TY - JOUR A1 - Gupta, Banshi D. A1 - Pathak, Anisha A1 - Shrivastav, Anand T1 - Optical Biomedical Diagnostics Using Lab-on-Fiber Technology BT - a review JF - Photonics : open access journal N2 - Point-of-care and in-vivo bio-diagnostic tools are the current need for the present critical scenarios in the healthcare industry. The past few decades have seen a surge in research activities related to solving the challenges associated with precise on-site bio-sensing. Cutting-edge fiber optic technology enables the interaction of light with functionalized fiber surfaces at remote locations to develop a novel, miniaturized and cost-effective lab on fiber technology for bio-sensing applications. The recent remarkable developments in the field of nanotechnology provide innumerable functionalization methodologies to develop selective bio-recognition elements for label free biosensors. These exceptional methods may be easily integrated with fiber surfaces to provide highly selective light-matter interaction depending on various transduction mechanisms. In the present review, an overview of optical fiber-based biosensors has been provided with focus on physical principles used, along with the functionalization protocols for the detection of various biological analytes to diagnose the disease. The design and performance of these biosensors in terms of operating range, selectivity, response time and limit of detection have been discussed. In the concluding remarks, the challenges associated with these biosensors and the improvement required to develop handheld devices to enable direct target detection have been highlighted. KW - fiber optic sensors KW - synthesis KW - interferometry KW - fluorescence KW - SERS KW - SPR KW - immunosensors KW - enzymatic sensors KW - molecular imprinted polymers Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9020086 SN - 2304-6732 VL - 9 IS - 2 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jiang, Wei A1 - Tao, Chen A1 - Stolterfoht, Martin A1 - Jin, Hui A1 - Stephen, Meera A1 - Lin, Qianqian A1 - Nagiri, Ravi C. R. A1 - Burn, Paul L. A1 - Gentle, Ian R. T1 - Hole-transporting materials for low donor content organic solar cells BT - charge transport and device performance JF - Organic electronics : physics, materials and applications N2 - Low donor content solar cells are an intriguing class of photovoltaic device about which there is still considerable discussion with respect to their mode of operation. We have synthesized a series of triphenylamine-based materials for use in low donor content devices with the electron accepting [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC(7)0BM). The triphenylamine-based materials absorb light in the near UV enabling the PC(7)0BM to be be the main light absorbing organic semiconducting material in the solar cell. It was found that the devices did not operate as classical Schottky junctions but rather photocurrent was generated by hole transfer from the photo-excited PC(7)0BM to the triphenylamine-based donors. We found that replacing the methoxy surface groups with methyl groups on the donor material led to a decrease in hole mobility for the neat films, which was due to the methyl substituted materials having the propensity to aggregate. The thermodynamic drive to aggregate was advantageous for the performance of the low donor content (6 wt%) films. It was found that the 6 wt% donor devices generally gave higher performance than devices containing 50 wt% of the donor. KW - photoexcited hole transfer KW - photocurrent generation KW - synthesis KW - hole KW - mobility KW - low donor content KW - Schottky junction Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2019.105480 SN - 1566-1199 SN - 1878-5530 VL - 76 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tschiersch, Anja A1 - Banerji, Amitabh A1 - Remus, Ludger T1 - Thymolblau – schulische Synthese & AR-gestützte Lernmaterialien JF - Chemie konkret : CHEMKON ; Forum für Unterricht und Didaktik N2 - This article presents the synthesis of thymol blue as a student experiment together with suitable augmented reality (AR) learning materials. In addition, the theoretical background on the synthesis of thymol blue and its pH-dependent structure-property relationship is discussed with regards to recent findings. Furthermore, experiences with the experiment in school and university lab-trainings as well as in teacher trainings are reported. N2 - In diesem Artikel werden die Synthese von Thymolblau als Schülerexperiment und passende Augmented-Reality (AR)-gestützte Lernmaterialien vorgestellt. Zudem wird der Kenntnisstand zur Synthese von Thymolblau sowie dessen pH-abhängige Struktur-Eigenschafts-Beziehung vor dem Hintergrund neuerer Erkenntnisse diskutiert und es wird über Erfahrungen mit dem Einsatz des Experimentes in der schulischen und universitären Praxis und im Rahmen von Fortbildungen berichtet. T2 - Thymol blue - hands-on synthesis & AR-based learning materials KW - thymol blue KW - indicator KW - school experiment KW - augmented reality KW - synthesis KW - Thymolblau KW - Indikator KW - Schulversuch KW - Synthese Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/ckon.202100011 SN - 0944-5846 SN - 1521-3730 VL - 28 IS - 6 SP - 266 EP - 269 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wunder, Bernd A1 - Kutzschbach, Martin A1 - Hosse, Luisa A1 - Wilke, Franziska Daniela Helena A1 - Schertl, Hans-Peter A1 - Chopin, Christian T1 - Synthetic B-[4]-bearing dumortierite and natural B-[4]-free magnesiodumortierite from the Dora-Maira Massif BT - differences in boron coordination in response to ultrahigh pressure JF - European journal of mineralogy N2 - Dumortierite was synthesized in piston-cylinder experiments at 2.5-4.0 GPa, 650-700 degrees C in the Al2O3 -B2O3-SiO2-H2O (ABSH) system. Electron-microprobe (EMP) analyses reveal significant boron-excess (up to 0.26 B-[4] per formula unit, pfu) and silicon-deficiency relative to the ideal anhydrous dumortierite stoichiometry Al7BSi3O18 . The EMP data in conjunction with results from single-crystal Raman spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction provide evidence that silicon at the tetrahedral site is replaced by excess boron via the substitution Si-[4] <--> B-[4] + H. The Raman spectrum of synthetic dumortierite in the frequency region 2000 4000 cm(-1) comprises eight bands, of which six are located at frequencies below 3400 cm(-1). This points to strong hydrogen bonding, most likely O2-H center dot center dot center dot O7 and O7-H center dot center dot center dot O2, arising from a high number of octahedral vacancies at the All site and substitution of trivalent Al3+ and B3+ for Si4+ at Si1 and Si2 sites, causing decreasing acceptor-donor distances and lower incident valence at the acceptor oxygen. Contrary to the synthetic high-pressure ABSH-dumortierite, magnesiodumortierite from the Dora-Maira Massif, which is assumed to have formed at similar conditions (2.5-3.0 GPa, 700 degrees C), does not show any B-excess. Tourmaline shows an analogous behaviour in that magnesium-rich (e.g., dravitic) tourmaline formed at high pressure shows no or only minor amounts of tetrahedral boron, whereas natural aluminum-rich tourmaline and synthetic olenitic tourmaline formed at high pressures can incorporate significant amounts of tetrahedral boron. Two mechanisms might account for this discrepancy: (i) Structural avoidance of Mg-[6]-(OR3+)-R-[4] configurations in magnesiodumortierite due to charge deficieny at the oxygens O2 and O7 and strong local distortion of M1 due to decreased O2-O7 bond length, and/or (ii) decreasing fluid mobility of boron in Al-rich systems at high pressures. KW - dumortierite KW - magnesiodumortierite KW - Dora-Maira KW - ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) KW - ABSH-system KW - synthesis KW - tetrahedral boron KW - Raman spectroscopy Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1127/ejm/2018/0030-2742 SN - 0935-1221 SN - 1617-4011 VL - 30 IS - 3 SP - 471 EP - 483 PB - Schweizerbart CY - Stuttgart ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ryo, Masahiro A1 - Jeschke, Jonathan M. A1 - Rillig, Matthias C. A1 - Heger, Tina T1 - Machine learning with the hierarchy-of-hypotheses (HoH) approach discovers novel pattern in studies on biological invasions JF - Research synthesis methods N2 - Research synthesis on simple yet general hypotheses and ideas is challenging in scientific disciplines studying highly context-dependent systems such as medical, social, and biological sciences. This study shows that machine learning, equation-free statistical modeling of artificial intelligence, is a promising synthesis tool for discovering novel patterns and the source of controversy in a general hypothesis. We apply a decision tree algorithm, assuming that evidence from various contexts can be adequately integrated in a hierarchically nested structure. As a case study, we analyzed 163 articles that studied a prominent hypothesis in invasion biology, the enemy release hypothesis. We explored if any of the nine attributes that classify each study can differentiate conclusions as classification problem. Results corroborated that machine learning can be useful for research synthesis, as the algorithm could detect patterns that had been already focused in previous narrative reviews. Compared with the previous synthesis study that assessed the same evidence collection based on experts' judgement, the algorithm has newly proposed that the studies focusing on Asian regions mostly supported the hypothesis, suggesting that more detailed investigations in these regions can enhance our understanding of the hypothesis. We suggest that machine learning algorithms can be a promising synthesis tool especially where studies (a) reformulate a general hypothesis from different perspectives, (b) use different methods or variables, or (c) report insufficient information for conducting meta-analyses. KW - artificial intelligence KW - hierarchy-of-hypotheses approach KW - machine learning KW - meta-analysis KW - synthesis KW - systematic review Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.1363 SN - 1759-2879 SN - 1759-2887 VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - 66 EP - 73 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Linker, Torsten T1 - Addition of Heteroatom Radicals to endo-Glycals JF - Chemistry N2 - Radical reactions have found many applications in carbohydrate chemistry, especially in the construction of carbon–carbon bonds. The formation of carbon–heteroatom bonds has been less intensively studied. This mini-review will summarize the efforts to add heteroatom radicals to unsaturated carbohydrates like endo-glycals. Starting from early examples, developed more than 50 years ago, the importance of such reactions for carbohydrate chemistry and recent applications will be discussed. After a short introduction, the mini-review is divided in sub-chapters according to the heteroatoms halogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. The mechanisms of radical generation by chemical or photochemical processes and the subsequent reactions of the radicals at the 1-position will be discussed. This mini-review cannot cover all aspects of heteroatom-centered radicals in carbohydrate chemistry, but should provide an overview of the various strategies and future perspectives KW - radicals KW - carbohydrates KW - heteroatoms KW - synthesis Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry2010008 SN - 2624-8549 VL - 2 IS - 1 SP - 80 EP - 92 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grüneberger, Anja Maria A1 - Schmidt, Christian A1 - Jahn, Sandro A1 - Rhede, Dieter A1 - Loges, Anselm A1 - Wilke, Max T1 - Interpretation of Raman spectra of the zircon-hafnon solid solution JF - European journal of mineralogy N2 - Zircon (ZrSiO4), hafnon (HfSiO4) and five intermediate compositions were synthesized from a Pb silicate melt. The resulting crystals were 20-300 mu m in size and displayed sector and growth zoning. Raman spectra were acquired at locations in the sample for which preceding electron microprobe (EMP) analyses revealed sufficient compositional homogeneity. The dataset documents shifts of Raman bands with changing composition. In this study, bands that have previously not been reported were found for the intermediate compositions and for pure hafnon, in particular at wavenumbers less than 200 cm(-1). For these external modes, the dataset provides new insight into the compositional dependence of their frequencies. Density-functional theory calculations support the observations and are used for a detailed interpretation of the spectra. The pitfalls of the EMP analysis along the zircon-hafnon join are highlighted. KW - zircon KW - hafnon KW - solid solution KW - Raman spectroscopy KW - synthesis KW - density-functional theory KW - hafnium analysis Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1127/ejm/2016/0028-2551 SN - 0935-1221 SN - 1617-4011 VL - 28 SP - 721 EP - 733 PB - Schweizerbart CY - Stuttgart ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wang, Xuebin A1 - Wang, Xiaoli A1 - Hu, Jing A1 - Wang, Zhaoya A1 - Pimpalpalle, Tukaram M. A1 - Linker, Torsten A1 - Yin, Jian T1 - Study on the Synthesis of Novel Sugar Amino Acids T1 - 新型糖氨基酸类化合物的合成研究 JF - Acta chimica Sinica = Huaxue-xuebao N2 - Sugar amino acids (SAAs) are carbohydrate derivatives bearing both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. SAAs represent an important class of multifunctional building blocks, which are amenable to serve as glycomimetics or peptidomimetics with well-defined structures and useful properties. Because SAAs exist in nature in many forms with various biological activities, recently, many unnatural SAAs, as the demand for finding new molecules to discover new drugs and new materials, have been designed and synthesized by a number of research groups. In this paper, we have developed a convenient method for the synthesis of novel SAAs gluco-7 and galacto-7 for the first time. The structure of gluco-7 was similar to the natural SAA glucosaminuronic acid that was a component of many typical bacterial cell walls and could be used for the preparation of type D flu vaccine; while galacto-7 was similar to the natural SAA galactosaminuronic acid that was one of bacterial Vi-antigen components of Escherichia coli. Starting from unexpensive and commercially available 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-D-glucal and 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-D-galactal, two novel SAAs gluco-7 and galacto-7 were achieved in the linear 6 steps with 34% overall yield and 19% overall yield, respectively. The key reactions included radical addition, decarboxylation, iodine generation reaction, azide reaction and reductive amination reaction. The crucial step was the synthesis of the target compound gluco-7 from gluco-6. By using method A, the target compound gluco-7 was obtained in 4 steps with 63% overall yield. To optimize the transformation from gluco-6 to gluco-7, method B was developed to generate gluco-7 by using one-pot reaction successfully with 76% yield only in one step. It proved that method B was superior to method A with shorter steps and higher yields. All the new compounds were characterized by IR, H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR and HRMS data. Study on the synthesis and biological evaluation of linear and cyclic oligomers derived from gluco-7 and galacto-7 are currently in progress. KW - sugar amino acids KW - glycal KW - radical addition KW - one-pot reaction KW - synthesis Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.6023/A15030205 SN - 0567-7351 VL - 73 IS - 7 SP - 699 EP - 704 PB - Science China Press CY - Beijing ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hildebrand, Viet A1 - Laschewsky, André A1 - Zehm, Daniel T1 - On the hydrophilicity of polyzwitterion poly (N, N-dimethyl-N(3-(methacrylamido)propyl)ammoniopropane sulfonate) in water, deuterated water, and aqueous salt solutions JF - Journal of biomaterials science : Polymer edition KW - polyzwitterion KW - sulfobetaine KW - synthesis KW - fluorescence label KW - upper critical solution temperature KW - isotope effect KW - anti-polyelectrolyte effect Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/09205063.2014.939918 SN - 0920-5063 SN - 1568-5624 VL - 25 IS - 14-15 SP - 1602 EP - 1618 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laschewsky, André T1 - Structures and synthesis of zwitterionic polymers JF - Polymers N2 - The structures and synthesis of polyzwitterions ("polybetaines") are reviewed, emphasizing the literature of the past decade. Particular attention is given to the general challenges faced, and to successful strategies to obtain polymers with a true balance of permanent cationic and anionic groups, thus resulting in an overall zero charge. Also, the progress due to applying new methodologies from general polymer synthesis, such as controlled polymerization methods or the use of "click" chemical reactions is presented. Furthermore, the emerging topic of responsive ("smart") polyzwitterions is addressed. The considerations and critical discussions are illustrated by typical examples. KW - review KW - polyzwitterion KW - polyampholyte KW - zwitterionic group KW - betaine KW - synthesis KW - monomer KW - polymerization KW - post-polymerization modification Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/polym6051544 SN - 2073-4360 VL - 6 IS - 5 SP - 1544 EP - 1601 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grüne, Stefanie T1 - Is there a Gap in Kant's B Deduction? JF - International journal of philosophical studies N2 - In 'Beyond the Myth of the Myth: A Kantian Theory of Non-Conceptual Content', Robert Hanna argues for a very strong kind of non-conceptualism, and claims that this kind of non-conceptualism originally has been developed by Kant. But according to 'Kant's Non-Conceptualism, Rogue Objects and the Gap in the B Deduction', Kant's non-conceptualism poses a serious problem for his argument for the objective validity of the categories, namely the problem that there is a gap in the B Deduction. This gap is that the B Deduction goes through only if conceptualism is true, but Kant is a non-conceptualist. In this paper, I will argue, contrary to what Hanna claims, that there is not a gap in the B Deduction. KW - Kant KW - concepts KW - non-conceptualism KW - intuition KW - synthesis Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/09672559.2011.595196 SN - 0967-2559 VL - 19 IS - 3 SP - 465 EP - 490 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Herfurth, Christoph A1 - Voll, Dominik A1 - Buller, Jens A1 - Weiss, Jan A1 - Barner-Kowollik, Christopher A1 - Laschewsky, André T1 - Radical addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of ferrocenyl (meth)acrylates JF - Journal of polymer science : A, Polymer chemistry N2 - We report on the controlled free radical homopolymerization of 1-ferrocenylethyl acrylate as well as of three new ferrocene bearing monomers, namely 4-ferrocenylbutyl acrylate, 2-ferrocenylamido-2-methylpropyl acrylate, and 4-ferrocenylbutyl methacrylate, by the RAFT technique. For comparison, the latter monomer was polymerized using ATRP, too. The ferrocene containing monomers were found to be less reactive than their analogues free of ferrocene. The reasons for the low polymerizability are not entirely clear. As the addition of free ferrocene to the reaction mixture did not notably affect the polymerizations, sterical hindrance by the bulky ferrocene moiety fixed on the monomers seems to be the most probable explanation. Molar masses found for 1-ferrocenylethyl acrylate did not exceed 10,000 g mol(-1), while for 4-ferrocenylbutyl (meth) acrylate molar masses of 15,000 g mol(-1) could be obtained. With PDIs as low as 1.3 in RAFT polymerization of the monomers, good control over the polymerization was achieved. KW - ferrocene KW - living radical polymerization (LRP) KW - monomers KW - radical addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) KW - radical polymerization KW - redox polymers KW - synthesis Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.24994 SN - 0887-624X VL - 50 IS - 1 SP - 108 EP - 118 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Malden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Salert, Beatrice Ch. D. A1 - Krueger, Hartmut A1 - Bagnich, Sergey A. A1 - Unger, Thomas A1 - Jaiser, Frank A1 - Al-Sa'di, Mahmoud A1 - Neher, Dieter A1 - Hayer, Anna A1 - Eberle, Thomas T1 - New polymer matrix system for phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes and the role of the small molecular co-host JF - Journal of polymer science : A, Polymer chemistry N2 - A new matrix system for phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on an electron transporting component attached to an inert polymer backbone, an electronically neutral co-host, and a phosphorescent dye that serves as both emitter and hole conductor are presented. The inert co-host is used either as small molecules or covalently connected to the same chain as the electron-transporting host. The use of a small molecular inert co-host in the active layer is shown to be highly advantageous in comparison to a purely polymeric matrix bearing the same functionalities. Analysis of the dye phosphorescence decay in pure polymer, small molecular co-host film, and their blend lets to conclude that dye molecules distribute mostly in the small molecular co-host phase, where the co-host prevents agglomeration and self-quenching of the phosphorescence as well as energy transfer to the electron transporting units. In addition, the co-host accumulates at the anode interface where it acts as electron blocking layer and improves hole injection. This favorable phase separation between polymeric and small molecular components results in devices with efficiencies of about 47 cd/A at a luminance of 1000 cd/m(2). Investigation of OLED degradation demonstrates the presence of two time regimes: one fast component that leads to a strong decrease at short times followed by a slower decrease at longer times. Unlike the long time degradation, the efficiency loss that occurs at short times is reversible and can be recovered by annealing of the device at 180 degrees C. We also show that the long-time degradation must be related to a change of the optical and electrical bulk properties. KW - charge transport KW - conducting polymer KW - degradation KW - host-guest systems KW - light-emitting diodes KW - random copolymer KW - synthesis KW - UV-vis spectroscopy Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.26409 SN - 0887-624X VL - 51 IS - 3 SP - 601 EP - 613 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER -