TY - JOUR A1 - De Cahsan, Binia A1 - Nagel, Rebecca A1 - Schedina, Ina-Maria A1 - King, James J. A1 - Bianco, Pier G. A1 - Tiedemann, Ralph A1 - Ketmaier, Valerio T1 - Phylogeography of the European brook lamprey (Lampetra planeri) and the European river lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis) species pair based on mitochondrial data JF - Journal of fish biology N2 - The European river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis and the European brook lamprey Lampetra planeri (Block 1784) are classified as a paired species, characterized by notably different life histories but morphological similarities. Previous work has further shown limited genetic differentiation between these two species at the mitochondrial DNA level. Here, we expand on this previous work, which focused on lamprey species from the Iberian Peninsula in the south and mainland Europe in the north, by sequencing three mitochondrial marker regions of Lampetra individuals from five river systems in Ireland and five in southern Italy. Our results corroborate the previously identified pattern of genetic diversity for the species pair. We also show significant genetic differentiation between Irish and mainland European lamprey populations, suggesting another ichthyogeographic district distinct from those previously defined. Finally, our results stress the importance of southern Italian L. planeri populations, which maintain several private alleles and notable genetic diversity. KW - European lamprey KW - Lampetra KW - paired species KW - phylogeography KW - population KW - structure Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14279 SN - 0022-1112 SN - 1095-8649 VL - 96 IS - 4 SP - 905 EP - 912 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Oxford [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schulte, Luise A1 - Li, Chenzhi A1 - Lisovski, Simeon A1 - Herzschuh, Ulrike T1 - Forest-permafrost feedbacks and glacial refugia help explain the unequal distribution of larch across continents JF - Journal of biogeography N2 - Aim: The continental-scale distribution of plant functional types, such as evergreen and summergreen needle-leaf forest, is assumed to be determined by contemporary climate. However, the distribution of summergreen needle-leaf forest of larch (Larix Mill.) differs markedly between the continents, despite relatively similar climatic conditions. The reasons for these differences are little understood. Our aim is to identify potential triggers and drivers of the current distribution patterns by comparing species' bioclimatic niches, glacial refugia and postglacial recolonization patterns. Location: Northern hemisphere. Taxon: Species of the genus Larix (Mill.). Methods: We compare species distribution and dominance using species ranges and sites of dominance, as well as their occurrence on modelled permafrost extent, and active layer thickness (ALT). We compare the bioclimatic niches and calculate the niche overlap between species, using the same data in addition to modern climate data. We synthesize pollen, macrofossil and ancient DNA palaeo-evidence of past Larix occurrences of the last 60,000 years and track differences in distribution patterns through time. Results: Bioclimatic niches show large overlaps between Asian larch species and American Larix laricina. The distribution across various degrees of permafrost extent is distinctly different for Asian L. gmelinii and L. cajanderi compared to the other species, whereas the distribution on different depths of ALT is more similar among Asian and American species. Northern glacial refugia for Larix are only present in eastern Asia and Alaska. Main Conclusion: The dominance of summergreen larches in Asia, where evergreen conifers dominate most of the rest of the boreal forests, is dependent on the interaction of several factors which allows Asian L. gmelinii and L. cajanderi to dominate where these factors coincide. These factors include the early postglacial spread out of northern glacial refugia in the absence of competitors as well as a positive feedback mechanism between frozen ground and forest. KW - bioclimatic niche KW - glacial refugia KW - larch KW - Larix KW - permafrost KW - phylogeography KW - postglacial recolonization Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.14456 SN - 0305-0270 SN - 1365-2699 VL - 49 IS - 10 SP - 1825 EP - 1838 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - THES A1 - Schulte, Luise T1 - Dynamics of Larix (Mill.) species in Siberia during the last 50,000 years inferred from sedimentary ancient DNA T1 - Die Dynamik sibirischer Lärchenarten (Larix Mill.) während der der letzten 50.000 Jahre, untersucht mittels sedimentärer alter DNA N2 - The deciduous needle tree larch (Larix Mill.) covers more than 80% of the Asian boreal forests. Only a few Larix species constitute the vast forests and these species differ markedly in their ecological traits, most importantly in their ability to grow on and stabilize underlying permafrost. The pronounced dominance of the summergreen larches makes the Asian boreal forests unique, as the rest of the northern hemisphere boreal forests is almost exclusively dominated by evergreen needle-leaf forests. Global warming is impacting the whole world but is especially pronounced in the arctic and boreal regions. Although adapted to extreme climatic conditions, larch forests are sensitive to varying climatic conditions. By their sheer size, changes in Asian larch forests as range shifts or changes in species composition and the resulting vegetation-climate feedbacks are of global relevance. It is however still uncertain if larch forests will persist under the ongoing warming climate or if they will be replaced by evergreen forests. It is therefore of great importance to understand how these ecosystems will react to future climate warmings and if they will maintain their dominance. One step in the better understanding of larch dynamics is to study how the vast dominant forests developed and why they only established in northern Asia. A second step is to study how the species reacted to past changes in the climate. The first objective of this thesis was to review and identify factors promoting Asian larch dominance. I achieved this by synthesizing and comparing reported larch occurrences and influencing components on the northern hemisphere continents in the present and in the past. The second objective was to find a possibility to directly study past Larix populations in Siberia and specifically their genetic variation, enabling the study of geographic movements. For this, I established chloroplast enrichment by hybridization capture from sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) isolated from lake sediment records. The third objective was to use the established method to track past larch populations, their glacial refugia during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) around 21,000 years before present (ka BP), and their post-glacial migration patterns. To study larch promoting factors, I compared the present state of larch species ranges, areas of dominance, their bioclimatic niches, and the distribution on different extents and thaw depths of permafrost. The species comparison showed that the bioclimatic niches greatly overlap between the American and Asian species and that it is only in the extremely continental climates in which only the Asian larch species can persist. I revealed that the area of dominance is strongly connected to permafrost extent but less linked to permafrost seasonal thaw depths. Comparisons of the paleorecord of larch between the continents suggest differences in the recolonization history. Outside of northern Asia and Alaska, glacial refugial populations of larch were confined to the southern regions and thus recolonization could only occur as migration from south to north. Alaskan larch populations could not establish wide-range dominant forest which could be related to their own genetically depletion as separated refugial population. In Asia, it is still unclear whether or not the northern refugial populations contributed and enhanced the postglacial colonization or whether they were replaced by populations invading from the south in the course of climate warming. Asian larch dominance is thus promoted partly by adaptions to extremely continental climates and by adaptations to grow on continuous permafrost but could be also connected to differences in glacial survival and recolonization history of Larix species. Except for extremely rare macrofossil findings of fossilized cones, traditional methods to study past vegetation are not able to distinguish between larch species or populations. Within the scope of this thesis, I therefore established a method to retrieve genetic information of past larch populations to distinguish between species. Using the Larix chloroplast genome as target, I successfully applied the method of DNA target enrichment by hybridization capture on sedaDNA samples from lake records and showed that it is able to distinguish between larch species. I then used the method on samples from lake records from across Siberia dating back up to 50 ka BP. The results allowed me to address the question of glacial survival and post-glacial recolonization mode in Siberian larch species. The analyzed pattern showed that LGM refugia were almost exclusively constituted by L. gmelinii, even in sites of current L. sibirica distribution. For included study sites, L. sibirica migrated into its extant northern distribution area only in the Holocene. Consequently, the post-glacial recolonization of L. sibirica was not enhanced by northern glacial refugia. In case of sites in extant distribution area of L. gmelinii, the absence of a genetic turn-over point to a continuous population rather than an invasion of southern refugia. The results suggest that climate has a strong influence on the distribution of Larix species and that species may also respond differently to future climate warming. Because species differ in their ecological characteristics, species distribution is also relevant with respect to further feedbacks between vegetation and climate. With this thesis, I give an overview of present and past larch occurrences and evaluate which factors promote their dominance. Furthermore, I provide the tools to study past Larix species and give first important insights into the glacial history of Larix populations. N2 - Der sommergrüne Nadelbaum Lärche (Larix Mill.) bedeckt mehr als 80 % der Fläche der borealen Wälder Asiens. Nur wenige Lärchenarten bilden ausgedehnte Wälder und diese Arten unterscheiden sich deutlich in ihren ökologischen Eigenschaften, vor allem in ihrer Fähigkeit, auf Permafrost zu wachsen und diesen zu stabilisieren. Die ausgeprägte Dominanz der sommergrünen Lärchen macht die asiatischen borealen Wälder einzigartig, da der Rest der borealen Wälder der Nordhalbkugel fast ausschließlich von immergrünen Nadelwäldern dominiert wird. Die Klimaerwärmung wirkt sich auf die ganze Welt aus, ist aber in den arktischen und borealen Regionen besonders ausgeprägt. Obwohl die Lärchenwälder an extreme klimatische Bedingungen angepasst sind, reagieren sie empfindlich auf klimatische Schwankungen. Aufgrund ihrer schieren Größe sind Veränderungen in asiatischen Lärchenwäldern, wie z. B. Verschiebungen des Verbreitungsgebiets oder Veränderungen in der Artenzusammensetzung und die daraus resultierenden Rückkopplungen zwischen Vegetation und Klima, von globaler Bedeutung. Es ist jedoch noch ungewiss, ob die Lärchenwälder unter der fortschreitenden Klimaerwärmung bestehen bleiben oder durch immergrüne Wälder ersetzt werden. Es ist daher von großer Bedeutung zu verstehen, wie diese Ökosysteme auf die künftige Klimaerwärmung reagieren werden und ob sie ihre Dominanz behalten werden. Ein Schritt zum besseren Verständnis der Lärchendynamik besteht darin, zu untersuchen, wie die riesigen dominanten Wälder von heute entstanden sind und warum sie sich nur in Nordasien etabliert haben. In einem zweiten Schritt soll untersucht werden, wie die Art auf vergangene Klimaveränderungen reagiert hat. Das erste Ziel dieser Arbeit bestand darin, die Faktoren zu ermitteln, die die Dominanz der asiatischen Lärche begünstigen. Dies erreichte ich, indem ich die dokumentierten Lärchenvorkommen und die sie beeinflussenden Komponenten auf den Kontinenten der nördlichen Hemisphäre in der Gegenwart und in der Vergangenheit gesammelt und verglichen habe. Das zweite Ziel bestand darin, eine Möglichkeit zu finden, frühere Lärchenpopulationen in Sibirien und insbesondere ihre genetische Variation direkt zu studieren, um geografische Bewegungen untersuchen zu können. Dafür etablierte ich die Methode der Anreicherung von Chloroplasten durch Hybridisierung von alter sedimentärer DNA (sedaDNA) isoliert aus Seesedimenten. Das dritte Ziel bestand darin, die etablierte Methode zu nutzen, um vergangene Lärchenpopulationen, ihre eiszeitlichen Refugien während des letzten glazialen Maximums (LGM) um ca. 21.000 Jahre vor der Gegenwart (ka BP) und ihre nacheiszeitlichen Migrationsmuster zu verfolgen. Um die Faktoren zu untersuchen, die die Ausbreitung der Lärche begünstigen, verglich ich den gegenwärtigen Stand der Verbreitungsgebiete der Lärchenarten, die Gebiete, in denen sie vorherrschen, ihre bioklimatischen Nischen und die Verteilung auf verschiedene Ausdehnungen und Auftautiefen des Permafrosts. Der Artenvergleich zeigte, dass sich die bioklimatischen Nischen der amerikanischen und asiatischen Arten stark überschneiden und dass nur in den extrem kontinentalen Klimazonen ausschließlich die asiatischen Lärchenarten überleben können. Es zeigte sich, dass das Verbreitungsgebiet stark mit der Permafrostausdehnung zusammenhängt, aber weniger mit der saisonalen Auftautiefe des Permafrosts. Der Vergleich vergangener Lärchenvorkommen zwischen den Kontinenten deutet auf Unterschiede in der Rekolonisationsgeschichte hin. Außerhalb Nordasiens und Alaskas waren die eiszeitlichen Lärchenpopulationen auf die südlichen Regionen beschränkt, so dass die Wiederbesiedlung nur als Wanderung von Süden nach Norden erfolgen konnte. Die Lärchenpopulationen in Alaska konnten keinen weiträumig dominanten Wald etablieren, was mit ihrer eigenen genetischen Verarmung als abgeschiedene Refugialpopulation zusammenhängen könnte. In Asien ist noch unklar, ob die nördlichen Refugialpopulationen zur nacheiszeitlichen Besiedlung beigetragen und diese verstärkt haben oder ob sie im Zuge der Klimaerwärmung durch von Süden eindringende Populationen ersetzt wurden. Die Dominanz der asiatischen Lärche wird also zum Teil durch Anpassungen an das extrem kontinentale Klima und durch Anpassungen an das Wachstum auf kontinuierlichem Permafrost begünstigt, könnte aber auch mit Unterschieden in der glazialen Überlebens- und Rekolonisationsgeschichte der Larix-Arten zusammenhängen. Abgesehen von den äußerst seltenen Makrofossilienfunden versteinerter Zapfen sind die herkömmlichen Methoden zur Untersuchung der vergangenen Vegetation nicht in der Lage, zwischen Lärchenarten oder -populationen zu unterscheiden. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit habe ich daher eine Methode zur Gewinnung genetischer Informationen früherer Lärchenpopulationen entwickelt, um zwischen den Arten zu unterscheiden. Unter Verwendung des Larix-Chloroplastengenoms habe ich die Methode der DNA-Anreicherung durch Hybridisierung erfolgreich auf sedaDNA-Proben aus See-sedimentbohrkernen angewandt und gezeigt, dass die Methode erlaubt zwischen Lärchenarten zu unterscheiden. Anschließend wendete ich die Methode auf Proben aus Seen in ganz Sibirien an, die bis zu 50 ka BP zurückreichen. Anhand der Ergebnisse konnte ich zur Beantwortung der Frage beitragen, welche sibirische Lärchenarten während des LGM überlebten und wie die postglaziale Wiederbesiedlung stattfand. Das analysierte Muster zeigte, dass die LGM-Refugien fast ausschließlich von L. gmelinii gebildet wurden, selbst an Orten, an denen heute L. sibirica verbreitet ist. In den untersuchten Gebieten ist L. sibirica erst im Holozän in ihr heutiges nördliches Verbreitungsgebiet eingewandert. Folglich wurde die nacheiszeitliche Wiederbesiedlung von L. sibirica nicht durch nördliche eiszeitliche Refugien gefördert. Im Falle der Standorte im heutigen Verbreitungsgebiet von L. gmelinii deutet das Fehlen eines Wechsels genetischer Variation eher auf eine kontinuierliche Population als auf eine Invasion aus südlichen Refugien hin. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass das Klima einen starken Einfluss auf die Verbreitung von Larix-Arten hat und die Arten auch auf zukünftige Klimaerwärmung unterschiedlich reagieren könnten. Da die Arten sich in ihren ökologischen Eigenschaften unterscheiden, ist eine Änderung in der Verbreitung der Arten auch im Hinblick auf weitere Rückkopplungen zwischen Vegetation und Klima relevant. In dieser Arbeit gebe ich einen Überblick über die heutigen und früheren Lärchenvorkommen und bewerte, welche Faktoren ihre Dominanz begünstigen. Darüber hinaus stelle ich eine Methode zur Untersuchung vergangener Lärchenarten bereit und gebe erste wichtige Einblicke in ihre glaziale Geschichte. KW - ancient DNA KW - ancient sedimentary DNA KW - Larix KW - larch KW - glacial refugia KW - postglacial recolonization KW - phylogeography KW - hybridization capture KW - target enrichment KW - shotgun sequencing KW - chloroplast KW - Siberia KW - Larix KW - Sibirien KW - alte DNA KW - alte sedimentäre DNA KW - Chloroplast KW - glaziale Refugien KW - Lärche KW - Phylogeographie KW - nacheiszeitliche Wiederbesiedlung KW - Shotgun Sequenzierung Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-558782 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dolotovskaya, Sofya A1 - Bordallo, Juan Torroba A1 - Haus, Tanja A1 - Noll, Angela A1 - Hofreiter, Michael A1 - Zinner, Dietmar A1 - Roos, Christian T1 - Comparing mitogenomic timetrees for two African savannah primate genera (Chlorocebus and Papio) JF - Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society N2 - Complete mitochondrial (mtDNA) genomes have proved to be useful in reconstructing primate phylogenies with higher resolution and confidence compared to reconstructions based on partial mtDNA sequences. Here, we analyse complete mtDNA genomes of African green monkeys (genus Chlorocebus), a widely distributed primate genus in Africa representing an interesting phylogeographical model for the evolution of savannah species. Previous studies on partial mtDNA sequences revealed nine major clades, suggesting several cases of para- and polyphyly among Chlorocebus species. However, in these studies, phylogenetic relationships among several clades were not resolved, and divergence times were not estimated. We analysed complete mtDNA genomes for ten Chlorocebus samples representing major mtDNA clades to find stronger statistical support in the phylogenetic reconstruction than in the previous studies and to estimate divergence times. Our results confirmed para- and polyphyletic relationships of most Chlorocebus species, while the support for the phylogenetic relationships between the mtDNA clades increased compared to the previous studies. Our results indicate an initial west-east division in the northern part of the Chlorocebus range with subsequent divergence into north-eastern and southern clades. This phylogeographic scenario contrasts with that for another widespread African savannah primate genus, the baboons (Papio), for which a dispersal from southern Africa into East and West Africa was suggested. KW - African green monkeys KW - baboons KW - mitochondrial genomes KW - phylogeny KW - phylogeography Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx001 SN - 0024-4082 SN - 1096-3642 VL - 181 IS - 2 SP - 471 EP - 483 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ribeiro Martins, Renata Filipa A1 - Fickel, Jörns A1 - Le, Minh A1 - Nguyen, Thanh van A1 - Nguyen, Ha M. A1 - Timmins, Robert A1 - Gan, Han Ming A1 - Rovie-Ryan, Jeffrine J. A1 - Lenz, Dorina A1 - Förster, Daniel W. A1 - Wilting, Andreas T1 - Phylogeography of red muntjacs reveals three distinct mitochondrial lineages T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Background The members of the genus Muntiacus are of particular interest to evolutionary biologists due to their extreme chromosomal rearrangements and the ongoing discussions about the number of living species. Red muntjacs have the largest distribution of all muntjacs and were formerly considered as one species. Karyotype differences led to the provisional split between the Southern Red Muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak) and the Northern Red Muntjac (M. vaginalis), but uncertainties remain as, so far, no phylogenetic study has been conducted. Here, we analysed whole mitochondrial genomes of 59 archival and 16 contemporaneous samples to resolve uncertainties about their taxonomy and used red muntjacs as model for understanding the evolutionary history of other species in Southeast Asia. Results We found three distinct matrilineal groups of red muntjacs: Sri Lankan red muntjacs (including the Western Ghats) diverged first from other muntjacs about 1.5 Mya; later northern red muntjacs (including North India and Indochina) and southern red muntjacs (Sundaland) split around 1.12 Mya. The diversification of red muntjacs into these three main lineages was likely promoted by two Pleistocene barriers: one through the Indian subcontinent and one separating the Indochinese and Sundaic red muntjacs. Interestingly, we found a high level of gene flow within the populations of northern and southern red muntjacs, indicating gene flow between populations in Indochina and dispersal of red muntjacs over the exposed Sunda Shelf during the Last Glacial Maximum. Conclusions Our results provide new insights into the evolution of species in South and Southeast Asia as we found clear genetic differentiation in a widespread and generalist species, corresponding to two known biogeographical barriers: The Isthmus of Kra and the central Indian dry zone. In addition, our molecular data support either the delineation of three monotypic species or three subspecies, but more importantly these data highlight the conservation importance of the Sri Lankan/South Indian red muntjac. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 973 KW - phylogeography KW - archival DNA KW - Muntjac KW - Southeast Asia KW - species complex Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-430780 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 973 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hoffman, J. I. A1 - Kowalski, Gabriele Joanna A1 - Klimova, A. A1 - Eberhart-Phillips, Luke J. A1 - Staniland, Iain J. A1 - Baylis, Alastair M. M. T1 - Population structure and historical demography of South American sea lions provide insights into the catastrophic decline of a marine mammal population JF - Royal Society Open Science N2 - Understanding the causes of population decline is crucial for conservation management. We therefore used genetic analysis both to provide baseline data on population structure and to evaluate hypotheses for the catastrophic decline of the South American sea lion (Otaria flavescens) at the Falkland Islands (Malvinas) in the South Atlantic. We genotyped 259 animals from 23 colonies across the Falklands at 281 bp of the mitochondrial hypervariable region and 22 microsatellites. A weak signature of population structure was detected, genetic diversity was moderately high in comparison with other pinniped species, and no evidence was found for the decline being associated with a strong demographic bottleneck. By combining our mitochondrial data with published sequences from Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Peru, we also uncovered strong maternally directed population structure across the geographical range of the species. In particular, very few shared haplotypes were found between the Falklands and South America, and this was reflected in correspondingly low migration rate estimates. These findings do not support the prominent hypothesis that the decline was caused by migration to Argentina, where large-scale commercial harvesting operations claimed over half a million animals. Thus, our study not only provides baseline data for conservation management but also reveals the potential for genetic studies to shed light upon long-standing questions pertaining to the history and fate of natural populations. KW - population structure KW - anthropogenic exploitation KW - historical demography KW - phylogeography KW - pinniped Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160291 SN - 2054-5703 VL - 3 SP - 505 EP - 517 PB - Royal Society CY - London ER - TY - GEN A1 - Martins, Renata F. A1 - Schmidt, Anke A1 - Lenz, Dorina A1 - Wilting, Andreas A1 - Fickel, Jörns T1 - Human-­mediated introduction of introgressed deer across Wallace’s line BT - historical biogeography of Rusa unicolor and R. timorensis T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - In this study we compared the phylogeographic patterns of two Rusa species, Rusa unicolor and Rusa timorensis, in order to understand what drove and maintained differentiation between these two geographically and genetically close species and investigated the route of introduction of individuals to the islands outside of the Sunda Shelf. We analyzed full mitogenomes from 56 archival samples from the distribution areas of the two species and 18 microsatellite loci in a subset of 16 individuals to generate the phylogeographic patterns of both species. Bayesian inference with fossil calibration was used to estimate the age of each species and major divergence events. Our results indicated that the split between the two species took place during the Pleistocene, similar to 1.8Mya, possibly driven by adaptations of R. timorensis to the drier climate found on Java compared to the other islands of Sundaland. Although both markers identified two well-differentiated clades, there was a largely discrepant pattern between mitochondrial and nuclear markers. While nDNA separated the individuals into the two species, largely in agreement with their museum label, mtDNA revealed that all R. timorensis sampled to the east of the Sunda shelf carried haplotypes from R. unicolor and one Rusa unicolor from South Sumatra carried a R. timorensis haplotype. Our results show that hybridization occurred between these two sister species in Sundaland during the Late Pleistocene and resulted in human-mediated introduction of hybrid descendants in all islands outside Sundaland. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 617 KW - Cervidae KW - human introduction KW - hybridization KW - phylogeography KW - Sundaland KW - Wallace’s line Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-423843 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 617 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Sammler, Svenja A1 - Ketmaier, Valerio A1 - Havenstein, Katja A1 - Krause, Ulrike A1 - Curio, Eberhard A1 - Tiedemann, Ralph T1 - Mitochondrial control region I and microsatellite analyses of endangered Philippine hornbill species (Aves; Bucerotidae) detect gene flow between island populations and genetic diversity loss N2 - Background: The Visayan Tarictic Hornbill (Penelopides panini) and the Walden's Hornbill (Aceros waldeni) are two threatened hornbill species endemic to the western islands of the Visayas that constitute - between Luzon and Mindanao - the central island group of the Philippine archipelago. In order to evaluate their genetic diversity and to support efforts towards their conservation, we analyzed genetic variation in similar to 600 base pairs (bp) of the mitochondrial control region I and at 12-19 nuclear microsatellite loci. The sampling covered extant populations, still occurring only on two islands (P. panini: Panay and Negros, A. waldeni: only Panay), and it was augmented with museum specimens of extinct populations from neighboring islands. For comparison, their less endangered (= more abundant) sister taxa, the Luzon Tarictic Hornbill (P. manillae) from the Luzon and Polillo Islands and the Writhed Hornbill (A. leucocephalus) from Mindanao Island, were also included in the study. We reconstructed the population history of the two Penelopides species and assessed the genetic population structure of the remaining wild populations in all four species. Results: Mitochondrial and nuclear data concordantly show a clear genetic separation according to the island of origin in both Penelopides species, but also unravel sporadic over-water movements between islands. We found evidence that deforestation in the last century influenced these migratory events. Both classes of markers and the comparison to museum specimens reveal a genetic diversity loss in both Visayan hornbill species, P. panini and A. waldeni, as compared to their more abundant relatives. This might have been caused by local extinction of genetically differentiated populations together with the dramatic decline in the abundance of the extant populations. Conclusions: We demonstrated a loss in genetic diversity of P. panini and A. waldeni as compared to their sister taxa P. manillae and A. leucocephalus. Because of the low potential for gene flow and population exchange across islands, saving of the remaining birds of almost extinct local populations - be it in the wild or in captivity - is particularly important to preserve the species' genetic potential. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 378 KW - biogeography KW - bucerotidae KW - conservation genetics KW - genetic diversity loss KW - microsatellites KW - mitochondrial control region I KW - Philippine archipelago KW - phylogeography Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-401108 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nahavandi, Nahid A1 - Ketmaier, Valerio A1 - Tiedemann, Ralph T1 - Intron structure of the elongation factor 1-alpha gene in the ponto-caspian amphipod pontogammarus maeoticus (Sowinsky, 1894) and its phylogeographic utility JF - Journal of crustacean biology N2 - We tested the utility of a 230 base pair intron fragment of the highly conserved nuclear gene Elongation Factor 1-alpha (EF1-alpha) as a proper marker to reconstruct the phylogeography of the marine amphipod Pontogammarus maeoticus (Sowinsky, 1894) from the Caspian and Black Seas. As a prerequisite for further analysis, we confirmed by Southern blot analysis that EF1-alpha is encoded at a single locus in P. maeoticus. We included 15 populations and 60 individuals in the study. Both the phylogeny of the 27 unique alleles found and population genetic analyses revealed a significant differentiation between populations from the aforementioned sea basins. Our results are in remarkable agreement with recent studies on a variety of species from the same area, which invariably support a major phylogeographic break between the Caspian and Black Seas. We thus conclude that our EF1-alpha intron is an informative marker for phylogeographic studies in amphipods at the shallow population level. KW - Amphipoda KW - Elongation Factor 1-alpha KW - phylogeography KW - Ponto-Caspian region KW - Pontogammarus maeoticus Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1163/193724012X626584 SN - 0278-0372 VL - 32 IS - 3 SP - 425 EP - 433 PB - Brill CY - San Antonio ER -