TY - JOUR A1 - Eppe, Ulrike A1 - Stürmer, Christiane A1 - Weiß, Norman A1 - Palermo, Francesco T1 - MenschenRechtsMagazin : Informationen | Meinungen | Analysen T3 - MenschenRechtsMagazin : MRM ; Informationen, Meinungen, Analysen - 4.1999/1 Y1 - 1999 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-56662 SN - 1434-2820 VL - 4 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Eppe, Ulrike A1 - Weiß, Norman A1 - Klein, Eckart A1 - Häußler, Ulf A1 - Hofmann, Bianca T1 - MenschenRechtsMagazin : Informationen | Meinungen | Analysen T3 - MenschenRechtsMagazin : MRM ; Informationen, Meinungen, Analysen - 4.1999/2 Y1 - 1999 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-56653 SN - 1434-2820 VL - 4 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weiß, Norman A1 - Brinkmeier, Friederike A1 - Häußler, Ulf A1 - Eppe, Ulrike A1 - Schmidt, Judith T1 - MenschenRechtsMagazin : Informationen | Meinungen | Analysen T3 - MenschenRechtsMagazin : MRM ; Informationen, Meinungen, Analysen - 4.1999/3 Y1 - 1999 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-56645 SN - 1434-2820 VL - 4 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weiß, Norman T1 - Ralf Weber, Extremtraumatisierte Flüchtlinge in Deutschland, Asylrecht und Asylverfahren / [rezensiert von] Norman Weiß JF - MenschenRechtsMagazin : MRM ; Informationen, Meinungen, Analysen N2 - rezensiertes Werk: Weber, Ralf: Extremtraumatisierte Flüchtlinge in Deutschland, Asylrecht und Asylverfahren. - Frankfurt ; New York : 1998. - 225 S. ISBN: 3-593-36118-3 Y1 - 1999 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-55063 SN - 1434-2820 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - 68 EP - 71 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weiß, Norman T1 - The Duty to Protect and to Ensure Human Rights BT - Tagung des Menschenrechtszentrums der Universität Potsdam 1.-3. Juli 1999 , Dorint-Hotel Potsdam JF - MenschenRechtsMagazin : MRM ; Informationen, Meinungen, Analysen N2 - Tagungsbericht: Weiß, Norman: The Duty to Protect and to Ensure Human Rights <1999, Potsdam> / The Duty to Protect and to Ensure Human Rights, Tagung des Menschenrechtszentrums der Universität Potsdam 1.- 3. Juli 1999 Y1 - 1999 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-54672 SN - 1434-2820 VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - 127 EP - 129 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weiß, Norman T1 - 50 Jahre Europarat BT - Gründungsvisionen und Bilanz JF - MenschenRechtsMagazin : MRM ; Informationen, Meinungen, Analysen N2 - Tagungsbericht: Weiß, Norman: 50 Jahre Europarat: Gründungsvisionen und Bilanz <1999, Potsdam> / 50 Jahre Europarat: Gründungsvisionen und Bilanz, Tagung am 5. Mai 1999 Das MenschenRechtsZentrum der Universität Potsdam und die Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (Bildungswerk Potsdam) veranstalteten gemeinsam am 5. Mai 1999 eine Tagung aus Anlaß des 50jährigen Bestehens des Europarats in Straßburg. Nach einer kurzen Darstellung der historischen Fakten wird ein Überblick über Inhalt und Ablauf der Veranstaltung gegeben werden. Y1 - 1999 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-54668 SN - 1434-2820 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - 62 EP - 64 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weiß, Norman T1 - Ralf Weber, Extremtraumatisierte Flüchtlinge in Deutschland, Asylrecht und Asylverfahren / [rezensiert von] Norman Weiß JF - MenschenRechtsMagazin : MRM ; Informationen, Meinungen, Analysen N2 - rezensiertes Werk: Weber, Ralf: Extremtraumatisierte Flüchtlinge in Deutschland, Asylrecht und Asylverfahren. - Frankfurt/New York 1998. - 225 S. ISBN: 3-593-36118-3 Y1 - 1999 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-54622 SN - 1434-2820 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - 68 EP - 71 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weiß, Norman T1 - Transformation in Guatemala BT - Wie mit der Arbeit der „Wahrheitskommission" umgegangen wird JF - MenschenRechtsMagazin : MRM ; Informationen, Meinungen, Analysen Y1 - 1999 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-54618 SN - 1434-2820 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - 67 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Christev, Atanas A1 - FitzRoy, Felix T1 - Employment and wages in transition : panel evidence from Poland N2 - New survey data for a panel of Polish firms is used to estimate employment and wage adjustments under various forms of ownership (insider vs. outsider) and asymmetric response to exogenous shocks. In contrast to earlier studies, dynamic panel data estimators (GMM) allow for endogeneity of observed variables and partial adjustment to shocks. Results differ from other findings in the transition literature: wages have little effect on dynamic labor demand and the firm-size wage effect is confirmed. Firms that expand employment have to pay significantly larger wage increases and rising sales add little to employment, suggesting labor hoarding. Dec1ining sales, however, significantly reduce employment and privatization (or anticipation thereof) has the expected benefits. T3 - Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge / Specials series S: Industrial and social policies in countries in transition - 19 Y1 - 1999 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-48946 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Christev, Atanas A1 - Weikard, Hans-Peter T1 - Social benefits and the enterprise : some recent evidence from Bulgaria and Poland N2 - In socialist economies firms have provided various social benefits, like child care, health care, food subsidies, housing etc. Using panel data from Bulgarian and Polish firms, this paper attempts to explain firm-specific provision of social benefits in the process of transition. We investigate empirically with the help of qualitative response models, how ownership type and structure, firm size, profitability, change in management, foreign direct investment, wage and employment policies, union involvement and employee power have impacted the state of non-wage benefits provision. T3 - Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge / Specials series S: Industrial and social policies in countries in transition - 18 Y1 - 1999 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-48938 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Christev, Atanas A1 - Petersen, Hans-Georg T1 - Privatisation and ownership : the impact on firms in transition survey evidence from Bulgaria N2 - Previous papers in this Special Series, have described in detail the theoretical background and development patterns, along with some empirical results, for the privatisation processes in Bulgaria and Poland. A range of issues have been raised which demand closer empirical investigation. For this purpose, the research group has developed questionnaire studies for Bulgaria and Poland. In Bulgaria, the National Statistical Institute (NSI) carried out the case studies between February and April 1998. The problems of the questionnaire set-up were identified in apre-test study, but unlike the Polish case, they led to only minor differentiation. Since financial limitations prevented a larger sample size, a sample size of 61 mid-sized and large Bulgarian enterprises was selected. Failure to respond was not a serious problem, unlike with the Polish questionnaire; this is because the NSI has maintained good links to the enterprise sector and management were prepared to give detailed answers, even on questions of their firms' financial status. However, as the Polish experience suggests, it has become obvious that the privatisation process is also associated with management's increasing reluctance to answer comparatively 'intimate' questions. Thus, future questionnaire studies must take a much higher rate of refusals into consideration. The pre-selection procedure in Bulgaria was determined by the project target, which sought to analyse the effects of the privatisation process on firm' s behaviour during the transition process, and hence only firms which had already existed before the changes were included. For small and medium-size enterprises (SME's), most of which were founded after the changes, partly due to the legal processes of spontaneous privatisation, some empirical, as weIl as analytical, studies were carried out. Thus, the research group limited the scope of investigation to enterprises with more than 250 employees. The underlying hypothesis is that employment problems are concentrated in larger firms, in particular amongst those still (partly) state owned. Because of the former ownership structures and relatively slower capacity for management change, the assumption is that state-owned enterprises (SOE's) which have only been recently privatised might still have traditional links to government even after privatisation. On the one hand, the SME's are obviously more prone to, and linked with, market processes. As a result, they don't have the financial potential and incentives to follow job-hoarding strategies. On the other hand, there are almost no SME's which are still stateowned. Hence, the prevailing opinion in the literature is that 'larger industrial firms were apt to be least efficient, most often producing inadequate and non-competitive products, with a high degree ofunder-utilisation oflabour and most inflexible to change' (lones & Nikolov 1997, p. 252). Thus, as mentioned above, though there may be some limitations with regard to firm representation, our sample characterises a number of enterprises that offer fertile ground for the analysis of firms' adjustment to the newly established market realities in a transition economy. Our study is unique in the sense that existing empirical studies on privatisation and enterprise restructuring generally cover the time period just before and after the initial stages of transition, e.g. 1988/89 to 1992. In those studies, samples of firms in the Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary and Bulgaria recognise that behavioural adaptations at the enterprise level had taken place just before the actual privatisation process materialised. Therefore, almost all of the firms under examination were still state-owned. The firms were usually divided according to their performance as 'good', 'average' and 'bad' enterprises. The main findings of those early studies have shown that the macroeconomic adaptations (i.e., macro-level changes which induced micro-level adjustment by the firms), as well as emerging market structures, have created enormous pressures which in turn have influenced firms' economic behaviour, reallocation of resources and consequent restructuring. This evidence supports the hypothesis that the SOE's started restructuring and adjusting their behaviour and performance, in response to the harsh realities of more open markets, before privatisation actually started. In this paper, we seek to present some results on these developments in Bulgaria, at the later stages of transition and privatisation (1992-1996). The aim of our questionnaire study is therefore to show the effects of the privatisation process and ownership on the behavioural adaptations of firms which had once been state-owned or continue to be owned by the state. The period under investigation is 1992 to 1996. For 1990 and 1991, the number of missing values is reactively high and, where relevant, we partly exclude these observations from our analysis. The paper contains seven sections. Section 11 outlines the macroeconomic environment in which our sample firms operate, provides some specifics of the Bulgarian privatisation process, and discusses data quality. Section 111 concentrates on the analysis of privatisation, the specific forms of ownership that resulted from it, and firm size. In Section IV, we describe the trends of the main economic variables within firms (such as employment, wages, labour productivity, etc), and a number of proxies of firm viability, while Section V presents some regression results to corroborate the discussion of the previous section. Section VI gives an overview of survey results of the impact of enterprise determined wage policy, trade union activity and membership, government control, and social benefits on enterprise restructuring. Section VII is a summary of our findings. T3 - Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge / Specials series S: Industrial and social policies in countries in transition - 17 Y1 - 1999 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-48920 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Bakardjieva, Radostina A1 - Sowada, Christoph T1 - Privatisation in Bulgaria : strategies, methods, results and conclusions N2 - Privatisation in Central and Eastern Europe can be defined as the transfer of property rights from the State to private owners. The transfers are carried out so as to vest the new private owners with the full property rights of use and disposal over their property, these rights being guaranteed by the legal framework established by the rule of law. In Bulgaria, one can distinguish between three main stages in the process of privatisation. Each was shaped by the conflicting resolutions of frequently changing governments and meant to serve different political goals. The first stage (1990-1993) is characterised by the blockade of legal privatisation, as ‘spontaneous privatisation’ was accorded high priority. As in other former socialist countries, great emphasis was placed on the so-called commercialisation of state-owned enterprises. This did not involve the actual transfer of State property into private hands, but rather the independent transformation of state-owned enterprises into joint-stock companies, as well as the establishment of subsidiary companies.1 The goals of introducing more efficient structures and applying modern methods of production by transferring property to a more suitable management were not achieved. The second stage (1993-1995) is a cash privatisation, which laid the foundation for an employee/management buy-out, aided by the legal provisions granting concessions in the payment of instalments. The most important factor in the third stage of the process of privatisation in Bulgaria was the adoption of the mass privatisation model as an alternative method of procedure. In 1996, legal regulations for mass privatisation were introduced and a privatisation fund was established. In the meantime, the process has evolved into its fourth stage, during which a strategy of privatisation has been formulated under the supervision of a monetary council, and various agreements with the IMF and the World Bank are being adhered to. Privatisation is the decisive factor in the structural reforms of East European countries. The problem of converting State property into more effective forms of property management has been exacerbated by the additional demand of carrying out the far-reaching structural changes as swiftly as possible. The expectation that a large part of State property would be privatised within a short time in Bulgaria, has not been met for a number of reasons. When the reforms began, the private sector was too weakly developed to become a catalyst for structural changes. Until 1995 there were no laws regulating the stock exchange or securities and bonds - the capital market was practically non-existent. Moreover, the various political parties could not agree upon the various models and objectives of privatisation. The population itself had no capital. The restitution of private ownership which will not be discussed in further detail was limited to the smallest businesses, traders and workshops. Furthermore, the Privatisation Agency and State authorities employed to initiate the privatisation process lacked experience. Another problem hindering privatisation was that the laws passed lacked precision and were constantly subject to change. T3 - Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge / Specials series S: Industrial and social policies in countries in transition - 16 Y1 - 1999 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-48914 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Rusielik, Robert A1 - Sobczak, Tomasz A1 - Switlyk, Michael T1 - Organisation and efficiency of agricultural enterprises in transformation : an empirical analysis of the Gorzów Voivodeship N2 - The economy in Poland has changed tremendously in recent years. Agricultural enterprises can defend their market share only if they are able to adjust quickly and efficiently to new circumstances. The most effective strategy to cope with changing operating conditions is a strategy of permanent development of human resources. This strategy must embrace a constant improvement of professional entrepreneurial skills and of management structures within organizations. Only such a strategy will allow businesses to hold on to or to increase their market standing despite strong competition. It will also allow them to meet, for instance, the newly introduced standardisation procedures for goods produced and supplied. This challenge holds especially true for agricultural enterprises that operate in highly competitive markets; markets which are currently characterised by a permanent surplus of supply over demand and a great number of businesses, mainly of small or medium size. Demand in the agricultural market is exerted by millions of consumers, all of different consumption habits with idiosyncratic consumption preferences. Agricultural producers as a group are extremely sensitive to any kind of change in their environment. This is especially true in the current transition period when a worsening of economic conditions can be observed: an economic downturn caused by the price of inputs increasing at a faster rate than agricultural product prices and an ineffective agricultural policy. One of the agricultural production factors which allows for quick adjustment to change and which can thus be used to improve one’s market position is the human factor. It is a wellknown fact that a good level of professional skills in combination with ongoing means of furthering and updating professional qualifications of workers can help to facilitate coping with market challenges. The aim of this study is first to determine specific quality and quantity features of human resources in agricultural production, looking, inter alia, at changes in employment, specific employment structures and the number of recruitments and dismissals in a given period. A further aim was to undertake an efficiency analysis of limited partnerships which leased their agricultural real estate from the Agricultural Property Agency (APA) in the Voivodeship of Gorzów between 1995 and 1997. The first analysis was carried out using data which were collected from surveys amongst the owners of 36 privately owned farms and the managers of 14 limited partnerships. The data cover the period between 1994 and 1997. The incentive to conduct research on large farms in the Gorzów Voivodeship using the Data Envelopment Analysis method (DEA) lay in the outcome of various earlier studies on the financial standing of limited partnerships leasing real estate from APA in the Gorzów Voivodeship in 1996 and 1997. Apart from general adjustment processes, these inquiries proved that, in 1997, the economic condition of the farms analysed was worse when compared to the situation in 1996; the following ratios worsened: the financial support ratio, the liquidity ratio, the turnover ratio, the profitability ratio and the cost level ratio (see Świtłyk, 1998, 1999). These results determined the focus of our research, namely input efficiency in particular limited partnerships. The base of our calculations was a research model which consisted of efficiency measures focusing on firms’ inputs The analysis was carried out on a sample of 90 firms in the years between 1995 and 1997 (30 firms every year). Other data material was collected from national statistical office reports on incomes, costs and financial results (F-O1) and statistics about land usage, crop area and yields (R-O5). In the next section we briefly discuss privatisation in agriculture. Sections 3 and 4 present results from our survey. Section 5 concludes. T3 - Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge / Specials series S: Industrial and social policies in countries in transition - 15 Y1 - 1999 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-48906 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Bakardjieva, Radostina A1 - Sowada, Christoph T1 - The employment crisis, pensions and poverty in Bulgaria 1990-1998 : trends – consequences – preventative measures N2 - After promising beginnings towards transformation, in 1991 the Bulgarian economy fell into deep crisis in the period from 1995 to 1997. Social policy, already overstrained due to the demands of transition, was unable to cope effectively with the rapidly spreading state of emergency. The following essay analyses the development of the social indicators and instruments of social security in the years 1990 to 1998. In addition to unemployment and unemployment insurance, the issue of pensions and poverty will also be examined. T3 - Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge / Specials series S: Industrial and social policies in countries in transition - 14 Y1 - 1999 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-48899 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Petersen, Hans-Georg A1 - Naydenov, Atanas T1 - The tax and social contribution system in Bulgaria : formal structure and possible impacts N2 - Like in all countries in transition, the tax as well as the transfer system have been under serious reform pressures. The socialistic systems were not able to fulfill the necessary functions in providing a certain degree of redistribution and social security, which are inevitable for social oriented market economies. Increasing income and wage differentiation is one of the most important prerequisites for a market oriented ability to pay tax system. But in the transformation period, numerous quasi-legal or even illegal property transactions have taken place, thus leading to wealth concentrations on the one hand while as consequence of the bankruptcy of socialism, enormous poverty problems have arisen on the other. For the political acceptance of the transformation process it is of utmost importance that an efficient and fair tax system is implemented and social security is organised by the state on a level which secures at least the physical minimum of subsistence or – if economically possible – even a social-cultural minimum. Whether the state should go further in providing compulsory social insurance systems has been a hotly debated topic for decades even in the welfare and social states of the Western type. Whereas the basic security systems have to be financed by general tax revenue, for a compulsory social insurance system – due to the insurance character – special earmarked social security contribution are held necessary. Both public goods and services as well as at least basic security have to be financed by total tax revenue. For the acceptance and fairness of the whole system the total redistributive effect of both sides of the budget – the tax system as well as the expenditure system – are decisive. In this paper we will concentrate on the revenue side, e.g. on the taxes as well as on the social security contributions. Adam Smith had already formulated some very simple tax norms which have been transformed in modern tax theory. The equivalence as well as the ability-topay principle are basic yardsticks for every tax system in a democratic oriented market system, not to forget tax fairness. In the historical development process equity-oriented measures have often produced an enormous complexity of the single taxes as well as of the whole tax system. Therefore, reconsidering the Smithian principles of simplicity and of minimum compliance costs for the tax payer would even press many Western European tax systems to undergo serious reform processes which often are delayed because of intense interest group influence. Hence, a modern tax system is a simple one which consists only of a few single taxes which are easy to administer. Such a system consists of two main taxes, the income and the value added tax. Consequently in all countries of transition both taxes have been implemented, while the implementation was fostered by the fact that both also constitute the typical components of the EU member states systems. Therefore such a harmonising tax reform is the most important prerequisite to become a membership candidate. Bulgaria also tried to follow this general pattern in reforming the income tax system starting in 1992 and replacing the old socialistic turnover tax and excise duty system by the value added tax (VAT) in 1994. Especially with regard to the income tax system the demand for simplicity has not been met yet. Complex rules to define the tax base as well as a steeply progressive tax schedule have led to behavioral adaptations which are even strengthened by the effects of a high social contribution burden which is predominantly laid on the employers. In the following some concise descriptions of the tax and social contribution system are given; the paper closes with a summary, in which the impacts of the system are evaluated and some political recommendations for further reforms are presented. T3 - Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge / Specials series S: Industrial and social policies in countries in transition - 13 Y1 - 1999 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-48885 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Bednarski, Marek A1 - Kurowski, Piotr T1 - Industrial policy and social strategy at the corporate level in Poland : questionnaire results N2 - This paper presents results from a survey of industrial policy of the state and the social security system at the corporate level in Poland. Previous reports in this area indicated preferable directions of research to be taken in order to prove various hypotheses of the purposefulness of an integral approach to industrial policy and social security in the analysis of economic processes in transition (see Weikard 1997). This paper summarises the results and draws conclusions from a questionnaire study on subsidies, social benefits and economic policy in Polish firms during the process of transformation. Our results and conclusions show the scope and character of the processes in the area of industrial and social policy in the period 1994 to 1997. The paper is divided into five parts. The first part concerns the aims and methodology of the questionnaire; it also gives a brief description of the sample. The second part shows how enterprises dealt with the issues of employment and wages in this period. The third part characterises industrial policy at the corporate level, while the next presents results from the survey of various social schemes pursued. The final part aims at an integral approach in the analysis of various processes taking place in Polish enterprises. The survey was conducted in the period April to June 1998. Its aim was to observe certain phenomena occurring at the corporate level. The questionnaire was distributed among the managers, directors and presidents of large-size enterprises, which had been selected to satisfy the following three criteria. Firstly, the number of employees had to be considerable (over 300 workers). This criterion was applied following the consideration that certain social phenomena are more conspicuous in enterprises with large manpower. Secondly, only operating enterprises were selected, the enterprises which closed down were disregarded. Finally, for the purposes of the survey the units differed as regards their legal situation and form of ownership. Out of over 1800 enterprises 370 units were drawn where we sent the questionnaire. Unfortunately, as many as 51.9% of the respondents refused co-operation, questions to a certain extent puts the representativeness of the sample in question. Finally, 178 questionnaires were subsequently completed and returned for analysis. However, not all of these questionnaires included full answers to all of the 75 questions; therefore, while discussing the results of the survey we have indicated the number of relevant answers we have received. T3 - Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge / Specials series S: Industrial and social policies in countries in transition - 12 Y1 - 1999 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-48873 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Czasch, Britta A1 - Balmann, Alfons A1 - Odening, Martin T1 - Organisation und Effizienz landwirtschaftlicher Unternehmen während der Umstrukturierung des Agrarsektors : eine empirische Analyse für Brandenburg N2 - Infolge der Veränderungen der politischen, wirtschaftlichen und rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen hat sich in der ostdeutschen Landwirtschaft ein erheblicher Strukturwandel vollzogen. Zwar ist die Zahl der landwirtschaftlichen Unternehmen infolge von Neugründungen, Teilungen und Auslagerungen von Tätigkeitsbereichen kontinuierlich gestiegen, die Zahl der Beschäftigten in der Landwirtschaft ist dagegen drastisch zurückgegangen. In Brandenburg, der Untersuchungsregion dieser Studie, verringerte sich beispielsweise die Zahl der Beschäftigten von 39.035 Arbeitskrafteinheiten (AK-Einheiten) auf 25.991 im Zeitraum von 1992 bis 1997. Dies entspricht einem Rückgang von 33,4 %. Statistische Erhebungen aus dem Jahr 1997 zeigen, daß 31% der ehemals in der Landwirtschaft Beschäftigten in den Vorruhestand entlassen wurden, etwa weitere 20% befanden sich in Fortbildungs-, Umschulungs- oder Arbeitsbeschaffungsmaßnahmen (MELF, 1997). Vielen Beschäftigten, die zwischenzeitlich in Arbeitsbeschaffungsmaßnahmen eingebunden waren, blieb nach dem Auslaufen dieser Projekte der Weg in die Arbeitslosigkeit nicht erspart (BALMANN et al., 1996). Etwa 40% der Bevölkerung Brandenburgs lebt in ländlichen Gebieten, und 4,1% aller Erwerbstätigen bietet die Landwirtschaft einen Arbeitsplatz, womit Brandenburg über dem Bundesdurchschnitt liegt. Bei einer Arbeitslosenquote von 20,2% (März 1998), gewinnt der Anteil in der Landwirtschaft beschäftigter Personen zusätzlich an Bedeutung. Vor diesem sozialen und demografischen Hintergrund ist die vorliegende Untersuchung einzuordnen. Es soll der Versuch unternommen werden, die Arbeitsmarktentwicklungen im Agrarbereich detaillierter zu beschreiben und ihre Bestimmungsgründe aufzuzeigen. Dazu ist es insbesondere notwendig, die Entwicklung des Arbeitskräftebestandes der landwirtschaftlichen Unternehmen in der Umstrukturierungsphase nach Rechts- und Betriebsformen differenziert zu betrachten. Das Papier gliedert sich in zwei Hauptabschnitte. In Abschnitt 2 erfolgt eine Beschreibung der internen Umstrukturierungsprozesse von insgesamt 75 Agrarbetrieben in Brandenburg zwischen 1990 und 1996. Dabei erfolgt eine Einschränkung auf juristische Personen, da diese infolge ihrer hohen Bedeutung im Hinblick auf die Zahl der Beschäftigten sowie die Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten der Anpassung von besonderem Interesse sind. Abschnitt 3 untersucht, wie die vollzogene Entwicklung unter Effizienzgesichtspunkten zu beurteilen ist. T3 - Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge / Specials series S: Industrial and social policies in countries in transition - 11 Y1 - 1999 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-48864 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Switlyk, Michael T1 - The economic standing of the partnership companies which lease agricultural real estate from the agricultural property agency of the state treasury in Gorzów Voivodeship in 1996 and 1997 N2 - The aim of the work was to present the results of the analyses economic standing of the partnership companies which lease agricultural real estate from Agricultural Property Agency of State Treasury (APA) in 1996 and 1997. The analyses proved poor economic condition of the firms under investigation and especially their low level of stabilisation (the index of total debt was in 1996 equal to 0.88 and in 1997 to 0.96) and the low level of their solvency. T3 - Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge / Specials series S: Industrial and social policies in countries in transition - 10 Y1 - 1999 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-48858 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Klein, Eckart A1 - Schmidt-Jortzig, Edzard A1 - Buergenthal, Thomas A1 - Krüger, Hans Christian A1 - Weiß, Norman T1 - „Menschenrechte für alle" : 50 Jahre Allgemeine Erklärung der Menschenrechte N2 - Inhalt: Edzard Schmidt-Jortzig Menschenrechtliche Entwicklung in Deutschland im Lichte des internationalen Vertragsrechts Thomas Buergenthal Die Bedeutung der Allgemeinen Erklärung der Menschenrechte für den internationalen Menschenrechtsschutz Hans Christian Krüger Der europäische Menschenrechtsschutz in einem veränderten Europa Norman Weiß 50 Jahre Allgemeine: Erklärung der Menschenrechte — Zusammenfassender Bericht über die übrigen Veranstaltungen Eckart Klein Zur Eröffnung der Ausstellung „Menschenrechte für alle" — 50 Jahre Allgemeine Erklärung der Menschenrechte am 28. August 1998 T3 - Studien zu Grund- und Menschenrechten - 2 Y1 - 1999 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-51294 ER - TY - THES A1 - Blank, Benjamin T1 - Zur Bodenwasserdynamik ausgewählter Meßpunkte im südwestlichen Uvs-Nuur-Becken in Abhängigkeit von Standorteigenschaften und Witterung T1 - Soil water dynamics of several measuring points selected in the southwestern Uvs-Nuur basin depending on site properties and weather N2 - Die verschiedenen Meßverfahren zur Bestimmung von Bodenwassergehalten und der Bodenfeuchte konnten während ihres Einsatzes im Uvs-Nuur-Becken über einen längeren Zeitraum hinweg erprobt werden. Dabei stellte sich heraus, daß die Thetasonde und die Stechzylinderproben sich zur Bestimmung des volumetrischen Bodenwassergehalts gut eignen. An den Standorten, an denen parallele Messungen mit beiden Verfahren möglich waren, zeigten Vergleiche der Meßreihen, daß sich die beiden Methoden gegenseitig bestätigen. Nur in Einzelfällen traten größere Abweichungen zwischen den Tageswerten auf. Einschränkend auf die Anwendbarkeit der Verfahren und die Genauigkeit der Meßergebnisse kann sich die Bodenbeschaffenheit auswirken. In stark verdichteten oder skelettreichen Böden ist das Einbringen der Sondenmeßstäbe schwierig und stellenweise nicht möglich. Derartige Böden sind auch für die Entnahme von Stechzylinderproben problematisch, da es schwierig ist Materialverluste bei der Entnahme gering zuhalten. Die Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Bodenfeuchte, Tensiometer und Gipsblocksensoren, hatten gegenüber den anderen Verfahren den Vorteil, daß sie automatisiert waren. Auf diese Weise konnte auch ohne intensive Betreuung eine hohe zeitliche Meßdichte erzielt werden. Über eine Eichkurve, die im Labor erstellt wurde, konnten den Wasserspannungen die entsprechenden Bodenwassergehalte zugeordnet werden. Für Station S 2 sind die Tensiometermeßwerte gut geeignet, um zusammen mit den Stechzylinderproben die Bodenwasserdynamik zu beschreiben. An den anderen Standorten liegen die Wassergehalte, die man über die Eichkurve erhält, verglichen mit Thetasonden- und Stechzylinderwerten sehr viel höher. Beim Einsatz von Tensiometern und Gipsblocksensoren in diesem Gebiet muß aufgrund des geringen Bodenwassergehalts vieler Standorte besonders darauf geachtet werden, daß die Sensoren bzw. die Kerzen eng vom Boden umschlossen sind, ansonsten kann es zu erheblichen Beeinträchtigungen der Meßgenauigkeit kommen. Bei den Tensiometern muß zusätzlich darauf geachtet werden, daß der Meßbereich nicht überschritten wird. Die Variabilität zwischen den Bodenwassergehalten der Standorte ergibt sich aus ihrer Lage im Untersuchungsgebiet und dem Witterungsgeschehen. Die deutlichsten Unterschiede zeigen sich beim Vergleich der Standorte der Ebenen und der Hangbereiche. An den Standorten in der Ebene ist die potentielle Evapotranspiration höher als an den Hangstandorten, dies wirkt sich auf die absolute Höhe der Bodenwassergehalte und auf ihre Variabilität aus. In der Ebene gehen die Bodenwassergehalte nach einer Erhöhung durch Niederschlagseinträge aufgrund der starken Evapotranspiration relativ schnell wieder zurück, so kommt es zu einer hohen Variabilität. An den Hangstandorten ist dieser Effekt abgeschwächt, besonders gering ist die potentielle Verdunstung im Wald am Standort S 7. Die Meßreihen dort weisen geringere Gegensätze zwischen den Extrema auf. Die signifikanten Unterschiede der Bodenwassergehalte verschiedener Meßtiefen eines Standortes werden anhand Variationskoeffizienten der Meßreihen deutlich. In 5 cm Bodentiefe spiegelt sich das aktuelle atmosphärische Geschehen wider. Niederschlagseinträge werden durch eine unmittelbare Erhöhung des Bodenwassergehalts sichtbar. Ist die potentielle Verdunstung nach einer Erhöhung der Bodenwassergehalte durch Niederschlagseinträge hoch, verringern sich die Bodenwassergehalte in dieser Meßtiefe auch schnell wieder. In den Bereichen ab 20 cm Bodentiefe sind kurzfristige Erhöhungen des Bodenwassergehalts nur nach sehr starken Niederschlägen zu beobachten. Veränderungen wie der allmähliche Rückgang des Bodenwassergehalts in den tieferen Bodenschichten an S 3 sind nur über einen längeren Zeitraum festzustellen. Die zeitliche Variabilität der Bodenwassergehalte wird vom Witterungsgeschehen, insbesondere den Niederschlägen und der potentiellen Verdunstung, bestimmt. Im Sommer 1998 ist das Verhältnis von Niederschlag und potentieller Verdunstung so, daß auch nach den Hauptniederschlägen des Jahres in den Sommermonaten keine Erhöhung der Bodenwassergehalte stattgefunden hat. An Station S 3 ist in den tieferen Bodenschichten eine Austrocknung zu verzeichnen. Dies ist der Hauptunterschied zwischen den Jahren 1997 und 1998. 1997 fällt sehr viel mehr Regen als 1998, es kommt zu einer nachhaltigen Durchfeuchtung des Bodens. Auch die Verdunstung ist 1997 geringer. Nach Niederschlägen findet daher kein so schneller Rückgang der Bodenwassergehalte wie 1998 statt, und die Variabilität der Meßwerte ist geringer. Es ist anzunehmen, daß die Bodenwassergehalte am Anfang der Meßperiode des Jahres 1998, die im Laufe des Meßzeitraums abnehmen, Vorräte aus den Einträgen des Jahres 1997 darstellen. Eine nachhaltige Durchfeuchtung des Bodens findet also nur bei sehr hohen Niederschlagseinträgen wie im Jahr 1997 statt. N2 - Different methods to detect soil water contents were tested in the Uvs-Nuur basin, Mongolia, over a period of three months. Frequency domain probes and soil cores were suited to determine the volumetric soil water content. Accuracy depended on soil properties. Tensiometers and gypsum block methods were difficult to apply because of the loose soil structure. The variability of the soil water contents is caused by spatial variability and the weather situation. Clearest differences among soil water contents were found comparing sites in the plain and in mountainous areas due to higher evapotranspiration in the plain. Temporal variability is mostly depending on rainfall. Soil moisture is stored for longer time after rainfall in the mountainous areas due to less evapotranspiration. KW - Mongolei KW - Steppe KW - Bodenwasser KW - Standorteigenschaften KW - Geoökologie KW - Mongolia KW - steppe KW - soil water KW - siteproperties KW - geoecology Y1 - 1999 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-45592 ER -