TY - GEN A1 - MacWhinney, Brian A1 - Bates, Elizabeth A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Cue validity and sentence interpretation in English, German, and Italian N2 - Linguistic and psycholinguistic accounts based on the study of English may prove unreliable as guides to sentence processing in even closely related languages. The present study illustrates this claim in a test of sentence interpretation by German-, Italian-, and English-speaking adults. Subjects were presented with simple transitive sentences in which contrasts of (1) word order, (2) agreement, (3) animacy, and (4) stress were systematically varied. For each sentence, subjects were asked to state which of the two nouns was the actor. The results indicated that Americans relied overwhelming on word order, using a first-noun strategy in NVN and a second-noun strategy in VNN and NNV sentences. Germans relied on both agreement and animacy. Italians showed extreme reliance on agreement cues. In both German and Italian, stress played a role in terms of complex interactions with word order and agreement. The findings were interpreted in terms of the “competition model” of Bates and MacWhinney (in H. Winitz (Ed.), Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Conference on Native and Foreign Language Acquisition. New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1982) in which cue validity is considered to be the primary determinant of cue strength. According to this model, cues are said to be high in validity when they are also high in applicability and reliability. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 038 Y1 - 1984 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-16847 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Richter, Eike M. A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Current advances in SWIFT N2 - Models of eye movement control are very useful for gaining insights into the intricate connections of different cognitive and oculomotor subsystems involved in reading. The SWIFT model (Engbert, Longtin, & Kliegl (2002). Vision Research, 42, 621 - 636) proposed a unified mechanism to account for all types of eye movement patterns that might be observed in reading behavior. The model is based on the notion of spatially distributed, or parallel, processing of words in a sentence. We present a refined version of SWIFT introducing a letter-based approach that proposes a processing gradient in the shape of a smooth function. We show that SWIFT extents its capabilities by accounting for distributions of landing positions. Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/13890417 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2005.07.003 SN - 1389-0417 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Baltes, Paul B. T1 - Das Janusgesicht des Alters : über Wachstum und Abbau in Intelligenz und Gedächtnis N2 - Vier Forschungsansätze im Bereich der Altersintelligenz und des Altersgedächtnisses werden referiert: Untersuchungen (1) Uber unterschiedliche Altersverläufe intellektueller und kognitiver Prozesse, (2) über interindividuelle Variabilität und historischen Wandel, (3) über Plastizität und Reservekapazität und (4) über Leistungsgrenzen. Das Wesen der Altersintelligenz erschöpft sich nicht in einem Prozeß des Leistungsabfalls. Vielmehr treten sowohl Wachstum als auch Abbau und komplexe Wechselwirkungen zwischen beidem auf. Altersbedingter Abbau zeigt sich am ehesten an den Leistungsgrenzen der Grundmechanismen der Intelligenz. Wachstum kann in jenen Bereichen stattfinden, in denen Menschen Wissenssysteme weiterentwickeln und üben (Pragmatik der Intelligenz). Die Methode des Belastungstests (Testing-the-Limits oder Grenztesten) wird als eine Strategie vorgestellt, mit deren Hilfe Mechanismen positiver und negativer Veränderungen beim kognitiven Altern bestimmt werden können. Die Anwendung des kognitiven Belastungstests wird für die neuropsychologische Forschung, beispielsweise für Untersuchungen über die Altersdemenz, empfohlen. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 169 Y1 - 1987 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-41096 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Olson, Richard K. A1 - Davidson, Brian J. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Davies, Susan E. T1 - Development of phonetic memory in disabled and normal readers N2 - The development of phonetic codes in memory of 141 pairs of normal and disabled readers from 7.8 to 16.8 years of age was tested with a task adapted from L. S. Mark, D. Shankweiler, I. Y. Liberman, and C. A. Fowler (Memory & Cognition, 1977, 5, 623–629) that measured false-positive errors in recognition memory for foil words which rhymed with words in the memory list versus foil words that did not rhyme. Our younger subjects replicated Mark et al., showing a larger difference between rhyming and nonrhyming false-positive errors for the normal readers. The older disabled readers' phonetic effect was comparable to that of the younger normal readers, suggesting a developmental lag in their use of phonetic coding in memory. Surprisingly, the normal readers' phonetic effect declined with age in the recognition task, but they maintained a significant advantage across age in the auditory WISC-R digit span recall test, and a test of phonological nonword decoding. The normals' decline with age in rhyming confusion may be due to an increase in the precision of their phonetic codes. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 039 Y1 - 1984 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-16888 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tetzner, Julia A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Busching, Robert A1 - Esser, Günter T1 - Developmental problems in adolescence BT - a person-centered analysis across time and domains JF - Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology N2 - This longitudinal study investigated patterns of developmental problems across depression, aggression, and academic achievement during adolescence, using two measurement points two years apart (N = 1665; age T1: M = 13.14; female = 49.6%). Latent Profile Analyses and Latent Transition Analyses yielded four main findings: A three-type solution provided the best fit to the data: an asymptomatic type (i.e., low problem scores in all three domains), a depressed type (i.e., high scores in depression), an aggressive type (i.e., high scores in aggression). Profile types were invariant over the two data waves but differed between girls and boys, revealing gender specific patterns of comorbidity. Stabilities over time were high for the asymptomatic type and for types that represented problems in one domain, but moderate for comorbid types. Differences in demographic variables (i.e., age, socio-economic status) and individual characteristics (i.e., self-esteem, dysfunctional cognitions, cognitive capabilities) predicted profile type memberships and longitudinal transitions between types. KW - Adolescence KW - Person-centered approach KW - Depression KW - Aggression KW - Academic achievement Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2017.08.003 SN - 0193-3973 SN - 1873-7900 VL - 53 SP - 40 EP - 53 PB - Elsevier CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mayr, Ulrich A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Differential effects of cue changes and task changes on task-set selection costs Y1 - 2003 SN - 0278-7393 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Risse, Sarah A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Dissociating preview validity and preview difficulty in parafoveal processing of word n+1 during reading JF - Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance N2 - Many studies have shown that previewing the next word n + 1 during reading leads to substantial processing benefit (e.g., shorter word viewing times) when this word is eventually fixated. However, evidence of such preprocessing in fixations on the preceding word n when in fact the information about the preview is acquired is far less consistent. A recent study suggested that such effects may be delayed into fixations on the next word n + 1 (Risse & Kliegl, 2012). To investigate the time course of parafoveal information-acquisition on the control of eye movements during reading, we conducted 2 gaze-contingent display-change experiments and orthogonally manipulated the processing difficulty (i.e., word frequency) of an n + 1 preview word and its validity relative to the target word. Preview difficulty did not affect fixation durations on the pretarget word n but on the target word n + 1. In fact, the delayed preview-difficulty effect was almost of the same size as the preview benefit associated with the n + 1 preview validity. Based on additional results from quantile-regression analyses on the time course of the 2 preview effects, we discuss consequences as to the integration of foveal and parafoveal information and potential implications for computational models of eye guidance in reading. KW - display-change awareness KW - eye movements KW - parafoveal-on-foveal effect KW - parafoveal preview benefit KW - perceptual span Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034997 SN - 0096-1523 SN - 1939-1277 VL - 40 IS - 2 SP - 653 EP - 668 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Oberauer, Klaus A1 - Demmrich, Anke A1 - Mayr, Ulrich A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Dissociating retention and access in working memory : an age-comparative study of mental arithmetic Y1 - 2001 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heister, Julian A1 - Würzner, Kay-Michael A1 - Bubenzer, Johannes A1 - Pohl, Edmund A1 - Hanneforth, Thomas A1 - Geyken, Alexander A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - dlexDB - A lexical database for the psychological and linguistic research JF - Psychologische Rundschau : offizielles Organ der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie N2 - The lexical database dlexDB supplies in form of an online database frequency-based norms of numerous process-related word properties for psychological and linguistic research. These values include well known variables such as printed frequency of word form and lemma as documented also in CELEX (Baayen, Piepenbrock und Gulikers, 1995). In addition, we compute new values like frequencies based on syllables, and morphemes as well as frequencies of character chains, and multiple word combinations. The statistics are based on the Kernkorpus des Digitalen Wrterbuchs der deutschen Sprache (DWDS) with over 100 million running words. We illustrate the validity of these norms with new results about fixation durations in sentence reading. KW - corpus linguistics KW - lexical database KW - dlex KW - dlexDB KW - CELEX KW - eve movement KW - reading KW - parafovea Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1026/0033-3042/a000029 SN - 0033-3042 SN - 2190-6238 VL - 62 IS - 1 SP - 10 EP - 20 PB - Hogrefe CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heister, Julian A1 - Würzner, Kay-Michael A1 - Bubenzer, Johannes A1 - Pohl, Edmund A1 - Hanneforth, Thomas A1 - Geyken, Alexander A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - dlexDB : eine lexikalische Datenbank für die psychologische und linguistische Forschung N2 - Mit der lexikalischen Datenbank dlexDB stellen wir der psychologischen und linguistischen Forschung im World Wide Web online statistische Kennwerte für eine Vielzahl von verarbeitungsrelevanten Merkmalen von Wörtern zur Verfügung. Diese Kennwerte umfassen die durch CELEX (Baayen, Piepenbrock und Gulikers, 1995) bekannten Variablen der Häufigkeiten von Wortformen und Lemmata in Texten geschriebener Sprache. Darüber hinaus berechnen wir eine Reihe neuer Kennwerte wie die Häufigkeiten von Silben, Morphemen, Zeichenfolgen und Mehrwortverbindungen sowie Wortähnlichkeitsmaße. Die Datengrundlage bildet das Kernkorpus des Digitalen Wörterbuchs der deutschen Sprache (DWDS) mit über 100 Millionen laufenden Wörtern. Wir illustrieren die Validität dieser Kennwerte mit neuen Ergebnissen zu ihrem Einfluss auf Fixationsdauern beim Lesen von Sätzen. Y1 - 2011 UR - http://psycontent.metapress.com/content/l12056u222554076/fulltext.html U6 - https://doi.org/10.1026/0033-3042/a000029 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Olson, Richard K. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Davidson, Brian J. T1 - Dyslexic and normal readers' eye movements N2 - Dyslexic and normal readers' eye movements were compared while tracking a moving fixation point and in reading. Contrary to previous reports, the dyslexic and normal readers did not differ in their number of saccades, percentage of regressions, or stability of fixations in the tracking task. Thus, defective oculomotor control was not associated with or a causal factor in dyslexia, and the dyslexics' abnormal eye movements in reading must be related to differences in higher cognitive processes. However, individual differences in oculmotor efficiency, independent of reading ability, were found within both the dyslexic and normal groups, and these differences were correlated in reading and tracking tasks. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 167 Y1 - 1983 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-41071 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Dittmann-Kohli, Freya A1 - Lachmann, Margie E. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Baltes, Paul B. T1 - Effects of cognitive training and testing on intellectual efficacy beliefs in elderly adults N2 - Elderly adults (N = 116; average age = 73 years) were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups varying in the amount of training and testing on fluid intelligence tests. They were compared before and after treatment on self-efficacy and utility beliefs for intelligence tests and everyday competence. Although both ability training and extended retest practice resulted in significant gains in objective test performance (Baltes, Kliegl, & Dittmann-Kohli, 1988), only ability training resulted in positive changes in self-efficacy. However, these changes were restricted to testrelated self-efficacy. Training had no impact on perceived utility or on everyday self-efficacy beliefs. Implications of the results are discussed with regard to interventions to increase intellectual self-efficacy in elderly persons. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 157 Y1 - 1991 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40351 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dittmann-Kohli, Freya A1 - Lachmann, Margic A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Baltes, Paul B. T1 - Effects of cognitive training and testing on intellectual efficacy beliefs in elderly adults Y1 - 1991 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weck, Florian A1 - Junga, Yvonne Marie A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Hahn, Daniela A1 - Brucker, Katharina A1 - Witthöft, Michael T1 - Effects of competence feedback on therapist competence and patient outcome BT - a randomized controlled trial JF - Journal of consulting and clinical psychology N2 - Objective: Therapist competence is considered essential for the success of psychotherapy. Feedback is an intervention which has the potential to improve therapist competence. The present study investigated whether competence feedback leads to an improvement of therapist competence and patient outcome. Method: Sixty-seven master-level clinical trainees were randomly assigned to either a competence feedback group (CFG) or a control group (CG). Patients with a diagnosis of major depression (N = 114) were randomly assigned to CFG or CG. Treatment included 20 individual sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). In CFG, therapists received, parallel to the treatment, five competence feedbacks, based on videotaped therapy sessions. Independent raters assessed therapist competence with the Cognitive Therapy Scale (CTS) and provided the competence feedback. Patient outcome was evaluated with the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and therapeutic alliance (Helping Alliance Questionnaire [HAQ]) from both therapist's (HAQ-T) and patient's (HAQ-P) perspective were evaluated after each of the 20 sessions. Results: (a) Therapist competence (CTS) increased significantly more for CFG than CG. (b) Depression (BDI-II) decreased significantly across sessions for both groups, but without evidence for a group-differential benefit for the CFG. (c) Therapeutic alliance (HAQ-T/P) increased significantly across sessions for both groups from both perspectives, but without group differences. (d) There is a positive effect of BDI-II on CTS at the beginning and a negative effect of CTS on BDI-II at the end of therapy. Conclusion: Competence feedback improves therapists' independently rated competence, but there is no evidence that competence feedback in CBT leads to better outcome. What is the public health significance of this article? This study suggests the substantial value of systematic competence feedback for improving therapist competence in the psychotherapy of depression. No significant effect of competence feedback on the reduction of reported depressive symptoms was found. KW - feedback KW - outcome KW - major depression KW - therapeutic alliance KW - therapeutic KW - competencies Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000686 SN - 0022-006X SN - 1939-2117 VL - 89 IS - 11 SP - 885 EP - 897 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Ein Beitrag zur Binnenstruktur des Freundschaftsverständnisses T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 173 Y1 - 1984 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-19929 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - EMAN : a modular and iterative eye-movement analysis program N2 - EMAN is an eye-movement analysis program that consists of four modules. The first module rescales eye positions to coordinates of the display. The second and third modules reduce data to a fixation format and identify areas of bad measurement by means of iterative passes over the data. In the fourth module iterative algorithms are employed for the identification of line numbers and for achieving congruence between fixations and display. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 141 Y1 - 1984 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-39909 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Dambacher, Michael A1 - Rolfs, Martin A1 - Göllner, Kristin A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Jacobs, Arthur M. T1 - Event-related potentials reveal rapid verification of predicted visual input N2 - Human information processing depends critically on continuous predictions about upcoming events, but the temporal convergence of expectancy-based top-down and input-driven bottom-up streams is poorly understood. We show that, during reading, event-related potentials differ between exposure to highly predictable and unpredictable words no later than 90 ms after visual input. This result suggests an extremely rapid comparison of expected and incoming visual information and gives an upper temporal bound for theories of top-down and bottom-up interactions in object recognition. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 180 KW - Interactive activation model KW - Top-down influences KW - Word form area KW - Spatial attention KW - Brain potentials Y1 - 2009 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-44953 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Risse, Sarah A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Evidence for delayed Parafoveal-on-Foveal effects from word n+2 in reading JF - Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance N2 - During reading information is acquired from word(s) beyond the word that is currently looked at. It is still an open question whether such parafoveal information can influence the current viewing of a word, and if so, whether such parafoveal-on-foveal effects are attributable to distributed processing or to mislocated fixations which occur when the eyes are directed at a parafoveal word but land on another word instead. In two display-change experiments, we orthogonally manipulated the preview and target difficulty of word n+2 to investigate the role of mislocated fixations on the previous word n+1. When the eyes left word n, an easy or difficult word n+2 preview was replaced by an easy or difficult n+2 target word. In Experiment 1, n+2 processing difficulty was manipulated by means of word frequency (i.e., easy high-frequency vs. difficult low-frequency word n+2). In Experiment 2, we varied the visual familiarity of word n+2 (i.e., easy lower-case vs. difficult alternating-case writing). Fixations on the short word n+1, which were likely to be mislocated, were nevertheless not influenced by the difficulty of the adjacent word n+2, the hypothesized target of the mislocated fixation. Instead word n+1 was influenced by the preview difficulty of word n+2, representing a delayed parafoveal-on-foveal effect. The results challenge the mislocated-fixation hypothesis as an explanation of parafoveal-on-foveal effects and provide new insight into the complex spatial and temporal effect structure of processing inside the perceptual span during reading. KW - perceptual span KW - n+2-boundary paradigm KW - preview benefit KW - parafoveal-on-foveal effect KW - mislocated fixations KW - eye movements Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027735 SN - 0096-1523 VL - 38 IS - 4 SP - 1026 EP - 1042 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dambacher, Michael A1 - Slattery, Timothy J. A1 - Yang, Jinmian A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Rayner, Keith T1 - Evidence for direct control of eye movements during reading JF - Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance N2 - It is well established that fixation durations during reading vary with processing difficulty, but there are different views on how oculomotor control, visual perception, shifts of attention, and lexical (and higher cognitive) processing are coordinated. Evidence for a one-to-one translation of input delay into saccadic latency would provide a much needed constraint for current theoretical proposals. Here, we tested predictions of such a direct-control perspective using the stimulus-onset delay (SOD) paradigm. Words in sentences were initially masked and, on fixation, were individually unmasked with a delay (0-, 33-, 66-, 99-ms SODs). In Experiment 1, SODs were constant for all words in a sentence; in Experiment 2, SODs were manipulated on target words, while nontargets were unmasked without delay. In accordance with predictions of direct control, nonzero SODs entailed equivalent increases in fixation durations in both experiments. Yet, a population of short fixations pointed to rapid saccades as a consequence of low-level information at nonoptimal viewing positions rather than of lexical processing. Implications of these results for theoretical accounts of oculomotor control are discussed. KW - stimulus-onset delay KW - oculomotor control KW - fixation durations KW - sentence reading Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031647 SN - 0096-1523 VL - 39 IS - 5 SP - 1468 EP - 1484 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Wei, Ping A1 - Dambacher, Michael A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Zhou, Xiaolin T1 - Experimental effects and individual differences in linear mixed models estimating the relationship between spatial, object, and attraction effects in visual attention JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - Linear mixed models (LMMs) provide a still underused methodological perspective on combining experimental and individual-differences research. Here we illustrate this approach with two-rectangle cueing in visual attention (Egly et al., 1994). We replicated previous experimental cue-validity effects relating to a spatial shift of attention within an object (spatial effect), to attention switch between objects (object effect), and to the attraction of attention toward the display centroid (attraction effect), also taking into account the design-inherent imbalance of valid and other trials. We simultaneously estimated variance/covariance components of subject-related random effects for these spatial, object, and attraction effects in addition to their mean reaction times (RTs). The spatial effect showed a strong positive correlation with mean RT and a strong negative correlation with the attraction effect. The analysis of individual differences suggests that slow subjects engage attention more strongly at the cued location than fast subjects. We compare this joint LMM analysis of experimental effects and associated subject-related variances and correlations with two frequently used alternative statistical procedures. KW - linear mixed model KW - individual differences KW - visual attention KW - spatial attention KW - object-based attention Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00238 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 2 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER -