TY - JOUR A1 - Sela, Yael T1 - Sacred poetry, eternal felicity, and the redemption of Israel BT - Obadiah Sforno's commentary on Psalms in the Berlin Haskalah JF - European journal of jewish studies N2 - The article explores the philosophical exegesis in Obadiah Sforno's sixteenth-century Psalms commentary and its reception in Berlin of the late eighteenth century, where it was reprinted in the Haskalah's biggest bestseller-an edition of Moses Mendelssohn's Psalms translation with Hebrew commentary. While the inclusion of entire commentaries by earlier exegetes was unique among all Haskalah Bible editions, I argue that the choice to include Sforno's commentary alongside Mendelssohn's translation of Psalms, itself an expression of Mendelssohn's political-theological defense of Judaism, was intended to buttress shared philosophical doctrines and concepts located by the two scholars in Psalms, notwithstanding temporal and cultural divergences: imitatio Dei, the salvation of the individual soul, and Israel's eternity. KW - Psalms KW - salvation of the soul KW - Obadiah Sforno KW - Moses Mendelssohn KW - Joel Bril (Lowe) KW - Haskalah KW - redemption KW - reception history of Bible exegesis and philosophy Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1163/1872471X-bja10044 SN - 1025-9996 SN - 1872-471X VL - 16 IS - 2 SP - 261 EP - 280 PB - Brill CY - Biggleswade ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nguyen, Viet-Dung A1 - Merz, Bruno A1 - Hundecha, Yeshewatesfa A1 - Haberlandt, Uwe A1 - Vorogushyn, Sergiy T1 - Comprehensive evaluation of an improved large-scale multi-site weather generator for Germany JF - International journal of climatology : a journal of the Royal Meteorological Society N2 - In this work, we present a comprehensive evaluation of a stochastic multi-site, multi-variate weather generator at the scale of entire Germany and parts of the neighbouring countries covering the major German river basins Elbe, Upper Danube, Rhine, Weser and Ems with a total area of approximately 580,000 km(2). The regional weather generator, which is based on a first-order multi-variate auto-regressive model, is setup using 53-year long daily observational data at 528 locations. The performance is evaluated by investigating the ability of the weather generator to replicate various important statistical properties of the observed variables including precipitation occurrence and dry/wet transition probabilities, mean daily and extreme precipitation, multi-day precipitation sums, spatial correlation structure, areal precipitation, mean daily and extreme temperature and solar radiation. We explore two marginal distributions for daily precipitation amount: mixed Gamma-Generalized Pareto and extended Generalized Pareto. Furthermore, we introduce a new procedure to estimate the spatial correlation matrix and model mean daily temperature and solar radiation. The extensive evaluation reveals that the weather generator is greatly capable of capturing most of the crucial properties of the weather variables, particularly of extreme precipitation at individual locations. Some deficiencies are detected in capturing spatial precipitation correlation structure that leads to an overestimation of areal precipitation extremes. Further improvement of the spatial correlation structure is envisaged for future research. The mixed marginal model found to outperform the extended Generalized Pareto in our case. The use of power transformation in combination with normal distribution significantly improves the performance for non-precipitation variables. The weather generator can be used to generate synthetic event footprints for large-scale trans-basin flood risk assessment. KW - correlation KW - extreme KW - flood KW - large‐ scale KW - multi‐ variate KW - weather generator Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7107 SN - 0899-8418 SN - 1097-0088 VL - 41 IS - 10 SP - 4933 EP - 4956 PB - Wiley CY - Chichester [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gasparini, Loretta A1 - Langus, Alan A1 - Tsuji, Sho A1 - Boll-Avetisyan, Natalie T1 - Quantifying the role of rhythm in infants' language discrimination abilities BT - a meta-analysis JF - Cognition : international journal of cognitive science N2 - More than 30 years have passed since Mehler et al. (1988) proposed that newborns can discriminate between languages that belong to different rhythm classes: stress-, syllable- or mora-timed. Thereupon they developed the hypothesis that infants are sensitive to differences in vowel and consonant interval durations as acoustic correlates of rhythm classes. It remains unknown exactly which durational computations infants use when perceiving speech for the purposes of distinguishing languages. Here, a meta-analysis of studies on infants' language discrimination skills over the first year of life was conducted, aiming to quantify how language discrimination skills change with age and are modulated by rhythm classes or durational metrics. A systematic literature search identified 42 studies that tested infants' (birth to 12 months) discrimination or preference of two language varieties, by presenting infants with auditory or audio-visual continuous speech. Quantitative data synthesis was conducted using multivariate random effects meta-analytic models with the factors rhythm class difference, age, stimulus manipulation, method, and metrics operationalising proportions of and variability in vowel and consonant interval durations, to explore which factors best account for language discrimination or preference. Results revealed that smaller differences in vowel interval variability (oV) and larger differences in successive consonantal interval variability (rPVI-C) were associated with more successful language discrimination, and better accounted for discrimination results than the factor rhythm class. There were no effects of age for discrimination but results on preference studies were affected by age: the older infants get, the more they prefer non-native languages that are rhythmically similar to their native language, but not non-native languages that are rhythmically distinct. These findings can inform theories on language discrimination that have previously focussed on rhythm class, by providing a novel way to operationalise rhythm in language in the extent to which it accounts for infants' language discrimination abilities. KW - Language discrimination KW - Accent discrimination KW - Speech rhythm KW - Durational cues KW - Infant speech perception KW - Meta-analysis Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104757 SN - 0010-0277 SN - 1873-7838 VL - 213 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Amsterdam [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yang, Sizhong A1 - Liebner, Susanne A1 - Svenning, Mette Marianne A1 - Tveit, Alexander Tøsdal T1 - Decoupling of microbial community dynamics and functions in Arctic peat soil exposed to short term warming JF - Molecular ecology N2 - Temperature is an important factor governing microbe-mediated carbon feedback from permafrost soils. The link between taxonomic and functional microbial responses to temperature change remains elusive due to the lack of studies assessing both aspects of microbial ecology. Our previous study reported microbial metabolic and trophic shifts in response to short-term temperature increases in Arctic peat soil, and linked these shifts to higher CH4 and CO2 production rates (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112, E2507-E2516). Here, we studied the taxonomic composition and functional potential of samples from the same experiment. We see that along a high-resolution temperature gradient (1-30 degrees C), microbial communities change discretely, but not continuously or stochastically, in response to rising temperatures. The taxonomic variability may thus in part reflect the varied temperature responses of individual taxa and the competition between these taxa for resources. These taxonomic responses contrast the stable functional potential (metagenomic-based) across all temperatures or the previously observed metabolic or trophic shifts at key temperatures. Furthermore, with rising temperatures we observed a progressive decrease in species diversity (Shannon Index) and increased dispersion of greenhouse gas (GHG) production rates. We conclude that the taxonomic variation is decoupled from both the functional potential of the community and the previously observed temperature-dependent changes in microbial function. However, the reduced diversity at higher temperatures might help explain the higher variability in GHG production at higher temperatures. KW - microbial community KW - permafrost KW - species diversity KW - stochastic KW - temperature gradient Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.16118 SN - 0962-1083 SN - 1365-294X VL - 30 IS - 20 SP - 5094 EP - 5104 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Oxford [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hashemi, Seirana A1 - Razaghi-Moghadam, Zahra A1 - Laitinen, Roosa A. E. A1 - Nikoloski, Zoran T1 - Relative flux trade-offs and optimization of metabolic network functionalities JF - Computational and structural biotechnology journal N2 - Trade-offs between traits are present across different levels of biological systems and ultimately reflect constraints imposed by physicochemical laws and the structure of underlying biochemical networks. Yet, mechanistic explanation of how trade-offs between molecular traits arise and how they relate to optimization of fitness-related traits remains elusive. Here, we introduce the concept of relative flux trade-offs and propose a constraint-based approach, termed FluTOr, to identify metabolic reactions whose fluxes are in relative trade-off with respect to an optimized fitness-related cellular task, like growth. We then employed FluTOr to identify relative flux trade-offs in the genome-scale metabolic networks of Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Arabidopsis thaliana. For the metabolic models of E. coli and S. cerevisiae we showed that: (i) the identified relative flux trade-offs depend on the carbon source used and that (ii) reactions that participated in relative trade-offs in both species were implicated in cofactor biosynthesis. In contrast to the two microorganisms, the relative flux trade-offs for the metabolic model of A. thaliana did not depend on the available nitrogen sources, reflecting the differences in the underlying metabolic network as well as the considered environments. Lastly, the established connection between relative flux trade-offs allowed us to identify overexpression targets that can be used to optimize fitness-related traits. Altogether, our computational approach and findings demonstrate how relative flux trade-offs can shape optimization of metabolic tasks, important in biotechnological applications. KW - Trade-offs KW - Metabolic networks KW - Fluxes KW - Overexpression targets KW - Growth Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2022.07.038 SN - 2001-0370 VL - 20 SP - 3963 EP - 3971 PB - Research Network of Computational and Structural Biotechnology (RNCSB) CY - Gotenburg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yadav, Himanshu A1 - Husain, Samar A1 - Futrell, Richard T1 - Assessing corpus evidence for formal and psycholinguistic constraints on nonprojectivity JF - Computational linguistics N2 - Formal constraints on crossing dependencies have played a large role in research on the formal complexity of natural language grammars and parsing. Here we ask whether the apparent evidence for constraints on crossing dependencies in treebanks might arise because of independent constraints on trees, such as low arity and dependency length minimization. We address this question using two sets of experiments. In Experiment 1, we compare the distribution of formal properties of crossing dependencies, such as gap degree, between real trees and baseline trees matched for rate of crossing dependencies and various other properties. In Experiment 2, we model whether two dependencies cross, given certain psycholinguistic properties of the dependencies. We find surprisingly weak evidence for constraints originating from the mild context-sensitivity literature (gap degree and well-nestedness) beyond what can be explained by constraints on rate of crossing dependencies, topological properties of the trees, and dependency length. However, measures that have emerged from the parsing literature (e.g., edge degree, end-point crossings, and heads' depth difference) differ strongly between real and random trees. Modeling results show that cognitive metrics relating to information locality and working-memory limitations affect whether two dependencies cross or not, but they do not fully explain the distribution of crossing dependencies in natural languages. Together these results suggest that crossing constraints are better characterized by processing pressures than by mildly context-sensitive constraints. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00437 SN - 0891-2017 SN - 1530-9312 VL - 48 IS - 2 SP - 375 EP - 401 PB - MIT Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Finzel, Anna T1 - Innate or acquired? BT - homosexuality and cultural models of gender in Indian and Nigerian English T2 - Cultural-Linguistic Explorations into Spirituality, Emotionality, and Society (Cognitive Linguistic Studies in Cultural Contexts) (CLSCC) N2 - In this chapter, some of the findings from sociolinguistic interviews with 25 speakers of Indian English and 26 speakers of Nigerian English are presented. Emanating from a larger research project concerned with conceptualizations of gender, the current analysis focuses on conceptualizations of homosexuality and makes use of the analytical tools provided by Cultural Linguistics and Cognitive Sociolinguistics. In particular, the notions of “cultural conceptualizations” (e.g., Sharifian, 2011, 2017) and “cultural model” (e.g., Wolf & Polzenhagen, 2009; also cf. Schneider, 2014) are addressed. At the time of data collection, discriminatory legislation concerning homosexuality was in force in India and Nigeria. Opinion polls likewise echoed a negative stance towards homosexuality among the population of the two countries. This raised the expectation that similar conceptualizations of homosexuality might be found in Indian and Nigerian English, both in terms of their negative connotation and of how homosexuality would exactly be conceptualized. However, this expectation was not fulfilled. Firstly, the acceptance among the Indian participants to this study was generally greater. Secondly, homosexuality was predominantly conceptualized as an innate condition in the Indian English data, while it was prevalently understood as an acquired condition by the Nigerian informants. Drawing from earlier findings within the context of the same project (Finzel, 2021; fc.), I suggest that these differences can be explained with culture-specific models of gender that lend their logic to conceptualizations of homosexuality. KW - cognitive sociolinguistics KW - cultural linguistics KW - cultural conceptualizations Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1075/clscc.14.09fin VL - 14 SP - 185 EP - 212 PB - John Benjamins Publishing Company CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wolf, Hans-Georg T1 - Cultural conceptualizations of magical practices related to menstrual blood in a transhistorical and transcontinental perspective T2 - Cultural-Linguistic Explorations into Spirituality, Emotionality, and Society (Cognitive Linguistic Studies in Cultural Contexts (CLSCC) N2 - Most, if not all, of the studies in Cultural Linguistics have (a) taken a synchronic perspective or (b) focused on specific, intracultural conceptualizations. In my chapter, I will look at a cluster of conceptualizations that have been found to exist in different historical periods, in different languages and varieties, and on different continents. The case in point is conceptualizations of magical practices based on menstrual blood. The existence of these conceptualizations across time and space raises the challenging questions of their motivation, and, more generally, the “flow of conceptualizations.” While these questions will be pursued in my chapter, the main focus will be on an elaboration of the conceptual network of conceptualizations pertaining to menstrual blood magic. KW - cultural conceptualizations KW - menstrual blood Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-9-02725-970-7 SN - 978-9-02720-916-0 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1075/clscc.14.04wol VL - 14 SP - 41 EP - 76 PB - John Benjamins Publishing Company CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wassermann, Birgit A1 - Abdelfattah, Ahmed A1 - Cernava, Tomislav A1 - Wicaksono, Wisnu A1 - Berg, Gabriele T1 - Microbiome-based biotechnology for reducing food loss post harvest JF - Current opinion in biotechnology N2 - Microbiomes have an immense potential to enhance plant resilience to various biotic and abiotic stresses. However, intrinsic microbial communities respond to changes in their host's physiology and environment during plant's life cycle. The potential of the inherent plant microbiome has been neglected for a long time, especially for the postharvest period. Currently, close to 50% of all produced fruits and vegetables are lost either during production or storage. Biological control of spoilage and storage diseases is still lacking sufficiency. Today, novel multiomics technologies allow us to study the microbiome and its responses on a community level, which will help to advance current classic approaches and develop more effective and robust microbiome-based solutions for fruit and vegetable storability, quality, and safety. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102808 SN - 0958-1669 SN - 1879-0429 VL - 78 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Amsterdam [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Arnold, Patrick A1 - Hagemann, Justus A1 - Gilissen, Emmanuel A1 - Hofreiter, Michael T1 - Otter shrew mitogenomes (Afrotheria, Potamogalidae) reconstructed from historical museum skins JF - Mitochondrial DNA. Part B N2 - African otter shrews (Potamogalidae) are Afrotherian mammals adapted to a semi-aquatic lifestyle. Given their rareness, genetic data on otter shrews are limited. By applying laboratory methods tuned for the recovery of archival DNA and an iterative mapping approach, we reconstructed whole mitochondrial genomes of the Giant (Potamogale velox) and Ruwenzori pygmy otter shrew (Micropotamogale ruwenzorii) from historical museum skins. Phylogenetic analyses are consistent with previous reports in recovering a sister relationship between African otter shrews and Malagasy tenrecs. The long branches separating both lineages, however, support their recognition as separate families. KW - tenrecs KW - Afrotheria KW - Africa KW - historical DNA Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2022.2122747 SN - 2380-2359 VL - 7 IS - 9 SP - 1699 EP - 1701 PB - Taylor & Francis Group CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thongthaisong, Patch A1 - Kasada, Minoru A1 - Grossart, Hans-Peter A1 - Wollrab, Sabine T1 - Critical role of parasite-mediated energy pathway on community response to nutrient enrichment JF - Ecology and evolution N2 - Parasites form an integral part of food webs, however, they are often ignored in classic food web theory or limited to the investigation of trophic transmission pathways. Specifically, direct consumption of parasites by nonhost predators is rarely considered, while it can contribute substantially to energy flow in food webs. In aquatic systems, chytrids constitute a major group of fungal parasites whose free-living infective stages (zoospores) form a highly nutritional food source to zooplankton. Thereby, the consumption of zoospores can create an energy pathway from otherwise inedible phytoplankton to zooplankton ( "mycoloop "). This parasite-mediated energy pathway might be of special importance during phytoplankton blooms dominated by inedible or toxic primary producers like cyanobacteria, which are on the rise with eutrophication and global warming. We theoretically investigated community dynamics and energy transfer in a food web consisting of an edible nonhost and an inedible host phytoplankton species, a parasitic fungus, and a zooplankton species grazing on edible phytoplankton and fungi. Food web dynamics were investigated along a nutrient gradient contrasting nonadaptive zooplankton species representative for filter feeders like cladocerans and zooplankton with the ability to actively adapt their feeding preferences like many copepod species. Overall, the importance of the mycoloop for zooplankton increases with nutrient availability. This increase is smooth for nonadaptive consumers. For adaptive consumers, we observe an abrupt shift from an almost exclusive preference for edible phytoplankton at low nutrient levels to a strong preference for parasitic fungi at high nutrient levels. The model predicts that parasitic fungi could contribute up to 50% of the zooplankton diet in nutrient-rich environments, which agrees with empirical observations on zooplankton gut content from eutrophic systems during blooms of inedible diatoms or cyanobacteria. Our findings highlight the role of parasite-mediated energy pathways for predictions of energy flow and community composition under current and future environmental change. KW - adaptive preference KW - energy flow KW - food web KW - mycoloop KW - parasite-mediated KW - energy pathway KW - parasites KW - parasitic fungi Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.9622 SN - 2045-7758 VL - 12 IS - 12 PB - John Wiley & Sons, Inc. CY - [Hoboken] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wicaksono, Wisnu Adi A1 - Erschen, Sabine A1 - Krause, Robert A1 - Müller, Henry A1 - Cernava, Tomislav A1 - Berg, Gabriele T1 - Enhanced survival of multi-species biofilms under stress is promoted by low-abundant but antimicrobial-resistant keystone species JF - Journal of hazardous materials : environmental control, risk assessment, impact and management N2 - Multi-species biofilms are more resistant against stress compared to single-species biofilms. However, the mechanisms underlying this common observation remain elusive. Therefore, we studied biofilm formation of well-known opportunistic pathogens (Acinetobacter baumanii, Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia) in various approaches. Synergistic effects in their multi species biofilms were observed. Using metatranscriptomics, changes in the gene expression of the involved members became evident, and provided explanations for the improved survivability under nutrient limitation and exposure to disinfectants. Genes encoding proteins for vitamin B6 synthesis and iron uptake were linked to synergism in the multi-species biofilm under nutrient-limited conditions. Our study indicates that sub-lethal concentrations of an alcohol-based disinfectant enhance biofilm yields in multi-species assemblages. A reduction of the dominant taxa in the multi-species biofilm under disinfectant pressure allowed minor taxa to bloom. The findings underline the importance of minor but antimicrobial-resistant species that serve as "protectors" for the whole assemblage due to upregulation of genes involved in defence mechanisms and biofilm formation. This ultimately results in an increase in the total yield of the multi-species biofilm. We conclude that inter-species interactions may be crucial for the survival of opportunistic pathogens; especially under conditions that are typically found under hospital settings. KW - Biofilm KW - Opportunistic pathogen KW - Synergism KW - Multi-species KW - Metatranscriptomic Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126836 SN - 0304-3894 SN - 1873-3336 VL - 422 PB - Science Direct CY - New York, NY [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Koukoulioti, Vasiliki A1 - Stavrakaki, Stavroula A1 - Vomva, Maria A1 - Adani, Flavia T1 - Gender marking and clitic pronoun resolution in simultaneous bilingual children JF - Languages : open access journal N2 - The acquisition of clitics still remains a highly controversial issue in Greek acquisition literature despite the bulk of studies performed. Object clitics have been shown to be early acquired by monolingual children in terms of production rates, whereas only highly proficient bilingual children achieve target-like performance. Crucially, errors in gender marking are persistent for monolingual and bilingual children even when adult-like production rates are achieved. This study aims to readdress the acquisition of clitics in an innovative way, by entering the variable of gender in an experimental design targeting to assess production and processing by bilingual and monolingual children. Moreover, we examined the role of language proficiency (in terms of general verbal intelligence and syntactic production abilities). The groups had comparable performance in both tasks (in terms of correct responses and error distribution in production and reaction times in comprehension). However, verbal intelligence had an effect on the performance of the monolingual but not of the bilingual group in the production task, and bilingual children were overall slower in the comprehension task. Syntactic production abilities did not have any effect. We argue that gender marking affects clitic processing, and we discuss the implications of our findings for bilingual acquisition. KW - bilingual acquisition KW - clitic pronouns KW - gender KW - language proficiency KW - language input KW - sentence production KW - sentence processing KW - Modern Greek Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/languages7040250 SN - 2226-471X VL - 7 IS - 4 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wang, Rong A1 - Kuhn, Gerhard A1 - Gong, Xun A1 - Biskaborn, Boris K. A1 - Gersonde, Rainer A1 - Lembke-Jene, Lester A1 - Lohmann, Gerrit A1 - Tiedemann, Ralf A1 - Diekmann, Bernhard T1 - Deglacial land-ocean linkages at the Alaskan continental margin in the Bering Sea JF - Frontiers in Earth Science N2 - A marine sediment record from the central Bering Sea, spanning the last 20 thousand years (ka), was studied to unravel the depositional history with regard to terrigenous sediment supply and biogenic sedimentation. Methodic approaches comprised the inference of accumulation rates of siliciclastic and biogenic components, grain-size analysis, and (clay) mineralogy, as well as paleoclimatic modelling. Changes in the depositional history provides insight into land-ocean linkages of paleoenvironmental changes. During the finale of the Last Glacial Maximum, the depositional environment was characterized by hemipelagic background sedimentation. A marked change in the terrigenous sediment provenance during the late Heinrich 1 Stadial (15.7-14.5 ka), indicated by increases in kaolinite and a high glaciofluvial influx of clay, gives evidence of the deglaciation of the Brooks Range in the hinterland of Alaska. This meltwater pulse also stimulated the postglacial onset of biological productivity. Glacial melt implies regional climate warming during a time of widespread cooling on the northern hemisphere. Our simulation experiment with a coupled climate model suggests atmospheric teleconnections to the North Atlantic, with impacts on the dynamics of the Aleutian Low system that gave rise to warmer winters and an early onset of spring during that time. The late deglacial period between 14.5 and 11.0 ka was characterized by enhanced fluvial runoff and biological productivity in the course of climate amelioration, sea-level rise, seasonal sea-ice retreat, and permafrost thaw in the hinterland. The latter processes temporarily stalled during the Younger Dryas stadial (12.9-11.7 ka) and commenced again during the Preboreal (earliest Holocene), after 11.7 ka. High river runoff might have fertilized the Bering Sea and contributed to enhanced upper ocean stratification. Since 11.0 ka, advanced transgression has shifted the coast line and fluvial influence of the Yukon River away from the study site. The opening of the Bering Strait strengthened contour currents along the continental slope, leaving behind winnowed sand-rich sediments through the early to mid-Holocene, with non-deposition occurring since about 6.0 ka. KW - North Pacific KW - terrigenous sediments KW - heinrich event KW - brooks range KW - deglaciation KW - meltwater Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.712415 SN - 2296-6463 VL - 9 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kaboth-Bahr, Stefanie A1 - Bahr, Andre A1 - Yamoah, Kweku A. A1 - Chuang, Chih-Kai A1 - Li, Hong-Chun A1 - Su, Chih-Chieh A1 - Wei, Kuo-Yen T1 - Rapid humidity changes across the Northern South China Sea during the last similar to 40 kyrs JF - Marine geology : international journal of marine geology, geochemistry and geophysics N2 - A key aspect of East Asian climate is its summer monsoonal system which influences nearly one-third of the world's population. Recent results indicate that the primary response of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) to anthropogenic forced climate warming may be a shift in geographical range instead of an intensity change, which would lead to spatial coexistence of floods and droughts over southeastern Asia. The predicted EASM variability in the future has made it paramount to study its past changes and the associated tempo-spatial pattern of aridity and humidity in its purview. In order to decipher past changes in EASM, we applied a multi-proxy geochemical approach to the sediment core ORI-891-16-P1 located in the northern South China Sea. The position of this sediment core on top of a seamount makes it uniquely sensitive to changes in the terrigenous input into northern South China Sea unbiased by sea level-induced downslope transport processes. Utilizing the ln(Ti/Ca) ratio throughout the sediment sequence we trace terrigenous influx changes reflecting EASM prevalence during the last similar to 40 kyrs. Based on the comparison of our results to previous studies we infer that the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; similar to 20 ka BP) was characterized by a steep N-S humidity gradient. This spatial pattern was in line with a southward shift or contraction of the summer monsoonal trough of 10-15 degrees from its current position toward the centre of the South China Sea. Superimposed on orbital time scale fluctuations we also find strong indication of millennial-scale variability related to Heinrich Stadials. The impact of Heinrich Stadials on the EASM seems amplified during insolation minima, while high summer insolation seems to buffer the monsoonal system to such perturbations. We infer that (i) the humidity-aridity distribution during the LGM mimics predictions of the proposed future EASM configuration, and (ii) that the sensitivity of the EASM to weakening in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation is the strongest since the last glacial. KW - East Asian Summer monsoon variability KW - South China Sea KW - Late Pleistocene KW - climate variability KW - Terrigenous influx changes Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2021.106579 SN - 0025-3227 SN - 1872-6151 VL - 440 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Amsterdam [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Shaw, Vasundhara A1 - van Vliet, Arjen A1 - Taylor, Andrew M. T1 - Galactic halo bubble magnetic fields and UHECR deflections JF - Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society N2 - We consider the synchrotron emission from electrons out in the Galactic halo bubble region where the Fermi bubble structures reside. Utilizing a simple analytical expression for the non-thermal electron distribution and a toy magnetic field model, we simulate polarized synchrotron emission maps at a frequency of 30 GHz. Comparing these maps with the observational data, we obtain constraints on the parameters of our toy Galactic halo bubble magnetic field model. Utilizing this parameter value range for the toy magnetic field model, we determine the corresponding range of arrival directions and suppression factors of ultra high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) from potential local source locations. We find that high levels of flux suppression (down to 2 per cent) and large deflection angles (>= 80 degrees) are possible for source locations whose line of sight pass through the Galactic halo bubble region. We conclude that the magnetic field out in the Galactic halo bubble region can strongly dominate the level of deflection UHECRs experience whilst propagating from local sources to Earth. KW - astroparticle physics KW - radiation mechanisms: non-thermal KW - galaxies: magnetic fields Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac2778 SN - 0035-8711 SN - 1365-2966 VL - 517 IS - 2 SP - 2534 EP - 2545 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Huang, Jingshui A1 - Borchardt, Dietrich A1 - Rode, Michael T1 - How do inorganic nitrogen processing pathways change quantitatively at daily, seasonal, and multiannual scales in a large agricultural stream? JF - Hydrology and earth system sciences : HESS N2 - Large agricultural streams receive excessive inputs of nitrogen. However, quantifying the role of these streams in nitrogen processing remains limited because continuous direct measurements of the interacting and highly time-varying nitrogen processing pathways in larger streams and rivers are very complex. Therefore, we employed a monitoring-driven modelling approach with high-frequency in situ data and the river water quality model Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP) 7.5.2 in the 27.4 km reach of the sixth-order agricultural stream called Lower Bode (central Germany) for a 5-year period (2014-2018). Paired high-frequency sensor data (15 min interval) of discharge, nitrate, dissolved oxygen, and chlorophyll a at upstream and downstream stations were used as model boundaries and for setting model constraints. The WASP model simulated 15 min intervals of discharge, nitrate, and dissolved oxygen with Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency values higher than 0.9 for calibration and validation, enabling the calculation of gross and net dissolved inorganic nitrogen uptake and pathway rates on a daily, seasonal, and multiannual scale. Results showed daily net uptake rate of dissolved inorganic nitrogen ranged from -17.4 to 553.9 mgNm(-2)d(-1). The highest daily net uptake could reach almost 30 % of the total input loading, which occurred at extreme low flow in summer 2018. The growing season (spring and summer) accounted for 91 % of the average net annual uptake of dissolved inorganic nitrogen in the measured period. In spring, both the DIN gross and net uptake were dominated by the phytoplankton uptake pathway. In summer, benthic algae assimilation dominated the gross uptake of dissolved inorganic nitrogen. Conversely, the reach became a net source of dissolved inorganic nitrogen with negative daily net uptake values in autumn and winter, mainly because the release from benthic algae surpassed uptake processes. Over the 5 years, average gross and net uptake rates of dissolved inorganic nitrogen were 124.1 and 56.8 mgNm(-2)d(-1), which accounted for only 2.7 % and 1.2 % of the total loadings in the Lower Bode, respectively. The 5-year average gross DIN uptake decreased from assimilation by benthic algae through assimilation by phytoplankton to denitrification. Our study highlights the value of combining river water quality modelling with high-frequency data to obtain a reliable budget of instream dissolved inorganic nitrogen processing which facilitates our ability to manage nitrogen in aquatic systems. This study provides a methodology that can be applied to any large stream to quantify nitrogen processing pathway dynamics and complete our understanding of nitrogen cycling. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5817-2022 SN - 1027-5606 SN - 1607-7938 VL - 26 IS - 22 SP - 5817 EP - 5833 PB - Copernicus Publ. CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stechemesser, Annika A1 - Levermann, Anders A1 - Wenz, Leonie T1 - Temperature impacts on hate speech online: evidence from 4 billion geolocated tweets from the USA JF - The lancet. Planetary health N2 - Background - A link between weather and aggression in the offline world has been established across a variety of societal settings. Simultaneously, the rapid digitalisation of nearly every aspect of everyday life has led to a high frequency of interpersonal conflicts online. Hate speech online has become a prevalent problem that has been shown to aggravate mental health conditions, especially among young people and marginalised groups. We examine the effect of temperature on the occurrence of hate speech on the social media platform Twitter and interpret the results in the context of the interlinkage between climate change, human behaviour, and mental health. Methods - In this quantitative empirical study, we used a supervised machine learning approach to identify hate speech in a dataset containing around 4 billion geolocated tweets from 773 cities across the USA between May 1, 2014 and May 1, 2020. We statistically evaluated the changes in daily hate tweets against changes in local temperature, isolating the temperature influence from confounding factors using binned panel-regression models. Findings - The prevalence of hate tweets was lowest at moderate temperatures (12 to 21?) and marked increases in the number of hate tweets were observed at hotter and colder temperatures, reaching up to 12middot5% (95% CI 8middot0-16middot5) for cold temperature extremes (-6 to -3?) and up to 22middot0% (95% CI 20middot5-23middot5) for hot temperature extremes (42 to 45?). Outside of the moderate temperature range, the hate tweets also increased as a proportion of total tweeting activity. The quasi-quadratic shape of the temperature-hate tweet curve was robust across varying climate zones, income quartiles, religious and political beliefs, and both city-level and state-level aggregations. However, temperature ranges with the lowest prevalence of hate tweets were centred around the local temperature mean and the magnitude of the increases in hate tweets for hot and cold temperatures varied across the climate zones. Interpretation - Our results highlight hate speech online as a potential channel through which temperature alters interpersonal conflict and societal aggression. We provide empirical evidence that hot and cold temperatures can aggravate aggressive tendencies online. The prevalence of the results across climatic and socioeconomic subgroups points to limitations in the ability of humans to adapt to temperature extremes. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00173-5 SN - 2542-5196 VL - 6 IS - 9 SP - E714 EP - E725 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Olimi, Expedito A1 - Bickel, Samuel A1 - Wicaksono, Wisnu Adi A1 - Kusstatscher, Peter A1 - Matzer, Robert A1 - Cernava, Tomislav A1 - Berg, Gabriele T1 - Deciphering the microbial composition of biodynamic preparations and their effects on the apple rhizosphere microbiome JF - Frontiers in soil science N2 - Soil microbial communities are crucial for plant growth and are already depleted by anthropogenic activities. The application of microbial transplants provides a strategy to restore beneficial soil traits, but less is known about the microbiota of traditional inoculants used in biodynamic agriculture. In this study, we used amplicon sequencing and quantitative PCR to decipher microbial communities of composts, biodynamic manures, and plant preparations from Austria and France. In addition, we investigated the effect of extracts derived from biodynamic manure and compost on the rhizosphere microbiome of apple trees. Microbiota abundance, composition, and diversity of biodynamic manures, plant preparations, and composts were distinct. Microbial abundances ranged between 1010-1011 (bacterial 16S rRNA genes) and 109-1011 (fungal ITS genes). The bacterial diversity was significantly higher in biodynamic manures compared to compost without discernible differences in abundance. Fungal diversity was not significantly different while abundance was increased in biodynamic manures. The microbial communities of biodynamic manures and plant preparations were specific for each production site, but all contain potentially plant-beneficial bacterial genera. When applied in apple orchards, biodynamic preparations (extracts) had the non-significant effect of reducing bacterial and fungal abundance in apple rhizosphere (4 months post-application), while increasing fungal and lowering bacterial Shannon diversity. One to four months after inoculation, individual taxa indicated differential abundance. We observed the reduction of the pathogenic fungus Alternaria, and the enrichment of potentially beneficial bacterial genera such as Pseudomonas. Our study paves way for the science-based adaptation of empirically developed biodynamic formulations under different farming practices to restore the vitality of agricultural soils. KW - biodynamic farming KW - compost microbiome KW - biodynamic manures KW - biodynamic preparations KW - rhizosphere microbiome KW - 16S rRNA/ITS amplicon sequencing KW - organic soil amendments Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoil.2022.1020869 SN - 2673-8619 VL - 2 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Masanneck, Lars A1 - Räuber, S. A1 - Gieseler, Pauline A1 - Ruck, T. A1 - Stern, Ariel Dora A1 - Meuth, S. G. A1 - Pawlitzki, M. T1 - Geography and a changing technology landscape: analysing coverage of German multiple sclerosis care networks and digital health technology adoption in multiple sclerosis trials T2 - Multiple sclerosis journal Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/13524585221123687 SN - 1352-4585 SN - 1477-0970 VL - 28 IS - Supplement 3 SP - 492 EP - 493 PB - Sage CY - London ER -