Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-022-00894-3 SN - 0038-6308 SN - 1572-9672 VL - 218 IS - 4 PB - Springer Nature CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Herzog, Marc A1 - Reppert, Alexander von A1 - Pudell, Jan-Etienne A1 - Henkel, Carsten A1 - Kronseder, Matthias A1 - Back, Christian H. A1 - Maznev, Alexei A. A1 - Bargheer, Matias T1 - Phonon-dominated energy transport in purely metallic heterostructures JF - Advanced functional materials N2 - Ultrafast X-ray diffraction is used to quantify the transport of energy in laser-excited nanoscale gold-nickel (Au-Ni) bilayers. Electron transport and efficient electron-phonon coupling in Ni convert the laser-deposited energy in the conduction electrons within a few picoseconds into a strong non-equilibrium between hot Ni and cold Au phonons at the bilayer interface. Modeling of the subsequent equilibration dynamics within various two-temperature models confirms that for ultrathin Au films, the thermal transport is dominated by phonons instead of conduction electrons because of the weak electron-phonon coupling in Au. KW - heterostructures KW - nanoscale energy transports KW - non-equilibrium KW - thermal KW - transports KW - ultrafast phenomena Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202206179 SN - 1616-301X SN - 1616-3028 VL - 32 IS - 41 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hillwig, Todd C. A1 - Reindl, Nicole A1 - Rotter, Hannah M. A1 - Rengstorf, Adam W. A1 - Heber, Ulrich A1 - Irrgang, Andreas T1 - Two evolved close binary stars: GALEX J015054.4+310745 and the central star of the planetary nebula Hen 2-84 JF - Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society N2 - As part of a survey to find close binary systems among central stars of planetary nebula, we present two newly discovered binary systems. GALEX J015054.4+310745 is identified as the central star of the possible planetary nebula Fr 2-22. We find it to be a single-lined spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of 0.2554435(10) d. We support the previous identification of GALEX J015054.4+310745 as an sdB star and provide physical parameters for the star from spectral modelling. We identify its undetected companion as a likely He white dwarf. Based on this information, we find it unlikely that Fr 2-22 is a true planetary nebula. In addition, the central star of the true planetary nebula Hen 2-84 is found to be a photometric variable, likely due to the irradiation of a cool companion. The system has an orbital period of 0.485645(30) d. We discuss limits on binary parameters based on the available light-curve data. Hen 2-84 is a strongly shaped bipolar planetary nebula, which we now add to the growing list of axially or point-symmetric planetary nebulae with a close binary central star. KW - binaries: close KW - stars: individual: GALEX J015054.4+310745 KW - subdwarfs KW - planetary nebulae: individual: Hen 2-84 Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac226 SN - 0035-8711 SN - 1365-2966 VL - 511 IS - 2 SP - 2033 EP - 2039 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hindes, Jason A1 - Assaf, Michael A1 - Schwartz, Ira B. T1 - Outbreak size distribution in stochastic epidemic models JF - Physical review letters N2 - Motivated by recent epidemic outbreaks, including those of COVID-19, we solve the canonical problem of calculating the dynamics and likelihood of extensive outbreaks in a population within a large class of stochastic epidemic models with demographic noise, including the susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) model and its general extensions. In the limit of large populations, we compute the probability distribution for all extensive outbreaks, including those that entail unusually large or small (extreme) proportions of the population infected. Our approach reveals that, unlike other well-known examples of rare events occurring in discrete-state stochastic systems, the statistics of extreme outbreaks emanate from a full continuum of Hamiltonian paths, each satisfying unique boundary conditions with a conserved probability flux. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.078301 SN - 0031-9007 SN - 1079-7114 SN - 1092-0145 VL - 128 IS - 7 PB - American Physical Society CY - College Park, Md. ER -