TY - JOUR A1 - Jones, Chris A1 - Wiesner, Karoline T1 - Clarifying how degree entropies and degree-degree correlations relate to network robustness JF - Entropy : an international and interdisciplinary journal of entropy and information studies N2 - It is often claimed that the entropy of a network's degree distribution is a proxy for its robustness. Here, we clarify the link between degree distribution entropy and giant component robustness to node removal by showing that the former merely sets a lower bound to the latter for randomly configured networks when no other network characteristics are specified. Furthermore, we show that, for networks of fixed expected degree that follow degree distributions of the same form, the degree distribution entropy is not indicative of robustness. By contrast, we show that the remaining degree entropy and robustness have a positive monotonic relationship and give an analytic expression for the remaining degree entropy of the log-normal distribution. We also show that degree-degree correlations are not by themselves indicative of a network's robustness for real networks. We propose an adjustment to how mutual information is measured which better encapsulates structural properties related to robustness. KW - complex networks KW - network robustness KW - degree distribution entropy; KW - remaining degree entropy KW - mutual information of networks Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/e24091182 SN - 1099-4300 VL - 24 IS - 9 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Henkel, Carsten A1 - Folman, Ron T1 - Internal decoherence in nano-object interferometry due to phonons JF - AVS Quantum Science N2 - We discuss the coherent splitting and recombining of a nanoparticle in a mesoscopic "closed-loop" Stern-Gerlach interferometer in which the observable is the spin of a single impurity embedded in the particle. This spin, when interacting with a pulsed magnetic gradient, generates the force on the particle. We calculate the internal decoherence, which arises as the displaced impurity excites internal degrees of freedom (phonons) that may provide WelcherWeg information and preclude interference. We estimate the constraints this decoherence channel puts on future interference experiments with massive objects. We find that for a wide range of masses, forces, and temperatures, phonons do not inhibit Stern-Gerlach interferometry with micro-scale objects. However, phonons do constitute a fundamental limit on the splitting of larger macroscopic objects if the applied force induces phonons. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1116/5.0080503 SN - 2639-0213 VL - 4 IS - 2 PB - AIP Publishing CY - Melville ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kluge, Lucas A1 - Levermann, Anders A1 - Schewe, Jacob T1 - Radiation model for migration with directional preferences JF - Physical review : E, Statistical, nonlinear and soft matter physics N2 - The radiation model is a parameter-free model of human mobility that has been applied primarily for short-distance moves, such as commuting. When applied to migration, it underestimates the number of long-range moves, such as between different US states. Here we show that it additionally suffers from a conceptual inconsistency that can have substantial numerical effects on long-distance moves. We propose a modification of the radiation model that introduces a dependence on the angle between any two alternative potential destinations, accounting for the possibility that migrants may have preferences about the approximate direction of their move. We demonstrate that this modification mitigates the conceptual inconsistency and improves the model fit to observational migration data, without introducing any fitting parameters. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.106.064138 SN - 2470-0045 SN - 2470-0053 VL - 106 IS - 6 PB - American Physical Society CY - College Park ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pauzon, Camille A1 - Mishurova, Tatiana A1 - Fischer, Marie A1 - Ahlström, Johan A1 - Fritsch, Tilman A1 - Bruno, Giovanni A1 - Hryha, Eduard T1 - Impact of contour scanning and helium-rich process gas on performances of Alloy 718 lattices produced by laser powder bed fusion JF - Materials & Design N2 - Contour scanning and process gas type are process parameters typically considered achieving second order effects compared to first order factors such as laser power and scanning speed. The present work highlights that contour scanning is crucial to ensure geometrical accuracy and thereby the high performance under uniaxial compression of complex Alloy 718 lattice structures. Studies of X-ray computed tomography visualizations of as-built and compression-strained structures reveal the continuous and smooth bending and compression of the walls, and the earlier onset of internal contact appearance in the denser lattices printed with contour. In contrast, the effect of addition of He to the Ar process gas appears to have limited influence on the mechanical response of the lattices and their microstructure as characterized by electron backscattered diffraction. However, the addition of He proved to significantly enhance the cooling rate and to reduce the amount of the generated spatters as evidenced by in situ monitoring of the process emissions, which is very promising for the process stability and powder reusability during laser powder bed fusion. KW - additive manufacturing KW - laser powder bed fusion KW - gyroid lattice KW - process atmosphere KW - Alloy 718 KW - spatters Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110501 SN - 0264-1275 SN - 1873-4197 VL - 215 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vaz da Cruz, Vinicius A1 - Mascarenhas, Eric J. A1 - Büchner, Robby A1 - Jay, Raphael M. A1 - Fondell, Mattis A1 - Eckert, Sebastian A1 - Foehlisch, Alexander T1 - Metal-water covalency in the photo-aquated ferrocyanide complex as seen by multi-edge picosecond X-ray absorption JF - Physical chemistry, chemical physics : a journal of European Chemical Societies N2 - In this work, we investigate the photo-aquation reaction of the ferrocyanide anion with multi-edge picosecond soft X-ray spectroscopy. Combining the information of the iron L-edge with nitrogen and oxygen K-edges, we carry out a complete characterization of the bonding channels in the [Fe(CN)(5)(H2O)](3-) photo-product. We observe clear spectral signatures of covalent bonding between water and the metal, reflecting the mixing of the Fe d(z)(2) orbital with the 3a(1) and 4a(1) orbitals of H2O. Additional fingerprints related to the symmetry reduction and the resulting loss in orbital degeneracy are also reported. The implications of the elucidated fingerprints in the context of future ultra-fast experiments are also discussed. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/d2cp04084k SN - 1463-9076 SN - 1463-9084 VL - 24 IS - 45 SP - 27819 EP - 27826 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bohdan, Artem A1 - Weidl, Martin S. A1 - Morris, Paul J. A1 - Pohl, Martin T1 - The electron foreshock at high-Mach-number non-relativistic oblique shocks JF - Physics of plasmas N2 - In the Universe, matter outside of stars and compact objects is mostly composed of collisionless plasma. The interaction of a supersonic plasma flow with an obstacle results in collisionless shocks that are often associated with intense nonthermal radiation and the production of cosmic ray particles. Motivated by simulations of non-relativistic high-Mach-number shocks in supernova remnants, we investigate the instabilities excited by relativistic electron beams in the extended foreshock of oblique shocks. The phase-space distributions in the inner and outer foreshock regions are derived with a particle-in-cell simulation of the shock and used as initial conditions for simulations with periodic boundary conditions to study their relaxation toward equilibrium. We find that the observed electron-beam instabilities agree very well with the predictions of a linear dispersion analysis: the electrostatic electron-acoustic instability dominates in the outer region of the foreshock, while the denser electron beams in the inner foreshock drive the gyroresonant oblique-whistler instability. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0084544 SN - 1070-664X SN - 1089-7674 VL - 29 IS - 5 PB - AIP Publishing CY - Melville ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kamlah, Robert A1 - Verma, Meetu A1 - Diercke, Andrea A1 - Denker, Carsten T1 - Wavelength dependence of image quality metrics and seeing parameters and their relation to adaptive optics performance JF - Solar physics : a journal for solar and solar-stellar research and the study of solar terrestrial physics N2 - Ground-based solar observations are severely affected by Earth's turbulent atmosphere. As a consequence, observed image quality and prevailing seeing conditions are closely related. Partial correction of image degradation is nowadays provided in real time by adaptive optics (AO) systems. In this study, different metrics of image quality are compared with parameters characterizing the prevailing seeing conditions, i.e. Median Filter Gradient Similarity (MFGS), Median Filter Laplacian Similarity (MFLS), Helmli-Scherer mean, granular rms-contrast, differential image motion, and Fried-parameter r(0). The quiet-Sun observations at disk center were carried out at the Vacuum Tower Telescope (VTT), Observatorio del Teide (OT), Izana, Tenerife, Spain. In July and August 2016, time series of short-exposure images were recorded with the High-resolution Fast Imager (HiFI) at various wavelengths in the visible and near-infrared parts of the spectrum. Correlation analysis yields the wavelength dependence of the image quality metrics and seeing parameters, and Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) is employed to characterize the seeing on a particular observing day. In addition, the image quality metrics and seeing parameters are used to determine the field dependence of the correction provided by the AO system. Management of high-resolution imaging data from large-aperture, ground-based telescopes demands reliable image quality metrics and meaningful characterization of prevailing seeing conditions and AO performance. The present study offers guidance on how retrieving such information ex post facto. KW - Granulation KW - Photosphere KW - Chromosphere KW - Image restoration KW - Adaptive KW - optics KW - Instrumentation and data management Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-021-01771-y SN - 1573-093X VL - 296 IS - 2 PB - Springer Science + Business Media B.V CY - Dordrecht [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meyer, Dominique M.-A. A1 - Meliani, Zakaria T1 - Pulsar wind nebulae of runaway massive stars JF - Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Letters N2 - A significant fraction of massive stars move at speed through the interstellar medium of galaxies. After their death as core-collapse supernovae, a possible final evolutionary state is that of a fast-rotating magnetized neutron star, shaping its circumstellar medium into a pulsar wind nebula. Understanding the properties of pulsar wind nebulae requires knowledge of the evolutionary history of their massive progenitors. Using two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamical simulations, we demonstrate that, in the context of a runaway high-mass red-supergiant supernova progenitor, the morphology of its subsequent pulsar wind nebula is strongly affected by the wind of the defunct progenitor star pre-shaping the stellar surroundings throughout its entire past life. In particular, pulsar wind nebulae of obscured runaway massive stars harbour asymmetries as a function of the morphology of the progenitor's wind-blown cavity, inducing projected asymmetric up-down synchrotron emission. KW - methods: MHD KW - stars: evolution KW - stars: massive KW - pulsars: general KW - ISM: supernova remnants Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/slac062 SN - 1745-3933 SN - 1745-3925 VL - 515 IS - 1 SP - L29 EP - L33 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yochelis, Arik A1 - Flemming, Sven A1 - Beta, Carsten T1 - Versatile patterns in the actin cortex of motile cells BT - self-organized pulses can coexist with macropinocytic ring-shaped waves JF - Physical review letters N2 - Self-organized patterns in the actin cytoskeleton are essential for eukaryotic cellular life. They are the building blocks of many functional structures that often operate simultaneously to facilitate, for example, nutrient uptake and movement of cells. However, identifying how qualitatively distinct actin patterns can coexist remains a challenge. Using bifurcation theory of a mass conserved activator-inhibitor system, we uncover a generic mechanism of how different actin waves-traveling waves and excitable pulses- organize and simultaneously emerge. Live-cell imaging experiments indeed reveal that narrow, planar, and fast-moving excitable pulses may coexist with ring-shaped macropinocytic actin waves in the cortex of motile amoeboid cells. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.088101 SN - 0031-9007 SN - 1079-7114 VL - 129 IS - 8 PB - American Physical Society CY - College Park ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Savchenko, Vladyslav A1 - Lomadze, Nino A1 - Santer, Svetlana A1 - Guskova, Olga T1 - Spiropyran/merocyanine amphiphile in various solvents BT - a joint experimental-theoretical approach to photophysical properties and self-assembly JF - International journal of molecular sciences N2 - This joint experimental-theoretical work focuses on molecular and photophysical properties of the spiropyran-containing amphiphilic molecule in organic and aqueous solutions. Being dissolved in tested organic solvents, the system demonstrates positive photochromism, i.e., upon UV stimulus the colorless spiropyran form is transformed into colorful merocyanine isomer. However, the aqueous solution of the amphiphile possesses a negative photochromism: the orange-red merocyanine form becomes thermodynamically more stable in water, and both UV and vis stimuli lead to the partial or complete photobleaching of the solution. The explanation of this phenomenon is given on the basis of density functional theory calculations and classical modeling including thermodynamic integration. The simulations reveal that stabilization of merocyanine in water proceeds with the energy of ca. 70 kJ mol-1, and that the Helmholtz free energy of hydration of merocyanine form is 100 kJ mol-1 lower as compared to the behavior of SP isomer in water. The explanation of such a difference lies in the molecular properties of the merocyanine: after ring-opening reaction this molecule transforms into a zwitterionic form, as evidenced by the electrostatic potential plotted around the opened form. The presence of three charged groups on the periphery of a flat conjugated backbone stimulates the self-assembly of merocyanine molecules in water, ending up with the formation of elongated associates with stack-like building blocks, as shown in molecular dynamics simulations of the aqueous solution with the concentration above critical micelle concentration. Our quantitative evaluation of the hydrophilicity switching in spiropyran/merocyanine containing surfactants may prompt the search for new systems, including colloidal and polymeric ones, aiming at remote tuning of their morphology, which could give new promising shapes and patterns for the needs of modern nanotechnology. KW - spiropyran/merocyanine isomerization KW - negative photochromism KW - time-resolved UV-vis measurements KW - molecular modeling Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911535 SN - 1422-0067 VL - 23 IS - 19 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Odziomek, Mateusz A1 - Giusto, Paolo A1 - Kossmann, Janina A1 - Tarakina, Nadezda A1 - Heske, Julian A1 - Rivadeneira, Salvador M. A1 - Keil, Waldemar A1 - Schmidt, Claudia A1 - Mazzanti, Stefano A1 - Savateev, Oleksandr A1 - Perdigon-Toro, Lorena A1 - Neher, Dieter A1 - Kühne, Thomas D. A1 - Antonietti, Markus A1 - Lopez-Salas, Nieves T1 - "Red Carbon": a rediscovered covalent crystalline semiconductor JF - Advanced materials N2 - Carbon suboxide (C3O2) is a unique molecule able to polymerize spontaneously into highly conjugated light-absorbing structures at temperatures as low as 0 degrees C. Despite obvious advantages, little is known about the nature and the functional properties of this carbonaceous material. In this work, the aim is to bring "red carbon," a forgotten polymeric semiconductor, back to the community's attention. A solution polymerization process is adapted to simplify the synthesis and control the structure. This allows one to obtain this crystalline covalent material at low temperatures. Both spectroscopic and elemental analyses support the chemical structure represented as conjugated ladder polypyrone ribbons. Density functional theory calculations suggest a crystalline structure of AB stacks of polypyrone ribbons and identify the material as a direct bandgap semiconductor with a medium bandgap that is further confirmed by optical analysis. The material shows promising photocatalytic performance using blue light. Moreover, the simple condensation-aromatization route described here allows the straightforward fabrication of conjugated ladder polymers and can be inspiring for the synthesis of carbonaceous materials at low temperatures in general. KW - carbon suboxide KW - carbonaceous materials KW - conjugated ladder polymers KW - covalent materials KW - photocatalysts Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202206405 SN - 0935-9648 SN - 1521-4095 VL - 34 IS - 40 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Shengjie A1 - Liang, Yingjie A1 - Xu, Wei T1 - Characterization of chloride ions diffusion in concrete using fractional Brownian motion run with power law clock JF - Fractals : complex geometry, patterns, and scaling in nature and society N2 - In this paper, we propose a revised fractional Brownian motion run with a nonlinear clock (fBm-nlc) model and utilize it to illustrate the microscopic mechanism analysis of the fractal derivative diffusion model with variable coefficient (VC-FDM). The power-law mean squared displacement (MSD) links the fBm-nlc model and the VC-FDM via the two-parameter power law clock and the Hurst exponent is 0.5. The MSD is verified by using the experimental points of the chloride ions diffusion in concrete. When compared to the linear Brownian motion, the results show that the power law MSD of the fBm-nlc is much better in fitting the experimental points of chloride ions in concrete. The fBm-nlc clearly interprets the VC-FDM and provides a microscopic strategy in characterizing different types of non-Fickian diffusion processes with more different nonlinear functions. KW - mean squared displacement KW - anomalous diffusion KW - fractal derivative KW - fractional brownian motion KW - nonlinear clock Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218348X22501778 SN - 0218-348X SN - 1793-6543 VL - 30 IS - 9 PB - World Scient. Publ. CY - Singapore [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Voloskov, Boris A1 - Mishurova, Tatiana A1 - Evlashin, Stanislav A1 - Akhatov, Iskander A1 - Bruno, Giovanni A1 - Sergeichev, Ivan T1 - Artificial defects in 316L stainless steel produced by laser powder bed fusion: printability, microstructure, and effects on the very-high-cycle fatigue behavior JF - Advanced engineering materials N2 - The printability of artificial defects inside the additively manufactured laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) 316L stainless steel is investigated. The printing parameters of the LPBF process are optimized to produce artificial defects with reproducible sizes at desired positions while minimizing redundant porosity. The smallest obtained artificial defect is 90 mu m in diameter. The accuracy of the geometry of the printed defect depends on both the height and the diameter in the input model. The effect of artificial defects on the very-high-cycle fatigue (VHCF) behavior of LPBF 316L stainless steel is also studied. The specimens printed with artificial defects in the center are tested under VHCF using an ultrasonic machine. Crack initiation is accompanied by the formation of a fine granular area (FGA), typical of VHCF. Despite the presence of relatively large artificial defects, FGA formation is observed around accidental natural printing defects closer to the surface, which can still be considered as internal. The causes for this occurrence are discussed. KW - artificial defects KW - fine granular areas KW - fracture surfaces KW - laser powder bed fusion KW - very-high-cycle fatigue Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202200831 SN - 1438-1656 SN - 1527-2648 VL - 25 IS - 1 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lepro, Valentino A1 - Großmann, Robert A1 - Panah, Setareh Sharifi A1 - Nagel, Oliver A1 - Klumpp, Stefan A1 - Lipowsky, Reinhard A1 - Beta, Carsten T1 - Optimal cargo size for active diffusion of biohybrid microcarriers JF - Physical Review Applied N2 - As society paves its way towards device miniaturization and precision medicine, microscale actuation and transport become increasingly prominent research fields with high impact in both technological and clinical contexts. In order to accomplish movement of micron-sized objects towards specific target sites, active biohybrid transport systems, such as motile living cells that act as smart biochemically powered microcarriers, have been suggested as an alternative to synthetic microrobots. Inspired by the motility of leukocytes, we propose the amoeboid crawling of eukaryotic cells as a promising mechanism for transport of micron-sized cargoes and present an in-depth study of this type of composite active matter. Its transport properties result from the interactions of an active element (cell) and a passive one (cargo) and reveal an optimal cargo size that enhances the locomotion of the load-carrying cells, even exceeding their motility in the absence of cargo. The experimental findings are rationalized in terms of a biohybrid active particle model that describes the emergent cell-cargo dynamics and enables us to derive the long-time diffusive transport of amoeboid microcarriers. As amoeboid locomotion is commonly observed for mammalian cells such as leukocytes, our results lay the foundations for the study of transport performance of other medically relevant cell types and for extending our findings to more advanced transport tasks in complex environments, such as tissues. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.18.034014 SN - 2331-7019 VL - 18 IS - 3 PB - American Physical Society CY - College Park ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Umlandt, Maren A1 - Kopyshev, Alexey A1 - Pasechnik, Sergey A1 - Zakharov, Alexandre A1 - Lomadze, Nino A1 - Santer, Svetlana T1 - Light-triggered manipulations of droplets all in one: reversible wetting, transport, splitting, and merging JF - ACS applied materials & interfaces N2 - Here, we establish different ways of light-triggered droplet manipulation such as reversible wetting, splitting, merging, and transport. The unique features of our approach are that the changes in the wetting properties of microscopic droplets of isotropic (oil) or anisotropic (liquid crystalline) liquids adsorbed on photoswitchable films can be triggered just by application of soft optical stimuli, which lead to dynamical, reversible changes in the local morphology of the structured surfaces. The adaptive films consist of an azobenzene-containing surfactant ionically attached to oppositely charged polymer chains. Under exposure to irradiation with light, the azobenzene photoisomerizes between two states, nonpolar trans -isomer and polar cis-isomer, resulting in the corresponding changes in the surface energy and orientation of the surfactant tails at the interface. Additionally, the local increase in the surface temperature due to absorption of light by the azobenzene groups enables diverse processes of manipulation of the adsorbed small droplets, such as the reversible increase of the droplet basal area up to 5 times, anisotropic wetting during irradiation with modulated light, and precise partition of the droplet into many small pieces, which can then be merged on demand to the desired number of larger droplets. Moreover, using a moving focused light spot, we experimentally demonstrate and theoretically explain the locomotion of the droplet over macroscopic distances with a velocity of up to 150 mu m center dot s-1. Our findings could lead to the ultimate application of a programmable workbench for manipulating and operating an ensemble of droplets, just using simple and gentle optical stimuli. KW - photoresponsive surfaces KW - wetting KW - dewetting KW - droplet motion KW - splitting KW - merging KW - azobenzene surfactant Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c10710 SN - 1944-8244 SN - 1944-8252 VL - 14 IS - 36 SP - 41412 EP - 41420 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schneider, Sebastian A1 - Bytyqi, Kushtrim A1 - Kohaut, Stephan A1 - Bügel, Patrick A1 - Weinschenk, Benjamin A1 - Marz, Michael A1 - Kimouche, Amina A1 - Fink, Karin A1 - Hoffmann-Vogel, Regina T1 - Molecular self-assembly of DBBA on Au(111) at room temperature JF - Physical chemistry, chemical physics : a journal of European Chemical Societies N2 - We have investigated the self-assembly of the graphene nanoribbon molecular precursor 10,10'-dibromo-9,9'-bianthryl (DBBA) on Au(111) with frequency modulation scanning force microscopy (FM-SFM) at room temperature combined with ab initio calculations. For low molecular coverages, the molecules aggregate along the substrate herringbone reconstruction main directions while remaining mobile. At intermediate coverage, two phases coexist, zigzag stripes of monomer chains and decorated herringbones. For high coverage, the molecules assemble in a dimer-striped phase. The adsorption behaviour of DBBA molecules and their interactions are discussed and compared with the results from ab initio calculations. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/d2cp02268k SN - 1463-9076 SN - 1463-9084 VL - 24 IS - 46 SP - 28371 EP - 28380 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tian, Peibo A1 - Liang, Yingjie T1 - Material coordinate driven variable-order fractal derivative model of water anomalous adsorption in swelling soil JF - Chaos, solitons & fractals N2 - The diffusion process of water in swelling (expansive) soil often deviates from normal Fick diffusion and belongs to anomalous diffusion. The process of water adsorption by swelling soil often changes with time, in which the microstructure evolves with time and the absorption rate changes along a fractal dimension gradient function. Thus, based on the material coordinate theory, this paper proposes a variable order derivative fractal model to describe the cumulative adsorption of water in the expansive soil, and the variable order is time dependent linearly. The cumulative adsorption is a power law function of the anomalous sorptivity, and patterns of the variable order. The variable-order fractal derivative model is tested to describe the cumulative adsorption in chernozemic surface soil, Wunnamurra clay and sandy loam. The results show that the fractal derivative model with linearly time dependent variable-order has much better accuracy than the fractal derivative model with a constant derivative order and the integer order model in the application cases. The derivative order can be used to distinguish the evolution of the anomalous adsorption process. The variable-order fractal derivative model can serve as an alternative approach to describe water anomalous adsorption in swelling soil. KW - water adsorption KW - variable order KW - fractal derivative KW - swelling soil KW - material coordinate Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2022.112754 SN - 0960-0779 SN - 1873-2887 VL - 164 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sorgenfrei, Nomi A1 - Giangrisostomi, Erika A1 - Kühn, Danilo A1 - Ovsyannikov, Ruslan A1 - Föhlisch, Alexander T1 - Time and angle-resolved time-of-flight electron spectroscopy for functional materials science JF - Molecules : a journal of synthetic chemistry and natural product chemistry N2 - Electron spectroscopy with the unprecedented transmission of angle-resolved time-of-flight detection, in combination with pulsed X-ray sources, brings new impetus to functional materials science. We showcase recent developments towards chemical sensitivity from electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis and structural information from photoelectron diffraction using the phase transition properties of 1T-TaS2. Our development platform is the SurfaceDynamics instrument located at the Femtoslicing facility at BESSY II, where femtosecond and picosecond X-ray pulses can be generated and extracted. The scientific potential is put into perspective to the current rapidly developing pulsed X-ray source capabilities from Lasers and Free-Electron Lasers. KW - photoelectron spectroscopy KW - surface science KW - time-resolved KW - ultrafast KW - instrumentation KW - dichalcogenides KW - phase transition Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27248833 SN - 1420-3049 VL - 27 IS - 24 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grassl, Sandra A1 - Ritter, Christoph A1 - Schulz, Alexander T1 - The nature of the Ny-Alesund wind field analysed by high-resolution windlidar data JF - Remote sensing N2 - In this work we present windlidar data for the research village Ny-Alesund located on Svalbard in the European Arctic (78.923 degrees N, 11.928 degrees F) from 2013 to 2021. The data have a resolution of 50 m and 10 min with an overlapping height of about 150 m. The maximum range depends on the meteorologic situation. Up to 1000 m altitude the data availability is better than 71%. We found that the highest wind speeds occur in November and December, the lowest ones in June and July, up to 500 m altitude the wind is channelled strongly in ESE to NW direction parallel to the fjord axis and the synoptic conditions above 1000 m altitude already dominate. While the fraction of windy days (v > 10 m/s) varies significantly from month to month, there is no overall trend of the wind visible in our data set. We define gusts and jets by the requirement of wind maxima v > 2 m/s above and below a wind maximum. In total, more than 24,000 of these events were identified (corresponding to 6% of the time), of which 223 lasted for at least 100 min ("Long Jets"). All of these events are fairly equally distributed over the months relatively to the available data. Further, gusts and jets follow different distributions (in terms of altitude or depths) and occur more frequently for synoptic flow from roughly a southerly direction. Jets do not show a clear correlation between occurrence and synoptic flow. Gusts and jets are not related to cloud cover. We conclude that the atmosphere from 400 m to 1000 m above Ny-Alesund is dominated by a turbulent wind shear zone, which connects the micrometeorology in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) with the synoptic flow. KW - windlidar KW - wind field KW - wind channelling KW - jets KW - Ny-Alesund KW - Svalbard KW - Kongsfjord KW - wind speed KW - wind direction KW - turbulent wind shear zone Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14153771 SN - 2072-4292 VL - 14 IS - 15 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Horvat, Anja Kranjc A1 - Wiener, Jeff A1 - Schmeling, Sascha Marc A1 - Borowski, Andreas T1 - What does the curriculum say? Review of the particle physics content in 27 high-school physics curricula JF - Physics N2 - This international curricular review provides a structured overview of the particle physics content in 27 state, national, and international high-school physics curricula. The review was based on a coding manual that included 60 concepts that were identified as relevant for high-school particle physics education. Two types of curricula were reviewed, namely curricula with a dedicated particle physics chapter and curricula without a dedicated particle physics chapter. The results of the curricular review show that particle physics concepts are explicitly or implicitly present in all reviewed curricula. However, the number of particle physics concepts that are featured in a curriculum varies greatly across the reviewed curricula. We identified core particle physics concepts that can be found in most curricula. Here, elementary particles, fundamental interactions, and charges were identified as explicit particle physics concepts that are featured in more than half of the reviewed curricula either as content or context. Indeed, theoretical particle physics concepts are more prominent in high-school physics curricula than experimental particle physics concepts. Overall, this international curricular review provides the basis for future curricular development with respect to particle physics and suggests an increased inclusion of experimental particle physics concepts in high-school physics curricula. KW - curricular review KW - particle physics KW - high-school education Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/physics4040082 SN - 2624-8174 VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - 1278 EP - 1298 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER -