TY - CHAP A1 - Vukicevic, Radovan A1 - Schreiber, Ulrike A1 - Beuermann, Sabine T1 - Azide-terminated poly(vinylidene fluoride) as building block for nanocomposite materials and block copolymers T2 - Abstracts of papers : joint conference / The Chemical Institute of Cananda, CIC, American Chemical Society, ACS Y1 - 2011 SN - 0065-7727 VL - 242 IS - 16 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vukicevic, Radovan A1 - Beuermann, Sabine T1 - Fullerenes decorated with poly(vinylidene fluoride) JF - Macromolecules : a publication of the American Chemical Society N2 - Fullerenes decorated with poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) were synthesized in a three-step procedure: Iodine transfer polymerization of vinylidene fluoride with C(6)F(12)I(2) as the chain transfer agent was carried out in supercritical carbon dioxide to synthesize iodine-terminated PVDF, which was subsequently transformed to azide-terminated polymer. Finally, azide-terminated PVDF chains were attached to a fullerene core under microwave irradiation at 160 degrees C in 1.5 h. The materials were characterized by NMR, FT-IR, UV/vis, GPC, elemental analysis, and DSC. On average, 4-5 PVDF chains are attached to one C(60) moiety. FT-IR spectra and DSC measurements indicate that the polymer end groups strongly affect the crystallinity of the material. For PVDF with azide end groups and PVDF attached to fullerenes the fraction of the beta polymorph is dominant while alpha polymorphs are almost absent. Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/ma102754c SN - 0024-9297 VL - 44 IS - 8 SP - 2597 EP - 2603 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington ER - TY - THES A1 - Vukicevic, Radovan T1 - Iodine- and azide-terminated poly(vinylidene fluoride) as a building block for the preparation of hybrid materials and block copolymers Y1 - 2011 CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Voss, Martin A1 - Nimtz, Manfred A1 - Leimkühler, Silke T1 - Elucidation of the dual role of Mycobacterial MoeZR in Molybdenum Cofactor Biosynthesis and Cysteine Biosynthesis JF - PLoS one N2 - The pathway of molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis has been studied in detail by using proteins from Mycobacterium species, which contain several homologs associated with the first steps of Moco biosynthesis. While all Mycobacteria species contain a MoeZR, only some strains have acquired an additional homolog, MoeBR, by horizontal gene transfer. The role of MoeBR and MoeZR was studied in detail for the interaction with the two MoaD-homologs involved in Moco biosynthesis, MoaD1 and MoaD2, in addition to the CysO protein involved in cysteine biosynthesis. We show that both proteins have a role in Moco biosynthesis, while only MoeZR, but not MoeBR, has an additional role in cysteine biosynthesis. MoeZR and MoeBR were able to complement an E. coli moeB mutant strain, but only in conjunction with the Mycobacterial MoaD1 or MoaD2 proteins. Both proteins were able to sulfurate MoaD1 and MoaD2 in vivo, while only MoeZR additionally transferred the sulfur to CysO. Our in vivo studies show that Mycobacteria have acquired several homologs to maintain Moco biosynthesis. MoeZR has a dual role in Moco- and cysteine biosynthesis and is involved in the sulfuration of MoaD and CysO, whereas MoeBR only has a role in Moco biosynthesis, which is not an essential function for Mycobacteria. Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0028170 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 6 IS - 11 PB - PLoS CY - San Fransisco ER - TY - THES A1 - Vosloh, Daniel T1 - Subcellular compartmentation of primary carbon metabolism in mesophyll cells of Arabidopsis thaliana T1 - Subzelluläre Kompartimentierung des primären Kohlenstoffmetabolismus in Mesophyllzellen von Arabidopsis thaliana N2 - Metabolismus in Pflanzenzellen ist stark kompartimentiert. Viele Stoffwechselwege haben Reaktionen in mehr als einem Kompartiment. Zum Beispiel wird während der Photosynthese in pflanzlichen Mesophyllzellen Kohlenstoff in Form von Stärke in den Chloroplasten synthetisiert, während es im Zytosol in Form von Sacharose gebildet und in der Vakuole gespeichert wird. Diese Reaktionen sind strikt reguliert um ein Gleichgewicht der Kohlenstoffpools der verschiedenen Kompartimente aufrecht zu erhalten und die Energieversorgung aller Teile der Zelle für anabolische Reaktionen sicher zu stellen. Ich wende eine Methode an, bei der die Zellen unter nicht-wässrigen Bedingungen fraktioniert werden und daher der metabolische Status der während der Ernte herrschte über den ganzen Zeitraum der Auftrennung beibehalten wird. Durch die Kombination von nichtwässriger Fraktionierung und verschiedener Massenspektrometrietechniken (Flüssigchromotagraphie- und Gaschromotagraphie basierende Massenspekrometrie) ist es möglich die intrazelluläre Verteilung der meisten Intermediate des photosynthetischen Kohlenstoffstoffwechsels und der Produkte der nachgelagerten metabolischen Reaktionen zu bestimmen. Das Wissen über die in vivo Konzentrationen dieser Metabolite wurde genutzt um die Änderung der freien Gibbs Energie in vivo zu bestimmen. Mit Hilfe dessen kann bestimmt werden, welche Reaktion sich in einem Gleichgewichtszustand befinden und welche davon entfernt sind. Die Konzentration der Enzyme und der Km Werte wurden mit den Konzentrationen der Metabolite in vivo verglichen, um festzustellen, welche Enzyme substratlimitiert sind und somit sensitiv gegenüber Änderungen der Substratkonzentration sind. Verschiedene Intermediate des Calvin-Benson Zyklus sind gleichzeitig Substrate für andere Stoffwechselwege, als da wären Dihyroxyaceton-phosphat (DHAP, Saccharosesynthese), Fructose 6-phosphat (Fru6P, Stärkesynthese), Erythrose 4-phosphat (E4P, Shikimat Stoffwechselweg) und Ribose 5-phosphat (R5P, Nukleotidbiosynthese). Die Enzyme, die diese Intermediate verstoffwechseln, liegen an den Abzweigungspunkten zu diesen Stoffwechselwegen. Diese sind Trisose phosphat isomerase (DHAP), Transketolase (E4P), Sedoheptulose-1,7 biphosphat aldolase (E4P) und Ribose-5-phosphat isomerase (R5P), welche nicht mit ihren Substraten gesättigt sind, da die jeweilige Substratkonzentration geringer als der zugehörige Km Wert ist. Für metabolische Kontrolle bedeutet dies, dass diese Schritte am sensitivsten gegenüber Änderungen der Substratkonzentrationen sind. Im Gegensatz dazu sind die regulierten irreversiblen Schritte von Fructose-1,6.biphosphatase und Sedoheptulose-1,7-biphosphatase relativ insensitiv gegenüber Änderungen der Substratkonzentration. Für den Stoffwechselweg der Saccharosesynthese konnte gezeigt werden, dass die zytosolische Aldolase eine geringer Bindeseitenkonzentration als Substratkonzentration (DHAP) aufweist, und dass die Konzentration von Saccharose-6-phosphat geringer als der Km Wert des synthetisierenden Enzyms Saccharose-phosphatase ist. Sowohl die Saccharose-phosphat-synthase, also auch die Saccharose-phosphatase sind in vivo weit von einem Gleichgewichtszustand entfernt. In Wildtyp Arabidopsis thaliana Columbia-0 Blättern wurde der gesamte Pool von ADPGlc im Chloroplasten gefunden. Das Enzyme ADPGlc pyrophosphorylase ist im Chloroplasten lokalisiert und synthetisiert ADPGlc aus ATP und Glc1P. Dieses Verteilungsmuster spricht eindeutig gegen die Hypothese von Pozueta-Romero und Kollegen, dass ADPGlc im Zytosol durch ADP vermittelte Spaltung von Saccharose durch die Saccharose Synthase erzeugt wird. Basierend auf dieser Beobachtung und anderen veröffentlichten Ergebnissen wurde geschlußfolgert, dass der generell akzeptierte Stoffwechselweg der Stärkesynthese durch ADPGlc Produktion via ADPGlc pyrophosphorylase in den Chloroplasten korrekt ist, und die Hypothese des alternativen Stoffwechselweges unhaltbar ist. Innerhalb des Stoffwechselweges der Saccharosesynthsese wurde festgestellt, dass die Konzentration von ADPGlc geringer als der Km Wert des Stärkesynthase ist, was darauf hindeutet, dass das Enzym substratlimitiert ist. Eine generelle Beobachtung ist, dass viele Enzmye des Calvin-Benson Zyklus ähnliche Bindeseitenkonzentrationen wie Metabolitkonzentrationen aufweisen, wohingegen in den Synthesewegen von Saccharose und Stärke die Bindeseitenkonzentrationen der Enzyme viel geringer als die Metabolitkonzentrationen sind. N2 - Metabolism in plant cells is highly compartmented, with many pathways involving reactions in more than one compartment. For example, during photosynthesis in leaf mesophyll cells, primary carbon fixation and starch synthesis take place in the chloroplast, whereas sucrose is synthesized in the cytosol and stored in the vacuole. These reactions are tightly regulated to keep a fine balance between the carbon pools of the different compartments and to fulfil the energy needs of the organelles. I applied a technique which fractionates the cells under non-aqueous conditions, whereby the metabolic state is frozen at the time of harvest and held in stasis throughout the fractionation procedure. With the combination of non-aqueous fractionation and mass spectrometry based metabolite measurements (LC-MS/MS, GC-MS) it was possible to investigate the intracellular distributions of the intermediates of photosynthetic carbon metabolism and its products in subsequent metabolic reactions. With the knowledge about the in vivo concentrations of these metabolites under steady state photosynthesis conditions it was possible to calculate the mass action ratio and change in Gibbs free energy in vivo for each reaction in the pathway, to determine which reactions are near equilibrium and which are far removed from equilibrium. The Km value and concentration of each enzyme were compared with the concentrations of its substrates in vivo to assess which reactions are substrate limited and so sensitive to changes in substrate concentration. Several intermediates of the Calvin-Benson cycle are substrates for other pathways, including dihydroxyacetone-phosphate (DHAP,sucrose synthesis), fructose 6-phosphate (Fru6P, starch synthesis), erythrose 4-phosphate (E4P,shikimate pathway) and ribose 5-phosphate (R5P, nucleotide synthesis). Several of the enzymes that metabolise these intermediates, and so lie at branch points in the pathway, are triose-phosphate isomerase (DHAP), transketolase (E4P, Fru6P), sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphate aldolase (E4P) and ribose-5-phosphate isomerase (R5P) are not saturated with their respective substrate as the metabolite concentration is lower than the respective Km value. In terms of metabolic control these are the steps that are most sensitive to changes in substrate availability, while the regulated irreversible reactions of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase are relatively insensitive to changes in the concentrations of their substrates. In the pathway of sucrose synthesis it was shown that the concentration of the catalytic binding site of the cytosolic aldolase is lower than the substrate concentration of DHAP, and that the concentration of Suc6P is lower than the Km of sucrose-phosphatase for this substrate. Both the sucrose-phosphate synthase and sucrose-phosphatase reactions are far removed from equilibrium in vivo. In wild type A. thaliana Columbia-0 leaves, all of the ADPGlc was found to be localised in the chloroplasts. ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase is localised to the chloroplast and synthesises ADPGlc from ATP and Glc1P. This distribution argues strongly against the hypothesis proposed by Pozueta-Romero and colleagues that ADPGlc for starch synthesis is produced in the cytosol via ADP-mediated cleavage of sucrose by sucrose synthase. Based on this observation and other published data it was concluded that the generally accepted pathway of starch synthesis from ADPGlc produced by ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase in the chloroplasts is correct, and that the alternative pathway is untenable. Within the pathway of starch synthesis the concentration of ADPGlc was found to be well below the Km value of starch synthase for ADPGlc, indicating that the enzyme is substrate limited. A general finding in the comparison of the Calvin-Benson cycle with the synthesis pathways of sucrose and starch is that many enzymes in the Calvin Benson cycle have active binding site concentrations that are close to the metabolite concentrations, while for nearly all enzymes in the synthesis pathways the active binding site concentrations are much lower than the metabolite concentrations. KW - Pflanze KW - Kohlenstoffmetabolismus KW - Mesophyll KW - Zelle KW - plant KW - carbon metabolism KW - mesophyll KW - cell Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-55534 ER - TY - THES A1 - von Nicolai, Christina T1 - The interplay of salt movements and regional tectonics at the passive continental margin of the South Atlantic, Kwanza Basin Y1 - 2011 CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - von Kleist, Max A1 - Menz, Stephan A1 - Stocker, Hartmut A1 - Arasteh, Keikawus A1 - Schuette, Christof A1 - Huisinga, Wilhelm T1 - HIV quasispecies dynamics during pro-active treatment switching impact on multi-drug resistance and resistance archiving in latent reservoirs JF - PLoS one N2 - The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can be suppressed by highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) in the majority of infected patients. Nevertheless, treatment interruptions inevitably result in viral rebounds from persistent, latently infected cells, necessitating lifelong treatment. Virological failure due to resistance development is a frequent event and the major threat to treatment success. Currently, it is recommended to change treatment after the confirmation of virological failure. However, at the moment virological failure is detected, drug resistant mutants already replicate in great numbers. They infect numerous cells, many of which will turn into latently infected cells. This pool of cells represents an archive of resistance, which has the potential of limiting future treatment options. The objective of this study was to design a treatment strategy for treatment-naive patients that decreases the likelihood of early treatment failure and preserves future treatment options. We propose to apply a single, pro-active treatment switch, following a period of treatment with an induction regimen. The main goal of the induction regimen is to decrease the abundance of randomly generated mutants that confer resistance to the maintenance regimen, thereby increasing subsequent treatment success. Treatment is switched before the overgrowth and archiving of mutant strains that carry resistance against the induction regimen and would limit its future re-use. In silico modelling shows that an optimal trade-off is achieved by switching treatment at & 80 days after the initiation of antiviral therapy. Evaluation of the proposed treatment strategy demonstrated significant improvements in terms of resistance archiving and virological response, as compared to conventional HAART. While continuous pro-active treatment alternation improved the clinical outcome in a randomized trial, our results indicate that a similar improvement might also be reached after a single pro-active treatment switch. The clinical validity of this finding, however, remains to be shown by a corresponding trial. Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0018204 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 6 IS - 3 PB - PLoS CY - San Fransisco ER - TY - GEN A1 - von Humboldt, Alexander T1 - Zenralamerika Y1 - 2011 PB - Univ. CY - San jose ER - TY - BOOK A1 - von Humboldt, Alexander ED - Brignoli, Hector Pérez T1 - Zentralamerika BT - Centroamérica Y1 - 2011 SN - 978-9968-46-276-1 PB - Edit. UCR CY - San José, C.R. ER - TY - JOUR A1 - von der Malsburg, Titus Raban A1 - Vasishth, Shravan T1 - What is the scanpath signature of syntactic reanalysis? JF - Journal of memory and language N2 - Which repair strategy does the language system deploy when it gets garden-pathed, and what can regressive eye movements in reading tell us about reanalysis strategies? Several influential eye-tracking studies on syntactic reanalysis (Frazier & Rayner, 1982; Meseguer, Carreiras, & Clifton, 2002; Mitchell, Shen, Green, & Hodgson, 2008) have addressed this question by examining scanpaths, i.e., sequential patterns of eye fixations. However, in the absence of a suitable method for analyzing scanpaths, these studies relied on simplified dependent measures that are arguably ambiguous and hard to interpret. We address the theoretical question of repair strategy by developing a new method that quantifies scanpath similarity. Our method reveals several distinct fixation strategies associated with reanalysis that went undetected in a previously published data set (Meseguer et al., 2002). One prevalent pattern suggests re-parsing of the sentence, a strategy that has been discussed in the literature (Frazier & Rayner, 1982); however, readers differed tremendously in how they orchestrated the various fixation strategies. Our results suggest that the human parsing system non-deterministically adopts different strategies when confronted with the disambiguating material in garden-path sentences. KW - Reading KW - Syntactic reanalysis KW - Eye movements KW - Parsing KW - Individual differences KW - Scanpaths Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2011.02.004 SN - 0749-596X VL - 65 IS - 2 SP - 109 EP - 127 PB - Elsevier CY - San Diego ER - TY - JOUR A1 - von Bloh, Ute T1 - No concessions made? Law and justice in the epic Loher and Mailer JF - Zeitschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Linguistik N2 - The late mediaeval prose epic Loher und Muller constantly challenges a naive interpretation of what constitutes justice by confronting it over and over again with extreme cases. Generally speaking, 'poetic justice' succeeds in establishing coherence and propel the narrative forward. The constituents of societal norms and of laws are nevertheless relentlessly questioned - to such an extent that the narrative inquiry occasionally departs from the common understanding of justice. With its focus on morality, especially the presence or absence of faith, Loher und Muller is primarily concerned with the potential for conflict inherent in medieval constructions of legality and justice. In doing so, the epic opens up a narrative playground unencumbered by legal constraints as - after all - literature need not comply with medieval jurisdiction and its claims to the validity and scope of its writings. It is literature's privilege to facilitate unfamiliar ways of looking. The playful - but by no means inconsequential - casuistry played out in Loher und Maller gives rise to a 'probable' world tangential to historical reality and its understanding of justice and the law. Y1 - 2011 SN - 0049-8653 VL - 41 IS - 163 SP - 42 EP - 65 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Stuttgart ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Voltmer, Edgar A1 - Spahn, Claudia A1 - Schaarschmidt, Uwe A1 - Kieschke, Ulf T1 - Work-related behavior and experience patterns of entrepreneurs compared to teachers and physicians JF - International archives of occupational and environmental health N2 - Purpose This study examined the status of health-related behavior and experience patterns of entrepreneurs in comparison with teachers and physicians to identify specific health risks and resources. Methods Entrepreneurs (n = 632), teachers (n = 5,196), and physicians (n = 549) were surveyed in a cross-sectional design. The questionnaire Work-related Behavior and Experience Patterns (AVEM) was used for all professions and, in addition, two scales (health prevention and self-confidence) from the Checklist for Entrepreneurs in the sample of entrepreneurs. Results The largest proportion of the entrepreneurs (45%) presented with a healthy pattern (compared with 18.4% teachers and 18.3% physicians). Thirty-eight percent of entrepreneurs showed a risk pattern of overexertion and stress, followed by teachers (28.9%) and physicians (20.6%). Unambitious or burnout patterns were seen in only 9.3/8.2% of entrepreneurs, respectively, and 25.3/27.3% of teachers, and 39.6/21.5% of physicians. While the distribution of patterns in teachers and physicians differed significantly between genders, a gender difference was not found among entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs with the risk pattern of overexertion scored significantly (P < 0.01) lower in self-confidence and health care than those with the healthy pattern. Conclusions The development of a successful enterprise depends, in part, on the health of the entrepreneur. The large proportion of entrepreneurs with the healthy pattern irrespective of gender may support the notion that self-selection effects of healthy individuals in this special career might be important. At the same time, a large proportion was at risk for overexertion and might benefit from measures to cope with professional demands and stress and promote a healthy behavior pattern. KW - Entrepreneurs KW - Physicians KW - Teachers KW - Occupational stress KW - Psychosocial health risks and resources Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-011-0632-9 SN - 0340-0131 VL - 84 IS - 5 SP - 479 EP - 490 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Volger, Helmut A1 - Weiß, Norman T1 - Vorwort JF - Die Vereinten Nationen vor globalen Herausforderungen : Referate der Potsdamer UNO-Konferenzen 2000–2008 Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-60916 SP - 7 EP - 8 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Volger, Helmut T1 - Die Reform der Arbeitsmethoden des Sicherheitsrats – eine Bilanz nach zwei Jahrzehnten JF - Die Vereinten Nationen zehn Jahre nach dem Millenniumsgipfel 2000 - eine Bilanz N2 - Literatur Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-101569 VL - 2011 IS - 9 SP - 39 EP - 51 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Volger, Helmut T1 - Empfehlungen für die zukünftige deutsche UNO-Forschung JF - Die Vereinten Nationen vor globalen Herausforderungen : Referate der Potsdamer UNO-Konferenzen 2000–2008 N2 - Inhalt: - Die deutsche UN-Forschung - Aufgaben der deutschen UN-Forschung - Strukturen der deutschen UN-Forschung - Zentrum für UN-Forschung Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-61246 SP - 399 EP - 407 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Volger, Helmut T1 - Die Arbeit des Forschungskreises Vereinte Nationen JF - Die Vereinten Nationen vor globalen Herausforderungen : Referate der Potsdamer UNO-Konferenzen 2000–2008 N2 - Inhalt: - Die Ziele des Forschungskreises - Welche Ziele wurden erreicht? - Fazit und Ausblick Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-61230 SP - 393 EP - 397 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vojvoda-Engstler, Gabriela T1 - Bosnien als ‚Barzakh‘ BT - der Dritte Raum als Metapher für Identitätskonstruktion in Dževad Karahasans Roman Noćno vijeće JF - Texturen – Identitäten – Theorien : Ergebnisse des Arbeitstreffens des Jungen Forums Slavistische Literaturwissenschaft in Trier 2010 N2 - - Situierung der These - Die narrative Strategie - Schlussbemerkung - Literaturverzeichnis - Zur Autorin Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-58802 SP - 239 EP - 253 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Voigt, Frank T1 - Zum Verhältnis von Theorie und Praxis im Lehramtsstudium JF - Potsdamer Beiträge zur Hochschulforschung Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-52776 SN - 2192-1075 SN - 2192-1083 IS - 1 SP - 309 EP - 315 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Voigt, Andrea A1 - Scheffler, Christiane T1 - Manual abilities of the elderly - handgrip strength, finger and thumb push strength and opening strength in age comparison Y1 - 2011 SN - 0003-5548 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Voigt, Andrea A1 - Scheffler, Christiane T1 - Manual abilities of the elderly - handgrip strength, finger and thumb push strength and opening strength in age comparison JF - Journal of biological and clinical anthropology : Anthropologischer Anzeiger ; Mitteilungsorgan der Gesellschaft für Anthropologie N2 - The purpose of this paper is to display the static strength capacities of healthy adults in different age categories. A total of 279 healthy German adults at the ages of 20 to 29 years, 50 to 59 years and 60 to 69 years generated their maximum static handgrip, index finger and thumb push strength, as well as their maximum opening strength on a smooth jar lid of 85 mm diameter and on a knurled bottle lid of 31 mm with their right hand. The results show larger male strength than female strength. Significant age-induced differences appear primarily in opening strengths between the age groups 20 to 29 and 50 to 59 years in male subjects and in female opening strengths between the age groups 20 to 29 and 60 to 69 years as well as between the age groups 50 to 59 and 60 to 69 years. Of greatest interest is that elderly men show the largest opening strengths. KW - elderly KW - torque KW - handgrip strength KW - opening strength Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1127/0003-5548/2011/0090 SN - 0003-5548 VL - 68 IS - 2 SP - 167 EP - 173 PB - Schweizerbart CY - Stuttgart ER -