TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Zhou, Wei A1 - Shu, Hua A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Perceptual span depends on font size during the reading of chinese sentences JF - Journal of experimental psychology : Learning, memory, and cognition N2 - The present study explored the perceptual span (i.e., the physical extent of an area from which useful visual information is extracted during a single fixation) during the reading of Chinese sentences in 2 experiments. In Experiment 1, we tested whether the rightward span can go beyond 3 characters when visually similar masks were used. Results showed that Chinese readers needed at least 4 characters to the right of fixation to maintain a normal reading behavior when visually similar masks were used and when characters were displayed in small fonts, indicating that the span is dynamically influenced by masking materials. In Experiments 2 and 3, we asked whether the perceptual span varies as a function of font size in spaced (German) and unspaced (Chinese) scripts. Results clearly suggest perceptual span depends on font size in Chinese, but we failed to find such evidence for German. We propose that the perceptual span in Chinese is flexible; it is strongly constrained by its language-specific properties such as high information density and lack of word spacing. Implications for saccade-target selection during the reading of Chinese sentences are discussed. KW - eye movements KW - parafoveal processing KW - perceptual span KW - Chinese reading Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038097 SN - 0278-7393 SN - 1939-1285 VL - 41 IS - 1 SP - 209 EP - 219 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - THES A1 - Wotschack, Christiane T1 - Eye movements in reading strategies : how reading strategies modulate effects of distributed processing and oculomotor control T1 - Lesestrategien und Blickbewegungen : wie Lesestrategien Effekte der verteilten Verarbeitung und der okulomotorischen Kontrolle modulieren N2 - Throughout its empirical research history eye movement research has always been aware of the differences in reading behavior induced by individual differences and task demands. This work introduces a novel comprehensive concept of reading strategy, comprising individual differences in reading style and reading skill as well as reader goals. In a series of sentence reading experiments recording eye movements, the influence of reading strategies on reader- and word-level effects assuming distributed processing has been investigated. Results provide evidence for strategic, top-down influences on eye movement control that extend our understanding of eye guidance in reading. N2 - Seit Beginn der Blickbewegungsforschung beim Lesen ist man sich über Unterschiede im Blickverhalten bewusst, die im Zusammenhang mit individuellen Unterschieden oder Aufgabenanforderungen stehen. Unter dem Begriff ‚Lesestrategie’ wurden diese Unterschiede hauptsächlich für diagnostische Zwecke verwendet. Diese Studie verwendet eine neue, umfassende Definition von Lesestrategie und berücksichtigt sowohl individuelle Unterschiede in Lesestil und Lesevermögen als auch Ziel und Intention des Lesers. In einer Reihe von Satzleseexperimenten, bei denen die Blickbewegungen aufgezeichnet wurden, wurde der Einfluss von Lesestrategien auf Effekte der Leser-und Wortebene untersucht, wobei eine verteilte Verarbeitung beim Lesen angenommen wird. Die Ergebnisse liefern Evidenzen für strategische, top-down Einflüsse auf die Blickbewegungen und leisten einen wichtigen Beitrag für das bessere Verständnis der Blickbewegungskontrolle beim Lesen. T3 - Spektrum Patholinguistik - Schriften - 1 KW - Blickbewegungen KW - Satzlesen KW - Lesestrategie KW - verteilte Verarbeitung KW - individuelle Unterschiede KW - eye movements KW - sentence reading KW - reading strategy KW - distributed processing KW - individual differences Y1 - 2009 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-36846 SN - 978-3-86956-021-2 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Werner, Karsten A1 - Raab, Markus A1 - Fischer, Martin H. T1 - Moving arms BT - the effects of sensorimotor information on the problem-solving process JF - Thinking & Reasoning N2 - Embodied cognition postulates a bi-directional link between the human body and its cognitive functions. Whether this holds for higher cognitive functions such as problem solving is unknown. We predicted that arm movement manipulations performed by the participants could affect the problem-solving solutions. We tested this prediction in quantitative reasoning tasks that allowed two solutions to each problem (addition or subtraction). In two studies with healthy adults (N=53 and N=50), we found an effect of problem-congruent movements on problem solutions. Consistent with embodied cognition, sensorimotor information gained via right or left arm movements affects the solution in different types of problem-solving tasks. KW - Embodied cognition KW - eye movements KW - problem solving Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/13546783.2018.1494630 SN - 1354-6783 SN - 1464-0708 VL - 25 IS - 2 SP - 171 EP - 191 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - GEN A1 - Werner, Karsten A1 - Raab, Markus A1 - Fischer, Martin H. T1 - Moving arms BT - the effects of sensorimotor information on the problem-solving process T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Embodied cognition postulates a bi-directional link between the human body and its cognitive functions. Whether this holds for higher cognitive functions such as problem solving is unknown. We predicted that arm movement manipulations performed by the participants could affect the problem-solving solutions. We tested this prediction in quantitative reasoning tasks that allowed two solutions to each problem (addition or subtraction). In two studies with healthy adults (N=53 and N=50), we found an effect of problem-congruent movements on problem solutions. Consistent with embodied cognition, sensorimotor information gained via right or left arm movements affects the solution in different types of problem-solving tasks. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 488 KW - embodied cognition KW - eye movements KW - problem solving Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-420579 UR - urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-420579 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 488 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Trukenbrod, Hans Arne A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - Eye movements in a sequential scanning task - evidence for distributed processing JF - Journal of vision N2 - Current models of eye movement control are derived from theories assuming serial processing of single items or from theories based on parallel processing of multiple items at a time. This issue has persisted because most investigated paradigms generated data compatible with both serial and parallel models. Here, we study eye movements in a sequential scanning task, where stimulus n indicates the position of the next stimulus n + 1. We investigate whether eye movements are controlled by sequential attention shifts when the task requires serial order of processing. Our measures of distributed processing in the form of parafoveal-on-foveal effects, long-range modulations of target selection, and skipping saccades provide evidence against models strictly based on serial attention shifts. We conclude that our results lend support to parallel processing as a strategy for eye movement control. KW - eye movements KW - distributed processing KW - sequential attention shifts KW - parafoveal-on-foveal effects KW - skipping costs/benefits Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1167/12.1.5 SN - 1534-7362 VL - 12 IS - 1 PB - Association for Research in Vision and Opthalmology CY - Rockville ER - TY - GEN A1 - Sinn, Petra A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - Saccadic facilitation by modulation of microsaccades in natural backgrounds T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Saccades move objects of interest into the center of the visual field for high-acuity visual analysis. White, Stritzke, and Gegenfurtner (Current Biology, 18, 124–128, 2008) have shown that saccadic latencies in the context of a structured background are much shorter than those with an unstructured background at equal levels of visibility. This effect has been explained by possible preactivation of the saccadic circuitry whenever a structured background acts as a mask for potential saccade targets. Here, we show that background textures modulate rates of microsaccades during visual fixation. First, after a display change, structured backgrounds induce a stronger decrease of microsaccade rates than do uniform backgrounds. Second, we demonstrate that the occurrence of a microsaccade in a critical time window can delay a subsequent saccadic response. Taken together, our findings suggest that microsaccades contribute to the saccadic facilitation effect, due to a modulation of microsaccade rates by properties of the background. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 595 KW - eye movements KW - microsaccade KW - saccade latency KW - background texture KW - saccadic facilitation effect Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-431817 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 595 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Seelig, Stefan A. A1 - Rabe, Maximilian Michael A1 - Malem-Shinitski, Noa A1 - Risse, Sarah A1 - Reich, Sebastian A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - Bayesian parameter estimation for the SWIFT model of eye-movement control during reading JF - Journal of mathematical psychology N2 - Process-oriented theories of cognition must be evaluated against time-ordered observations. Here we present a representative example for data assimilation of the SWIFT model, a dynamical model of the control of fixation positions and fixation durations during natural reading of single sentences. First, we develop and test an approximate likelihood function of the model, which is a combination of a spatial, pseudo-marginal likelihood and a temporal likelihood obtained by probability density approximation Second, we implement a Bayesian approach to parameter inference using an adaptive Markov chain Monte Carlo procedure. Our results indicate that model parameters can be estimated reliably for individual subjects. We conclude that approximative Bayesian inference represents a considerable step forward for computational models of eye-movement control, where modeling of individual data on the basis of process-based dynamic models has not been possible so far. KW - dynamical models KW - reading KW - eye movements KW - saccades KW - likelihood function KW - Bayesian inference KW - MCMC KW - interindividual differences Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2019.102313 SN - 0022-2496 SN - 1096-0880 VL - 95 PB - Elsevier CY - San Diego ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schütt, Heiko Herbert A1 - Rothkegel, Lars Oliver Martin A1 - Trukenbrod, Hans Arne A1 - Reich, Sebastian A1 - Wichmann, Felix A. A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - Likelihood-based parameter estimation and comparison of dynamical cognitive models JF - Psychological Review N2 - Dynamical models of cognition play an increasingly important role in driving theoretical and experimental research in psychology. Therefore, parameter estimation, model analysis and comparison of dynamical models are of essential importance. In this article, we propose a maximum likelihood approach for model analysis in a fully dynamical framework that includes time-ordered experimental data. Our methods can be applied to dynamical models for the prediction of discrete behavior (e.g., movement onsets); in particular, we use a dynamical model of saccade generation in scene viewing as a case study for our approach. For this model, the likelihood function can be computed directly by numerical simulation, which enables more efficient parameter estimation including Bayesian inference to obtain reliable estimates and corresponding credible intervals. Using hierarchical models inference is even possible for individual observers. Furthermore, our likelihood approach can be used to compare different models. In our example, the dynamical framework is shown to outperform nondynamical statistical models. Additionally, the likelihood based evaluation differentiates model variants, which produced indistinguishable predictions on hitherto used statistics. Our results indicate that the likelihood approach is a promising framework for dynamical cognitive models. KW - likelihood KW - model fitting KW - dynamical model KW - eye movements KW - model comparison Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000068 SN - 0033-295X SN - 1939-1471 VL - 124 IS - 4 SP - 505 EP - 524 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schütt, Heiko Herbert A1 - Rothkegel, Lars Oliver Martin A1 - Trukenbrod, Hans Arne A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Wichmann, Felix A. T1 - Disentangling bottom-up versus top-down and low-level versus high-level influences on eye movements over time JF - Journal of vision N2 - Bottom-up and top-down as well as low-level and high-level factors influence where we fixate when viewing natural scenes. However, the importance of each of these factors and how they interact remains a matter of debate. Here, we disentangle these factors by analyzing their influence over time. For this purpose, we develop a saliency model that is based on the internal representation of a recent early spatial vision model to measure the low-level, bottom-up factor. To measure the influence of high-level, bottom-up features, we use a recent deep neural network-based saliency model. To account for top-down influences, we evaluate the models on two large data sets with different tasks: first, a memorization task and, second, a search task. Our results lend support to a separation of visual scene exploration into three phases: the first saccade, an initial guided exploration characterized by a gradual broadening of the fixation density, and a steady state that is reached after roughly 10 fixations. Saccade-target selection during the initial exploration and in the steady state is related to similar areas of interest, which are better predicted when including high-level features. In the search data set, fixation locations are determined predominantly by top-down processes. In contrast, the first fixation follows a different fixation density and contains a strong central fixation bias. Nonetheless, first fixations are guided strongly by image properties, and as early as 200 ms after image onset, fixations are better predicted by high-level information. We conclude that any low-level, bottom-up factors are mainly limited to the generation of the first saccade. All saccades are better explained when high-level features are considered, and later, this high-level, bottom-up control can be overruled by top-down influences. KW - saliency KW - fixations KW - natural scenes KW - visual search KW - eye movements Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1167/19.3.1 SN - 1534-7362 VL - 19 IS - 3 PB - Association for Research in Vision and Opthalmology CY - Rockville ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwetlick, Lisa A1 - Backhaus, Daniel A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - A dynamical scan-path model for task-dependence during scene viewing JF - Psychological review N2 - In real-world scene perception, human observers generate sequences of fixations to move image patches into the high-acuity center of the visual field. Models of visual attention developed over the last 25 years aim to predict two-dimensional probabilities of gaze positions for a given image via saliency maps. Recently, progress has been made on models for the generation of scan paths under the constraints of saliency as well as attentional and oculomotor restrictions. Experimental research demonstrated that task constraints can have a strong impact on viewing behavior. Here, we propose a scan-path model for both fixation positions and fixation durations, which include influences of task instructions and interindividual differences. Based on an eye-movement experiment with four different task conditions, we estimated model parameters for each individual observer and task condition using a fully Bayesian dynamical modeling framework using a joint spatial-temporal likelihood approach with sequential estimation. Resulting parameter values demonstrate that model properties such as the attentional span are adjusted to task requirements. Posterior predictive checks indicate that our dynamical model can reproduce task differences in scan-path statistics across individual observers. KW - scene viewing KW - eye movements KW - task dependence KW - individual differences; KW - Bayesian inference Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000379 SN - 0033-295X SN - 1939-1471 VL - 130 IS - 3 SP - 807 EP - 840 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schotter, Elizabeth Roye A1 - von der Malsburg, Titus Raban A1 - Leinenger, Mallorie T1 - Forced Fixations, Trans-Saccadic Integration, and Word Recognition BT - Evidence for a Hybrid Mechanism of Saccade Triggering in Reading JF - Journal of experimental psychology : Learning, memory, and cognition N2 - Recent studies using the gaze-contingent boundary paradigm reported a reversed preview benefit- shorter fixations on a target word when an unrelated preview was easier to process than the fixated target (Schotter & Leinenger, 2016). This is explained viaforeedfixatiotzs-short fixations on words that would ideally be skipped (because lexical processing has progressed enough) but could not be because saccade planning reached a point of no return. This contrasts with accounts of preview effects via trans-saccadic integration-shorter fixations on a target word when the preview is more similar to it (see Cutter. Drieghe, & Liversedge, 2015). In addition, if the previewed word-not the fixated target-determines subsequent eye movements, is it also this word that enters the linguistic processing stream? We tested these accounts by having 24 subjects read 150 sentences in the boundary paradigm in which both the preview and target were initially plausible but later one, both, or neither became implausible, providing an opportunity to probe which one was linguistically encoded. In an intervening buffer region, both words were plausible, providing an opportunity to investigate trans-saccadic integration. The frequency of the previewed word affected progressive saccades (i.e.. forced fixations) as well as when transsaccadic integration failure increased regressions, but, only the implausibility of the target word affected semantic encoding. These data support a hybrid account of saccadic control (Reingold, Reichle. Glaholt, & Sheridan, 2012) driven by incomplete (often parafoveal) word recognition, which occurs prior to complete (often foveal) word recognition. KW - parafoveal processing KW - word recognition KW - regressive saccades KW - eye movements KW - reading Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000617 SN - 0278-7393 SN - 1939-1285 VL - 45 IS - 4 SP - 677 EP - 688 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rothkegel, Lars Oliver Martin A1 - Trukenbrod, Hans Arne A1 - Schütt, Heiko Herbert A1 - Wichmann, Felix A. A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - Temporal evolution of the central fixation bias in scene viewing JF - Journal of vision N2 - When watching the image of a natural scene on a computer screen, observers initially move their eyes toward the center of the image—a reliable experimental finding termed central fixation bias. This systematic tendency in eye guidance likely masks attentional selection driven by image properties and top-down cognitive processes. Here, we show that the central fixation bias can be reduced by delaying the initial saccade relative to image onset. In four scene-viewing experiments we manipulated observers' initial gaze position and delayed their first saccade by a specific time interval relative to the onset of an image. We analyzed the distance to image center over time and show that the central fixation bias of initial fixations was significantly reduced after delayed saccade onsets. We additionally show that selection of the initial saccade target strongly depended on the first saccade latency. A previously published model of saccade generation was extended with a central activation map on the initial fixation whose influence declined with increasing saccade latency. This extension was sufficient to replicate the central fixation bias from our experiments. Our results suggest that the central fixation bias is generated by default activation as a response to the sudden image onset and that this default activation pattern decreases over time. Thus, it may often be preferable to use a modified version of the scene viewing paradigm that decouples image onset from the start signal for scene exploration to explicitly reduce the central fixation bias. KW - eye movements KW - dynamic models KW - visual scanpath KW - visual attention Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1167/17.13.3 SN - 1534-7362 VL - 17 SP - 1626 EP - 1638 PB - Association for Research in Vision and Opthalmology CY - Rockville ER - TY - THES A1 - Rothkegel, Lars Oliver Martin T1 - Human scanpaths in natural scene viewing and natural scene search T1 - Menschliche Blickspuren beim Betrachten und Durchsuchen natürlicher Szenen BT - the role of systematic eye-movement tendencies N2 - Understanding how humans move their eyes is an important part for understanding the functioning of the visual system. Analyzing eye movements from observations of natural scenes on a computer screen is a step to understand human visual behavior in the real world. When analyzing eye-movement data from scene-viewing experiments, the impor- tant questions are where (fixation locations), how long (fixation durations) and when (ordering of fixations) participants fixate on an image. By answering these questions, computational models can be developed which predict human scanpaths. Models serve as a tool to understand the underlying cognitive processes while observing an image, especially the allocation of visual attention. The goal of this thesis is to provide new contributions to characterize and model human scanpaths on natural scenes. The results from this thesis will help to understand and describe certain systematic eye-movement tendencies, which are mostly independent of the image. One eye-movement tendency I focus on throughout this thesis is the tendency to fixate more in the center of an image than on the outer parts, called the central fixation bias. Another tendency, which I will investigate thoroughly, is the characteristic distribution of angles between successive eye movements. The results serve to evaluate and improve a previously published model of scanpath generation from our laboratory, the SceneWalk model. Overall, six experiments were conducted for this thesis which led to the following five core results: i) A spatial inhibition of return can be found in scene-viewing data. This means that locations which have already been fixated are afterwards avoided for a certain time interval (Chapter 2). ii) The initial fixation position when observing an image has a long-lasting influence of up to five seconds on further scanpath progression (Chapter 2 & 3). iii) The often described central fixation bias on images depends strongly on the duration of the initial fixation. Long-lasting initial fixations lead to a weaker central fixation bias than short fixations (Chapter 2 & 3). iv) Human observers adjust their basic eye-movement parameters, like fixation dura- tions and saccade amplitudes, to the visual properties of a target they look for in visual search (Chapter 4). v) The angle between two adjacent saccades is an indicator for the selectivity of the upcoming saccade target (Chapter 4). All results emphasize the importance of systematic behavioral eye-movement tenden- cies and dynamic aspects of human scanpaths in scene viewing. N2 - Die Art und Weise, wie wir unsere Augen bewegen, ist ein bedeutender Aspekt des visuellen Systems. Die Analyse von Augenbewegungen beim Betrachten natürlicher Szenen auf einem Bildschirm soll helfen, natürliches Blickverhalten zu verstehen. Durch Beantwortung der Fragen wohin (Fixationsposition), wie lange (Fixationsdauern) und wann (Reihenfolge von Fixationen) Versuchspersonen auf einem Bild fixieren, lassen sich computationale Modelle entwickeln, welche Blickspuren auf natürlichen Bildern vorhersagen. Modelle sind ein Werkzeug, um zugrunde liegende kognitive Prozesse, insbesondere die Zuweisung visueller Aufmerksamkeit, während der Betrachtung von Bildern zu verstehen. Das Ziel der hier vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, neue Beitr¨age zur Modellierung und Charakterisierung menschlicher Blickspuren auf natürlichen Szenen zu liefern. Speziell systematische Blicksteuerungstendenzen, welche größtenteils unabhängig vom betrachteten Bild sind, sollen durch die vorliegenden Studien besser verstanden und beschrieben werden. Eine dieser Tendenzen, welche ich gezielt untersuche, ist die Neigung von Versuchspersonen, die Mitte eines Bildes häufiger als äußere Bildregionen zu fixieren. Außerdem wird die charakteristische Verteilung der Winkel zwischen zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Sakkaden systematisch untersucht. Die Ergebnisse dienen der Evaluation und Verbesserung des SceneWalk Modells für Blicksteuerung aus unserer Arbeitsgruppe. Insgesamt wurden 6 Experimente durchgeführt, welche zu den folgenden fünf Kernbefunden führten: i) Ein örtlicher inhibition of return kann in Blickbewegungsdaten von Szenenbetrachtungsexperimenten gefunden werden. Das bedeutet, fixierte Positionen werden nach der Fixation für einen bestimmten Zeitraum gemieden (Kapitel 2). ii) Die Startposition der Betrachtung eines Bildes hat einen langanhaltenden Einfluss von bis zu fünf Sekunden auf die nachfolgende Blickspur (Kapitel 2 & 3). iii) Die viel beschriebene zentrale Fixationstendenz auf Bildern hängt davon ab, wie lange die erste Fixation dauert. Lange initiale Fixationen führen zu deutlich geringerer zentraler Fixationstendenz als kurze Fixationen (Kapitel 2 & 3). iv) Menschliche Betrachter passen Fixationsdauern und Sakkadenamplituden an die visuellen Eigenschaften eines Zielreizes in visueller Suche an (Kapitel 4). v) Der Winkel zwischen zwei Sakkaden ist ein Indikator dafür, wie selektiv das Ziel der zweiten Sakkade ist (Kapitel 4). Alle Ergebnisse betonen die Wichtigkeit von systematischem Blickbewegungsverhalten und dynamischen Aspekten menschlicher Blickspuren beim Betrachten von natürlichen Szenen. KW - eye movements KW - scene viewing KW - computational modeling KW - scanpaths KW - visual attention KW - Augenbewegungen KW - Szenenbetrachtung KW - Computationale Modellierung KW - Blickspuren KW - Visuelle Aufmerksamkeit Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-420005 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Risse, Sarah A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Evidence for delayed Parafoveal-on-Foveal effects from word n+2 in reading JF - Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance N2 - During reading information is acquired from word(s) beyond the word that is currently looked at. It is still an open question whether such parafoveal information can influence the current viewing of a word, and if so, whether such parafoveal-on-foveal effects are attributable to distributed processing or to mislocated fixations which occur when the eyes are directed at a parafoveal word but land on another word instead. In two display-change experiments, we orthogonally manipulated the preview and target difficulty of word n+2 to investigate the role of mislocated fixations on the previous word n+1. When the eyes left word n, an easy or difficult word n+2 preview was replaced by an easy or difficult n+2 target word. In Experiment 1, n+2 processing difficulty was manipulated by means of word frequency (i.e., easy high-frequency vs. difficult low-frequency word n+2). In Experiment 2, we varied the visual familiarity of word n+2 (i.e., easy lower-case vs. difficult alternating-case writing). Fixations on the short word n+1, which were likely to be mislocated, were nevertheless not influenced by the difficulty of the adjacent word n+2, the hypothesized target of the mislocated fixation. Instead word n+1 was influenced by the preview difficulty of word n+2, representing a delayed parafoveal-on-foveal effect. The results challenge the mislocated-fixation hypothesis as an explanation of parafoveal-on-foveal effects and provide new insight into the complex spatial and temporal effect structure of processing inside the perceptual span during reading. KW - perceptual span KW - n+2-boundary paradigm KW - preview benefit KW - parafoveal-on-foveal effect KW - mislocated fixations KW - eye movements Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027735 SN - 0096-1523 VL - 38 IS - 4 SP - 1026 EP - 1042 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Risse, Sarah A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Dissociating preview validity and preview difficulty in parafoveal processing of word n+1 during reading JF - Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance N2 - Many studies have shown that previewing the next word n + 1 during reading leads to substantial processing benefit (e.g., shorter word viewing times) when this word is eventually fixated. However, evidence of such preprocessing in fixations on the preceding word n when in fact the information about the preview is acquired is far less consistent. A recent study suggested that such effects may be delayed into fixations on the next word n + 1 (Risse & Kliegl, 2012). To investigate the time course of parafoveal information-acquisition on the control of eye movements during reading, we conducted 2 gaze-contingent display-change experiments and orthogonally manipulated the processing difficulty (i.e., word frequency) of an n + 1 preview word and its validity relative to the target word. Preview difficulty did not affect fixation durations on the pretarget word n but on the target word n + 1. In fact, the delayed preview-difficulty effect was almost of the same size as the preview benefit associated with the n + 1 preview validity. Based on additional results from quantile-regression analyses on the time course of the 2 preview effects, we discuss consequences as to the integration of foveal and parafoveal information and potential implications for computational models of eye guidance in reading. KW - display-change awareness KW - eye movements KW - parafoveal-on-foveal effect KW - parafoveal preview benefit KW - perceptual span Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034997 SN - 0096-1523 SN - 1939-1277 VL - 40 IS - 2 SP - 653 EP - 668 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - THES A1 - Risse, Sarah T1 - Processing in the perceptual span : investigations with the n+2-boundary paradigm T1 - Verarbeitung in der Wahrnehmungsspanne : Untersuchungen mit dem n+2-Boundary Paradigm N2 - Cognitive psychology is traditionally interested in the interaction of perception, cognition, and behavioral control. Investigating eye movements in reading constitutes a field of research in which the processes and interactions of these subsystems can be studied in a well-defined environment. Thereby, the following questions are pursued: How much information is visually perceived during a fixation, how is processing achieved and temporally coordinated from visual letter encoding to final sentence comprehension, and how do such processes reflect on behavior such as the control of the eyes’ movements during reading. Various theoretical models have been proposed to account for the specific eye-movement behavior in reading (for a review see Reichle, Rayner, & Pollatsek, 2003). Some models are based on the idea of shifting attention serially from one word to the next within the sentence whereas others propose distributed attention allocating processing resources to more than one word at a time. As attention is assumed to drive word recognition processes one major difference between these models is that word processing must either occur in strict serial order, or that word processing is achieved in parallel. In spite of this crucial difference in the time course of word processing, both model classes perform well on explaining many of the benchmark effects in reading. In fact, there seems to be not much empirical evidence that challenges the models to a point at which their basic assumptions could be falsified. One issue often perceived as being decisive in the debate on serial and parallel word processing is how not-yet-fixated words to the right of fixation affect eye movements. Specifically, evidence is discussed as to what spatial extent such parafoveal words are previewed and how this influences current and subsequent word processing. Four experiments investigated parafoveal processing close to the spatial limits of the perceptual span. The present work aims to go beyond mere existence proofs of previewing words at such spatial distances. Introducing a manipulation that dissociates the sources of long-range preview effects, benefits and costs of parafoveal processing can be investigated in a single analysis and the differing impact is tracked across a three-word target region. In addition, the same manipulation evaluates the role of oculomotor error as the cause of non-local distributed effects. In this respect, the results contribute to a better understanding of the time course of word processing inside the perceptual span and attention allocation during reading. N2 - Die kognitive Psychologie beschäftigt sich traditionell mit dem Zusammenspiel von Wahrnehmung, Kognition und Verhaltenssteuerung. Die Untersuchung von Blickbewegungen beim Lesen bildet dabei ein Forschungsfeld, in dem die Prozesse und Interaktionen dieser Subsysteme in einem klar definierten Rahmen untersucht werden können. Dabei geht es speziell um die Frage, wie viel Information visuell wahrgenommen wird, wie die kognitive Weiterverarbeitung der visuellen Buchstabeninformation über lexikalische Wortverarbeitung hin zu einem inhaltlichen Satzverständnis zeitlich koordiniert ist, und wie sich diese Prozesse auf das Verhalten – die Steuerung der Blickbewegung – auswirken. Verschiedene Modelle zur Erklärung des spezifischen Blickbewegungsverhaltens beim Lesen wurden vorgeschlagen (für einen Überblick siehe Reichle, Rayner, & Pollatsek, 2003). Einige Modelle basieren auf der Annahme serieller Aufmerksamkeitsverschiebung von Wort zu Wort, wohingegen andere verteilte Aufmerksamkeit auf eine Region mehrerer Wörter im Satz gleichzeitig annehmen. Da Aufmerksamkeit eng mit der eigentlichen Wortverarbeitung assoziiert ist, besteht ein wesentlicher Unterschied zwischen den Modellen darin, dass die eigentlichen Wortverarbeitungsprozesse entweder ebenfalls strikt seriell oder parallel erfolgen. Trotz solch entscheidender Unterschiede im zeitlichen Verlauf der Wortverarbeitung können beide Modellklassen viele der Benchmark-Effekte beim Lesen hinreichend erklären. Tatsächlich scheint es nicht viel empirische Evidenz zu geben, die die Grundannahmen der Modelle falsifizieren könnte. Die Frage, ob und wie noch nicht direkt angesehene Wörter rechts der Fixation die Blickbewegung beeinflussen, wird in der Debatte über serielle oder parallele Wortverarbeitung oft als entscheidend betrachtet. Insbesondere wird diskutiert, bis zu welcher Entfernung parafoveale Wörter vorverarbeitet werden und wie das die gegenwärtige und folgende Wortverarbeitung beeinflusst. In einer Serie von vier Leseexperimenten wurde die Vorverarbeitung von Wörtern an den Grenzen der Wahrnehmungsspanne untersucht. Die vorliegende Arbeit versucht zudem, über einen einfachen Existenzbeweis der Vorverarbeitung von Wörtern in solchen Distanzen hinaus zu gehen. Mit einer Manipulation, die verschiedene Quellen solcher weitreichenden Vorverarbeitungseffekte dissoziiert, können Nutzen und Kosten der parafovealen Vorschau in einer einzigen Analyse untersucht und über eine Zielregion von drei Wörtern hinweg verfolgt werden. Dieselbe Manipulation überprüft gleichzeitig die Rolle okulomotorischer Fehler als Ursache für nicht lokale, verteilte Effekte beim Lesen. Die Ergebnisse tragen zu einem differenzierteren Verständnis der Wortverarbeitung in der Wahrnehmungsspanne und der zeitlich-räumlichen Verteilung der Aufmerksamkeit beim Lesen bei. KW - Blickbewegungen KW - Lesen KW - parafoveale Wortverarbeitung KW - Aufmerksamkeit KW - Preview Benefit KW - eye movements KW - reading KW - parafoveal processing KW - attention KW - preview benefit Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-60414 ER - TY - THES A1 - Rettig, Anja T1 - Learning to read in German BT - eye movements and the perceptual span of German beginning readers and their relation to reading motivation BT - Blickbewegungen und die perzentuelle Lesespanne von deutschsprachigen Leseanfängern und der Zusammenhang zur Lesemotivation N2 - In the present dissertation, the development of eye movement behavior and the perceptual span of German beginning readers was investigated in Grades 1 to 3 (Study 1) and longitudinally within a one-year time interval (Study 2), as well as in relation to intrinsic and extrinsic reading motivation (Study 3). The presented results are intended to fill the gap of only sparse information on young readers’ eye movements and completely missing information on German young readers’ perceptual span and its development. On the other hand, reading motivation data have been scrutinized with respect to reciprocal effects on reading comprehension but not with respect to more immediate, basic cognitive processing (e.g., word decoding) that is indicated by different eye movement measures. Based on a longitudinal study design, children in Grades 1–3 participated in a moving window reading experiment with eye movement recordings in two successive years. All children were participants of a larger longitudinal study on intrapersonal developmental risk factors in childhood and adolescence (PIER study). Motivation data and other psychometric reading data were collected during individual inquiries and tests at school. Data analyses were realized in three separate studies that focused on different but related aspects of reading and perceptual span development. Study 1 presents the first cross-sectional report on the perceptual span of beginning German readers. The focus was on reading rate changes in Grades 1 to 3 and on the issue of the onset of the perceptual span development and its dependence on basic foveal reading processes. Study 2 presents a successor of Study 1 providing first longitudinal data of the perceptual span in elementary school children. It also includes information on the stability of observed and predicted reading rates and perceptual span sizes and introduces a new measure of the perceptual span based on nonlinear mixed-effects models. Another issue addressed in this study is the longitudinal between-group comparison of slower and faster readers which refers to the detection of developmental patterns. Study 3 includes longitudinal reading motivation data and investigates the relation between different eye movement measures including perceptual span and intrinsic as well as extrinsic reading motivation. In Study 1, a decelerated increase in reading rate was observed between Grades 1 to 3. Grade effects were also reported for saccade length, refixation probability, and different fixation duration measures. With higher grade, mean saccade length increased, whereas refixation probability, first-fixation duration, gaze duration, and total reading time decreased. Perceptual span development was indicated by an increase in window size effects with grade level. Grade level differences with respect to window size effects were stronger between Grades 2 and 3 than between Grades 1 and 2. These results were replicated longitudinally in Study 2. Again, perceptual span size significantly changed between Grades 2 and 3, but not between Grades 1 and 2 or Grades 3 and 4. Observed and predicted reading rates were found to be highly stable after first grade, whereas stability of perceptual span was only moderate for all grade levels. Group differences between slower and faster readers in Year 1 remained observable in Year 2 showing a pattern of stable achievement differences rather than a compensatory pattern. Between Grades 2 and 3, between-group differences in reading rate even increased resulting in a Matthew effect. A similar effect was observed for perceptual span development between Grades 3 and 4. Finally, in Study 3, significant relations between beginning readers’ eye movements and their reading motivation were observed. In both years of measurement, higher intrinsic reading motivation was related to more skilled eye movement patterns as indicated by short fixations, longer saccades, and higher reading rates. In Year 2, intrinsic reading motivation was also significantly and negatively correlated with refixation probability. These correlational patterns were confirmed in cross-sectional linear models controlling for grade level and reading amount and including both reading motivation measures, extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. While there were significant positive relations between intrinsic reading motivation and word decoding as indicated by the above stated eye movement measures, extrinsic reading motivation only predicted variance in eye movements in Year 2 (significant for fixation durations and reading rate), with a consistently opposite pattern of effects as compared to intrinsic reading motivation. Finally, longitudinal effects of Year 1 intrinsic reading motivation on Year 2 word decoding were observed for gaze duration, total reading time, refixation probability, and perceptual span within cross-lagged panel models. These effects were reciprocal because all eye movement measures significantly predicted variance in intrinsic reading motivation. Extrinsic reading motivation in Year 1 did not affect any eye movement measure in Year 2, and vice versa, except for a significant, negative relation with perceptual span. Concluding, the present dissertation demonstrates that largest gains in reading development in terms of eye movement changes are observable between Grades 1 and 2. Together with the observed pattern of stable differences between slower and faster readers and a widening achievement gap between Grades 2 and 3 for reading rate, these results underline the importance of the first year(s) of formal reading instruction. The development of the perceptual span lags behind as it is most apparent between Grades 2 and 3. This suggests that efficient parafoveal processing presupposes a certain degree of foveal reading proficiency (e.g., word decoding). Finally, this dissertation demonstrates that intrinsic reading motivation—but not extrinsic motivation—effectively supports the development of skilled reading. N2 - In der vorliegenden Dissertation wurde die Entwicklung der Blickbewegungen und der perzeptuellen Lesespanne von deutschsprachigen Leseanfängern in den Klassenstufen 1–3 im Querschnitt (Studie 1) als auch im Längsschnitt innerhalb eines Jahres (Studie 2) sowie hinsichtlich des Zusammenhangs mit der intrinsischen und der extrinsischen Lesemotivation (Studie 3) untersucht. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit stellen einen bedeutsamen empirischen Beitrag zur ansonsten verhältnismäßig eher spärlichen empirisch-experimentellen Forschung zur frühen Leseentwicklung dar und liefern erste Erkenntnisse über die perzeptuelle Spanne von jungen deutschsprachigen Lesern. Des Weiteren wurde Neuland betreten, indem Blickdaten im Zusammenhang mit Lesemotivationsdaten ausgewertet wurden. Während es umfangreiche Forschungsarbeiten zum reziproken Zusammenhang zwischen Lesemotivation und dem Leserverstehen gibt, ist kaum etwas zu wechselseitigen Lesemotivationseffekten in Bezug auf basale kognitive Prozesse (z.B. die Wort-Dekodierung), wie sie durch verschiedene Blickbewegungsmaße indiziert werden, bekannt. Auf Grundlage eines längsschnittlichen Untersuchungsdesigns nahmen Kinder der Klassenstufen 1–3 in zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Jahren an einem Moving-Window-Leseexperiment mit manipuliertem Text teil. Alle Kinder waren Teilnehmer einer größeren Längsschnittstudie zur Untersuchung von intrapersonellen Risikofaktoren im Kindes- und Jugendalter (PIER-Studie). In individuellen Befragungen und Testungen in den Schulen wurden u.a. auch Lesemotivations- und andere psychometrische Lesedaten erhoben. Die im Labor erfassten Blickdaten wurden zusammen mit diesen psychometrischen Daten im Rahmen von drei separaten Studien ausgewertet, die jeweils verschiedene, jedoch miteinander in Bezug stehende Aspekte der Lese- und Lesespannen-Entwicklung untersuchen. Studie 1 präsentiert einen ersten querschnittlichen Bericht zur perzeptuellen Lesespanne von deutschsprachigen Leseanfängern. Hierbei lag der Fokus auf Veränderungen der Leserate in den Klassenstufen 1–3 und auf der Frage, wann die Entwicklung der perzeptuellen Spanne beginnt und inwiefern diese Entwicklung von basalen fovealen Leseprozessen abhängig ist. Studie 2 stellt eine Folgeuntersuchung dar, die erste Längsschnittdaten zur Entwicklung der perzeptuellen Lesespanne bei Grundschulkindern liefert. Untersucht wurden desweiteren die Stabilität der beobachteten und vorhergesagten Leserate als auch der perzeptuellen Lesespanne. In diesem Zusammenhang wird ein neues Spannenmaß vorgestellt, welches auf nicht-linearen gemischten Modellen basiert. Eine weitere Fragestellung der Studie ist der längsschnittliche Gruppenvergleich von langsameren und schnelleren Lesern, welcher auf die Entdeckung von Entwicklungsmustern abzielt. Studie 3 inkludiert längsschnittliche Lesemotivatonsdaten und untersucht die Beziehung zwischen verschiedenen Blickbewegungsmaßen einschließlich der perzeptuellen Lesespanne und der intrinsischen als auch extrinsischen Lesemotivation unter Berücksichtigung der Lesehäufigkeit. In Hinblick auf die Leseentwicklung in Klassenstufe 1–3 wurde ein zwischen den Klassenstufen abnehmender sukzessiver Anstieg in der Leserate beobachtet. Klassenstufeneffekte wurden außerdem berichtet für die Sakkadenlänge, die Refixationswahrscheinlichkeit und für verschiedene Fixationsdauermaße. Mit höherer Klassenstufe stieg die mittlere Sakkadenlänge, wohingegen die Refixationswahrscheinlichkeit, die Dauer der ersten Fixation auf einem Wort, die Blickdauer im sogenannten First-Pass und die Gesamtlesedauer von Worten abnahmen. Die Entwicklung der perzeptuellen Lesespanne wurde ersichtlich durch einen Anstieg von Fenstergrößen-Effekten mit steigender Klassenstufe. Der Unterschied zwischen den Klassenstufen im Hinblick auf Fenstergrößen-Effekte war größer zwischen Klasse 2 und 3 als zwischen den Klassen 1 und 2. Diese Ergebnisse wurden längsschnittlich repliziert in Studie 2. Wieder zeigte sich ein signifikanter Unterschied in der perzeptuellen Lesespanne zwischen Klassenstufe 2 und 3, jedoch nicht zwischen Klassenstufe 1 und 2 oder Klassenstufe 3 und 4. Die beobachtete und die vorhergesagte Leserate waren hoch stabil jenseits der ersten Klasse, wohingegen für die perzeptuelle Lesespanne für alle Klassenstufen nur eine moderate Stabilität gefunden wurde. Gruppenunterschiede zwischen langsameren und schnelleren Lesern im ersten Untersuchungsjahr wurden auch im zweiten Untersuchungsjahr beobachtet. Dabei zeichnete sich ein Muster eher stabiler anstatt kompensatorischer Leistungsunterschiede ab. Zwischen Klassenstufe 2 und 3 gab es sogar einen Anstieg der Disparität zwischen den Gruppen für die Leserate. Es zeichnete sich also ein sogenannter Matthäus-Effekt ab. Ein ähnlicher Effekt wurde für die perzeptuelle Lesespanne zwischen Klassenstufe 3 und 4 beobachtet. Abschließend wurde in Studie 3 ein signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen den Blickbewegungen von Leseanfängern und ihrer Lesemotivation gefunden. In beiden Erhebungsjahren, korrelierte eine höhere intrinsische Lesemotivation mit geübteren Blickbewegungsmustern, was sich in kürzeren Fixationen, längeren Sakkaden und höheren Leseraten zeigte sowie im zweiten Erhebungsjahr auch in kleineren Refixationswahrscheinlichkeiten. In querschnittlichen linearen Modellen erwies sich die intrinsiche Lesemotivation als signifikanter Prädiktor für die oben genannten Blickmaße, selbst wenn für Klassenstufe und Lesehäufigkeit kontrolliert wurde und beide Motivationsmaße, die intrinische und die extrinsische Motivation, gleichzeitig ins Modell aufgenommen wurden. Die extrinsische Lesemotivation erwies sich hingegen nur im zweiten Erhebungsjahr als signifikanter Prädiktor der verschiedenen Fixationsdauern und der Leserate, wobei das Effektmuster durchweg entgegengesetzt zu dem für die intrinsische Lesemotivation beobachteten war. Schließlich wurden in kreuzverzögerten Autoregressionsmodellen längsschnittliche Effekte der intrinisichen Lesemotivation auf verschiedene Blickbewegungsmaße (Blickdauer im First-Pass, Gesamtlesezeit, Refixationswahrscheinlichkeit und perzeptuelle Lesespanne) beobachet. Diese Effekte waren reziprok, da alle Blickbewegungsmaße auch signifikant Varianz in der intrinsischen Lesemotivation vorhergesagt haben. Im Gegensatz dazu gab es weder signifikante längsschnittliche Effekte der extrinsichen Lesemotivation auf das Blickverhalten noch in die Gegenrichtung signifikante Effekte von Blickbewegungsmaßen auf die extrinsische Lesemotivation, mit Ausnahme einer signifikanten negativen Beziehung zwischen der extrinsischen Lesemotivation und der Lesespanne. Zusammenfassend lassen sich folgende Erkenntnisse festhalten: Die aktuelle Dissertation zeigt auf, dass der größte Zuwachs bei der Leseentwicklung im Sinne von Blickbewegungsänderungen zwischen den Klassenstufen 1 und 2 zu beobachten ist. Zusammen mit dem beobachteten Muster zeitlich stabiler Gruppenunterschiede zwischen langsameren und schnelleren Lesern und dem größer werdenden Leistungsabstand zwischen Klassenstufe 2 und 3 für das Maß der Leserate unterstreichen die Ergebnisse die Bedeutsamkeit des (der) ersten Jahre(s) formaler Leseinstruktion. Die Entwicklung der perzeptuellen Lesespanne ist verzögert, da sie am deutlichsten zwischen den Klassenstufen 2 und 3 sichtbar wird. Dies legt die Schlussfolgerung nah, dass effiziente parafoveale Verarbeitung einen gewissen Grad an fovealer Lesefertigkeit (d.h. basale Wortdekodierfähigkeiten) erfordert. Schließlich liefert die aktuelle Dissertation auch empirische Belege dafür, dass die intrinsische—aber nicht die extrinsische—Lesemotivation effektiv die Leseentwicklung unterstützt. T2 - Lesen Lernen im Deutschen KW - eye movements KW - perceptual span KW - reading development KW - beginning readers KW - German KW - moving window KW - longitudinal study KW - reading motivation KW - Blickbewegungen KW - perzentuelle Lesespanne KW - Leseentwicklung KW - Leseanfänger KW - Deutsch KW - Moving Window KW - Längsschnittstudie KW - Lesemotivation Y1 - 2021 ER - TY - THES A1 - Rabe, Maximilian Michael T1 - Modeling the interaction of sentence processing and eye-movement control in reading T1 - Modellierung der Interaktion von Satzverarbeitung und Blickbewegungskontrolle beim Lesen N2 - The evaluation of process-oriented cognitive theories through time-ordered observations is crucial for the advancement of cognitive science. The findings presented herein integrate insights from research on eye-movement control and sentence comprehension during reading, addressing challenges in modeling time-ordered data, statistical inference, and interindividual variability. Using kernel density estimation and a pseudo-marginal likelihood for fixation durations and locations, a likelihood implementation of the SWIFT model of eye-movement control during reading (Engbert et al., Psychological Review, 112, 2005, pp. 777–813) is proposed. Within the broader framework of data assimilation, Bayesian parameter inference with adaptive Markov Chain Monte Carlo techniques is facilitated for reliable model fitting. Across the different studies, this framework has shown to enable reliable parameter recovery from simulated data and prediction of experimental summary statistics. Despite its complexity, SWIFT can be fitted within a principled Bayesian workflow, capturing interindividual differences and modeling experimental effects on reading across different geometrical alterations of text. Based on these advancements, the integrated dynamical model SEAM is proposed, which combines eye-movement control, a traditionally psychological research area, and post-lexical language processing in the form of cue-based memory retrieval (Lewis & Vasishth, Cognitive Science, 29, 2005, pp. 375–419), typically the purview of psycholinguistics. This proof-of-concept integration marks a significant step forward in natural language comprehension during reading and suggests that the presented methodology can be useful to develop complex cognitive dynamical models that integrate processes at levels of perception, higher cognition, and (oculo-)motor control. These findings collectively advance process-oriented cognitive modeling and highlight the importance of Bayesian inference, individual differences, and interdisciplinary integration for a holistic understanding of reading processes. Implications for theory and methodology, including proposals for model comparison and hierarchical parameter inference, are briefly discussed. N2 - Die Evaluierung prozessorientierter kognitiver Theorien durch zeitlich geordnete Beobachtungen ist ein zentraler Baustein für die Weiterentwicklung der Kognitionswissenschaft. Die hier präsentierten Ergebnisse integrieren Erkenntnisse aus der Forschung zur Blickbewegungskontrolle und zur Satzverarbeitung beim Lesen und gehen dabei auf Herausforderungen bei der Modellierung von zeitlich geordneten Daten, statistischer Inferenz und interindividueller Variabilität ein. Unter Verwendung von Kerndichteschätzung und einer pseudo-marginalen Wahrscheinlichkeitverteilung für Fixationsdauern und -orte wird eine Implementation für die Likelihood des SWIFT-Modells zur Blickbewegungskontrolle beim Lesen (Engbert et al., Psychological Review, 112, 2005, S. 777–813) eingeführt. Im breiteren Kontext der Datenassimilation wird Bayes'sche Parameterinferenz mit adaptiven Markov-Chain-Monte-Carlo-Techniken verwendet, um eine zuverlässige Modellanpassung zu ermöglichen. In verschiedenen Studien hat sich dieser methodische Rahmen als geeignet erwiesen, um zuverlässige Parameterrückgewinnung aus simulierten Daten und Vorhersage experimenteller Zusammenfassungsstatistiken zu ermöglichen. Trotz dessen Komplexität kann SWIFT innerhalb eines fundierten Bayes'schen Workflows angepasst werden und macht daraufhin zuverlässige Vorhersagen für interindividuelle Unterschiede sowie die Modellierung experimenteller Effekte bei verschiedenen geometrischen Änderungen von Text. Basierend auf diesen Fortschritten wird das integrierte dynamische Modell SEAM eingeführt. Dieses kombiniert die Forschungsgebiete der traditionell psychologisch geprägten Blickbewegungskontrolle und der traditionell psycholinguistisch geprägten postlexikalischen Sprachverarbeitung in Form von cue-basiertem Gedächtnisabruf (Lewis & Vasishth, Cognitive Science, 29, 2005, S. 375–419). Der Nachweis der Durchführbarkeit solcher integrativer Modelle stellt einen bedeutenden Fortschritt bei der natürlichen Sprachverarbeitung beim Lesen dar und legt nahe, dass die vorgestellte Methodik nützlich sein kann, um komplexe kognitive dynamische Modelle zu entwickeln, die Prozesse auf den Ebenen der Wahrnehmung, höheren Kognition, und (okulo-)motorischen Kontrolle integrieren. Diese Erkenntnisse fördern insgesamt die prozessorientierte kognitive Modellierung und betonen die Bedeutung der Bayes'schen Inferenz, individueller Unterschiede und interdisziplinärer Integration für ein ganzheitliches Verständnis von Leseprozessen. Implikationen für Theorie und Methodologie, einschließlich Vorschlägen für Modellvergleich und hierarchische Parameterinferenz, werden kurz diskutiert. KW - eye movements KW - dynamical cognitive modeling KW - sequential likelihood KW - psycholinguistics KW - cognitive psychology KW - sentence processing KW - reading KW - Blickbewegungen KW - Dynamische kognitive Modellierung KW - Sequenzielle Likelihood KW - Psycholinguistik KW - Kognitionspsychologie KW - Satzverarbeitung KW - Lesen Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-622792 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Parshina, Olga A1 - Laurinavichyute, Anna A1 - Sekerina, Irina A. T1 - Eye-movement benchmarks in heritage language reading JF - Bilingualism : language and cognition N2 - This eye-tracking study establishes basic benchmarks of eye movements during reading in heritage language (HL) by Russian-speaking adults and adolescents of high (n = 21) and low proficiency (n = 27). Heritage speakers (HSs) read sentences in Cyrillic, and their eye movements were compared to those of Russian monolingual skilled adult readers, 8-year-old children and L2 learners. Reading patterns of HSs revealed longer mean fixation durations, lower skipping probabilities, and higher regressive saccade rates than in monolingual adults. High-proficient HSs were more similar to monolingual children, while low-proficient HSs performed on par with L2 learners. Low-proficient HSs differed from high-proficient HSs in exhibiting lower skipping probabilities, higher fixation counts, and larger frequency effects. Taken together, our findings are consistent with the weaker links account of bilingual language processing as well as the divergent attainment theory of HL. KW - bilingualism KW - heritage language KW - reading KW - eye movements KW - Russian KW - children KW - L2 learners Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S136672892000019X SN - 1366-7289 SN - 1469-1841 VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - 69 EP - 82 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - THES A1 - Ong, James Kwan Yau T1 - The predictability problem T1 - Das Vorhersagbarkeitsproblem N2 - Wir versuchen herauszufinden, ob das subjektive Maß der Cloze-Vorhersagbarkeit mit der Kombination objektiver Maße (semantische und n-gram-Maße) geschätzt werden kann, die auf den statistischen Eigenschaften von Textkorpora beruhen. Die semantischen Maße werden entweder durch Abfragen von Internet-Suchmaschinen oder durch die Anwendung der Latent Semantic Analysis gebildet, während die n-gram-Wortmaße allein auf den Ergebnissen von Internet-Suchmaschinen basieren. Weiterhin untersuchen wir die Rolle der Cloze-Vorhersagbarkeit in SWIFT, einem Modell der Blickkontrolle, und wägen ab, ob andere Parameter den der Vorhersagbarkeit ersetzen können. Unsere Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass ein computationales Modell, welches Vorhersagbarkeitswerte berechnet, nicht nur Maße beachten muss, die die Relatiertheit eines Wortes zum Kontext darstellen; das Vorhandensein eines Maßes bezüglich der Nicht-Relatiertheit ist von ebenso großer Bedeutung. Obwohl hier jedoch nur Relatiertheits-Maße zur Verfügung stehen, sollte SWIFT ebensogute Ergebnisse liefern, wenn wir Cloze-Vorhersagbarkeit mit unseren Maßen ersetzen. N2 - We try to determine whether it is possible to approximate the subjective Cloze predictability measure with two types of objective measures, semantic and word n-gram measures, based on the statistical properties of text corpora. The semantic measures are constructed either by querying Internet search engines or by applying Latent Semantic Analysis, while the word n-gram measures solely depend on the results of Internet search engines. We also analyse the role of Cloze predictability in the SWIFT eye movement model, and evaluate whether other parameters might be able to take the place of predictability. Our results suggest that a computational model that generates predictability values not only needs to use measures that can determine the relatedness of a word to its context; the presence of measures that assert unrelatedness is just as important. In spite of the fact, however, that we only have similarity measures, we predict that SWIFT should perform just as well when we replace Cloze predictability with our measures. KW - Cloze-Vorhersagbarkeit KW - Blickbewegungen KW - Latente-Semantische-Analyse KW - Wort-n-Gramme-Wahrscheinlichkeit KW - Ähnlichkeit-Masse KW - Cloze predictability KW - eye movements KW - Latent Semantic Analysis KW - word n-gram probability KW - similarity measures Y1 - 2007 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-15025 ER -