TY - JOUR A1 - Gallas, Elisabeth A1 - Rürup, Miriam T1 - “Advocate of the Jewish People” BT - Nehemia Robinson’s Legal Activism after 1945 : An Introduction JF - PaRDeS : Journal of the Association for Jewish Studies in Germany JF - PaRDeS : Zeitschrift der Vereinigung für Jüdische Studien KW - Modern Jewish history KW - United States KW - legal history KW - 20th century KW - Nehemia Robinson KW - German history KW - moderne jüdische Geschichte KW - USA KW - Rechtsgeschichte KW - 20. Jahrhundert KW - Nehemia Robinson KW - deutsche Geschichte Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-537501 SN - 978-3-86956-520-0 SN - 1614-6492 SN - 1862-7684 IS - 27 SP - 135 EP - 142 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cooperman, Jessica T1 - Jewish-Christian Dialogue and American Visions of the Postwar World JF - PaRDeS : Journal of the Association for Jewish Studies in Germany JF - PaRDeS : Zeitschrift der Vereinigung für Jüdische Studien N2 - American occupying forces made the promotion of Jewish-Christian dialogue part of their plans for postwar German reconstruction. They sought to export American models of Jewish-Christian cooperation to Germany, while simultaneously validating and valorizing claims about the connection between democracy and tri-faith religious pluralism in the United States. The small size of the Jewish population in Germany meant that Jews did not set the terms of these discussions, and evidence shows that both German and American Jews expressed skepticism about participating in dialogue in the years immediately following the Holocaust. But opting out would have meant that discussions in Germany about the Judeo-Christian tradition that the American government advanced as the centerpiece of postwar democratic reconstruction would take place without a Jewish contribution. American Jewish leaders, present in Germany and in the US, therefore decided to opt in, not because they supported the project, but because it seemed far riskier to be left out. KW - Modern Jewish history KW - United States KW - German history KW - interreligious dialogue KW - 20th century KW - Moderne jüdische Geschichte KW - USA KW - deutsche Geschichte KW - interreligiöser Dialog KW - 20. Jahrhundert Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-537488 SN - 978-3-86956-520-0 SN - 1614-6492 SN - 1862-7684 IS - 27 SP - 117 EP - 131 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krah, Markus T1 - Exporting Jewish Ideas from Germany (via Palestine) to America BT - Salman Schocken and the Transnational Transfer of Texts, 1931–1950 JF - PaRDeS : Journal of the Association for Jewish Studies in Germany JF - PaRDeS : Zeitschrift der Vereinigung für Jüdische Studien N2 - When he founded Schocken Books in 1945, department store magnate, philanthropist, and publisher Salman Schocken (1877–1959) called his new American publishing business an imitation of its German predecessor, which had functioned from 1931 until 1938. He intended it to replicate the success of the Berlin Schocken Verlag by spiritually fortifying a Jewish community uncertain in its identity. The new company reflected the transnational transfer of people, ideas, and texts between Germany, Palestine/Israel, and the United States. Its success and near-failure raise questions about transnationalism and American Jewish culture: Can a culture be imposed on a population which has its own organs and agencies of cultural production? Had American Jewish culture developed organically to the specific place where several million Jews found themselves and according to uniquely American cultural patterns? The answers suggest that the concepts of transnationalism and cultural transfer complement each other as tools to analyze American Jewry in its American and Jewish contexts. KW - modern Jewish history KW - United States KW - German Jewish history KW - Israel KW - book history KW - publishing KW - Jewish cultural history KW - cultural transfer KW - 20th century KW - moderne jüdische Geschichte KW - USA KW - deutsch-jüdische Geschichte KW - Israel KW - Buchgeschichte KW - Verlagsgeschichte KW - jüdische Kulturgeschichte KW - Kulturtransfer KW - 20. Jahrhundert Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-533049 SN - 978-3-86956-520-0 SN - 1614-6492 SN - 1862-7684 IS - 27 SP - 101 EP - 115 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Imanuel Clemens T1 - A Secular Tradition BT - Horace Kallen on American Democracy in the United States and Israel JF - PaRDeS : Journal of the Association for Jewish Studies in Germany JF - PaRDeS : Zeitschrift der Vereinigung für Jüdische Studien N2 - This article focuses on the social philosopher Horace Kallen and the revisions he made to the concept of cultural pluralism that he first developed in the early 20th century, applying it to postwar America and the young State of Israel. It shows how he opposed the assumption that the United States’ social order was based on a “Judeo-Christian tradition.” By constructing pluralism as a civil religion and carving out space for secular self-understandings in midcentury America, Kallen attempted to preserve the integrity of his earlier political visions, developed during World War I, of pluralist societies in the United States and Palestine within an internationalist global order. While his perspective on the State of Israel was largely shaped by his American experiences, he revised his approach to politically functionalizing religious traditions as he tested his American understanding of a secular, pluralist society against the political theology effective in the State of Israel. The trajectory of Kallen’s thought points to fundamental questions about the compatibility of American and Israeli understandings of religion’s function in society and its relation to political belonging, especially in light of their transnational connection through American Jewish support for the recently established state. KW - modern Jewish history KW - United States KW - Israel KW - 20th century KW - Horace Kallen KW - cultural pluralism KW - intellectual history KW - moderne jüdische Geschichte KW - USA KW - Israel KW - 20. Jahrhundert KW - Horace Kallen KW - kultureller Pluralismus KW - Geistesgeschichte Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-532868 SN - 978-3-86956-520-0 SN - 1614-6492 SN - 1862-7684 IS - 27 SP - 85 EP - 100 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Czendze, Oskar T1 - In Search of Belonging BT - Galician Jewish Immigrants Between New York and Eastern Europe, 1890–1938 JF - PaRDeS : Journal of the Association for Jewish Studies in Germany JF - PaRDeS : Zeitschrift der Vereinigung für Jüdische Studien N2 - More than 200,000 Jews left the Habsburg province of Galicia between 1881 and 1910. No longer living in the places of their childhood, they settled in urban centers, such as in New York’s Lower East Side. In this neighborhood, Galician Jews began to search for new relationships that linked the places they left and the ones where they arrived and settled. By looking at Galicia through the lens of autobiographical writings by former Jewish immigrants who became established residents of New York, this article emphasizes the role of regionalism in the context of transnational conceptions of a new American Jewish self-understanding. It argues that the key to analyzing the evolution of “eastern Europe” as a common place of origin for American Jewry is the constant dialogue between the places of origin and arrival. Specifically, philanthropic efforts during and after the First World War and the proliferation of tourism both enabled these settled immigrants to gradually replace regional notions, such as the idea of Galicia, with a mythical image of eastern Europe to create a sense of community as American Jews. KW - modern Jewish history KW - United States KW - East European Jewish history KW - 19th century KW - 20th century KW - Galicia KW - memory studies KW - travel KW - moderne jüdische Geschichte KW - USA KW - osteuropäisch-jüdische Geschichte KW - 19. Jahrhundert KW - 20. Jahrhundert KW - Galizien KW - Memory studies KW - Reisen Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-532857 SN - 978-3-86956-520-0 SN - 1614-6492 SN - 1862-7684 IS - 27 SP - 69 EP - 83 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thulin, Mirjam T1 - Instituting Transnational Jewish Learning BT - The Emergence of Rabbinical Seminaries in the Nineteenth Century JF - PaRDeS : Journal of the Association for Jewish Studies in Germany JF - PaRDeS : Zeitschrift der Vereinigung für Jüdische Studien N2 - When the Jewish Theological Seminary in Breslau opened its doors in 1854, it established a novel form of rabbinical education: the systematic combination of Jewish studies at the seminary in parallel with university studies. The Breslau seminary became the model for most later institutions for rabbinical training in Europe and the United States. The seminaries were the new sites of modern Jewish scholarship, especially the academic study of Judaism (Wissenschaft des Judentums). Their function and goal were to preserve, (re)organize, and transmit Jewish knowledge in the modern age. As such, they became central nodes in Jewish scholarly networks. This case study highlights the multi-nodal connections between the Conservative seminaries in Breslau, Philadelphia, New York, Budapest, and Vienna. At the same time, it is intended to provide an example of the potential of transnational and transfer studies for the history of the Jewish religious learning in Europe and the United States. KW - modern Jewish history KW - United States KW - European history KW - religious education KW - history of science KW - rabbis KW - moderne jüdische Geschichte KW - USA KW - europäische Geschichte KW - religiöse Bildung KW - Wissenschaftsgeschichte KW - Wissensgeschichte KW - Rabbiner Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-532842 SN - 978-3-86956-520-0 SN - 1614-6492 SN - 1862-7684 IS - 27 SP - 53 EP - 67 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwartz, Yitzchak T1 - American Jewish Ideas in a Transnational Jewish World, 1843–1900 JF - PaRDeS : Journal of the Association for Jewish Studies in Germany JF - PaRDeS : Zeitschrift der Vereinigung für Jüdische Studien N2 - As mid-19th-century American Jews introduced radical changes to their religious observance and began to define Judaism in new ways, to what extent did they engage with European Jewish ideas? Historians often approach religious change among Jews from German lands during this period as if Jewish immigrants had come to America with one set of ideas that then evolved solely in conversation with their American contexts. Historians have similarly cast the kinds of Judaism Americans created as both unique to America and uniquely American. These characterizations are accurate to an extent. But to what extent did Jewish innovations in the United States take place in conversation with European Jewish developments? Looking to the 19th-century American Jewish press, this paper seeks to understand how American Jews engaged European Judaism in formulating their own ideas, understanding themselves, and understanding their place in world Judaism. KW - modern Jewish history KW - Orthodox Judaism KW - Reform Judaism KW - Isaac Leeser KW - Isaac Mayer Wise KW - print culture KW - 19th century KW - German Jewry KW - United States KW - moderne jüdische Geschichte KW - jüdische Orthodoxie KW - Reformjudentum KW - Isaac Leeser KW - Isaac Mayer Wise KW - 19. Jahrhundert KW - deutsch-jüdische Geschichte KW - USA Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-532835 SN - 978-3-86956-520-0 SN - 1614-6492 SN - 1862-7684 IS - 27 SP - 39 EP - 52 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rabin, Shari T1 - Mobile Jews and Porous Borders BT - A Transnational History in the Nineteenth Century JF - PaRDeS : Journal of the Association for Jewish Studies in Germany JF - PaRDeS : Zeitschrift der Vereinigung für Jüdische Studien N2 - This article explores the multi-directional geographic trajectories and ties of Jews who came to the United States in the 19th century, working to complicate simplistic understandings of “German” Jewish immigration. It focuses on the case study of Henry Cohn, an ordinary Russian-born Jew whose journeys took him to Prussia, New York, Savannah, and California. Once in the United States he returned to Europe twice, the second time permanently, although a grandson ended up in California, where he worked to ensure the preservation of Cohn’s records. This story highlights how Jews navigated and transgressed national boundaries in the 19th century and the limitations of the historical narratives that have been constructed from their experiences. KW - modern Jewish history KW - transatlantic history KW - mobility KW - nineteenth century KW - United States KW - Russia KW - Prussia KW - moderne jüdische Geschichte KW - transatlantische Geschichte KW - Mobilität KW - 19. Jahrhundert KW - USA KW - Russland KW - Preußen Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-532822 SN - 978-3-86956-520-0 SN - 1614-6492 SN - 1862-7684 IS - 27 SP - 25 EP - 38 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Diner, Hasia A1 - Krah, Markus T1 - Foreign Entanglements BT - Transnational American Jewish Studies JF - PaRDeS : Zeitschrift der Vereinigung für Jüdische Studien JF - PaRDeS : Journal of the Association for Jewish Studies in Germany KW - Modern Jewish history KW - United States KW - 19th century KW - 20th century KW - German Jewish history KW - transnational studies KW - Jewish historiography KW - moderne jüdische Geschichte KW - USA KW - 19. Jahrhundert KW - 20. Jahrhundert KW - deutsch-jüdische Geschichte KW - transnationale Studien KW - jüdische Geschichtsschreibung Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-532761 SN - 978-3-86956-520-0 SN - 1614-6492 SN - 1862-7684 IS - 27 SP - 13 EP - 21 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hoffmann, Mathias A1 - Jurisch, Nicole A1 - Alba, Juana Garcia A1 - Borraz, Elisa Albiac A1 - Schmidt, Marten A1 - Huth, Vytas A1 - Rogasik, Helmut A1 - Rieckh, Helene A1 - Verch, Gernot A1 - Sommer, Michael A1 - Augustin, Jürgen T1 - Detecting small-scale spatial heterogeneity and temporal dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks BT - a comparison between automatic chamber-derived C budgets and repeated soil inventories T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Carbon (C) sequestration in soils plays a key role in the global C cycle. It is therefore crucial to adequately monitor dynamics in soil organic carbon (Delta SOC) stocks when aiming to reveal underlying processes and potential drivers. However, small-scale spatial (10-30 m) and temporal changes in SOC stocks, particularly pronounced in arable lands, are hard to assess. The main reasons for this are limitations of the well-established methods. On the one hand, repeated soil inventories, often used in long-term field trials, reveal spatial patterns and trends in Delta SOC but require a longer observation period and a sufficient number of repetitions. On the other hand, eddy covariance measurements of C fluxes towards a complete C budget of the soil-plant-atmosphere system may help to obtain temporal Delta SOC patterns but lack small-scale spatial resolution. To overcome these limitations, this study presents a reliable method to detect both short-term temporal dynamics as well as small-scale spatial differences of Delta SOC using measurements of the net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) as a proxy. To estimate the NECB, a combination of automatic chamber (AC) measurements of CO2 exchange and empirically modeled aboveground biomass development (NPPshoot / were used. To verify our method, results were compared with Delta SOC observed by soil resampling. Soil resampling and AC measurements were performed from 2010 to 2014 at a colluvial depression located in the hummocky ground moraine landscape of northeastern Germany. The measurement site is characterized by a variable groundwater level (GWL) and pronounced small-scale spatial heterogeneity regarding SOC and nitrogen (Nt) stocks. Tendencies and magnitude of Delta SOC values derived by AC measurements and repeated soil inventories corresponded well. The period of maximum plant growth was identified as being most important for the development of spatial differences in annual Delta SOC. Hence, we were able to confirm that AC-based C budgets are able to reveal small-scale spatial differences and short-term temporal dynamics of Delta SOC. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 666 KW - net ecosystem exchange KW - North Central region KW - no-till ecosystem KW - eddy covariance KW - CO2 fluxes KW - dioxide exchange KW - United States KW - gas-exchange KW - agricultural landscapes KW - monitoring networks Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-417118 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 666 ER - TY - THES A1 - Radenacker, Anke T1 - Economic consequences of family dissolution T1 - Die finanziellen Folgen von Familientrennung BT - comparing Germany and the United States since the 1980s, and married and cohabiting parents in Germany BT - Deutschland und die USA seit den 1980er Jahren im Vergleich, sowie verheiratete und unverheiratete Eltern in Deutschland im Vergleich N2 - Welfare states and policies have changed greatly over the past decades, mostly characterized by retrenchments in terms of government spending or in terms of restricted access to certain benefits. In the area of family policies, however, a lot of countries have simultaneously expanded provisions and transfers for families. Bringing together the macro analysis of policy variation and household income changes on the micro-level, the main research question of the dissertation is to what extent economic consequences following separation and divorce in families with children have changed between the 1980s and the 2000s in Germany and the United States. The second research question of the dissertation regards the differences in dissolution outcomes between married and cohabiting parents in Germany. The dissertation thus aims to link institutional regulations of welfare states with the actual income situation of families. To achieve this, a research design was developed that has never been used for the analysis of the economic consequences of family dissolution. For this, the two longest running panel datasets, German Socio-economic Panel (GSOEP) and the US American Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), have been used. The analytic strategy applied to estimate the effects of family dissolution on household income is a difference-in-difference design combined with coarsened exact matching (CEM). To begin with, the dissertation confirmed many findings of previous research, for example regarding the gender differences in family dissolution outcomes. Mothers experience clearly higher relative income losses and consequently higher risks of poverty than fathers. This finding is universal, that is it holds for both countries, for all time periods observed, and for all measures of economic outcome that were employed. Another confirmed finding is the higher level of welfare state intervention in Germany compared to the United States. The dissertation also revealed a number of novel findings. The results show that the expansion of family policies in Germany over time has not been accompanied by substantially decreasing income losses for mothers. Though income losses have slightly decreased over time, they have become more persistent during the years following family dissolution. The impact of the German welfare state has meanwhile been quite stable. American mothers’ income losses took place on a slightly lower level than those of German mothers. Only during the 1980s their relative losses were clearly lower than those of German mothers. And also American mothers did not recover as much from their income losses during the 2000s than they used to during the 1980s. For them, the 1996 welfare reform brought a considerable decrease in welfare state support. Accordingly, the results for American mothers can certainly be described as a shift from public to private provision. The general finding of previous studies that fathers do not have to suffer income losses, or if at all rather moderate ones compared to mothers, can be confirmed. Nevertheless, both German and US American fathers face a deterioration of the economic consequences of family dissolution over time. German fathers’ relative income changes are still positive though they have decreased over time. One reason for this decrease is the increasing loss of partner earnings following union dissolution. Also among American fathers, income gains still prevail in the year of family dissolution. Two years later, however, they have been facing income losses already since the 1980s which have furthermore increased considerably over time. Zooming in on Germany, family dissolution outcomes by marital status show negligible differences between cohabiting and married mothers in disposable income, but considerable differences in losses of income before taxes and transfers. It is the impact of the welfare state that equalizes the differences in income losses between these two groups of mothers. For married mothers, losses are not as high in the year of event but they have difficulties to recover from these losses. Without the income buffering of the welfare state, married mothers would, three years after family dissolution, remain with relative income losses double as high as for cohabiting mothers. Compared to mothers, differences between married and cohabiting fathers are visible in changes of income before as well as after taxes and transfers. The welfare state does not alter the difference between the two groups of fathers. With regard to both income concepts, cohabiting fathers fare worse than married fathers. Cohabiting fathers suffer moderate income losses of disposable income while married fathers experience moderate income gains. Accounting for support payments is decisive for fathers’ income changes. If these payments are not deducted from disposable income, both married and cohabiting fathers experience gains in disposable income following family dissolution. N2 - Wohlfahrtsstaaten unterlagen in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten einem deutlichen Wandel, vor allem gekennzeichnet durch Ausgabenkürzungen oder durch Begrenzung des Zugangs zu Leistungen. Gleichzeitig hat es in vielen Ländern einen Ausbau von familienpolitischen Maßnahmen und Leistungen gegeben. Im Mittelpunkt der Dissertation steht die Frage ob und inwieweit sich die Einkommensfolgen nach einer Trennung der Eltern in US-amerikanischen und deutschen Familien mit Kindern vor dem Hintergrund dieses Wandels zwischen den 1980er und 2000er Jahren verändert haben. Einen weiteren Schwerpunkt der Arbeit bildet die Analyse der Einkommensfolgen von Familientrennung in Deutschland mit Blick auf den Familienstand der Eltern. Um die Forschungsfragen zu beantworten, wurde ein für die Analyse der finanziellen Folgen von Familientrennung bislang noch nicht verwendetes Forschungsdesign entwickelt. Die angewendete Methode ist ein Difference-in-Difference Design in Kombination mit Coarsened Exact Matching (CEM). Dafür wurden die beiden längsten Paneldatensätze, das deutsche Sozio-Oekonomische Panel (SOEP) und die amerikanische Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), verwendet. Zunächst hat die Dissertation viele Ergebnisse vorangegangener Forschung bestätigt, beispielsweise in Bezug auf die Geschlechterunterschiede in den finanziellen Folgen von Trennung und Scheidung. Mütter erleben deutlich höhere relative Einkommensverluste und sind folglich einem höheren Armutsrisiko ausgesetzt als Väter. Dieses Ergebnis gilt universell, das heißt für beide Länder, für alle untersuchten Zeiträume, und auch für alle hier verwendeten Einkommensmaße. Weiterhin konnte bestätigt werden, dass die wohlfahrtsstaatliche Unterstützung in Deutschland größer ist als in den USA. Die Dissertation hat aber vor allem eine Vielzahl neuer Erkenntnisse hervorgebracht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich der Ausbau familienpolitischer Leistungen in Deutschland nicht in deutlich reduzierten Einkommensverlusten für Mütter wiederspiegelt. Obgleich die Einkommensverluste im Zeitverlauf etwas geringer wurden, wurden sie gleichzeitig persistenter in den Folgejahren nach einer Trennung. Die Abfederung der Einkommensverluste durch den Wohlfahrtsstaat ist währenddessen relativ stabil geblieben. Die Einkommensverluste von amerikanischen Müttern haben auf einem etwas geringeren Niveau stattgefunden als jene von Müttern in Deutschland. Nur während der 1980er Jahre waren ihre Einkommensverluste deutlich geringer als die der deutschen Mütter. Auch amerikanische Mütter erholten sich in den 2000er Jahren nicht mehr so schnell von Einkommensverlusten wie noch in den 1980er Jahren. Für sie hat die Wohlfahrtsreform von 1996 zu einem deutlichen Rückgang an staatlicher Hilfe geführt. Entsprechend können die Ergebnisse für amerikanische Mütter durchaus als eine Verschiebung von öffentlichen hin zu privaten Maßnahmen der Bewältigung von Einkommensverlusten beschrieben werden. Sowohl deutsche als auch amerikanische Väter sehen sich im Zeitverlauf mit einer Verschlechterung der Einkommensfolgen nach einer Trennung konfrontiert. Die relativen Einkommensveränderungen von deutschen Vätern sind immer noch positiv, wobei die Zuwächse über die Zeit abgenommen haben. Ein Grund für diesen Rückgang ist der zunehmende Verlust von Partnereinkommen nach einer Trennung. Auch bei amerikanischen Vätern finden sich weiterhin relative Gewinne im Jahr der Trennung. Allerdings sehen sie sich zwei Jahre danach Verlusten ausgesetzt, und zwar bereits seit den 1980er Jahren, welche im Zeitverlauf außerdem deutlich zugenommen haben. Ein genauerer Blick auf Deutschland hat außerdem gezeigt, dass die Unterschiede in den Trennungsfolgen zwischen zum Zeitpunkt der Trennung verheirateten und unverheirateten Müttern vernachlässigbar sind, zumindest was das verfügbare Haushaltseinkommen betrifft. Allerdings gibt es deutliche Unterschiede in den Einkommensverlusten wenn das Einkommen vor Steuern und Transfers zur Beurteilung herangezogen wird. Es ist also der Wohlfahrtsstaat, der die Unterschiede in den Einkommensverlusten zwischen diesen Müttern angleicht. Verheiratete Mütter verlieren relativ betrachtet weniger Einkommen, haben aber mehr Schwierigkeiten sich von diesen Verlusten wieder zu erholen. Im Vergleich zu Müttern sind die Unterschiede zwischen verheirateten und unverheirateten Vätern sowohl im verfügbaren Haushaltseinkommen als auch im Einkommen nach Steuern und Transfers deutlich sichtbar. Dabei ergeht es unverheirateten Vätern schlechter als verheirateten. Während verheiratete Väter leichte Gewinne im verfügbaren Haushaltseinkommen verzeichnen, müssen unverheiratete Väter leichte Verluste hinnehmen. Für die Ergebnisse von Vätern ist die Berücksichtigung von Unterhaltszahlungen entscheidend. Werden diese nicht vom Haushaltseinkommen abgezogen, dann erfahren sowohl verheiratete als auch unverheiratete Väter relative Gewinne nach einer Familientrennung. KW - family dissolution KW - separation KW - divorce KW - marital status KW - household income KW - poverty KW - Germany KW - United States KW - panel data KW - difference-in-difference KW - matching KW - Trennung KW - Scheidung KW - Familienstand KW - Haushaltseinkommen KW - Armut KW - Deutschland KW - USA KW - Difference-in-Difference KW - Matching Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-100217 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Jäger, Thomas T1 - Unipolarität und Gegenmachtbildung : Anmerkungen zur deutschen Außenpolitik N2 - This issue of WeltTrends features the debate about the future of the transatlantic relationship and world order after the Iraq war. It was started by Thomas Risse with his article in the previous edition. Thomas Risse elaborated on three main points of contention between the United States and Europe: the role of international law and multilateralism, democracy and human rights, and the strategy towards new security threats. Most of the scholars, contributing to the debate in this issue agree with Risse in that there is no alternative to the transatlantic partnership and offer possible paths towards its renewal. The debate will be continued with additional comments and a rebuttal by Thomas Risse in the next Winter issue. KW - transatlantic relationship KW - Europe KW - United States KW - international security Y1 - 2003 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-9604 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Friesendorf, Cornelius T1 - Drogen, Krieg und Drogenkrieg : die USA und Kolumbien im aussichtslosen Kampf? T1 - Drugs, war and war on Drugs : the U.S. and Colombia N2 - The United States, despite impressive efforts, have not reduced Colombian drug supplies over the recent years. Policy ineffectiveness results from problems in Colombia, including poverty, strong non-state actors, as well as a weak state and society. On the US side, ineffectiveness results from a geographically selective approach, a reliance on coercion, and bilateralism. The US has exacerbated human rights violations, environmental destruction, the displacement of the drug industry within Colombia, and the spread of Colombian problems to neighbouring countries. KW - Lateinamerika KW - Kolumbien KW - USA KW - Drogenpolitik KW - Latin America KW - Colombia KW - United States KW - Drug Policy Y1 - 2005 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-8058 ER -