TY - JOUR A1 - Wachs, Sebastian A1 - Bilz, Ludwig A1 - Wettstein, Alexander A1 - Wright, Michelle F. A1 - Kansok-Dusche, Julia A1 - Krause, Norman A1 - Ballaschk, Cindy T1 - Associations between witnessing and perpetrating online hate speech among adolescents BT - testing moderation effects of moral disengagement and empathy JF - Psychology of violence N2 - Objective: The open expression of hatred, hostility, and violence against minorities has become a common online phenomenon. Adolescents are at particular risk of being involved in different hate speech roles (e.g., witness, perpetrator). However, the correlates of their involvement as perpetrators and the mechanisms that might explain their involvement in hate speech across different roles have not yet been thoroughly investigated. To this end, this study investigates moral disengagement and empathy as correlates of online hate speech perpetration and the moderation effects of empathy and moral disengagement in the relationship between witnessing and perpetrating online hate speech. Method: The sample consists of 3,560 7th to 9th graders from 40 schools in Germany and Switzerland. Self-report questionnaires were utilized to assess online hate speech involvement, moral disengagement, and empathy. Results: Multilevel regression analyses revealed that moral disengagement and witnessing online hate speech were positively associated with online hate speech perpetration, while empathy was negatively associated with it. The findings also showed that the positive relationship between witnessing and perpetrating online hate speech was stronger at higher levels of moral disengagement and weaker when moral disengagement was low. The association between witnessing and perpetrating online hate speech was weaker when adolescents had higher rather than lower levels of empathy. Conclusions: The findings underscore the need for prevention efforts to accelerate moral engagement and empathy as critical future directions in hate speech prevention. This study also contributes to our understanding of underlying mechanisms that explain adolescents' involvement across different roles in hate speech. KW - hate speech KW - cyberhate KW - empathy KW - moral disengagement KW - adolescents Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000422 SN - 2152-0828 SN - 2152-081X VL - 12 IS - 6 SP - 371 EP - 381 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wachs, Sebastian A1 - Bilz, Ludwig A1 - Wettstein, Alexander A1 - Wright, Michelle F. A1 - Krause, Norman A1 - Ballaschk, Cindy A1 - Kansok-Dusche, Julia T1 - The online hate speech cycle of violence BT - moderating effects of moral disengagement and empathy in the victim-to-perpetrator relationship JF - Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking N2 - Adolescents around the globe are increasingly exposed to online hate speech (OHS). And yet little is known about the varying roles of involvement and the determinants of adolescents' hate speech perpetration. Building on previous research, this study aims to test the cycle of violence hypothesis for OHS and to analyze whether moral disengagement (MD) and empathy moderate the victim-to-perpetrator relationship. The sample consists of 3,560 seventh to ninth graders (52.1 percent girls), recruited from 40 schools across Germany and Switzerland. Self-report questionnaires were administered to assess OHS involvement, MD, and empathy. Multilevel analyses revealed that victims of OHS were more likely to report OHS perpetration. In addition, victims of OHS were more likely to report OHS perpetration when they reported higher levels of MD than those with lower levels of MD. Finally, victims of OHS were less likely to report OHS perpetration when they reported higher levels of empathy than those with lower levels of empathy. The findings extend the cycle of violence hypothesis to OHS and highlight the need to address MD and empathy in hate speech prevention. Implications for future research will be discussed. KW - hate speech KW - cyberhate KW - online discrimination KW - empathy KW - moral KW - disengagement KW - adolescents Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2021.0159 SN - 2152-2715 SN - 2152-2723 VL - 25 IS - 4 SP - 223 EP - 229 PB - Liebert CY - New Rochelle ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarzenthal, Miriam A1 - Juang, Linda P. A1 - Moffitt, Ursula A1 - Schachner, Maja K. T1 - Critical consciousness socialization at school BT - classroom climate, perceived societal islamophobia, and critical action among adolescents JF - Journal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence N2 - Schools are key contexts for the development of adolescents' critical consciousness. We explored how three dimensions of the classroom cultural diversity climate (critical consciousness, color-evasion, and multiculturalism) related to adolescents' critical reflection (i.e., perceived societal Islamophobia) and intended critical action (i.e., political activism). Our sample included adolescents experiencing high (second generation, Muslim, N = 237) versus low (non-immigrant descent, non-Muslim, N = 478) stigmatization in Germany. Multilevel analyses revealed that for both groups a critical consciousness climate, but not a color-evasive or a multicultural climate, was positively associated with perceived societal Islamophobia and intended critical action. Thus, to promote adolescents' critical consciousness, schools should go beyond emphasizing a common humanity and celebrating cultural diversity and include explicit discussions of social inequity. KW - critical consciousness KW - classroom cultural diversity climate KW - Islamophobia KW - adolescents Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12713 SN - 1050-8392 SN - 1532-7795 VL - 32 IS - 4 SP - 1452 EP - 1469 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mazzone, Angela A1 - Wachs, Sebastian A1 - Foody, Mairead A1 - Blaya, Catherine T1 - Editorial: A connected or isolated generation? BT - the impact of positive and harmful online communications on children and adolescents' wellbeing JF - Frontiers in education KW - children KW - adolescents KW - wellbeing KW - internet use KW - sharenting KW - cyberbullying KW - onlineharmful experiences KW - COVID-19 pandemic Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.999028 SN - 2504-284X VL - 7 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Xie, Chao A1 - Jia, Tianye A1 - Rolls, Edmund T. A1 - Robbins, Trevor W. A1 - Sahakian, Barbara J. A1 - Zhang, Jie A1 - Liu, Zhaowen A1 - Cheng, Wei A1 - Luo, Qiang A1 - Zac Lo, Chun-Yi A1 - Schumann, Gunter A1 - Feng, Jianfeng A1 - Wang, He A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Barker, Gareth J. A1 - Bokde, Arun L.W. A1 - Büchel, Christian A1 - Quinlan, Erin Burke A1 - Desrivières, Sylvane A1 - Flor, Herta A1 - Grigis, Antoine A1 - Garavan, Hugh A1 - Gowland, Penny A1 - Heinz, Andreas A1 - Hohmann, Sarah A1 - Ittermann, Bernd A1 - Martinot, Jean-Luc A1 - Paillère Martinot, Marie-Laure A1 - Nees, Frauke A1 - Papadopoulos Orfanos, Dimitri A1 - Paus, Tomáš A1 - Poustka, Luise A1 - Fröhner, Juliane H. A1 - Smolka, Michael N. A1 - Walter, Henrik A1 - Whelan, Robert T1 - Reward versus nonreward sensitivity of the medial versus lateral orbitofrontal cortex relates to the severity of depressive symptoms JF - Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging N2 - BACKGROUND: The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is implicated in depression. The hypothesis investigated was whether the OFC sensitivity to reward and nonreward is related to the severity of depressive symptoms. METHODS: Activations in the monetary incentive delay task were measured in the IMAGEN cohort at ages 14 years (n = 1877) and 19 years (n = 1140) with a longitudinal design. Clinically relevant subgroups were compared at ages 19 (high-severity group: n = 116; low-severity group: n = 206) and 14. RESULTS: The medial OFC exhibited graded activation increases to reward, and the lateral OFC had graded activation increases to nonreward. In this general population, the medial and lateral OFC activations were associated with concurrent depressive symptoms at both ages 14 and 19 years. In a stratified high-severity depressive symptom group versus control group comparison, the lateral OFC showed greater sensitivity for the magnitudes of activations related to nonreward in the high-severity group at age 19 (p = .027), and the medial OFC showed decreased sensitivity to the reward magnitudes in the high-severity group at both ages 14 (p = .002) and 19 (p = .002). In a longitudinal design, there was greater sensitivity to nonreward of the lateral OFC at age 14 for those who exhibited high depressive symptom severity later at age 19 (p = .003). CONCLUSIONS: Activations in the lateral OFC relate to sensitivity to not winning, were associated with high depressive symptom scores, and at age 14 predicted the depressive symptoms at ages 16 and 19. Activations in the medial OFC were related to sensitivity to winning, and reduced reward sensitivity was associated with concurrent high depressive symptom scores. KW - adolescents KW - depression KW - monetary incentive delay task KW - nonreward sensitivity KW - orbitofrontal cortex KW - reward anticipation KW - reward sensitivity KW - ventral striatum Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.08.017 SN - 0006-3223 SN - 1873-2402 VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - 259 EP - 269 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wachs, Sebastian A1 - Gamez-Guadix, Manuel A1 - Wright, Michelle F. T1 - Online hate speech victimization and depressive symptoms among adolescents BT - the protective role of resilience JF - Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking N2 - Online hate speech has become a widespread problem in the daily life of adolescents. Despite growing societal and academic interest in this online risk, not much is known about the relationship between online hate speech victimization (OHSV) and adolescents' mental well-being. In addition, potential factors influencing the magnitude of this relationship remain unclear. To address these gaps in the literature, this study investigated the relationship between OHSV and depressive symptoms and the buffering effects of resilience in this relationship. The sample consists of 1,632 adolescents (49.1% girls) between 12 and 18 years old (M-age = 13.83, SDage = 1.23), recruited from nine schools across Spain. Self-report questionnaires were administered to assess OHSV, depressive symptoms, and resilience. Regression analyses revealed that OHSV was positively linked to depressive symptoms. In addition, victims of online hate speech were less likely to report depressive symptoms when they reported average or high levels of resilience (i.e., social competence, personal competence, structured style, social resources, and family cohesion) compared with those with low levels of resilience. Our findings highlight the need for the development of intervention programs and the relevance of focusing on internal and external developmental assets to mitigate negative outcomes for victims of online hate speech. KW - hate speech KW - cyberhate KW - depression KW - resilience KW - adolescents Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2022.0009 SN - 2152-2715 SN - 2152-2723 VL - 25 IS - 7 SP - 416 EP - 423 PB - Liebert CY - New Rochelle ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kansok-Dusche, Julia A1 - Ballaschk, Cindy A1 - Krause, Norman A1 - Zeissig, Anke A1 - Seemann-Herz, Lisanne A1 - Wachs, Sebastian A1 - Bilz, Ludwig T1 - A systematic review on hate speech among children and adolescents BT - definitions, prevalence, and overlap with related phenomena JF - Trauma, violence & abuse : a review journal N2 - Little is known about the current state of research on the involvement of young people in hate speech. Thus, this systematic review presents findings on a) the prevalence of hate speech among children and adolescents and on hate speech definitions that guide prevalence assessments for this population; and b) the theoretical and empirical overlap of hate speech with related concepts. This review was guided by the Cochrane approach. To be included, publications were required to deal with real-life experiences of hate speech, to provide empirical data on prevalence for samples aged 5 to 21 years and they had to be published in academic formats. Included publications were full-text coded using two raters (kappa = .80) and their quality was assessed. The string-guided electronic search (ERIC, SocInfo, Psycinfo, Psyndex) yielded 1,850 publications. Eighteen publications based on 10 studies met the inclusion criteria and their findings were systematized. Twelve publications were of medium quality due to minor deficiencies in their theoretical or methodological foundations. All studies used samples of adolescents and none of younger children. Nine out of 10 studies applied quantitative methodologies. Eighteen publications based on 10 studies were included. Results showed that frequencies for hate speech exposure were higher than those related to victimization and perpetration. Definitions of hate speech and assessment instruments were heterogeneous. Empirical evidence for an often theorized overlap between hate speech and bullying was found. The paper concludes by presenting a definition of hate speech, including implications for practice, policy, and research. KW - hate speech KW - bullying KW - adolescents KW - children KW - youth KW - systematic review Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380221108070 SN - 1524-8380 SN - 1552-8324 VL - 24 IS - 4 SP - 2598 EP - 2615 PB - Sage Publ. CY - Thousand Oaks ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wachs, Sebastian A1 - Castellanos, Melisa A1 - Wettstein, Alexander A1 - Bilz, Ludwig A1 - Gamez-Guadix, Manuel T1 - Associations between classroom climate, empathy, self-efficacy, and countering hate speech among adolescents BT - a multilevel mediation analysis JF - Journal of interpersonal violence : concerned with the study and treatment of victims and perpetrators of physical and sexual violence N2 - Although hate speech is widely recognized as an online phenomenon, very few studies have investigated hate speech among adolescents in offline settings (e.g., schools). At the same time, not much is known about countering hate speech (counterspeech) among adolescents and which factors are associated with it. To this end, the present study used the socio-ecological framework to investigate the direct and indirect links among one contextual factor (i.e., classroom climate) and two intrapersonal factors (i.e., empathy for victims of hate speech, self-efficacy regarding intervention in hate speech) to understand counterspeech among adolescents. The sample is based on self-reports of 3,225 students in Grades 7 to 9 (51.7% self-identified as female) from 36 schools in Germany and Switzerland. Self-report questionnaires were administered to measure classroom climate, empathy, self-efficacy, and counterspeech. After controlling for adolescents' grade, gender, immigrant background, and socioeconomic status (SES), the 2-(1-1)-1 multilevel mediation analysis showed that classroom climate (L2), empathy for victims of hate speech (L1), and self-efficacy toward intervention in hate speech (L1) had a positive effect on countering hate speech (L1). Classroom climate (L2) was also positively linked to empathy for victims of hate speech (L1), and self-efficacy toward intervention in hate speech (L1). Furthermore, classroom climate (L2) was indirectly associated with countering hate speech (L1) via greater empathy (L1) and self-efficacy (L1). The findings highlight the need to focus on contextual and intrapersonal factors when trying to facilitate adolescents' willingness to face hate speech with civic courage and proactively engage against it. KW - hate speech KW - counter speech KW - empathy KW - self-efficacy KW - adolescents Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605221120905 SN - 1552-6518 VL - 38 IS - 5-6 SP - 5067 EP - 5091 PB - Sage Publ. CY - Thousand Oaks ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mühlenbeck, Cordelia Anna A1 - Pritsch, Carla A1 - Wartenburger, Isabell A1 - Telkemeyer, Silke A1 - Liebal, Katja T1 - Attentional bias to facial expressions of different emotions BT - a cross-cultural comparison of ≠Akhoe Hai||om and German children and adolescents JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - The attentional bias to negative information enables humans to quickly identify and to respond appropriately to potentially threatening situations. Because of its adaptive function, the enhanced sensitivity to negative information is expected to represent a universal trait, shared by all humans regardless of their cultural background. However, existing research focuses almost exclusively on humans from Western industrialized societies, who are not representative for the human species. Therefore, we compare humans from two distinct cultural contexts: adolescents and children from Germany, a Western industrialized society, and from the not equal Akhoe Hai parallel to om, semi-nomadic hunter-gatherers in Namibia. We predicted that both groups show an attentional bias toward negative facial expressions as compared to neutral or positive faces. We used eye-tracking to measure their fixation duration on facial expressions depicting different emotions, including negative (fear, anger), positive (happy), and neutral faces. Both Germans and the not equal Akhoe Hai parallel to om gazed longer at fearful faces, but shorter on angry faces, challenging the notion of a general bias toward negative emotions. For happy faces, fixation durations varied between the two groups, suggesting more flexibility in the response to positive emotions. Our findings emphasize the need for placing research on emotion perception into an evolutionary, cross-cultural comparative framework that considers the adaptive significance of specific emotions, rather than differentiating between positive and negative information, and enables systematic comparisons across participants from diverse cultural backgrounds. KW - attentional bias KW - fear bias KW - emotions KW - facial expressions KW - cross-cultural comparison KW - not equal Akhoe Hai parallel to om KW - Germans KW - adolescents Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00795 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 11 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kunyu, David Khisoni A1 - Juang, Linda P. A1 - Schachner, Maja Katharina A1 - Schwarzenthal, Miriam T1 - Discrimination among youth of immigrant descent in Germany T1 - Diskriminierung von Jugendlichen mit Zuwanderungsgeschichte in Deutschland BT - do school and cultural belonging weaken links to negative socioemotional and academic adjustment? BT - vermindern Schulzugehörigkeit und kulturelle Zugehörigkeit den Zusammenhang mit negativer sozio-emotionaler und akademischer Anpassung? JF - Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und pädagogische Psychologie N2 - Ethnic discrimination has a negative impact on the socioemotional, behavioral, relational, and academic adjustment ofadolescents, while belonging with classmates, teachers, heritage, and national group may promote positive socioemotional and academicadjustment. We investigate (1) whether greater discrimination by peers and a lower sense of belonging with classmates, teachers, heritagegroup, and national group are associated with lower socioemotional and academic adjustment of adolescents of immigrant descent inGermany; and (2) whether a sense of belonging with these different sources acts as a protective factor lowering the negative effects ofdiscrimination on adjustment. Our sample included 439 7th-grade adolescents (51% female,Mage= 12.4 years) of immigrant descent from15 Berlin secondary schools. Results showed that higher discrimination was related to greater physiological stress, depressive symptoms,and disruptive school behavior. Higher heritage (but not national) identity, a higher sense of belonging with classmates and with teacherswere associated with better socioemotional and academic adjustment. An examination of interaction effects between discrimination andforms of belonging on adjustment revealed that, while the association between discrimination and poorer adjustment weakened for thosewith higher heritage identity, the association between discrimination and physiological stress increased for those with higher teacherrelatedness. We conclude that heritage identity (but not national identity or sense of belonging with classmates) can indeed be a protectivefactor against the negative effects of discrimination for adolescents of immigrant descent in Germany. Even though belonging with teachersmay exacerbate discrimination effects, further investigation with longitudinal data is needed. The findings underline the important role ofheritage ties among adolescents of immigrant descent as a source of adjustment, especially in light of discrimination experiences. N2 - Während ethnische Diskriminierung einen negativen Effekt auf die sozio-emotionale, verhaltensbezogene, relationale und akademische Anpassung von Jugendlichen hat, fördert die Zugehörigkeit zu Mitschüler*innen, Lehrkräften sowie der Herkunfts- und nationalen Gruppe sozio-emotionale und akademische Anpassung. Es wurde untersucht (1) ob höhere Diskriminierung und ein geringeres Zugehörigkeitsgefühl mit Mitschüler*innen, Lehrkräften, Herkunfts- und nationaler Gruppe mit geringerer sozio-emotionaler und akademischer Anpassung von Jugendlichen mit Zuwanderungsgeschichte in Deutschland zusammenhängen, und (2) ob das Zugehörigkeitsgefühl auf diesen verschiedenen Ebenen als Schutzfaktor wirkt, der die negativen Effekte von Diskriminierung abmildern kann. Unsere Analyse beruht auf Selbstberichtsdaten von 439 Jugendlichen mit Zuwanderungsgeschichte der Jahrgangsstufe 7 (51 % weiblich, MAlter = 12.4 Jahre) aus 15 Berliner Sekundarschulen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass mehr Diskriminierung mit höherem physiologischem Stress, depressiven Symptomen und Störverhalten in der Schule verbunden war. Stärkere Identifikation mit der Herkunftsgruppe (nicht aber mit der nationalen Gruppe) sowie höhere Zugehörigkeitsgefühle mit Mitschüler*innen sowie mit Lehrkräften gingen mit höherer sozio-emotionaler und akademischer Anpassung einher. Die Analyse von Interaktionseffekten zwischen Diskriminierung und Aspekten der Zugehörigkeit auf Anpassung zeigte, dass sich der Zusammenhang zwischen Diskriminierung und geringerer Anpassung für diejenigen mit einer stärkeren Identifikation mit der Herkunftsgruppe abschwächte, während der Zusammenhang zwischen Diskriminierung und physiologischem Stress für diejenigen mit einer höheren Zugehörigkeit zu Lehrkräften zunahm. Wir schließen daraus, dass die Identifikation mit der Herkunftsgruppe (nicht aber die nationale Identifikation oder ein Zugehörigkeitsgefühl mit Mitschüler*innen) als Schutzfaktor gegen die negativen Effekte von Diskriminierung bei Jugendlichen mit Zuwanderungsgeschichte in Deutschland dienen kann. Ein Zugehörigkeitsgefühl mit Lehrkräften kann Diskriminierungseffekte sogar verstärken, allerdings sollte dieser Zusammenhang mit Längsschnittstudien weiter untersucht werden. Die Ergebnisse unterstreichen die wichtige Rolle der Verbundenheit mit der Herkunftsgruppe für die Anpassung von Jugendlichen mit Zuwanderungsgeschichte, insbesondere wenn Diskriminierungserfahrungen vorliegen. KW - discrimination KW - sense of belonging KW - identity KW - immigrant descent KW - adolescents KW - adjustment KW - Diskriminierung KW - Zugehorigkeitsgefuhl KW - Identitat KW - Jugendliche mit Zuwanderungsgeschichte KW - Anpassung Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1026/0049-8637/a000231 SN - 0049-8637 SN - 2190-6262 VL - 52 IS - 3-4 SP - 88 EP - 102 PB - Hogrefe CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bouamra, Marwa A1 - Zouhal, Hassane A1 - Ratel, Sébastien A1 - Makhlouf, Issam A1 - Bezrati, Ikram A1 - Chtara, Moktar A1 - Behm, David George A1 - Granacher, Urs A1 - Chaouachi, Anis T1 - Concurrent Training Promotes Greater Gains on Body Composition and Components of Physical Fitness Than Single-Mode Training (Endurance or Resistance) in Youth With Obesity JF - Frontiers in Physiology N2 - The prevalence of obesity in the pediatric population has become a major public health issue. Indeed, the dramatic increase of this epidemic causes multiple and harmful consequences, Physical activity, particularly physical exercise, remains to be the cornerstone of interventions against childhood obesity. Given the conflicting findings with reference to the relevant literature addressing the effects of exercise on adiposity and physical fitness outcomes in obese children and adolescents, the effect of duration-matched concurrent training (CT) [50% resistance (RT) and 50% high-intensity-interval-training (HIIT)] on body composition and physical fitness in obese youth remains to be elucidated. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 9-weeks of CT compared to RT or HIIT alone, on body composition and selected physical fitness components in healthy sedentary obese youth. Out of 73 participants, only 37; [14 males and 23 females; age 13.4 ± 0.9 years; body-mass-index (BMI): 31.2 ± 4.8 kg·m-2] were eligible and randomized into three groups: HIIT (n = 12): 3-4 sets×12 runs at 80–110% peak velocity, with 10-s passive recovery between bouts; RT (n = 12): 6 exercises; 3–4 sets × 10 repetition maximum (RM) and CT (n = 13): 50% serial completion of RT and HIIT. CT promoted significant greater gains compared to HIIT and RT on body composition (p < 0.01, d = large), 6-min-walking test distance (6 MWT-distance) and on 6 MWT-VO2max (p < 0.03, d = large). In addition, CT showed substantially greater improvements than HIIT in the medicine ball throw test (20.2 vs. 13.6%, p < 0.04, d = large). On the other hand, RT exhibited significantly greater gains in relative hand grip strength (p < 0.03, d = large) and CMJ (p < 0.01, d = large) than HIIT and CT. CT promoted greater benefits for fat, body mass loss and cardiorespiratory fitness than HIIT or RT modalities. This study provides important information for practitioners and therapists on the application of effective exercise regimes with obese youth to induce significant and beneficial body composition changes. The applied CT program and the respective programming parameters in terms of exercise intensity and volume can be used by practitioners as an effective exercise treatment to fight the pandemic overweight and obesity in youth. KW - weight loss KW - adolescents KW - high-intensity-interval training KW - resistance training KW - DXA KW - matched time Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.869063 SN - 1664-042X VL - 13 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - Frontiers CY - Lausanne, Schweiz ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sariati, Dorsaf A1 - Zouhal, Hassane A1 - Hammami, Raouf A1 - Clark, Cain Craig Truman A1 - Nebigh, Ammar A1 - Chtara, Moktar A1 - Hackney, Anthony C. A1 - Souissi, Nizar A1 - Granacher, Urs A1 - Ben Ounis, Omar T1 - Association Between Mental Imagery and Change of Direction Performance in Young Elite Soccer Players of Different Maturity Status JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - Previous studies have not considered the potential influence of maturity status on the relationship between mental imagery and change of direction (CoD) speed in youth soccer. Accordingly, this cross-sectional study examined the association between mental imagery and CoD performance in young elite soccer players of different maturity status. Forty young male soccer players, aged 10-17 years, were assigned into two groups according to their predicted age at peak height velocity (PHV) (Pre-PHV; n = 20 and Post-PHV; n = 20). Participants were evaluated on soccer-specific tests of CoD with (CoDBall-15m) and without (CoD-15m) the ball. Participants completed the movement imagery questionnaire (MIQ) with the three- dimensional structure, internal visual imagery (IVI), external visual imagery (EVI), as well as kinesthetic imagery (KI). The Post-PHV players achieved significantly better results than Pre-PHV in EVI (ES = 1.58, large; p < 0.001), CoD-15m (ES = 2.09, very large; p < 0.001) and CoDBall-15m (ES = 1.60, large; p < 0.001). Correlations were significantly different between maturity groups, where, for the pre-PHV group, a negative very large correlation was observed between CoDBall-15m and KI (r = –0.73, p = 0.001). For the post-PHV group, large negative correlations were observed between CoD-15m and IVI (r = –0.55, p = 0.011), EVI (r = –062, p = 0.003), and KI (r = –0.52, p = 0.020). A large negative correlation of CoDBall-15m with EVI (r = –0.55, p = 0.012) and very large correlation with KI (r = –0.79, p = 0.001) were also observed. This study provides evidence of the theoretical and practical use for the CoD tasks stimulus with imagery. We recommend that sport psychology specialists, coaches, and athletes integrated imagery for CoD tasks in pre-pubertal soccer players to further improve CoD related performance. KW - mental imagery KW - football KW - maturation KW - speed KW - adolescents Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.665508 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 12 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne, Schweiz ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Werfelli, Hanen A1 - Hammami, Raouf A1 - Selmi, Mohamed Amine A1 - Selmi, Walid A1 - Gabrilo, Goran A1 - Clark, Cain C. T. A1 - Duncan, Michael A1 - Sekulic, Damir A1 - Granacher, Urs A1 - Rebai, Haithem T1 - Acute Effects of Different Plyometric and Strength Exercises on Balance Performance in Youth Weightlifters JF - Frontiers in Physiology N2 - Background: High-intensity muscle actions have the potential to temporarily improve the performance which has been denoted as postactivation performance enhancement. Objectives: This study determined the acute effects of different stretch-shortening (fast vs. low) and strength (dynamic vs. isometric) exercises executed during one training session on subsequent balance performance in youth weightlifters. Materials and Methods: Sixteen male and female young weightlifters, aged 11.3±0.6years, performed four strength exercise conditions in randomized order, including dynamic strength (DYN; 3 sets of 3 repetitions of 10 RM) and isometric strength exercises (ISOM; 3 sets of maintaining 3s of 10 RM of back-squat), as well as fast (FSSC; 3 sets of 3 repetitions of 20-cm drop-jumps) and slow (SSSC; 3 sets of 3 hurdle jumps over a 20-cm obstacle) stretch-shortening cycle protocols. Balance performance was tested before and after each of the four exercise conditions in bipedal stance on an unstable surface (i.e., BOSU ball with flat side facing up) using two dependent variables, i.e., center of pressure surface area (CoP SA) and velocity (CoP V). Results: There was a significant effect of time on CoP SA and CoP V [F(1,60)=54.37, d=1.88, p<0.0001; F(1,60)=9.07, d=0.77, p=0.003]. In addition, a statistically significant effect of condition on CoP SA and CoP V [F(3,60)=11.81, d=1.53, p<0.0001; F(3,60)=7.36, d=1.21, p=0.0003] was observed. Statistically significant condition-by-time interactions were found for the balance parameters CoP SA (p<0.003, d=0.54) and CoP V (p<0.002, d=0.70). Specific to contrast analysis, all specified hypotheses were tested and demonstrated that FSSC yielded significantly greater improvements than all other conditions in CoP SA and CoP V [p<0.0001 (d=1.55); p=0.0004 (d=1.19), respectively]. In addition, FSSC yielded significantly greater improvements compared with the two conditions for both balance parameters [p<0.0001 (d=2.03); p<0.0001 (d=1.45)]. Conclusion: Fast stretch-shortening cycle exercises appear to be more effective to improve short-term balance performance in young weightlifters. Due to the importance of balance for overall competitive achievement in weightlifting, it is recommended that young weightlifters implement dynamic plyometric exercises in the fast stretch-shortening cycle during the warm-up to improve their balance performance. KW - postural stability KW - conditioning exercise KW - adolescents KW - performance KW - weightlifting Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.716981 SN - 1664-042X VL - 12 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wachs, Sebastian A1 - Whittle, Helen C. A1 - Hamilton-Giachritsis, Catherine A1 - Wolf, Karsten D. A1 - Vazsonyi, Alexander T. A1 - Junger, Marianne T1 - Correlates of Mono- and Dual-Victims of Cybergrooming and Cyberbullying BT - Evidence from Four Countries JF - Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking N2 - Today's adolescents grow up using information and communication technologies as an integral part of their everyday life. This affords them with extensive opportunities, but also exposes them to online risks, such as cybergrooming and cyberbullying victimization. The aims of this study were to investigate correlates of cybergrooming and cyberbullying victimization and examine whether victims of both cybergrooming and cyberbullying (dual-cybervictims) show higher involvement in compulsive Internet use (CIU) and troubled offline behavior (TOB) compared to victims of either cybergrooming or cyberbullying (mono-cybervictims). The sample consisted of 2,042 Dutch, German, Thai, and U.S. adolescents (age = 11–17 years; M = 14.2; SD = 1.4). About every ninth adolescent (10.9 percent) reported either mono- or dual-cybervictimization. Second, both CIU and TOB were associated with all three types of cybervictimization, and finally, both CIU and TOB were more strongly linked to dual-cybervictimization than to both forms of mono-cybervictimization. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the associations between different forms of cybervictimization and psychological health and behavior problems among adolescents. KW - cybergrooming KW - cyberbullying KW - cybervictimization KW - adolescents KW - compulsive Internet use KW - troubled offline behavior Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2016.0733 SN - 2152-2715 SN - 2152-2723 VL - 21 IS - 2 SP - 91 EP - 98 PB - Liebert CY - New Rochelle ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weber, Stephanie A1 - Puta, Christian A1 - Lesinski, Melanie A1 - Gabriel, Brunhild A1 - Steidten, Thomas A1 - Bär, Karl-Jürgen A1 - Herbsleb, Marco A1 - Granacher, Urs A1 - Gabriel, Holger H. W. T1 - Symptoms of anxiety and depression in young athletes using the hospital anxiety and depression scale JF - Frontiers in physiology N2 - Elite young athletes have to cope with multiple psychological demands such as training volume, mental and physical fatigue, spatial separation of family and friends or time management problems may lead to reduced mental and physical recovery. While normative data regarding symptoms of anxiety and depression for the general population is available (Hinz and Brahler, 2011), hardly any information exists for adolescents in general and young athletes in particular. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess overall symptoms of anxiety and depression in young athletes as well as possible sex differences. The survey was carried out within the scope of the study "Resistance Training in Young Athletes" (KINGS-Study). Between August 2015 and September 2016, 326 young athletes aged (mean +/- SD) 14.3 +/- 1.6 years completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD Scale). Regarding the analysis of age on the anxiety and depression subscales, age groups were classified as follows: late childhood (12-14 years) and late adolescence (15-18 years). The participating young athletes were recruited from Olympic weight lifting, handball, judo, track and field athletics, boxing, soccer, gymnastics, ice speed skating, volleyball, and rowing. Anxiety and depression scores were (mean +/- SD) 4.3 +/- 3.0 and 2.8 +/- 2.9, respectively. In the subscale anxiety, 22 cases (6.7%) showed subclinical scores and 11 cases (3.4%) showed clinical relevant score values. When analyzing the depression subscale, 31 cases (9.5%) showed subclinical score values and 12 cases (3.7%) showed clinically important values. No significant differences were found between male and female athletes (p >= 0.05). No statistically significant differences in the HADS scores were found between male athletes of late childhood and late adolescents (p >= 0.05). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing questionnaire based indicators of symptoms of anxiety and depression in young athletes. Our data implies the need for sports medical as well as sports psychiatric support for young athletes. In addition, our results demonstrated that the chronological classification concerning age did not influence HAD Scale outcomes. Future research should focus on sports medical and sports psychiatric interventional approaches with the goal to prevent anxiety and depression as well as teaching coping strategies to young athletes. KW - youth athletes KW - anxiety KW - depression KW - gender differences KW - late childhood KW - adolescents Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00182 SN - 1664-042X VL - 9 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chaabene, Helmi A1 - Lesinski, Melanie A1 - Behm, David George A1 - Granacher, Urs T1 - Performance- and healthrelated benefits of youth resistance training T1 - Leistungs- und gesundheitsbezogene Wirkungen von Krafttraining mit Heranwachsenden JF - Sports Orthopaedics and Traumatology N2 - Performance- and healthrelated benefits of yoThere is ample evidence that youth resistance training (RT) is safe, joyful, and effective for different markers of performance (e.g., muscle strength, power, linear sprint speed) and health (e.g., injury prevention). Accordingly, the first aim of this narrative review is to present and discuss the relevance of muscle strength for youth physical development. The second purpose is to report evidence on the effectiveness of RT on muscular fitness (muscle strength, power, muscle endurance), on movement skill performance and injury prevention in youth. There is evidence that RT is effective in enhancing measures of muscle fitness in children and adolescents, irrespective of sex. Additionally, numerous studies indicate that RT has positive effects on fundamental movement skills (e.g., jumping, running, throwing) in youth regardless of age, maturity, training status, and sex. Further, irrespective of age, sex, and training status, regular exposure to RT (e.g., plyometric training) decreases the risk of sustaining injuries in youth. This implies that RT should be a meaningful element of youths’ exercise programming. This has been acknowledged by global (e.g., World Health Organization) and national (e.g., National Strength and Conditioning Association) health- and performance-related organizations which is why they recommended to perform RT as an integral part of weekly exercise programs to promote muscular strength, fundamental movement skills, and to resist injuries in youth.uth resistance training N2 - Die aktuelle Literatur zum Krafttraining mit Kindern und Jugendlichen zeigt eindrücklich, dass ein altersgerechtes und fachlich angeleitetes Krafttraining eine sichere, freudvolle und effektive Maßnahme für die Leistungsentwicklung (z. B. Muskelkraft, Schnellkraft, Sprintgeschwindigkeit) und Gesundheitserhaltung (z. B. Verletzungsprävention) von Heranwachsenden darstellt. Einerseits ist es das Ziel dieses narrativen Übersichtsartikels, die Relevanz der Muskelkraft für die körperliche Entwicklung von Heranwachsenden zu diskutieren. Andererseits sollen aktuelle Befunde zur Effektivität von Krafttraining auf die muskuläre Fitness (Maximal-/Schnellkraft, Kraftausdauer), elementare Bewegungsfertigkeiten (z.B. Springen, Rennen, Werfen) sowie die Verletzungsprävention bei Kindern und Jugendlichen beschrieben werden. Die aktuelle Literatur belegt, dass Krafttraining die Muskelkraft, die Schnellkraft und die Kraftausdauer von Kindern und Jugendlichen unabhängig vom Geschlecht verbessern kann. Weiterhin zeigen Studien, dass trainingsbedingte Verbesserungen der muskulären Fitness auf elementare Bewegungsfertigkeiten transferieren. Diese Wirkungen sind unabhängig vom Alter, der biologischen Reife, dem Trainingsstatus und dem Geschlecht der Trainierenden. Zudem verringert regelmäßiges Krafttraining das Verletzungsrisiko der Heranwachsenden unabhängig von Alter, Geschlecht und Trainingsstatus. Aufgrund dieses breiten Wirkungsspektrums sollte Krafttraining ein elementarer Bestandteil des Trainings von Heranwachsenden darstellen. Nationale (National Strength and Conditioning Association) sowie internationale (Weltgesundheitsorganisation) gesundheits- und leistungsorientierte Standesgesellschaften haben die positiven Wirkungen von Krafttraining erkannt und in ihre Bewegungsempfehlungen für Kinder und Jugendliche übernommen. KW - muscle strength KW - muscle power KW - strength training KW - children KW - adolescents KW - Maximalkraft KW - Schnellkraft KW - Widerstandstraining KW - Kinder KW - Jugendliche Y1 - 2020 VL - 36 IS - 3 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Warschburger, Petra T1 - Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene mit Adipositas T1 - Adolescents and Young Adults BT - Wie sollte in ihren Augen „die perfekte Therapie“ aussehen? BT - What Would a "Perfect Therapy" Look Like? JF - Die Rehabilitation : Zeitschrift für Praxis und Forschung in der Rehabilitation N2 - Hauptziel Adipositas ist eine der Hauptindikationen in der Kinder- und Jugend-Rehabilitation. Für ältere Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene fehlen altersspezifische Therapieangebote fast vollständig. Ziel war es die Wünsche bezüglich der Inhalte und Methoden einer „perfekten Therapie“ im Rahmen eines Rehabilitationsaufenthalts zu untersuchen. Methode Im Rahmen der YOUTH-Studie wurden 147 adipöse Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene beiderlei Geschlechts (zwischen 15 und 21 Jahren) mithilfe eines standardisierten Fragebogens befragt. Ergebnis Insgesamt zeigten sich relativ wenige alters- und geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede. Interdisziplinär geleitete, koedukative Gruppen mit Elterneinbindung wurden gewünscht. Wichtige Themen waren gesunde Ernährung sowie psychosoziale Aspekte. Auch der Prävention von Rückfällen wurde eine hohe Relevanz zugeschrieben. Schlussfolgerung Psychosoziale Aspekte und die Vorbereitung auf mögliche Rückfallsituationen sollten integraler Bestandteil der Therapie sein. N2 - Principal objective Obesity is a major indication for pediatric and adolescent-rehabilitation. Age-specific therapies for „emerging adults“ are lacking. The aim was to examine the patients’ preferences with respect to the contents and methods of the „perfect therapy“ within an inpatient setting. Method In the context of the YOUTH study 147 obese male and female adolescents (aged 15–21 years) filled in standardized questionnaires. Results Overall little age- and gender-specific differences were observed. The participants expressed a preference for interdisciplinary coordinated and coeducational group approaches with involvement of the parents. Major topics were healthy nutrition and psychosocial aspects. Prevention of relapses is considered as important as well. Conclusion Psychosocial aspects and preparing coping with risk situations should be an integral part of treatment programs. KW - obesity KW - adolescents KW - young adults KW - therapy KW - requirements KW - Jugendliche KW - junge Erwachsene KW - Therapie KW - Anforderungen KW - Adipositas Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-107930 SN - 0034-3536 SN - 1439-1309 VL - 57 IS - 5 SP - 295 EP - 302 PB - Thieme CY - Stuttgart ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wenninger, Helena Eva A1 - Krasnova, Hanna A1 - Buxmann, Peter T1 - Understanding the role of social networking sites in the subjective well-being of users BT - a diary study JF - European Journal of Information Systems N2 - Given the rising popularity of social networking sites (SNSs), the influence of these platforms on the subjective well-being (SWB) of their users is an emerging topic in information systems research. Building on the norm of reciprocity and the social functional approach to positive emotions, we posit that targeted reciprocity-evoking forms of SNS activities are best suited to promote users’ positive emotions. The favourable potential of these activities is likely to be particularly pronounced among adolescents who pay special attention to social acceptance, which can be channelled with the help of reciprocal communication. Therefore, we conducted a quantitative 7-day diary study of 162 adolescent Facebook users attending German schools, looking at the impact of their daily SNS activities on their SWB. Based on a linear mixed model analysis, our results confirm a positive link between targeted reciprocity-evoking activities – such as chatting, giving and receiving feedback – and adolescents’ positive emotions. Our findings provide a reassuring perspective on the implications of the sociotechnical design of SNS communication channels. Specifically, by encouraging targeted activities, providers, users, and other stakeholders can ensure the beneficial impact of this technology on users’ SWB. KW - non-targeted SNS activities KW - norm of reciprocity KW - social functional approach to positive emotions KW - adolescents KW - subjective well-being Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/0960085X.2018.1496883 SN - 0960-085X SN - 1476-9344 VL - 28 IS - 2 SP - 126 EP - 148 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cortes-Garcia, Laura A1 - Hoffmann, Svenja A1 - Warschburger, Petra A1 - Senra, Carmen T1 - Exploring the reciprocal relationships between adolescents' perceptions of parental and peer attachment and disordered eating BT - a multiwave cross-lagged panel analysis JF - International Journal of eating disorders N2 - Objective This prospective study explored bidirectional associations between attachment quality towards mother, father, and peers and disordered eating among a large population-based sample of boys and girls in the transition from preadolescence to adolescence. Specifically, we examined whether insecure attachment relationships emerged as a risk factor for or as an outcome of disordered eating. Method A population-based sample of 904 adolescent girls and boys was assessed four times, at baseline (T1; M-age = 10.8 years) and at 2-, 4-, and 6-year follow-up (T2, T3, and T4). Prospective data were analyzed using cross-lagged panel models for each attachment figure (i.e., mother, father, peers) in a multigroup design to compare genders. Results Better attachment to the mother led to less pronounced disturbed eating in girls across the entire age range and in boys across two time periods. In girls, more pronounced disordered eating at T3 predicted worse attachment to the mother at T4 and better attachment to the father at T1 predicted less disturbed eating at T2. In boys, disordered eating at T1 predicted better attachment to the father at T2. Concerning peer attachment, better attachment at T1 predicted disordered eating at T2, in boys only. No other significant cross-lagged effects emerged. Discussion These findings highlight the differential and gender-specific contribution of attachment figures to the development of disordered eating in adolescence. Programs aimed at improving communication and trust in the relationship with parents might be promising in the prevention of disordered eating and the subsequent deterioration of parent-child attachment relationships. KW - adolescents KW - attachment KW - cross-lagged panel analysis KW - disordered eating KW - gender Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23086 SN - 0276-3478 SN - 1098-108X VL - 52 IS - 8 SP - 924 EP - 934 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chaouachi, Anis A1 - Ben Othman, Aymen A1 - Makhlouf, Issam A1 - Young, James D. A1 - Granacher, Urs A1 - Behm, David George T1 - Global Training Effects of Trained and Untrained Muscles With Youth Can be Maintained During 4 Weeks of Detraining JF - Journal of strength and conditioning research : the research journal of the NSCA N2 - Global (whole-body) effects of resistance training (i.e., cross-education) may be pervasive with children. Detraining induces less substantial deficits with children than adults. It was the objective of this study to investigate the global responses to 4 weeks of detraining after 8 weeks of unilateral leg press (LP) training in 10-13-year-old, pre-peak-height-velocity stage boys. Subjects were randomly separated into 2 unilateral resistance training groups (high load/low repetitions [HL-LR] and low load/high repetitions [LL-HR], and control group). Assessments at pre-training, post-training, and detraining included dominant and nondominant limbs, unilateral, 1 repetition maximum (1RM) and 60% 1RM LP, knee extension, knee flexion, elbow flexion, and handgrip maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), and countermovement jump (CMJ). All measures significantly increased from pre-test to detraining for both training programs, except for elbow flexion MVIC with increases only with HL-LR. All measures except CMJ and handgrip MVIC significantly decreased from post-test to detraining, except for elbow flexion MVIC with decreases only with HL-LR. The dominant trained limb experienced significantly greater LP improvements (pre- to detraining) and decrements (post- to detraining) with LP 1RM and 60% 1RM LP. In conclusion, youth HL-LR and LL-HR global training effects of trained and untrained limbs demonstrate similar benefits (pre- to detraining) and decrements (post- to detraining) with detraining. The findings emphasize that training any muscle group in a child can have positive global implications for improved strength and power that can persist over baseline measures for at least a month. KW - adolescents KW - strength training KW - deconditioning KW - cross-education KW - children Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002606 SN - 1064-8011 SN - 1533-4287 VL - 33 IS - 10 SP - 2788 EP - 2800 PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins CY - Philadelphia ER -