TY - JOUR A1 - Häussler, Jana A1 - Bader, Markus T1 - An interference account of the missing-VP effect JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - Sentences with doubly center-embedded relative clauses in which a verb phrase (VP) is missing are sometimes perceived as grammatical, thus giving rise to an illusion of grammaticality. In this paper, we provide a new account of why missing-VP sentences, which are both complex and ungrammatical, lead to an illusion of grammaticality, the so-called missing-VP effect. We propose that the missing-VP effect in particular, and processing difficulties with multiply center-embedded clauses more generally, are best understood as resulting from interference during cue-based retrieval. When processing a sentence with double center-embedding, a retrieval error due to interference can cause the verb of an embedded clause to be erroneously attached into a higher clause. This can lead to an illusion of grammaticality in the case of missing-VP sentences and to processing complexity in the case of complete sentences with double center-embedding. Evidence for an interference account of the missing-VP effect comes from experiments that have investigated the missing-VP effect in German using a speeded grammaticality judgments procedure. We review this evidence and then present two new experiments that show that the missing-VP effect can be found in German also with less restricting procedures. One experiment was a questionnaire study which required grammaticality judgments from participants without imposing any time constraints. The second experiment used a self-paced reading procedure and did not require any judgments. Both experiments confirm the prior findings of missing-VP effects in German and also show that the missing-VP effect is subject to a primacy effect as known from the memory literature. Based on this evidence, we argue that an account of missing-VP effects in terms of interference during cue-based retrieval is superior to accounts in terms of limited memory resources or in terms of experience with embedded structures. KW - sentence parsing KW - center embedding KW - grammatical illusion KW - missing-VP effect KW - cue-based retrieval KW - interference KW - German Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00766 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 6 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Häussler, Jana A1 - Bader, Markus T1 - An interference account of the missing-VP effect JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - Sentences with doubly center-embedded relative clauses in which a verb phrase (VP) is missing are sometimes perceived as grammatical, thus giving rise to an illusion of grammaticality. In this paper, we provide a new account of why missing-VP sentences, which are both complex and ungrammatical, lead to an illusion of grammaticality, the so-called missing-VP effect. We propose that the missing-VP effect in particular, and processing difficulties with multiply center-embedded clauses more generally, are best understood as resulting from interference during cue-based retrieval. When processing a sentence with double center-embedding, a retrieval error due to interference can cause the verb of an embedded clause to be erroneously attached into a higher clause. This can lead to an illusion of grammaticality in the case of missing-VP sentences and to processing complexity in the case of complete sentences with double center-embedding. Evidence for an interference account of the missing-VP effect comes from experiments that have investigated the missing-VP effect in German using a speeded grammaticality judgments procedure. We review this evidence and then present two new experiments that show that the missing-VP effect can be found in German also with less restricting procedures. One experiment was a questionnaire study which required grammaticality judgments from participants without imposing any time constraints. The second experiment used a self-paced reading procedure and did not require any judgments. Both experiments confirm the prior findings of missing-VP effects in German and also show that the missing-VP effect is subject to a primacy effect as known from the memory literature. Based on this evidence, we argue that an account of missing-VP effects in terms of interference during cue-based retrieval is superior to accounts in terms of limited memory resources or in terms of experience with embedded structures. KW - sentence parsing KW - center embedding KW - grammatical illusion KW - missing-VP effect KW - cue-based retrieval KW - interference KW - German Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00766 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 6 IS - 766 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - GEN A1 - Häussler, Jana A1 - Bader, Markus T1 - An interference account of the missing-VP effect N2 - Sentences with doubly center-embedded relative clauses in which a verb phrase (VP) is missing are sometimes perceived as grammatical, thus giving rise to an illusion of grammaticality. In this paper, we provide a new account of why missing-VP sentences, which are both complex and ungrammatical, lead to an illusion of grammaticality, the so-called missing-VP effect. We propose that the missing-VP effect in particular, and processing difficulties with multiply center-embedded clauses more generally, are best understood as resulting from interference during cue-based retrieval. When processing a sentence with double center-embedding, a retrieval error due to interference can cause the verb of an embedded clause to be erroneously attached into a higher clause. This can lead to an illusion of grammaticality in the case of missing-VP sentences and to processing complexity in the case of complete sentences with double center-embedding. Evidence for an interference account of the missing-VP effect comes from experiments that have investigated the missing-VP effect in German using a speeded grammaticality judgments procedure. We review this evidence and then present two new experiments that show that the missing-VP effect can be found in German also with less restricting procedures. One experiment was a questionnaire study which required grammaticality judgments from participants without imposing any time constraints. The second experiment used a self-paced reading procedure and did not require any judgments. Both experiments confirm the prior findings of missing-VP effects in German and also show that the missing-VP effect is subject to a primacy effect as known from the memory literature. Based on this evidence, we argue that an account of missing-VP effects in terms of interference during cue-based retrieval is superior to accounts in terms of limited memory resources or in terms of experience with embedded structures. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 278 KW - sentence parsing KW - center embedding KW - grammatical illusion KW - missing-VP effect KW - cue-based retrieval KW - interference KW - German Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-78673 ER - TY - THES A1 - Jäger, Lena Ann T1 - Working memory and prediction in human sentence parsing T1 - Arbeitsgedächtnis und Vorhersagbarkeit in der menschlichen Satzverarbeitung BT - cross-linguistic evidence from anaphoric dependencies and relative clauses BT - neue Erkenntnisse durch cross-linguistische Untersuchungen zu anaphorischen Dependenzen und Relativsätzen N2 - This dissertation investigates the working memory mechanism subserving human sentence processing and its relative contribution to processing difficulty as compared to syntactic prediction. Within the last decades, evidence for a content-addressable memory system underlying human cognition in general has accumulated (e.g., Anderson et al., 2004). In sentence processing research, it has been proposed that this general content-addressable architecture is also used for language processing (e.g., McElree, 2000). Although there is a growing body of evidence from various kinds of linguistic dependencies that is consistent with a general content-addressable memory subserving sentence processing (e.g., McElree et al., 2003; VanDyke2006), the case of reflexive-antecedent dependencies has challenged this view. It has been proposed that in the processing of reflexive-antecedent dependencies, a syntactic-structure based memory access is used rather than cue-based retrieval within a content-addressable framework (e.g., Sturt, 2003). Two eye-tracking experiments on Chinese reflexives were designed to tease apart accounts assuming a syntactic-structure based memory access mechanism from cue-based retrieval (implemented in ACT-R as proposed by Lewis and Vasishth (2005). In both experiments, interference effects were observed from noun phrases which syntactically do not qualify as the reflexive's antecedent but match the animacy requirement the reflexive imposes on its antecedent. These results are interpreted as evidence against a purely syntactic-structure based memory access. However, the exact pattern of effects observed in the data is only partially compatible with the Lewis and Vasishth cue-based parsing model. Therefore, an extension of the Lewis and Vasishth model is proposed. Two principles are added to the original model, namely 'cue confusion' and 'distractor prominence'. Although interference effects are generally interpreted in favor of a content-addressable memory architecture, an alternative explanation for interference effects in reflexive processing has been proposed which, crucially, might reconcile interference effects with a structure-based account. It has been argued that interference effects do not necessarily reflect cue-based retrieval interference in a content-addressable memory but might equally well be accounted for by interference effects which have already occurred at the moment of encoding the antecedent in memory (Dillon, 2011). Three experiments (eye-tracking and self-paced reading) on German reflexives and Swedish possessives were designed to tease apart cue-based retrieval interference from encoding interference. The results of all three experiments suggest that there is no evidence that encoding interference affects the retrieval of a reflexive's antecedent. Taken together, these findings suggest that the processing of reflexives can be explained with the same cue-based retrieval mechanism that has been invoked to explain syntactic dependency resolution in a range of other structures. This supports the view that the language processing system is located within a general cognitive architecture, with a general-purpose content-addressable working memory system operating on linguistic expressions. Finally, two experiments (self-paced reading and eye-tracking) using Chinese relative clauses were conducted to determine the relative contribution to sentence processing difficulty of working-memory processes as compared to syntactic prediction during incremental parsing. Chinese has the cross-linguistically rare property of being a language with subject-verb-object word order and pre-nominal relative clauses. This property leads to opposing predictions of expectation-based accounts and memory-based accounts with respect to the relative processing difficulty of subject vs. object relatives. Previous studies showed contradictory results, which has been attributed to different kinds local ambiguities confounding the materials (Lin and Bever, 2011). The two experiments presented are the first to compare Chinese relatives clauses in syntactically unambiguous contexts. The results of both experiments were consistent with the predictions of the expectation-based account of sentence processing but not with the memory-based account. From these findings, I conclude that any theory of human sentence processing needs to take into account the power of predictive processes unfolding in the human mind. N2 - Diese Dissertation untersucht die der menschlichen Satzverarbeitung zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen des Arbeitsgedächtnisses sowie deren Bedeutung für die Verarbeitungskomplexität im Vergleich zu dem Einfluss syntaktischer Erwartung. Vor dem Hintergrund der in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten angewachsenen empirischen Evidenz für ein assoziatives Gedächtnissystem als Grundlage der menschlichen Kognition im Allgemeinen (z.B. Anderson et al., 2004) wurde u.a. von McElree (2000) vorgeschlagen, dass dieses assoziative Gedächtnissystem auch der Sprachverarbeitung im Besonderen dient (z.B. McElree, 2000) und die Sprachverarbeitung folglich nicht etwa als ein von anderen kognitiven Fähigkeiten weitgehend losgelöstes Modul (z.B. Frazier, 1979) zu begreifen ist. Obwohl sich die Evidenz für ein assoziatives Gedächtnis in der Sprachverarbeitung stetig mehrt (z.B. McElree et al., 2003; VanDyke2006), werden Daten zur Verarbeitung von Reflexivpronomen als Argument gegen ein assoziatives Gedächtnis herangezogen. So schlug beispielsweise Sturt (2003) vor, dass der Gedächtniszugriff in der Verarbeitung von Reflexivpronomen-Antezedens-Dependenzen nicht assoziativer Natur ist, sondern rein syntaktisch gesteuert ist (z.B., Sturt, 2003). Im ersten Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit werden zwei Leseexperimente (Eyetracking) vorgestellt, welche die Verarbeitung des chinesischen Reflexivpronomens 'ziji' testen und die darauf ausgelegt sind, Theorien, die einen syntaktisch gesteuerten Gedächtniszugriff annehmen, von Theorien, die einen assoziativen Gedächtniszugriff, wie er beispielsweise in dem ACTR-basierten Modell von Lewis and Vasishth (2005) implementiert wurde, zu unterscheiden. In beiden Experimenten wurden Interferenzeffekte von Nominalphrasen beobachtet, die syntaktisch nicht als Antezedens des Reflexivpronomens in Frage kommen, aber das Belebtheitskriterium, das 'ziji' an seinen Antezedens stellt, erfüllen. Diese Ergebnisse werden als Evidenz gegen einen rein syntaktisch gesteuerten Gedächtniszugriff interpretiert. Jedoch sind diese Ergebnisse auch mit dem assoziativen Modell von Lewis und Vasishth (2005) nicht vollkommen vereinbar. Daher wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit eine Erweiterung des Modells von Lewis und Vasishth entwickelt. Zwei neue Prinzipien, 'cue confusion' und 'distractor prominence’, werden dem Originalmodell hinzugefügt und deren Auswirkungen auf die Vorhersagen des Modells diskutiert. Wenngleich Interferenzeffekte im Allgemeinen als Evidenz für ein assoziatives Gedächtnis herangezogen werden, argumentierte Dillon (2011), dass die empirisch beobachteten Interferenzeffekte nicht notwendigerweise Interferenzen im Moment eines assoziativen Gedächtniszugriffs reflektieren, sondern gleichermaßen Interferenzen widerspiegeln können, die bereits bei der Abspeicherung des entsprechenden Elements (z.B. des Antezedens in Reflexiv-Antezedens-Dependenzen) im Gedächtnis stattgefunden haben. Dies würde Interferenzeffekte mit einem nicht-assoziativen Gedächtnismodell vereinbar machen. Im zweiten Teil dieser Dissertation werden drei Experimente (selbst-gesteuertes Lesen und Eyetracking) vorgestellt, die deutsche Reflexivpronomen sowie schwedische Possessivpronomen testen und darauf abzielen, Rückschlüsse über den Moment der Interferenz (Interferenz beim Gedächtniszugriff im Gegensatz zu Interferenz bei der Speicherung) zu ziehen. Die Ergebnisse aller drei Experimente zeigen, dass etwaige Interferenzen beim Abspeichern eines Nomens keinen Einfluss auf dessen späteren Zugriff haben. Zusammengefasst zeigen die Ergebnisse dieser Experimente zum Chinesischen, Deutschen und Schwedischen, dass die Verarbeitung von Reflexivpronomen mit demselben assoziativen Gedächtniszugriff erklärt werden kann, von dem angenommen wird, dass er der Verarbeitung einer Reihe anderer syntaktischer Dependenzen zugrunde liegt. Darüber hinaus sind die hier vorgestellten Ergebnisse im Einklang mit einer generellen Theorie über die menschliche Kognition, die das Sprachverarbeitungssystem als Bestandteil einer allgemeinen kognitiven Architektur begreift, in welcher ein allgemeines assoziatives Gedächtnissystem auf sprachlichen Repräsentationen operiert. Im dritten Teil dieser Dissertation werden zwei weitere Leseexperimente (selbst-gesteuertes Lesen und Eyetracking) vorgestellt, in denen anhand chinesischer Relativsätze die Wirkung von Arbeitsgedächtnisprozessen im Vergleich zu der Wirkung syntaktischer Erwartung auf die Komplexität der inkrementellen Satzverarbeitung untersucht wird. Chinesisch ist cross-linguistisch insofern eine außergewöhnliche Sprache, als dass es eine Subjekt-Verb-Objekt-Wortstellung mit pränominalen Relativsätzen vereint. Die Kombination dieser Eigenschaften führt dazu, dass Theorien, die Satzverarbeitungskomplexität primär Arbeitsgedächtnisprozessen zuschreiben (z.B. Gibson, 2000), und erwartungsbasierte Theorien, welche die Satzverarbeitungskomplexität dem Erfüllen bzw. dem Brechen syntaktischer oder lexikalischer Erwartungen zuschreiben (z.B. Hale, 2001; Levy, 2008), gegensätzliche Vorhersagen machen. Bisherige Studien zu chinesischen Relativsätzen zeigten widersprüchliche Ergebnisse, was mit dem Vorhandensein konfundierender lokaler syntaktischer Ambiguitäten in den Stimuli erklärt wurde (Lin und Bever, 2011). Die beiden in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Experimente testen erstmals chinesische Relativsätze anhand von Materialien, die frei von syntaktischen Ambiguitäten sind. Die Ergebnisse beider Experimente sind vereinbar mit erwartungsbasierten Theorien, aber nicht mit Theorien, die Satzverarbeitungskomplexität allein mit Arbeitsgedächtnisprozessen erklären. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, dass jede umfassende Theorie der Satzverarbeitung erwartungsgesteuerten kognitiven Prozessen einen wichtigen Stellenwert einräumen muss. KW - working memory KW - Arbeitsgedächtnis KW - sentence processing KW - Satzverarbeitung KW - cognitive modeling KW - kognitive Modellierung KW - psycholinguistics KW - Psycholinguistik KW - ACT-R KW - Chinese KW - Chinesisch KW - reflexives KW - Reflexivpronomen KW - relative clauses KW - Relativsätze KW - linguistics KW - Linguistik KW - German KW - Deutsch KW - prediction KW - syntactic expectation KW - content-addressable memory Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-82517 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jäger, Lena Ann A1 - Benz, Lena A1 - Roeser, Jens A1 - Dillon, Brian W. A1 - Vasishth, Shravan T1 - Teasing apart retrieval and encoding interference in the processing of anaphors JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - Two classes of account have been proposed to explain the memory processes subserving the processing of reflexive-antecedent dependencies. Structure-based accounts assume that the retrieval of the antecedent is guided by syntactic tree-configurational information without considering other kinds of information such as gender marking in the case of English reflexives. By contrast, unconstrained cue-based retrieval assumes that all available information is used for retrieving the antecedent. Similarity-based interference effects from structurally illicit distractors which match a non-structural retrieval cue have been interpreted as evidence favoring the unconstrained cue-based retrieval account since cue-based retrieval interference from structurally illicit distractors is incompatible with the structure-based account. However, it has been argued that the observed effects do not necessarily reflect interference occurring at the moment of retrieval but might equally well be accounted for by interference occurring already at the stage of encoding or maintaining the antecedent in memory, in which case they cannot be taken as evidence against the structure-based account. We present three experiments (self-paced reading and eye-tracking) on German reflexives and Swedish reflexive and pronominal possessives in which we pit the predictions of encoding interference and cue-based retrieval interference against each other. We could not find any indication that encoding interference affects the processing ease of the reflexive-antecedent dependency formation. Thus, there is no evidence that encoding interference might be the explanation for the interference effects observed in previous work. We therefore conclude that invoking encoding interference may not be a plausible way to reconcile interference effects with a structure-based account of reflexive processing. KW - anaphors KW - reflexives KW - possessives KW - eye-tracking KW - German KW - Swedish KW - working-memory KW - interference Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00506 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 6 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - GEN A1 - Jäger, Lena Ann A1 - Benz, Lena A1 - Roeser, Jens A1 - Dillon, Brian W. A1 - Vasishth, Shravan T1 - Teasing apart Retrieval and Encoding Interference in the Processing of Anaphors N2 - Two classes of account have been proposed to explain the memory processes subserving the processing of reflexive-antecedent dependencies. Structure-based accounts assume that the retrieval of the antecedent is guided by syntactic tree-configurational information without considering other kinds of information such as gender marking in the case of English reflexives. By contrast, unconstrained cue-based retrieval assumes that all available information is used for retrieving the antecedent. Similarity-based interference effects from structurally illicit distractors which match a non-structural retrieval cue have been interpreted as evidence favoring the unconstrained cue-based retrieval account since cue-based retrieval interference from structurally illicit distractors is incompatible with the structure-based account. However, it has been argued that the observed effects do not necessarily reflect interference occurring at the moment of retrieval but might equally well be accounted for by interference occurring already at the stage of encoding or maintaining the antecedent in memory, in which case they cannot be taken as evidence against the structure-based account. We present three experiments (self-paced reading and eye-tracking) on German reflexives and Swedish reflexive and pronominal possessives in which we pit the predictions of encoding interference and cue-based retrieval interference against each other. We could not find any indication that encoding interference affects the processing ease of the reflexive-antecedent dependency formation. Thus, there is no evidence that encoding interference might be the explanation for the interference effects observed in previous work. We therefore conclude that invoking encoding interference may not be a plausible way to reconcile interference effects with a structure-based account of reflexive processing. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 275 KW - anaphors KW - reflexives KW - possessives KW - eye-tracking KW - German KW - Swedish KW - working-memory KW - interference Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-78714 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jäger, Lena Ann A1 - Benz, Lena A1 - Roeser, Jens A1 - Dillon, Brian W. A1 - Vasishth, Shravan T1 - Teasing apart retrieval and encoding interference in the processing of anaphors JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - Two classes of account have been proposed to explain the memory processes subserving the processing of reflexive-antecedent dependencies. Structure-based accounts assume that the retrieval of the antecedent is guided by syntactic tree-configurational information without considering other kinds of information such as gender marking in the case of English reflexives. By contrast, unconstrained cue-based retrieval assumes that all available information is used for retrieving the antecedent. Similarity-based interference effects from structurally illicit distractors which match a non-structural retrieval cue have been interpreted as evidence favoring the unconstrained cue-based retrieval account since cue-based retrieval interference from structurally illicit distractors is incompatible with the structure-based account. However, it has been argued that the observed effects do not necessarily reflect interference occurring at the moment of retrieval but might equally well be accounted for by interference occurring already at the stage of encoding or maintaining the antecedent in memory, in which case they cannot be taken as evidence against the structure-based account. We present three experiments (self-paced reading and eye-tracking) on German reflexives and Swedish reflexive and pronominal possessives in which we pit the predictions of encoding interference and cue-based retrieval interference against each other. We could not find any indication that encoding interference affects the processing ease of the reflexive-antecedent dependency formation. Thus, there is no evidence that encoding interference might be the explanation for the interference effects observed in previous work. We therefore conclude that invoking encoding interference may not be a plausible way to reconcile interference effects with a structure-based account of reflexive processing. KW - anaphors KW - reflexives KW - possessives KW - eye-tracking KW - German KW - Swedish KW - working-memory KW - interference Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00506 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 6 IS - 506 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Schroeder, Christoph A1 - Schellhardt, Christin A1 - Akinci, Mehmet-Ali A1 - Dollnick, Meral A1 - Dux, Ginesa A1 - Gülbeyaz, Esin Işıl A1 - Jähnert, Anne A1 - Koç-Gültürk, Ceren A1 - Kühmstedt, Patrick A1 - Kuhn, Florian A1 - Mezger, Verena A1 - Pfaff, Carol A1 - Ürkmez, Betül Sena ED - Schroeder, Christoph ED - Schellhardt, Christin T1 - MULTILIT BT - manual, criteria of transcription and analysis for German, Turkish and English N2 - This paper presents an overview of the linguistic analyses developed in the MULTILIT project and the processing of the oral and written texts collected. The project investigates the language abilities of multilingual children and adolescents, in particular, those who have Turkish and/or Kurdish as a mother tongue. A further aim of the project is to examine from a psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic perspective the extent to which competence in academic registers is achieved on the basis of the languages spoken by the children, including the language(s) spoken at the home, the language of the country of residence and the first foreign language. To be able to examine these questions using corpus linguistic parameters, we created categories of analysis in MULTILIT. The data collection comprises texts from bilingual and monolingual children and adolescents in Germany in their first language Turkish, their second language German und their foreign language English. Pupils aged between nine and twenty years of age produced monologue oral and written texts in the two genres of narrative and discursive. On the basis of these samples, we examine linguistic features such as lexical expression (lexical density, lexical diversity), syntactic complexity (syntactic and discursive packaging) as well as phonology in the oral texts and orthography in the written texts, with the aim of investigating the pupils’ growing mastery of these features in academic and informal registers. To this end the raw data have been transcribed by the use of transcription conventions developed especially for the needs of the MULTILIT data. They are based on the commonly used HIAT and GAT transcription conventions and supplemented with conventions that provide additional information such as features at the graphic level. The categories of analysis comprise a large number of linguistic categories such as word classes, syntax, noun phrase complexity, complex verbal morphology, direct speech and text structures. We also annotate errors and norm deviations at a wide range of levels (orthographic, morphological, lexical, syntactic and textual). In view of the different language systems, these criteria are considered separately for all languages investigated in the project. N2 - Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt eine Übersicht der linguistischen Analysen dar, die im Rahmen des MULTILIT Projektes entwickelt wurden. Darüber hinaus wird die Aufbereitung der erhobenen mündlichen und schriftlichen Texte vorgestellt. Das Projekt betrachtet die sprachlichen Fähigkeiten multilingualer Kinder und Jugendlicher, insbesondere mit der Muttersprache Türkisch und/oder Kurdisch. Ein weiteres Ziel des Projektes ist die Untersuchung der Entwicklung eines akademischen Registers der Sprachen der Kinder, d.h. der zu Hause gesprochenen Sprache(n), der Sprache des Aufenthaltslandes und der ersten Fremdsprache unter psycholinguistischen und soziolinguistischen Gesichtspunkten. Zur Untersuchung dieser Forschungsfragen unter korpuslinguistischen Parametern wurden in MULTILIT Analysekriterien entwickelt. Die Datenerhebung umfasst Texte bilingualer und monolingualer Kinder und Jugendlicher in ihrer Erstsprache Türkisch, ihrer Zweitsprache Deutsch sowie ihrer ersten Fremdsprache Englisch. Schüler im Alter von 9 bis 20 Jahren haben sowohl mündliche als auch schriftliche monologische Texte in zwei Genres produziert – erzählend und erörternd. Basierend auf diese Daten untersuchen wir linguistische Bereiche wie lexikalischer Ausdruck (lexikalische Dichte, lexikalische Vielfalt), syntaktische Komplexität (syntaktische und diskursive Verdichtung) sowie Phonologie in den mündlichen Texten und Orthographie in den schriftlichen Texten mit dem Ziel, die wachsende Beherrschung dieser Bereiche in akademischen und informellen Registern durch die Schüler zu untersuchen. Dafür wurden die Rohdaten mit Transkriptionskonventionen verarbeitet, die speziell auf die Bedürfnisse des MULTILIT Projektes zugeschnitten sind. Sie basieren auf den weit verbreiteten Transkriptionskonventionen HIAT und GAT und wurden durch Konventionen erweitert, die zusätzliche Informationen, beispielsweise auf graphischer Ebene, festhalten. Die Analysekategorien umfassen zahlreiche linguistische Kategorien, wie Wortarten, Syntax, Nominalphrasenkomplexität, komplexe Verbalmorphologie, direkte Rede und Textstrukturen. Außerdem annotieren wir Fehler und Normabweichungen auf allen zahlreichen Ebenen (orthographisch, morphologisch, lexikalisch, syntaktisch und textuell). Aufgrund der verschiedenen Sprachsysteme werden diese Analysekategorien für alle im Projekt untersuchten Sprachen gesondert betrachtet. KW - bilingualism KW - child KW - German KW - German lessons KW - migration KW - multilingualism KW - second language KW - Turkish KW - writing ability KW - written language acquisition KW - DaZ KW - Deutsch KW - Deutschunterricht KW - Kind KW - Mehrsprachigkeit KW - Schreiben KW - Schreibfähigkeit KW - Schriftsprache KW - Schriftspracherwerb KW - Sprachförderung KW - Türkisch KW - Zweitsprache Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-80390 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sperlich, Anja A1 - Schad, Daniel A1 - Laubrock, Jochen T1 - When preview information starts to matter BT - Development of the perceptual span in German beginning readers JF - Journal of cognitive psychology N2 - How is reading development reflected in eye-movement measures? How does the perceptual span change during the initial years of reading instruction? Does parafoveal processing require competence in basic word-decoding processes? We report data from the first cross-sectional measurement of the perceptual span of German beginning readers (n = 139), collected in the context of the large longitudinal PIER (Potsdamer Intrapersonale Entwicklungsrisiken/Potsdam study of intra-personal developmental risk factors) study of intrapersonal developmental risk factors. Using the moving-window paradigm, eye movements of three groups of students (Grades 1-3) were measured with gaze-contingent presentation of a variable amount of text around fixation. Reading rate increased from Grades 1-3, with smaller increases for higher grades. Perceptual-span results showed the expected main effects of grade and window size: fixation durations and refixation probability decreased with grade and window size, whereas reading rate and saccade length increased. Critically, for reading rate, first-fixation duration, saccade length and refixation probability, there were significant interactions of grade and window size that were mainly based on the contrast between Grades 3 and 2 rather than Grades 2 and 1. Taken together, development of the perceptual span only really takes off between Grades 2 and 3, suggesting that efficient parafoveal processing presupposes that basic processes of reading have been mastered. KW - Eye movements KW - German KW - Moving window KW - Perceptual span KW - Reading development Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2014.993990 SN - 2044-5911 SN - 2044-592X VL - 27 IS - 5 SP - 511 EP - 530 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER -