TY - JOUR A1 - Dambacher, Michael A1 - Dimigen, Olaf A1 - Braun, Mario A1 - Wille, Kristin A1 - Jacobs, Arthur M. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Stimulus onset asynchrony and the timeline of word recognition: Event-related potentials during sentence reading JF - Neuropsychologia : an international journal in behavioural and cognitive neuroscience N2 - Three ERP experiments examined the effect of word presentation rate (i.e., stimulus onset asynchrony, SOA) on the time course of word frequency and predictability effects in sentence reading. In Experiments 1 and 2, sentences were presented word-by-word in the screen center at an SOA of 700 and 490 ms, respectively. While these rates are typical for psycholinguistic ERP research, natural reading happens at a considerably faster pace. Accordingly. Experiment 3 employed a near-normal SOA of 280 ms, which approximated the rate of normal reading. Main results can be summarized as follows: (1) The onset latency of early frequency effects decreases gradually with increasing presentation rates. (2) An early interaction between top-down and bottom-up processing is observed only under a near-normal SOA. (3) N400 predictability effects occur later and are smaller at a near-normal (i.e., high) presentation rate than at the lower rates commonly used in ERP experiments. (4) ERP morphology is different at the shortest compared to longer SOAs. Together, the results point to a special role of a near-normal presentation rate for visual word recognition and therefore suggest that SOA should be taken into account in research of natural reading. KW - Word recognition KW - Sentence reading KW - Stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) KW - Frequency KW - Predictability KW - Event-related potentials (ERPs) Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.04.011 SN - 0028-3932 VL - 50 IS - 8 SP - 1852 EP - 1870 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Luo, Yingyi A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Yan, Shaorong A1 - Zhou, Xiaolin A1 - Inhoff, Albrecht W. T1 - Syllabic tone articulation influences the identification and use of words during Chinese sentence reading: Evidence from ERP and eye movement recordings JF - The science of the total environment : an international journal for scientific research into the environment and its relationship with man N2 - In two experiments, we examined the contribution of articulation-specific features to visual word recognition during the reading of Chinese. In spoken Standard Chinese, a syllable with a full tone can be tone-neutralized through sound weakening and pitch contour change, and there are two types of two-character compound words with respect to their articulation variation. One type requires articulation of a full tone for each constituent character, and the other requires a full- and a neutral-tone articulation for the first and second characters, respectively. Words of these two types with identical first characters were selected and embedded in sentences. Native speakers of Standard Chinese were recruited to read the sentences. In Experiment 1, the individual words of a sentence were presented serially at a fixed pace while event-related potentials were recorded. This resulted in less-negative N100 and anterior N250 amplitudes and in more-negative N400 amplitudes when targets contained a neutral tone. Complete sentences were visible in Experiment 2, and eye movements were recorded while participants read. Analyses of oculomotor activity revealed shorter viewing durations and fewer refixations on-and fewer regressive saccades to-target words when their second syllable was articulated with a neutral rather than a full tone. Together, the results indicate that readers represent articulation-specific word properties, that these representations are routinely activated early during the silent reading of Chinese sentences, and that the representations are also used during later stages of word processing. KW - Lexical tone KW - Neutral tone KW - Articulation duration KW - Syllabic tone KW - Sentence reading KW - Chinese Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-015-0368-1 SN - 1530-7026 SN - 1531-135X VL - 16 SP - 72 EP - 92 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pan, Jinger A1 - Shu, Hua A1 - Wang, Yuling A1 - Yan, Ming T1 - Parafoveal activation of sign translation previews among deaf readers during the reading of Chinese sentences JF - Memory & cognition N2 - In the present study, we manipulated the different types of information available in the parafovea during the reading of Chinese sentences and examined whether deaf readers could activate sign translations of Chinese words during reading. The main finding was that, as compared to unrelated previews, the deaf readers had longer fixation durations on the target words when sign-phonologically related preview words were presented; this preview cost effect due to sign-phonological relatedness was absent for reading-level-matched hearing individuals. These results indicate that Chinese deaf readers activate sign language translations of parafoveal words during reading. We discuss the implications for notions of parafoveal processing in reading. KW - Sign language KW - Parafoveal KW - Chinese KW - Deaf readers KW - Sentence reading Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-015-0511-9 SN - 0090-502X SN - 1532-5946 VL - 43 IS - 6 SP - 964 EP - 972 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wang, Aiping A1 - Zhou, Wei A1 - Shu, Hua A1 - Yan, Ming T1 - Reading proficiency modulates parafoveal processing efficiency: Evidence from reading Chinese as a second language JF - Acta psychologica : international journal of psychonomics N2 - In the present study, we manipulated different types of information available in the parafovea during the reading of Chinese sentences and examined how native Korean readers who learned Chinese as a second language make use of the parafoveal information. Results clearly indicate that, only identical and orthographically similar previews facilitated processing of the target words when they were subsequently fixated. More critically, more parafoveal information was obtained by subjects with higher reading proficiency. These results suggest that, mainly low-level features of the parafoveal words are obtained by the non-native Chinese readers and less attentional resources are available for the readers with lower reading proficiency, thereby causing a reduction of the perceptual span. KW - Parafoveal KW - Sentence reading KW - Chinese KW - Korean readers Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.07.010 SN - 0001-6918 SN - 1873-6297 VL - 152 SP - 29 EP - 33 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Luo, Yingyi A1 - Inhoff, Albrecht W. T1 - Syllable articulation influences foveal and parafoveal processing of words during the silent reading of Chinese sentences JF - Journal of memory and language N2 - The current study examined effects of syllable articulation on eye movements during the silent reading of Chinese sentences, which contained two types of two-character target words whose second characters were subject to dialect-specific variation. In one condition the second syllable was articulated with a neutral tone for northern-dialect Chinese speakers and with a full tone for southern-dialect Chinese speakers (neutral-tone target words) and in the other condition the second syllable was articulated with a full tone irrespective of readers' dialect type (full-tone target words). Native speakers of northern and southern Chinese dialects were recruited in Experiment 1 to examine the effect of dialect-specific articulation on silent reading. Recordings of their eye movements revealed shorter viewing durations for neutral- than for full-tone target words only for speakers of northern but not for southern dialects, indicating that dialect-specific articulation of syllabic tone influenced visual word recognition. Experiment 2 replicated the syllabic tone effect for speakers of northern dialects, and the use of gaze-contingent display changes further revealed that these readers processed an upcoming parafoveal word less effectively when a neutral- than when a full-tone target was fixated. Shorter viewing duration for neutral-tone words thus cannot be attributed to their easier lexical processing; instead, tonal effects appear to reflect Chinese readers' simulated articulation of to-be-recognized words during silent reading. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. KW - Articulation duration KW - Neutral tone KW - Syllabic tone KW - Sentence reading KW - Chinese Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2014.05.007 SN - 0749-596X SN - 1096-0821 VL - 75 SP - 93 EP - 103 PB - Elsevier CY - San Diego ER -