TY - JOUR A1 - Geirhos, Agnes A1 - Domhardt, Matthias A1 - Lunkenheimer, Frederike A1 - Temming, Svenja A1 - Holl, Reinhard W. A1 - Minden, Kirsten A1 - Warschburger, Petra A1 - Meissner, Thomas A1 - Mueller-Stierlin, Annabel S. A1 - Baumeister, Harald T1 - Feasibility and potential efficacy of a guided internet- and mobile-based CBT for adolescents and young adults with chronic medical conditions and comorbid depression or anxiety symptoms (youthCOACH(CD)): a randomized controlled pilot trial JF - BMC pediatrics N2 - Background: Adolescents and young adults (AYA) with a chronic medical condition show an increased risk for developing mental comorbidities compared to their healthy peers. Internet- and mobile-based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) might be a low-threshold treatment to support affected AYA. In this randomized controlled pilot trial, the feasibility and potential efficacy of youthCOACH(CD), an iCBT targeting symptoms of anxiety and depression in AYA with chronic medical conditions, was evaluated. Methods: A total of 30 AYA (M-age 16.13; SD= 2.34; 73% female), aged 12-21 years either suffering from cystic fibrosis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis or type 1 diabetes, were randomly assigned to either a guided version of the iCBT youthCOACH(CD) (IC, n=15) or to a waitlist control group (CG, n=15), receiving an unguided version of the iCBT six months post-randomization. Participants of the IG and the CG were assessed before (t0), twelve weeks after (t1) and six months after (t2) randomization. Primary outcome was the feasibility of the iCBT. Different parameters of feasibility e.g. acceptance, client satisfaction or potential side effects were evaluated. First indications of the possible efficacy with regard to the primary efficacy outcome, the Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale, and further outcome variables were evaluated using linear regression models, adjusting for baseline values. Results: Regarding feasibility, intervention completion was 60%; intervention satisfaction (M = 25.42, SD = 5.85) and perceived therapeutic alliance (M = 2.83, SD = 1.25) were moderate and comparable to other iCBTs. No patterns emerged regarding subjective and objective negative side effects due to participation in youthCOACH(CD). Estimates of potential efficacy showed between group differences, with a potential medium-term benefit of youthCOACH(CD) (beta = -0.55, 95%Cl: -1.17; 0.07), but probably not short-term (beta = 0.20, 95%Cl: -0.47; 0.88). Conclusions: Our results point to the feasibility of youthCOACH(CD) and the implementation of a future definitive randomized controlled trial addressing its effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. Due to the small sample size, conclusions are premature, however, further strategies to foster treatment adherence should be considered. KW - Chronic medical condition KW - Depression KW - Anxiety KW - Internet- and mobile KW - based intervention KW - Cognitive behavioral therapy KW - Randomized controlled KW - pilot trial KW - Type 1 diabetes KW - Cystic fibrosis KW - Juvenile idiopathic KW - arthritis Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-022-03134-3 SN - 1471-2431 VL - 22 IS - 1 PB - Springer Nature CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wachs, Sebastian A1 - Bilz, Ludwig A1 - Wettstein, Alexander A1 - Wright, Michelle F. A1 - Kansok-Dusche, Julia A1 - Krause, Norman A1 - Ballaschk, Cindy T1 - Associations between witnessing and perpetrating online hate speech among adolescents BT - testing moderation effects of moral disengagement and empathy JF - Psychology of violence N2 - Objective: The open expression of hatred, hostility, and violence against minorities has become a common online phenomenon. Adolescents are at particular risk of being involved in different hate speech roles (e.g., witness, perpetrator). However, the correlates of their involvement as perpetrators and the mechanisms that might explain their involvement in hate speech across different roles have not yet been thoroughly investigated. To this end, this study investigates moral disengagement and empathy as correlates of online hate speech perpetration and the moderation effects of empathy and moral disengagement in the relationship between witnessing and perpetrating online hate speech. Method: The sample consists of 3,560 7th to 9th graders from 40 schools in Germany and Switzerland. Self-report questionnaires were utilized to assess online hate speech involvement, moral disengagement, and empathy. Results: Multilevel regression analyses revealed that moral disengagement and witnessing online hate speech were positively associated with online hate speech perpetration, while empathy was negatively associated with it. The findings also showed that the positive relationship between witnessing and perpetrating online hate speech was stronger at higher levels of moral disengagement and weaker when moral disengagement was low. The association between witnessing and perpetrating online hate speech was weaker when adolescents had higher rather than lower levels of empathy. Conclusions: The findings underscore the need for prevention efforts to accelerate moral engagement and empathy as critical future directions in hate speech prevention. This study also contributes to our understanding of underlying mechanisms that explain adolescents' involvement across different roles in hate speech. KW - hate speech KW - cyberhate KW - empathy KW - moral disengagement KW - adolescents Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000422 SN - 2152-0828 SN - 2152-081X VL - 12 IS - 6 SP - 371 EP - 381 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wachs, Sebastian A1 - Bilz, Ludwig A1 - Wettstein, Alexander A1 - Wright, Michelle F. A1 - Krause, Norman A1 - Ballaschk, Cindy A1 - Kansok-Dusche, Julia T1 - The online hate speech cycle of violence BT - moderating effects of moral disengagement and empathy in the victim-to-perpetrator relationship JF - Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking N2 - Adolescents around the globe are increasingly exposed to online hate speech (OHS). And yet little is known about the varying roles of involvement and the determinants of adolescents' hate speech perpetration. Building on previous research, this study aims to test the cycle of violence hypothesis for OHS and to analyze whether moral disengagement (MD) and empathy moderate the victim-to-perpetrator relationship. The sample consists of 3,560 seventh to ninth graders (52.1 percent girls), recruited from 40 schools across Germany and Switzerland. Self-report questionnaires were administered to assess OHS involvement, MD, and empathy. Multilevel analyses revealed that victims of OHS were more likely to report OHS perpetration. In addition, victims of OHS were more likely to report OHS perpetration when they reported higher levels of MD than those with lower levels of MD. Finally, victims of OHS were less likely to report OHS perpetration when they reported higher levels of empathy than those with lower levels of empathy. The findings extend the cycle of violence hypothesis to OHS and highlight the need to address MD and empathy in hate speech prevention. Implications for future research will be discussed. KW - hate speech KW - cyberhate KW - online discrimination KW - empathy KW - moral KW - disengagement KW - adolescents Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2021.0159 SN - 2152-2715 SN - 2152-2723 VL - 25 IS - 4 SP - 223 EP - 229 PB - Liebert CY - New Rochelle ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klein, Andreas A1 - Roediger, Lukas A1 - Bendau, Antonia A1 - Viohl, Leonard A1 - Ernst, Felicitas A1 - Helbig, Jonas A1 - Kühne, Franziska A1 - Petzold, Moritz Bruno A1 - Betzler, Felix T1 - Problem drinking among university students in Berlin JF - Journal of American College Health N2 - Objective Problem-drinking among university students is common and poses serious health-related risks. Therefore, identifying and addressing associated factors is important. Participants and methods A large cross-sectional online-survey with 12,914 university students from Berlin was conducted from November 2016 to August 2017. Relative-risk- and correlation-analysis was used to identify factors associated with problem-drinking and regular heavy-drinking. Independent t-tests compared impulsivity and personality traits, chi-square-tests compared drinking motives between risk- and non-risk-drinkers. Results Male gender, tobacco-smoking, illegal substance use, impulsivity and various sociodemographic and psychosocial variables were significantly related to problem/heavy-drinking. Extraversion was a risk, conscientiousness and agreeableness were protective factors. Drinking-motives did not differ significantly between risk- and non-risk-drinkers. Generally, the main drinking-motives were to feel elated, relax and social purposes. Conclusion The identified markers and related problem behaviors may serve as a tool to enhance the identification of student subgroups at risk for problem/heavy-drinking, and hence improve targeted health-intervention-programs. KW - Alcohol KW - addiction KW - mental health KW - substance use KW - youth Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2022.2080503 SN - 0744-8481 SN - 1940-3208 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wright, Michelle F. A1 - Wachs, Sebastian A1 - Gamez-Guadix, Manuel T1 - The Role of Perceived Gay-Straight Alliance Social Support in the Longitudinal Association Between Homophobic Cyberbullying and LGBTQIA Adolescents' Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms JF - Journal of youth and adolescence : a multidisciplinary research publication N2 - There has been little research attention given to how Gay-Straight Alliances might mitigate mental health consequences associated with experiencing homophobic cyberbullying. To address this gap in knowledge, the purpose of this one-year longitudinal study was to investigate the moderating effect of perceived social support from Gay-Straight Alliances in the relationships among homophobic cyberbullying victimization and bystanding and depressive and anxiety symptoms among 466 LGBTQIA adolescents (M-age = 15.76; 52% female). The findings revealed that perceived social support was related negatively to homophobic cyberbullying involvement and depressive and anxiety symptoms. Homophobic cyberbullying involvement was related positively to depressive and anxiety symptoms. High perceived social support buffered against the depressive and anxiety symptoms resulting from homophobic victimization and bystanding among LGBTQIA adolescents but low levels and average levels did not moderate these associations. These findings highlight the importance of expanding Gay-Straight Alliances in schools. KW - Homophobic KW - Cyberbullying KW - LGBT KW - Depression KW - Anxiety KW - Gay-Straight Alliance Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-022-01585-6 SN - 0047-2891 SN - 1573-6601 VL - 51 IS - 7 SP - 1388 EP - 1396 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Johanssen, Helen A1 - Schoofs, Nikola A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Bermpohl, Felix A1 - Ülsmann, Dominik A1 - Schulte-Herbrüggen, Olaf A1 - Priebe, Kathlen T1 - Negative posttraumatic cognitions color the pathway from event centrality to posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms JF - Cognitive therapy and research N2 - Background The centrality of an event indicates the extent to which it becomes a core part of identity and life story. Event centrality (EC) has been shown to have a strong relationship with PTSD symptoms, which seems to be indirectly influenced by negative posttraumatic cognitions (PTC). However, research on this potential mediation and its causal links particularly with clinical samples is limited and essential to derive treatment implications. Methods Pre- and posttreatment data of 103 day-unit patients with PTSD was examined using mediation analyses and structural equation modeling. Results Negative PTC mediated the relationship between EC and PTSD symptoms, partially pre- and completely posttreatment. Within extended longitudinal analyses causal directions of the mediation pathways were not adequately interpretable due to unexpected suppression effects. Conclusions The results suggest that EC may only have an indirect effect on PTSD symptoms through negative PTC. Thus, decreasing negative PTC which are connected to centralized events might be a key element for PTSD treatment. Thereby, transforming the cognitions' valence to more positive and constructive forms could be crucial rather than mere decentralization. Although suppression effects limited causal inferences, they do not contradict the mediation and further indicate potential interactional terms and a transformation of EC. KW - Event centrality KW - PTSD KW - Posttraumatic cognitions KW - Valence Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-021-10266-w SN - 0147-5916 SN - 1573-2819 VL - 46 IS - 2 SP - 333 EP - 342 PB - Springer Science + Business Media B.V. CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Borghi, Anna M. A1 - Shaki, Samuel A1 - Fischer, Martin H. T1 - Abstract concepts: external influences, internal constraints, and methodological issues JF - Psychological research : an international journal of perception, attention, memory, and action N2 - There is a longstanding and widely held misconception about the relative remoteness of abstract concepts from concrete experiences. This review examines the current evidence for external influences and internal constraints on the processing, representation, and use of abstract concepts, like truth, friendship, and number. We highlight the theoretical benefit of distinguishing between grounded and embodied cognition and then ask which roles do perception, action, language, and social interaction play in acquiring, representing and using abstract concepts. By reviewing several studies, we show that they are, against the accepted definition, not detached from perception and action. Focussing on magnitude-related concepts, we also discuss evidence for cultural influences on abstract knowledge and explore how internal processes such as inner speech, metacognition, and inner bodily signals (interoception) influence the acquisition and retrieval of abstract knowledge. Finally, we discuss some methodological developments. Specifically, we focus on the importance of studies that investigate the time course of conceptual processing and we argue that, because of the paramount role of sociality for abstract concepts, new methods are necessary to study concepts in interactive situations. We conclude that bodily, linguistic, and social constraints provide important theoretical limitations for our theories of conceptual knowledge. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-022-01698-4 SN - 0340-0727 SN - 1430-2772 VL - 86 SP - 2370 EP - 2388 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dworkin, Emily R. A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Zinzow, Heidi T1 - The global prevalence of sexual assault BT - a systematic review of international research since 2010 JF - Psychology of violence N2 - Objective: We present a review of peer-reviewed English-language studies conducted outside the United States and Canada on the prevalence of sexual assault victimization in adolescence and adulthood published since 2010. Method: A systematic literature search yielded 32 articles reporting on 45 studies from 29 countries. Studies that only provided prevalence estimates for sexual assault in intimate relationships or did not present separate rates for men and women were excluded. All studies were coded by two coders, and a risk of bias score was calculated for each study. Both past-year and prevalence rates covering longer periods were extracted. Results: The largest number of studies came from Europe (n = 21), followed by Africa (n = 11), Asia, and Latin America (n = 6 each). One study came from the Middle East and no studies were found from Oceania. Across the 22 studies that reported past-year prevalence rates, figures ranged from 0% to 59.2% for women, 0.3% to 55.5% for men, and 1.5% to 18.2% for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) samples. The average risk of bias score was 5.7 out of 10. Studies varied widely in methodology. Conclusion: Despite regional variation, most studies indicate that sexual assault is widespread. More sustained, systematic, and coordinated research efforts are needed to gauge the scale of sexual assault in different parts of the world and to develop prevention measures. KW - sexual assault KW - rape KW - international KW - review KW - sexual minority Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000374 SN - 2152-0828 SN - 2152-081X VL - 11 IS - 5 SP - 497 EP - 508 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - GEN A1 - Borghi, Anna M. A1 - Shaki, Samuel A1 - Fischer, Martin H. T1 - Concrete constraints on abstract concepts-editorial T2 - Psychological research : an international journal of perception, attention, memory, and action N2 - This special issue, "Concrete constraints of abstract concepts", addresses the role of concrete determinants, both external and internal to the human body, in acquisition, processing and use of abstract concepts while at the same time presenting to the readers an overview of methods used to assess their representation. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-022-01685-9 SN - 0340-0727 SN - 1430-2772 VL - 86 SP - 2366 EP - 2369 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pollatos, Olga A1 - Mönkemöller, Karla A1 - Groppe, Karoline A1 - Elsner, Birgit T1 - Interoceptive accuracy is associated with benefits in decision making in children JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - Introduction: Decision making results not only from logical analyses, but seems to be further guided by the ability to perceive somatic information (interoceptive accuracy). Relations between interoceptive accuracy and decision making have been exclusively studied in adults and with regard to complex, uncertain situations (as measured by the Iowa Gambling Task, IGT). Methods: In the present study, 1454 children (6-11 years) were examined at two time points (approximately 1 year apart) using an IGT as well as a delay-of-gratification task for sweets-items and toy-items. Interoceptive accuracy was measured using a child-adapted version of the Heartbeat Perception Task. Results: The present results revealed that children with higher, as compared to lower, interoceptive accuracy showed more advantageous choices in the IGT and delayed more sweets-items, but not toy-items, in a delay-of-gratification task at time point 2 but not at time point 1. However, no longitudinal relation between interoceptive accuracy and decision making 1 year later could be shown. Discussion: Results indicate that interoceptive accuracy relates to decision-making abilities in situations of varying complexity already in middle childhood, and that this link might consolidate across the examined 1-year period. Furthermore, the association of interoceptive accuracy and the delay of sweets-items might have implications for the regulation of body weight at a later age. KW - cardiac perception KW - interoception KW - emotion KW - decision making KW - Iowa gambling task KW - somatic-marker hypothesis KW - childhood development Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1070037 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 13 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - THES A1 - Peitz, Diana T1 - Mindful Eating N2 - Maladaptive eating behaviors such as emotional eating, external eating, and loss-of-control eating are widespread in the general population. Moreover, they are associated to adverse health outcomes and well-known for their role in the development and maintenance of eating disorders and obesity (i.e., eating and weight disorders). Eating and weight disorders are associated with crucial burden for individuals as well as high costs for society in general. At the same time, corresponding treatments yield poor outcomes. Thus, innovative concepts are needed to improve prevention and treatment of these conditions. The Buddhist concept of mindfulness (i.e., paying attention to the present moment without judgement) and its delivery via mindfulness-based intervention programs (MBPs) has gained wide popularity in the area of maladaptive eating behaviors and associated eating and weight disorders over the last two decades. Though previous findings on their effects seem promising, the current assessment of mindfulness and its mere application via multi-component MBPs hampers to draw conclusions on the extent to which mindfulness-immanent qualities actually account for the effects (e.g., the modification of maladaptive eating behaviors). However, this knowledge is pivotal for interpreting previous effects correctly and for avoiding to cause harm in particularly vulnerable groups such as those with eating and weight disorders. To address these shortcomings, recent research has focused on the context-specific approach of mindful eating (ME) to investigate underlying mechanisms of action. ME can be considered a subdomain of generic mindfulness describing it specifically in relation to the process of eating and associated feelings, thoughts, and motives, thus including a variety of different attitudes and behaviors. However, there is no universal operationalization and the current assessment of ME suffers from different limitations. Specifically, current measurement instruments are not suited for a comprehensive assessment of the multiple facets of the construct that are currently discussed as important in the literature. This in turn hampers comparisons of different ME facets which would allow to evaluate their particular effect on maladaptive eating behaviors. This knowledge is needed to tailor prevention and treatment of associated eating and weight disorders properly and to explore potential underlying mechanisms of action which have so far been proposed mainly on theoretical grounds. The dissertation at hand aims to provide evidence-based fundamental research that contributes to our understanding of how mindfulness, more specifically its context-specific form of ME, impacts maladaptive eating behaviors and, consequently, how it could be used appropriately to enrich the current prevention and treatment approaches for eating and weight disorders in the future. Specifically, in this thesis, three scientific manuscripts applying several qualitative and quantitative techniques in four sequential studies are presented. These manuscripts were published in or submitted to three scientific peer-reviewed journals to shed light on the following questions: I. How can ME be measured comprehensively and in a reliable and valid way to advance the understanding of how mindfulness works in the context of eating? II. Does the context-specific construct of ME have an advantage over the generic concept in advancing the understanding of how mindfulness is related to maladaptive eating behaviors? III. Which ME facets are particularly useful in explaining maladaptive eating behaviors? IV. Does training a particular ME facet result in changes in maladaptive eating behaviors? To answer the first research question (Paper 1), a multi-method approach using three subsequent studies was applied to develop and validate a comprehensive self-report instrument to assess the multidimensional construct of ME - the Mindful Eating Inventory (MEI). Study 1 aimed to create an initial version of the MEI by following a three-step approach: First, a comprehensive item pool was compiled by including selected and adapted items of the existing ME questionnaires and supplementing them with items derived from an extensive literature review. Second, the preliminary item pool was complemented and checked for content validity by experts in the field of eating behavior and/or mindfulness (N = 15). Third, the item pool was further refined through qualitative methods: Three focus groups comprising laypersons (N = 16) were used as a check for applicability. Subsequently, think-aloud protocols (N = 10) served as a last check of comprehensibility and elimination of ambiguities. The resulting initial MEI version was tested in Study 2 in an online convenience sample (N = 828) to explore its factor structure using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Results were used to shorten the questionnaire in accordance with qualitative and quantitative criteria yielding the final MEI version which encompasses 30 items. These items were assigned to seven ME facets: (1) ‘Accepting and Non-attached Attitude towards one’s own eating experience’ (ANA), (2) ‘Awareness of Senses while Eating’ (ASE), (3) ‘Eating in Response to awareness of Fullness‘ (ERF), (4) ‘Awareness of eating Triggers and Motives’ (ATM), (5) ‘Interconnectedness’ (CON), (6) ‘Non-Reactive Stance’ (NRS) and (7) Focused Attention on Eating’ (FAE). Study 3 sought to confirm the found facets and the corresponding factor structure in an independent online convenience sample (N = 612) using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The study served as further indication of the assumed multidimensionality of ME (the correlational seven-factor model was shown to be superior to a single-factor model). Psychometric properties of the MEI, regarding factorial validity, internal consistency, retest-reliability, and observed criterion validity using a wide range of eating-specific and general health-related outcomes, showed the inventory to be suitable for a comprehensive, reliable and valid assessment of ME. These findings were complemented by demonstrating measurement invariance of the MEI regarding gender. In accordance with the factor structure of the MEI, Paper 1 offers an empirically-derived definition of ME, succeeding in overcoming ambiguities and problems of previous attempts at defining the construct. To answer the second and third research questions (Paper 2) a subsample of Study 2 from the MEI validation studies (N = 292) was analyzed. Incremental validity of ME beyond generic mindfulness was shown using hierarchical regression models concerning the outcome variables of maladaptive eating behaviors (emotional eating and uncontrolled eating) and nutrition behaviors (consumption of energy-dense food). Multiple regression analyses were applied to investigate the impact of the seven different ME facets (identified in Paper 1) on the same outcome variables. The following ME facets significantly contributed to explaining variance in maladaptive eating and nutrition behaviors: Accepting and Non-attached Attitude towards one`s own eating experience (ANA), Eating in Response to awareness of Fullness (ERF), the Awareness of eating Triggers and Motives (ATM), and a Non-Reactive Stance (NRS, i.e., an observing, non-impulsive attitude towards eating triggers). Results suggest that these ME facets are promising variables to consider when a) investigating potential underlying mechanisms of mindfulness and MBPs in the context of eating and b) addressing maladaptive eating behaviors in general as well as in the prevention and treatment of eating and weight disorders. To answer the fourth research question (Paper 3), a training on an isolated exercise (‘9 Hunger’) based on the previously identified ME facet ATM was designed to explore its particular association with changes in maladaptive eating behaviors and thus to preliminary explore one possible mechanism of action. The online study was realized using a randomized controlled trial (RCT) design. Latent Change Scores (LCS) across three measurement points (before the training, directly after the training and three months later) were compared between the intervention group (n = 211) and a waitlist control group (n = 188). Short- and longer-term effects of the training could be shown on maladaptive eating behaviors (emotional eating, external eating, loss-of-control eating) and associated outcomes (intuitive eating, ME, self-compassion, well-being). Findings serve as preliminary empirical evidence that MBPs might influence maladaptive eating behaviors through an enhanced non-judgmental awareness of and distinguishment between eating motives and triggers (i.e., ATM). This mechanism of action had previously only been hypothesized from a theoretical perspective. Since maladaptive eating behaviors are associated with eating and weight disorders, the findings can enhance our understanding of the general effects of MBPs on these conditions. The integration of the different findings leads to several suggestions of how ME might enrich different kinds of future interventions on maladaptive eating behaviors to improve health in general or the prevention and treatment of eating and weight disorders in particular. Strengths of the thesis (e.g., deliberate specific methodology, variety of designs and methods, high number of participants) are emphasized. The main limitations particularly regarding sample characteristics (e.g., higher level of formal education, fewer males, self-selected) are discussed to arrive at an outline for future studies (e.g., including multi-modal-multi-method approaches, clinical eating disorder samples and youth samples) to improve upcoming research on ME and underlying mechanisms of action of MBPs for maladaptive eating behaviors and associated eating and weight disorders. This thesis enriches current research on mindfulness in the context of eating by providing fundamental research on the core of the ME construct. Thereby it delivers a reliable and valid instrument to comprehensively assess ME in future studies as well as an operational definition of the construct. Findings on ME facet level might inform upcoming research and practice on how to address maladaptive eating behaviors appropriately in interventions. The ME skill ‘Awareness of eating Triggers and Motives (ATM)’ as one particular mechanism of action should be further investigated in representative community and specific clinical samples to examine the validity of the results in these groups and to justify an application of the concept to the general population as well as to subgroups with eating and weight disorders in particular. In conclusion, findings of the current thesis can be used to set future research on mindfulness, more specifically ME, and its underlying mechanism in the context of eating on a more evidence-based footing. This knowledge can inform upcoming prevention and treatment to tailor MBPs on maladaptive eating behaviors and associated eating and weight disorders appropriately. N2 - Maladaptives Essverhalten wie emotionales Essen, externales Essen und Essen mit Kontrollverlust sind in der Allgemeinbevölkerung weit verbreitet. Neben anderen negativen Auswirkungen auf die Gesundheit, ist maladaptives Essverhalten bekannt für seine Rolle bei der Entwicklung und Aufrechterhaltung von Essstörungen und Adipositas (die unter dem Begriff Ess- und Gewichtsstörungen zusammengefasst werden können). Ess- und Gewichtsstörungen sind mit einer erheblichen Belastung für den Einzelnen und hohen Kosten für die Gesellschaft im Allgemeinen verbunden. Gleichzeitig zeigen bisherige Behandlungsansätze keine zufriedenstellende Wirksamkeit. Daher werden innovative Konzepte benötigt, um die Entwicklung von Präventions- und Behandlungsansätzen zu unterstützen. Das buddhistische Konzept der Achtsamkeit (d.h. die Aufmerksamkeit auf den gegenwärtigen Moment zu richten, ohne zu urteilen) und seine Umsetzung in Form von achtsamkeitsbasierten Interventionsprogrammen (englisch: mindfulness-based intervention programs; MBPs) hat in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten im Kontext von maladaptivem Essverhalten und damit assoziierten Ess- und Gewichtsstörungen große Popularität erlangt. Obwohl die bislang gefundenen Effekte vielversprechend sind, lässt die derzeitige Messung von Achtsamkeit sowie ihre vorherrschende Anwendung im Rahmen von MBPs mit mehreren Komponenten keine Rückschlüsse darauf zu, inwieweit die der Achtsamkeit innewohnenden Qualitäten selbst für die gefundenen Effekte verantwortlich sind (z. B. für die Veränderung maladaptiven Essverhaltens). Dieses Wissen ist jedoch von zentraler Bedeutung, um Interventionen richtig zuzuschneiden und potenziell schädliche Effekte in besonders vulnerablen Gruppen - wie beispielsweise denjenigen mit Ess- und Gewichtsstörungen - zu vermeiden. Um die derzeitigen Limitationen bezogen auf die Erforschung zugrunde liegender Wirkmechanismen zu adressieren, hat sich jüngste Forschung auf den kontextspezifischen Ansatz des achtsamen Essens (englisch: mindful eating, ME) konzentriert. ME kann als ein Unterkonstrukt der generischen Achtsamkeit betrachtet werden, welches sich speziell auf den Prozess des Essens selbst sowie die damit verbundenen Gefühle, Gedanken und Motive bezieht und somit eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Einstellungen und Verhaltensweisen umfasst. Allerdings existiert bislang keine allgemeingültige Operationalisierung. Zudem ist die derzeitige Erfassung von ME von unterschiedlichen Limitationen betroffen. Insbesondere sind die derzeitigen Messinstrumente nicht für eine umfassende Erfassung der zahlreichen Facetten des Konstrukts geeignet, die derzeit in der Literatur als wichtig diskutiert werden. Dies wiederum erschwert den Vergleich verschiedener ME-Facetten, der es ermöglichen würde, ihre jeweils spezifische Wirkung auf maladaptives Essverhalten zu bewerten. Dieses Wissen wird benötigt, um die Prävention und Behandlung von Ess- und Gewichtsstörungen angemessen zu gestalten und um mögliche, bisher hauptsächlich theoretisch angenommenen Wirkmechanismen näher zu erforschen. Die vorliegende Dissertation zielt darauf ab, evidenzbasierte Grundlagenforschung zu betreiben, die zu unserem gegenwärtigen Verständnis darüber beitragen kann, wie Achtsamkeit, und genauer gesagt ihre kontextspezifische Form von ME, bei der Veränderung von maladaptivem Essverhalten wirkt und wie sie folglich in geeigneter Weise eingesetzt werden könnte, um die derzeitigen Präventions- und Behandlungsansätze für Ess- und Gewichtsstörungen in Zukunft zu bereichern. Auf dieser Grundlage werden in der vorliegenden Dissertation drei wissenschaftliche Manuskripte präsentiert, die die folgenden Fragen beleuchten: I. Wie kann ME umfassend und auf reliable und valide Weise gemessen werden, umbesser zu verstehen, wie Achtsamkeit im Kontext des Essens funktioniert? II. Hat das kontextspezifische Konstrukt von ME einen Vorteil gegenüber demgenerischen Konzept, um zu verstehen, wie Achtsamkeit mit maladaptivemEssverhalten zusammenhängt? III. Welche Facetten von ME sind besonders nützlich, um maladaptives Essverhalten zuerklären? IV. Führt das Training einer bestimmten ME-Facette zu Veränderungen immaladaptiven Essverhalten? Diese Forschungsfragen wurden mit Hilfe von vier Studien beantwortet, die in drei Artikeln in wissenschaftlichen peer-reviewed Journals veröffentlicht oder zur Begutachtung eingereicht wurden und verschiedene qualitative und quantitative Techniken beinhalteten. Zur Beantwortung der ersten Forschungsfrage (Paper 1) wurde ein multimethodaler Ansatz mit drei aufeinander folgenden Studien angewandt, um ein umfassendes Selbstauskunftsinstrument zur Erfassung des multidimensionalen Konstrukts ME zu entwickeln und zu validieren - das Mindful Eating Inventar (MEI). Studie 1 zielte auf die Erstellung einer ersten Version des MEI mit Hilfe von drei Schritten ab: Erstens wurde ein umfassender Itempool zusammengestellt, indem Items aus den bestehenden ME-Fragebögen ausgewählt und angepasst wurden. Zudem wurden Items ergänzt, die aus einer umfangreichen Literaturrecherche abgeleitet wurden. Zweitens wurde dieser vorläufige Itempool durch Experten (N = 15) aus dem Bereich Essverhalten und/oder Achtsamkeit ergänzt und die Inhaltsvalidität überprüft. Drittens wurde dieser vorläufige Itempool durch Einbeziehung der Meinung von Laien mittels zweier qualitativer Methoden verfeinert: Drei Fokusgruppen (N = 16) prüften die Anwendbarkeit der Items im Alltag. Schließlich dienten Think-Aloud-Protokolle (N = 10) der letzten Überprüfung der Verständlichkeit und der Beseitigung von Unklarheiten. Die daraus resultierende erste MEI-Version wurde in Studie 2 mit Hilfe einer Online-Stichprobe (N = 828) getestet, um die Faktorenstruktur mittels explorativer Faktorenanalyse (EFA) zu untersuchen. Anschließend wurde der Fragebogen nach qualitativen und quantitativen Kriterien gekürzt. Hieraus resultierte die finale MEI-Version mit 30 Items. Diese Items sind den folgenden sieben ME-Facetten zugeordnet: (1) ‘Akzeptierende, nicht-anhaftende Haltung gegenüber der eigenen Essenserfahrung‘ (ANA), (2) ‘Gewahrsein der Sinneserfahrung während des Essens‘ (ASE), (3) ‘Essen in Abhängigkeit zum Gewahrsein der Magenfülle‘ (ERF), (4) ‘Gewahrsein von Essmotiven- und -triggern‘ (ATM), (5) ‘Verbundenheit‘ (CON), (6) ‘Nicht-reaktive Haltung‘ (NRS) und (7) ‘Auf das Essen fokussierte Aufmerksamkeit‘ (FAE). Studie 3 diente dazu, diese finale Faktorenstruktur in einer unabhängigen Online-Stichprobe (N = 612) mittels konfirmatorischer Faktorenanalyse (CFA) zu bestätigen und die angenommene Multidimensionalität des Konstrukts ME zu belegen (das korrelative Sieben-Faktoren-Modell erwies sich dem Ein-Faktoren-Modell überlegen). Die psychometrischen Eigenschaften des MEI hinsichtlich faktorieller Validität, interner Konsistenz, Retest-Reliabilität und beobachteter Kriteriumsvalidität unter Verwendung eines breiten Spektrums essensspezifischer und allgemeiner gesundheitsbezogener Outcomes zeigten, dass das Inventar für eine umfassende, reliable und valide Bewertung von ME geeignet ist. Diese Ergebnisse wurden durch den Nachweis der Messinvarianz des MEI in Bezug auf das Geschlecht ergänzt. In Anlehnung an die Faktorenstruktur des MEI konnte eine empirisch abgeleitete, operationale Definition bereitgestellt werden, die die Probleme und Ambiguitäten bisheriger, meist theoriegeleiteter Definitionsversuche überwindet. Zur Beantwortung der zweiten und dritten Forschungsfrage (Paper 2) wurde eine Teilstichprobe der Studie 2 aus den MEI-Validierungsstudien (N = 292) analysiert. Die inkrementelle Validität von ME über die allgemeine Achtsamkeit hinaus in Bezug auf die Outcomevariablen maladaptives Essverhalten (emotionales Essen und unkontrolliertes Essen) und Ernährungsverhalten (selbstberichteter Verzehr von energiereichen Nahrungsmitteln) konnte mit Hilfe hierarchischer Regressionsmodelle gezeigt werden. Multiple Regressionsanalysen wurden angewandt, um den Einfluss der sieben verschiedenen Facetten von ME, die in Paper 1 identifiziert wurden, auf dieselben Outcomes zu untersuchen. Die folgenden ME-Facetten erklärten deren Varianz signifikant: ‘Akzeptierende, nicht-anhaftende Haltung gegenüber der eigenen Essenserfahrung‘ (ANA), ‘Essen in Abhängigkeit zum Gewahrsein der Magenfülle‘ (ERF), ‘Gewahrsein von Essmotiven- und -triggern‘ (ATM), ‘Nicht-reaktive Haltung‘ (NRS, d.h. eine beobachtende, nicht-impulsive Haltung gegenüber Essenstriggern). Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass diese ME-Facetten vielversprechend sein könnten, um a) die zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen von Achtsamkeit und MBPs im Kontext von Essen zu untersuchen und b) maladaptives Essverhalten direkt oder im Rahmen der Prävention und Behandlung von Ess- und Gewichtsstörungen korrekt und gewinnbringend zu adressieren. Zur Beantwortung der vierten Forschungsfrage (Paper 3) wurde ein Training zu einer klar umschriebenen, isolierten Übung ('9 Hunger') auf der Grundlage der zuvor identifizierten ME-Facette ATM konzipiert, um deren potenziellen Zusammenhang mit Veränderungen im maladaptiven Essverhalten zu erforschen und sich so einem möglichen Wirkmechanismus anzunähern. Die Online-Studie wurde in Form einer randomisiert kontrollierten Studie (RCT) durchgeführt. Latent Change Scores (LCS) über drei Messzeitpunkte (vor dem Training, direkt nach dem Training und drei Monate später) wurden zwischen der Interventionsgruppe (n = 211) und einer Wartelisten-Kontrollgruppe (n = 188) verglichen. Es konnten kurz- und längerfristige Effekte des Trainings auf maladaptives Essverhaltens (emotionales Essen, externes Essen, Essen mit Kontrollverlust) und assoziierte Outcomes (intuitives Essen, achtsames Essen, Selbstmitgefühl, Wohlbefinden) gefunden werden. Die Ergebnisse dienen als vorläufige empirische Unterstützung des bislang nur theoretisch angenommenen Mechanismus, dass MPBs maladaptives Essverhalten und damit Ess- und Gewichtsstörungen durch ein verbessertes, nicht-wertendes Gewahrsein unterschiedlicher Essmotiven und Trigger sowie deren Unterscheidung beeinflussen könnten. Die Integration der Ergebnisse erlaubte die Ableitung mehrere Vorschläge, wie ME zukünftige Interventionen für maladaptives Essverhalten bereichern könnte, um die Gesundheit im Allgemeinen sowie die Prävention und Behandlung von Ess- und Gewichtsstörungen zu verbessern. Die Stärken der Dissertation (z. B. aufeinander aufbauende, spezifische Methodik, Vielfalt von Designs und Methoden, großer Stichprobenumfang) werden hervorgehoben. Die wichtigsten Einschränkungen, insbesondere in Bezug auf die Stichprobencharakteristika der inkludierten Studien (z.B. höheres Bildungsniveau, weniger Männer, selbst-selektiert) werden kritisch diskutiert, um Ideen und Notwendigkeiten für kommende Forschung abzuleiten (z.B. Einschluss multimodaler und multimethodaler Ansätze, klinischer Essstörungsstichproben und Jugendlichenstichproben), um die zukünftige Forschung zu ME und den zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen von MBPs im Kontext von maladaptivem Essverhalten und assoziierten Ess- und Gewichtsstörungen zu verbessern. Diese Arbeit bereichert die aktuelle Forschung zu Achtsamkeit im Kontext von Essverhalten und assoziierten Ess- und Gewichtsstörungen, indem sie Grundlagenforschung zum Kern des Konstrukts ME liefert. Dabei stellt sie ein reliables und valides Instrument zur umfassenden Erfassung von ME in zukünftigen Studien sowie eine operationale Definition zur Verfügung. Die Ergebnisse auf der Ebene der ME-Facetten können von Forschung und Praxis genutzt werden, maladaptives Essverhalten in der Prävention und Behandlung angemessen zugeschnitten zu adressieren. Der vorläufig identifizierte Wirkmechanismus von ATM sollte in repräsentativen Bevölkerungsstichproben und spezifischen klinischen Stichproben weiter untersucht werden, um die Gültigkeit der Ergebnisse in diesen Gruppen zu prüfen und eine breitere Anwendung des Konzepts in der Allgemeinbevölkerung sowie in spezifischen Gruppen mit Ess- und Gewichtsstörungen zu rechtfertigen. Zusammenfassend können die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit dazu beitragen, die Forschung zu ME und zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen auf eine stärker evidenzbasierte Grundlage zu stellen. Dieses Wissen kann genutzt werden, um künftige MBPs in Prävention und Behandlung von Ess- und Gewichtsstörungen entsprechend anzupassen. KW - mindful eating KW - mindfulness KW - eating behavior KW - achtsames Essen KW - Achtsamkeit KW - Essverhalten Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-634515 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schindke, Corinna A1 - Gisch, Ulrike Alexandra A1 - Gumz, Antje T1 - Wie sollte Yoga in der Therapie der Anorexia nervosa ausgeführt werden? T1 - How should yoga in Anorexia nervosa treatment be applied? BT - eine qualitative Pilotstudie zu hilfreich erlebten Yoga-Strategien aus Sicht von Patientinnen BT - a qualitative perspective JF - Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, medizinische Psychologie : PPmP ; Organ des Deutschen Kollegiums für Psychosomatische Medizin N2 - An altered interoception is a central correlate of anorexia nervosa (AN) and addressing this issue offers a promising approach in the treatment of AN. First results have shown the effectiveness of yoga as a body-focused intervention in the treatment of AN. However, to date there is a lack of empirical evidence regarding the question how yoga strategies and yoga elements (postures, relaxation, breath, meditation) should be applied. Against this background, we conducted a qualitative pilot study with n = 6 female patients with AN undergoing treatment in a specialist unit supporting re-insertion subsequent to a preceding inpatient AN treatment. Study participants received a weekly one-hour hatha-yoga intervention over at least 12 weeks. After the yoga intervention, semi-structured interviews (1/2 to 1 hour) were conducted to assess the experiences of the study participants during the yoga intervention. The data were analyzed using Grounded Theory. At the upper level of analysis, four categories were differentiated: information regarding 1) study participants' symptoms, 2) aspects of the setting experienced to be beneficial, 3) yoga strategies perceived to be beneficial and 4) perceived consequences of yoga strategies. With regard to the yoga strategies perceived to be beneficial, analyses revealed 4 subcategories: features of 1) postures and movements, 2) breath and meditation exercises, 3) relaxation exercises and 4) general information about the setting. The results give first indications regarding the conceptualization of yoga in the treatment of AN and potential mechanisms. Further qualitative and quantitative studies are needed, e.g., with regard to effectiveness, contraindications, mediators or moderators to better evaluate the potential of yoga in the treatment of AN. N2 - Eine veränderte Interozeption ist ein zentrales Korrelat der Anorexia nervosa (AN) und stellt einen potentiellen Ansatz in der Genesung der AN dar. Erste Ergebnisse zur Wirksamkeit von Yoga als körperorientierte Methode in der Therapie der AN sind vielversprechend. Dennoch liegen bislang unzureichende empirische Befunde bezüglich der Frage vor, auf welche Weise Yoga-Strategien und Yoga-Elemente wie Körperhaltungen, Entspannungs-, Atem-, und Meditationsübungen eingesetzt werden sollten. Vor diesem Hintergrund führten wir eine qualitative Pilotstudie mit einer Stichprobe von n=6 Patientinnen mit AN durch, die sich im Anschluss an eine klinische stationäre Behandlung in einer pädagogisch-therapeutischen Facheinrichtung der Jugend- und Eingliederungshilfe (SGB VIII/XII) befanden. Die Studienteilnehmerinnen erhielten eine einstündige Hatha-Yoga-Intervention über mindestens 12 Wochen. Nach der Yoga-Intervention wurden ½- bis 1-stündige halbstrukturierte Leitfadeninterviews zu den Erfahrungen mit den verwendeten Yoga-Strategien durchgeführt. Die Interviews wurden mittels Grounded Theory ausgewertet. Auf der obersten Analyseebene wurden 4 Kategorien differenziert: Angaben 1) zum Beschwerdebild der Studienteilnehmerinnen, 2) zu als hilfreich erlebten Elementen des therapeutischen Rahmens, 3) zu als hilfreich erlebten Yoga-Strategien sowie 4) zu subjektiv wahrgenommenen Konsequenzen der Yoga-Strategien. Bezüglich der als hilfreich erlebten Yoga-Strategien ergaben die Analysen 4 Subkategorien: Merkmale 1) der Bewegungselemente, 2) der Meditations- und Atemübungen, 3) der Entspannungsübungen sowie 4) allgemeine Hinweise zur Durchführung. Die Ergebnisse geben erste Hinweise für die Konzeption von Yoga in der Therapie der AN und zu potentiellen Wirkmechanismen. Weiterführende qualitative sowie quantitative Studien zu u. a. Wirksamkeit, Kontraindikationen oder Mediator- sowie Moderatorvariablen sind erforderlich, um das Potenzial von Yoga in der Therapie der AN noch besser bewerten zu können. KW - yoga KW - psychotherapy KW - eating disorders KW - anorexia nervosa KW - interoception KW - Psychotherapie KW - Essstörungen KW - Interozeption Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1390-4450 SN - 0937-2032 SN - 1439-1058 VL - 71 IS - 11 SP - 446 EP - 455 PB - Thieme CY - Stuttgart ER - TY - GEN A1 - Xie, Chao A1 - Jia, Tianye A1 - Rolls, Edmund T. A1 - Robbins, Trevor W. A1 - Sahakian, Barbara J. A1 - Zhang, Jie A1 - Liu, Zhaowen A1 - Cheng, Wei A1 - Luo, Qiang A1 - Zac Lo, Chun-Yi A1 - Schumann, Gunter A1 - Feng, Jianfeng A1 - Wang, He A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Barker, Gareth J. A1 - Bokde, Arun L.W. A1 - Büchel, Christian A1 - Quinlan, Erin Burke A1 - Desrivières, Sylvane A1 - Flor, Herta A1 - Grigis, Antoine A1 - Garavan, Hugh A1 - Gowland, Penny A1 - Heinz, Andreas A1 - Hohmann, Sarah A1 - Ittermann, Bernd A1 - Martinot, Jean-Luc A1 - Paillère Martinot, Marie-Laure A1 - Nees, Frauke A1 - Papadopoulos Orfanos, Dimitri A1 - Paus, Tomáš A1 - Poustka, Luise A1 - Fröhner, Juliane H. A1 - Smolka, Michael N. A1 - Walter, Henrik A1 - Whelan, Robert T1 - Reward versus nonreward sensitivity of the medial versus lateral orbitofrontal cortex relates to the severity of depressive symptoms T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - BACKGROUND: The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is implicated in depression. The hypothesis investigated was whether the OFC sensitivity to reward and nonreward is related to the severity of depressive symptoms. METHODS: Activations in the monetary incentive delay task were measured in the IMAGEN cohort at ages 14 years (n = 1877) and 19 years (n = 1140) with a longitudinal design. Clinically relevant subgroups were compared at ages 19 (high-severity group: n = 116; low-severity group: n = 206) and 14. RESULTS: The medial OFC exhibited graded activation increases to reward, and the lateral OFC had graded activation increases to nonreward. In this general population, the medial and lateral OFC activations were associated with concurrent depressive symptoms at both ages 14 and 19 years. In a stratified high-severity depressive symptom group versus control group comparison, the lateral OFC showed greater sensitivity for the magnitudes of activations related to nonreward in the high-severity group at age 19 (p = .027), and the medial OFC showed decreased sensitivity to the reward magnitudes in the high-severity group at both ages 14 (p = .002) and 19 (p = .002). In a longitudinal design, there was greater sensitivity to nonreward of the lateral OFC at age 14 for those who exhibited high depressive symptom severity later at age 19 (p = .003). CONCLUSIONS: Activations in the lateral OFC relate to sensitivity to not winning, were associated with high depressive symptom scores, and at age 14 predicted the depressive symptoms at ages 16 and 19. Activations in the medial OFC were related to sensitivity to winning, and reduced reward sensitivity was associated with concurrent high depressive symptom scores. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 860 KW - adolescents KW - depression KW - monetary incentive delay task KW - nonreward sensitivity KW - orbitofrontal cortex KW - reward anticipation KW - reward sensitivity KW - ventral striatum Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-557882 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Xie, Chao A1 - Jia, Tianye A1 - Rolls, Edmund T. A1 - Robbins, Trevor W. A1 - Sahakian, Barbara J. A1 - Zhang, Jie A1 - Liu, Zhaowen A1 - Cheng, Wei A1 - Luo, Qiang A1 - Zac Lo, Chun-Yi A1 - Schumann, Gunter A1 - Feng, Jianfeng A1 - Wang, He A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Barker, Gareth J. A1 - Bokde, Arun L.W. A1 - Büchel, Christian A1 - Quinlan, Erin Burke A1 - Desrivières, Sylvane A1 - Flor, Herta A1 - Grigis, Antoine A1 - Garavan, Hugh A1 - Gowland, Penny A1 - Heinz, Andreas A1 - Hohmann, Sarah A1 - Ittermann, Bernd A1 - Martinot, Jean-Luc A1 - Paillère Martinot, Marie-Laure A1 - Nees, Frauke A1 - Papadopoulos Orfanos, Dimitri A1 - Paus, Tomáš A1 - Poustka, Luise A1 - Fröhner, Juliane H. A1 - Smolka, Michael N. A1 - Walter, Henrik A1 - Whelan, Robert T1 - Reward versus nonreward sensitivity of the medial versus lateral orbitofrontal cortex relates to the severity of depressive symptoms JF - Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging N2 - BACKGROUND: The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is implicated in depression. The hypothesis investigated was whether the OFC sensitivity to reward and nonreward is related to the severity of depressive symptoms. METHODS: Activations in the monetary incentive delay task were measured in the IMAGEN cohort at ages 14 years (n = 1877) and 19 years (n = 1140) with a longitudinal design. Clinically relevant subgroups were compared at ages 19 (high-severity group: n = 116; low-severity group: n = 206) and 14. RESULTS: The medial OFC exhibited graded activation increases to reward, and the lateral OFC had graded activation increases to nonreward. In this general population, the medial and lateral OFC activations were associated with concurrent depressive symptoms at both ages 14 and 19 years. In a stratified high-severity depressive symptom group versus control group comparison, the lateral OFC showed greater sensitivity for the magnitudes of activations related to nonreward in the high-severity group at age 19 (p = .027), and the medial OFC showed decreased sensitivity to the reward magnitudes in the high-severity group at both ages 14 (p = .002) and 19 (p = .002). In a longitudinal design, there was greater sensitivity to nonreward of the lateral OFC at age 14 for those who exhibited high depressive symptom severity later at age 19 (p = .003). CONCLUSIONS: Activations in the lateral OFC relate to sensitivity to not winning, were associated with high depressive symptom scores, and at age 14 predicted the depressive symptoms at ages 16 and 19. Activations in the medial OFC were related to sensitivity to winning, and reduced reward sensitivity was associated with concurrent high depressive symptom scores. KW - adolescents KW - depression KW - monetary incentive delay task KW - nonreward sensitivity KW - orbitofrontal cortex KW - reward anticipation KW - reward sensitivity KW - ventral striatum Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.08.017 SN - 0006-3223 SN - 1873-2402 VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - 259 EP - 269 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - GEN A1 - Urbach, Tina A1 - Fay, Doris T1 - Leader member exchange in leaders' support for voice BT - good relationships matter in situations of power threat T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - While previous research underscores the role of leaders in stimulating employee voice behaviour, comparatively little is known about what affects leaders' support for such constructive but potentially threatening employee behaviours. We introduce leader member exchange quality (LMX) as a central predictor of leaders' support for employees' ideas for constructive change. Apart from a general benefit of high LMX for leaders' idea support, we propose that high LMX is particularly critical to leaders' idea support if the idea voiced by an employee constitutes a power threat to the leader. We investigate leaders' attribution of prosocial and egoistic employee intentions as mediators of these effects. Hypotheses were tested in a quasi-experimental vignette study (N = 160), in which leaders evaluated a simulated employee idea, and a field study (N = 133), in which leaders evaluated an idea that had been voiced to them at work. Results show an indirect effect of LMX on leaders' idea support via attributed prosocial intentions but not via attributed egoistic intentions, and a buffering effect of high LMX on the negative effect of power threat on leaders' idea support. Results differed across studies with regard to the main effect of LMX on idea support. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 842 KW - proactive personality KW - work KW - consequences KW - behavior KW - performance KW - model KW - trust KW - metaanalysis KW - antecedents KW - supervisors Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-510904 SN - 1866-8364 VL - 70 IS - 2 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schuster, Isabell A1 - Tomaszewska, Paulina T1 - Pathways from child sexual and physical abuse to sexual and physical intimate partner violence victimization through attitudes toward intimate partner violence T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Although many studies have shown that victims of child abuse have an increased vulnerability to revictimization in intimate relationships, the underlying mechanisms are not yet sufficiently well understood. Therefore, this study aimed at examining this relationship for both sexual and physical forms of violence as well as investigating the potential mediating role of attitudes toward sexual and physical intimate partner violence (IPV). Also, the potential moderating role of gender was explored. Sexual and physical child abuse and IPV victimization in adulthood as well as attitudes toward the respective form of IPV were assessed among 716 participants (448 female) in an online survey. The path analyses showed that child sexual abuse was positively linked to sexual IPV victimization among both women and men, whereas child physical abuse was positively associated with physical IPV victimization among women only. Furthermore, the relationship between both forms of child abuse and IPV victimization was mediated through more supportive attitudes toward the respective forms of IPV, but only among men. This study provides novel insights regarding the links between sexual and physical child abuse and revictimization in adulthood, suggesting that supporting attitudes toward IPV may be seen as vulnerability factor for revictimization. The moderating role of gender is especially discussed. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 843 KW - child abuse KW - intimate partner violence KW - attitudes toward intimate partner violence KW - gender Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-543396 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 4 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schuster, Isabell A1 - Tomaszewska, Paulina A1 - Marchewka, Juliette A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Does question format matter in assessing the prevalence of sexual aggression? BT - A methodological study T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - As research on sexual aggression has been growing, methodological issues in assessing prevalence rates have received increased attention. Building on work by Abbey and colleagues about effects of question format, participants in this study (1,253; 621 female; 632 male) were randomly assigned to one of two versions of the Sexual Aggression and Victimization Scale (SAV-S). In Version 1, the coercive tactic (use/threat of physical force, exploitation of the inability to resist, verbal pressure) was presented first, and sexual acts (sexual touch, attempted and completed sexual intercourse, other sexual acts) were presented as subsequent questions. In Version 2, sexual acts were presented first, and coercive tactics as subsequent questions. No version effects emerged for overall perpetration rates reported by men and women. The overall victimization rate across all items was significantly higher in the tactic-first than in the sexual-act-first conditions for women, but not for men. Classifying participants by their most severe experience of sexual victimization showed that fewer women were in the nonvictim category and more men were in the nonconsensual sexual contact category when the coercive tactic was presented first. Sexual experience background did not moderate the findings. The implications for the measurement of self-reported sexual aggression victimization and perpetration are discussed. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 844 KW - self-report measures KW - experiences survey KW - risk-factors KW - victimization KW - rape KW - assault KW - women KW - perpetration KW - reliability KW - responses Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-546632 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 4 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Skowronski, Marika A1 - Busching, Robert A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Predicting adolescents’ self-objectification from sexualized video game and Instagram use BT - A longitudinal study T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - A growing body of research has demonstrated negative effects of sexualization in the media on adolescents' body image, but longitudinal studies and research including interactive and social media are scarce. The current study explored the longitudinal associations of adolescents' use of sexualized video games (SVG) and sexualized Instagram images (SII) with body image concerns. Specifically, our study examined relations between adolescents' SVG and SII use and appearance comparisons, thin- and muscular-ideal internalization, valuing appearance over competence, and body surveillance. A sample of 660 German adolescents (327 female, 333 male;M-age = 15.09 years) participated in two waves with an interval of 6 months. A structural equation model showed that SVG and SII use at Time 1 predicted body surveillance indirectly via valuing appearance over competence at Time 2. Furthermore, SVG and SII use indirectly predicted both thin- and muscular-ideal internalization through appearance comparisons at Time 1. In turn, thin-ideal internalization at Time 1 predicted body surveillance indirectly via valuing appearance over competence at Time 2. The results indicate that sexualization in video games and on Instagram can play an important role in increasing body image concerns among adolescents. We discuss the findings with respect to objectification theory and the predictive value of including appearance comparisons in models explaining the relation between sexualized media and self-objectification. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 845 KW - social media KW - computer games KW - Sexualization KW - body image KW - self-objectification Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-541992 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 9-10 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Shaki, Samuel A1 - Fischer, Martin H. T1 - Systematic spatial distortion of quantitative estimates T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Magnitude estimation has been studied since the beginnings of scientific psychology and constitutes a fundamental aspect of human behavior. Yet, it has apparently never been noticed that estimates depend on the spatial arrangement used. We tested 167 adults in three experiments to show that the spatial layout of stimuli and responses systematically distorts number estimation, length production, and weight reproduction performance. The direction of distortion depends on the observer's counting habits, but does not seem to reflect the use of spatially associated number concepts. Our results imply that all quantitative estimates are contaminated by a "spell of space" whenever stimuli or responses are spatially distributed. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 846 KW - associations KW - numbers KW - habits KW - spaces Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-545457 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 6 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gleich, Tobias A1 - Spitta, Gianna A1 - Butler, Oisin A1 - Zacharias, Kristin A1 - Aydin, Semiha A1 - Sebold, Miriam Hannah A1 - Garbusow, Maria A1 - Rapp, Michael Armin A1 - Schubert, Florian A1 - Buchert, Ralph A1 - Heinz, Andreas A1 - Gallinat, Jürgen T1 - Dopamine D2/3 receptor availability in alcohol use disorder and individuals at high risk BT - towards a dimensional approach JF - Addiction Biology N2 - Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is the most common substance use disorder worldwide. Although dopamine-related findings were often observed in AUD, associated neurobiological mechanisms are still poorly understood. Therefore, in the present study, we investigate D2/3 receptor availability in healthy participants, participants at high risk (HR) to develop addiction (not diagnosed with AUD), and AUD patients in a detoxified stage, applying F-18-fallypride positron emission tomography (F-18-PET). Specifically, D2/3 receptor availability was investigated in (1) 19 low-risk (LR) controls, (2) 19 HR participants, and (3) 20 AUD patients after alcohol detoxification. Quality and severity of addiction were assessed with clinical questionnaires and (neuro)psychological tests. PET data were corrected for age of participants and smoking status. In the dorsal striatum, we observed significant reductions of D2/3 receptor availability in AUD patients compared with LR participants. Further, receptor availability in HR participants was observed to be intermediate between LR and AUD groups (linearly decreasing). Still, in direct comparison, no group difference was observed between LR and HR groups or between HR and AUD groups. Further, the score of the Alcohol Dependence Scale (ADS) was inversely correlated with D2/3 receptor availability in the combined sample. Thus, in line with a dimensional approach, striatal D2/3 receptor availability showed a linear decrease from LR participants to HR participants to AUD patients, which was paralleled by clinical measures. Our study shows that a core neurobiological feature in AUD seems to be detectable in an early, subclinical state, allowing more individualized alcohol prevention programs in the future. KW - alcohol KW - D2/3 receptors KW - dependence KW - dopamine KW - high risk KW - PET Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.12915 SN - 1369-1600 VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER -