TY - RPRT A1 - Audretsch, David B. A1 - Hafenstein, Marian A1 - Kritikos, Alexander A1 - Schiersch, Alexander T1 - Firm Size and Innovation in the Service Sector T2 - CEPA Discussion Papers N2 - A rich literature links knowledge inputs with innovative outputs. However, most of what is known is restricted to manufacturing. This paper analyzes whether the three aspects involving innovative activity - R&D; innovative output; and productivity - hold for knowledge intensive services. Combining the models of Crepon et al. (1998) and of Ackerberg et al. (2015), allows for causal interpretation of the relationship between innovation output and labor productivity. We find that knowledge intensive services benefit from innovation activities in the sense that these activities causally increase their labor productivity. Moreover, the firm size advantage found for manufacturing in previous studies nearly disappears for knowledge intensive services. T3 - CEPA Discussion Papers - 4 KW - MSMEs KW - R&D KW - Service Sector KW - Innovation KW - Productivity KW - Entrepreneurship Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-427670 SN - 2628-653X IS - 4 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Barkholdt, Janina A1 - Reiners, Nina T1 - Pronouncements of Expert Treaty Bodies BT - From ‘Black Boxes’ to ‘Key Catalysts’ in International Law? T2 - KFG Working Paper Series N2 - While some pronouncements of expert treaty bodies have been considered ‘key catalysts’ for the development of international human rights law, others are only selectively referred to in legal practice. This article argues that the varying normative impact is due to the informal character of pronouncements. In the absence of treaty provisions specifying their legal effect, practitioners tend to rely on different factors and arguments when either drawing on or rejecting certain pronouncements. Scholars in turn face difficulties when trying to identify explanatory patterns within this diverging practice as the informal character confronts both international lawyers and international relations scholars with their respective methodological ‘blind spots’. In light of these intradisciplinary challenges, this article explores the extent as to which an interdisciplinary approach helps to assess the reasons for the varying impact of pronouncements. After analysing the factors determining their legal significance on the basis of State practice and the academic debate, this article identifies the drafting process as a factor which promises to be particularly insightful when explored from an interdisciplinary perspective and sketches out a framework for future research. T3 - KFG Working Paper Series - 40 Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-475886 IS - 40 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Berdefy, Alina-Camille T1 - Auftrag und Möglichkeiten der Kommission für Friedenskonsolidierung im System der Vereinten Nationen T2 - Staat, Recht und Politik – Forschungs- und Diskussionspapiere T2 - State, Law, and Politics - Research and Discussion Papers N2 - Vor dem Hintergrund der international steigenden Zahl an Konfliktrückfällen insbesondere im Anschluss an bereits offiziell für beendet erklärte Bürgerkriege und die daraus folgende zunehmende Relevanz von Peacebuilding-Maßnahmen der internationalen Gemeinschaft, wird in diesem Beitrag die Arbeit der Kommission für Friedenskonsolidierung der Vereinten Nationen untersucht. Einerseits werden hierbei, nach einigen einführenden Erläuterungen zum Begriff der Friedenskonsolidierung an sich sowie der Zusammensetzung und Funktionsweise der Kommission, zunächst ihre einzelnen Aufträge systematisch unter Einordnung in den Kontext des Peacebuilding-Systems der Vereinten Nationen herausgearbeitet und eine auswertende Bilanz unter ihre bisherige Erfüllung gezogen. Daran anschließend erfolgt eine Darstellung der zukünftigen Möglichkeiten der Kommission im Bereich der Friedenskonsolidierung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung ihres Potenzials innerhalb des Systems der Vereinten Nationen sowie der einschlägigen völkerrechtlichen Aspekte. N2 - Against the background of the internationally growing number of relapses into conflict, especially following civil wars which have already officially been declared as terminated and the increasing relevance of peacebuilding actions of the international community resulting therefrom, this paper examines the work of the Peacebuilding Commission (PBC) of the United Nations. On the one hand, subsequent to some introductory remarks on the concept of peacebuilding itself as well as on the composition and operating modes of the PBC, its particular mandates are identified systematically while inserting them into the larger context of the peacebuilding system of the United Nations and making an assessment of their fulfilment so far. Thereafter, a description of the future opportunities of the Commission in the field of peacebuilding is given in special consideration of its potential within the system of the United Nations and the respective aspects of international law. T3 - Staat, Recht und Politik – Forschungs- und Diskussionspapiere = State, Law, and Politics - Research and Discussion Papers - 9 KW - Vereinte Nationen KW - Peacebuilding Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-439476 SN - 2509-6974 IS - 8 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Borck, Rainald A1 - Schrauth, Philipp T1 - Population density and urban air quality T2 - CEPA Discussion Papers N2 - We use panel data from Germany to analyze the effect of population density on urban air pollution (nitrogen oxides, particulate matter and ozone). To address unobserved heterogeneity and omitted variables, we present long difference/fixed effects estimates and instrumental variables estimates, using historical population and soil quality as instruments. Our preferred estimates imply that a one-standard deviation increase in population density increases air pollution by 3-12%. T3 - CEPA Discussion Papers - 8 KW - population density KW - air pollution Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-427719 SN - 2628-653X IS - 8 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Bruttel, Lisa Verena T1 - Is There a Loyalty-Enhancing Effect of Retroactive Price-Reduction Schemes? T2 - CEPA Discussion Papers N2 - This paper presents an experiment on the effect of retroactive price-reduction schemes on buyers’ repeated purchase decisions. Such schemes promise buyers a reduced price for all units that are bought in a certain time frame if the total quantity that is purchased passes a given threshold. This study finds a loyalty-enhancing effect of retroactive price-reduction schemes only if the buyers ex-ante expected that entering into the scheme would maximize their monetary gain, but later learn that they should leave the scheme. Furthermore, the effect crucially hinges on the framing of the price reduction. T3 - CEPA Discussion Papers - 5 KW - rebate and discount KW - buyer behavior KW - risk aversion KW - loss aversion KW - regulation of dominant firms KW - experiment Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-427688 SN - 2628-653X IS - 5 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Bruttel, Lisa Verena A1 - Felgendreher, Simon A1 - Güth, Werner A1 - Hertwig, Ralph T1 - Strategic ignorance in repeated prisoners’ dilemma experiments and its effects on the dynamics of voluntary cooperation T2 - CEPA Discussion Papers N2 - Being ignorant of key aspects of a strategic interaction can represent an advantage rather than a handicap. We study one particular context in which ignorance can be beneficial: iterated strategic interactions in which voluntary cooperation may be sustained into the final round if players voluntarily forego knowledge about the time horizon. We experimentally examine this option to remain ignorant about the time horizon in a finitely repeated two-person prisoners’ dilemma game. We confirm that pairs without horizon knowledge avoid the drop in cooperation that otherwise occurs toward the end of the game. However, this effect is superposed by cooperation declining more rapidly in pairs without horizon knowledge during the middle phase of the game, especially if players do not know that the other player also wanted to remain ignorant of the time horizon. T3 - CEPA Discussion Papers - 10 KW - strategic ignorance KW - cooperation KW - prisoners' dilemma KW - experiment Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-431881 SN - 2628-653X IS - 10 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Bruttel, Lisa Verena A1 - Nithammer, Juri A1 - Stolley, Florian T1 - ”Thanks in Advance” BT - The Negative Effect of a Polite Phrase on Compliance with a Request T2 - CEPA Discussion Papers N2 - This paper studies the effect of the commonly used phrase “thanks in advance” on compliance with a small request. In a controlled laboratory experiment we ask participants to give a detailed answer to an open question. The treatment variable is whether or not they see the phrase “thanks in advance.” Our participants react to the treatment by exerting less effort in answering the request even though they perceive the phrase as polite. T3 - CEPA Discussion Papers - 7 KW - compliance behavior KW - gratitude KW - reciprocity KW - experiment Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-427706 SN - 2628-653X IS - 7 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Bruttel, Lisa Verena A1 - Stolley, Florian A1 - Utikal, Verena T1 - Getting a Yes BT - An Experiment on the Power of Asking T2 - CEPA Discussion Papers N2 - This paper studies how the request for a favor has to be devised in order to maximize its chance of success. We present results from a mini-dictator game, in which the recipient can send a free-form text message to the dictator before the latter decides. We find that putting effort into the message, writing in a humorous way and mentioning reasons why the money is needed pays off. Additionally, we find differences in the behavior of male and female dictators. Only men react positively to efficiency arguments, while only women react to messages that emphasize the dictator’s power and responsibility. T3 - CEPA Discussion Papers - 2 KW - dictator game KW - communication KW - inequality KW - text analysis KW - experiment Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-427638 SN - 2628-653X IS - 2 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Caliendo, Marco A1 - Fossen, Frank M. A1 - Kritikos, Alexander T1 - What Makes an Employer? T2 - CEPA Discussion Papers N2 - As the policy debate on entrepreneurship increasingly centers on firm growth in terms of job creation, it is important to better understand which variables influence the first hiring decision and which ones influence the subsequent survival as an employer. Using the German Socio-economic Panel (SOEP), we analyze what role individual characteristics of entrepreneurs play in sustainable job creation. While human and social capital variables positively influence the hiring decision and the survival as an employer in the same direction, we show that none of the personality traits affect the two outcomes in the same way. Some traits are only relevant for survival as an employer but do not influence the hiring decision, other traits even unfold a revolving door effect, in the sense that employers tend to fail due to the same characteristics that positively influenced their hiring decision. T3 - CEPA Discussion Papers - 13 KW - employer KW - entrepreneurship KW - business venturing KW - firm growth KW - employment growth KW - personality Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-437360 SN - 2628-653X IS - 13 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Caliendo, Marco A1 - Goethner, Maximilian A1 - Weißenberger, Martin T1 - Entrepreneurial Persistence Beyond Survival: Measurement and Determinants T2 - CEPA Discussion Papers N2 - Entrepreneurial persistence is demonstrated by an entrepreneur’s continued positive maintenance of entrepreneurial motivation and constantly-renewed active engagement in a new business venture despite counter forces or enticing alternatives. It is thus a crucial factor for entrepreneurs when pursuing and exploiting their business opportunities and to realize potential economic gains and benefits. Using rich data on a representative sample of German business founders, we investigate the determinants of entrepreneurial persistence. Next to observed survival we also construct a hybrid persistence measure capturing also the motivational dimension of persistence. We analyze the influence of individual-level (human capital and personality) and business-related characteristics on both measures as well as their relative importance. We find that the two indicators emphasize different aspects of persistence. For the survival indicator, the predictive power is concentrated in business characteristics and human capital, while for hybrid persistence, the dominant factors are business characteristics and personality. Finally, we show that results are heterogeneous across subgroups. In particular, formerly-unemployed founders do not differ in survival chances, but they are more likely to lack a high psychological commitment to their business ventures. T3 - CEPA Discussion Papers - 11 KW - Entrepreneurship KW - Start-ups KW - Persistence KW - Survival Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-434563 SN - 2628-653X IS - 11 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Caliendo, Marco A1 - Künn, Steffen A1 - Weißenberger, Martin T1 - Catching up or Lagging Behind? BT - The Long-Term Business and Innovation Potential of Subsidized Start-Ups out of Unemployment T2 - CEPA Discussion Papers N2 - From an active labor market policy perspective, start-up subsidies for unemployed individuals are very effective in improving long-term labor market outcomes for participants. From a business perspective, however, the assessment of these public programs is less clear since they might attract individuals with low entrepreneurial abilities and produce businesses with low survival rates and little contribution to job creation, economic growth, and innovation. In this paper, we use a rich data set to compare participants of a German start-up subsidy program for unemployed individuals to a group of regular founders who started from nonunemployment and did not receive the subsidy. The data allows us to analyze their business performance up until 40 months after business formation. We find that formerly subsidized founders lag behind not only in survival and job creation, but especially also in innovation activities. The gaps in these business outcomes are relatively constant or even widening over time. Hence, we do not see any indication of catching up in the longer run. While the gap in survival can be entirely explained by initial differences in observable start-up characteristics, the gap in business development remains and seems to be the result of restricted access to capital as well as differential business strategies and dynamics. Considering these conflicting results for the assessment of the subsidy program from an ALMP and business perspective, policy makers need to carefully weigh the costs and benefits of such a strategy to find the right policy mix. T3 - CEPA Discussion Papers - 12 KW - Entrepreneurship KW - Start-up Subsidies KW - Business Grow KW - Innovation KW - Job Creation Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-437012 SN - 2628-653X IS - 12 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Caliendo, Marco A1 - Schröder, Carsten A1 - Wittbrodt, Linda T1 - The Causal Effects of the Minimum Wage Introduction in Germany BT - An Overview T2 - CEPA Discussion Papers N2 - In 2015, Germany introduced a statutory hourly minimum wage that was not only universally binding but also set at a relatively high level. We discuss the short-run effects of this new minimum wage on a wide set of socio-economic outcomes, such as employment and working hours, earnings and wage inequality, dependent and self-employment, as well as reservation wages and satisfaction. We also discuss difficulties in the implementation of the minimum wage and the measurement of its effects related to non-compliance and suitability of data sources. Two years after the minimum wage introduction, the following conclusions can be drawn: while hourly wages increased for low-wage earners, some small negative employment effects are also identifiable. The effects on aspired goals, such as poverty and inequality reduction, have not materialized in the short run. Instead, a tendency to reduce working hours is found, which alleviates the desired positive impact on monthly income. Additionally, the level of non-compliance was substantial in the short run, thus drawing attention to problems when implementing such a wide-reaching policy. T3 - CEPA Discussion Papers - 1 KW - Minimum Wage KW - Evaluation KW - Earnings KW - Working Hours KW - Employment Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-426929 SN - 2628-653X IS - 1 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Caliendo, Marco A1 - Tübbicke, Stefan T1 - New Evidence on Long-Term Effects of Start-Up Subsidies BT - Matching Estimates and their Robustness T2 - CEPA Discussion Papers N2 - The German start-up subsidy (SUS) program for the unemployed has recently undergone a major make-over, altering its institutional setup, adding an additional layer of selection and leading to ambiguous predictions of the program’s effectiveness. Using propensity score matching (PSM) as our main empirical approach, we provide estimates of long-term effects of the post-reform subsidy on individual employment prospects and labor market earnings up to 40 months after entering the program. Our results suggest large and persistent long-term effects of the subsidy on employment probabilities and net earned income. These effects are larger than what was estimated for the pre-reform program. Extensive sensitivity analyses within the standard PSM framework reveal that the results are robust to different choices regarding the implementation of the weighting procedure and also with respect to deviations from the conditional independence assumption. As a further assessment of the results’ sensitivity, we go beyond the standard selection-on-observables approach and employ an instrumental variable setup using regional variation in the likelihood of receiving treatment. Here, we exploit the fact that the reform increased the discretionary power of local employment agencies in allocating active labor market policy funds, allowing us to obtain a measure of local preferences for SUS as the program of choice. The results based on this approach give rise to similar estimates. Thus, our results indicating that SUS are still an effective active labor market program after the reform do not appear to be driven by “hidden bias”. T3 - CEPA Discussion Papers - 6 KW - Start-Up Subsidies KW - Policy Reform KW - Matching KW - Instrumental Variables Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-426798 SN - 2628-653X IS - 6 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Caliendo, Marco A1 - Tübbicke, Stefan T1 - Do Start-Up Subsidies for the Unemployed Affect Participants’ Well-Being? BT - A Rigorous Look at (Un-)Intended Consequences of Labor Market Policies T2 - CEPA Discussion Papers N2 - We estimate the long-term effects of start-up subsidies (SUS) for the unemployed on subjective outcome indicators of well-being, as measured by the participants’ satisfaction in different domains. This extends previous analyses of the current German SUS program (“Gründungszuschuss”) that focused on objective outcomes – such as employment and income – and allows us to make a more complete judgment about the overall effects of SUS at the individual level. This is especially important because subsidizing the transition into self-employment may have unintended adverse effects on participants’ well-being due to its risky nature and lower social security protection, especially in the long run. Having access to linked administrative-survey data providing us with rich information on pre-treatment characteristics, we base our analysis on the conditional independence assumption and use propensity score matching to estimate causal effects within the potential outcomes framework. We find long-term positive effects on job satisfaction but negative effects on individuals’ satisfaction with their social security situation. Further findings suggest that the negative effect on satisfaction with social security may be driven by negative effects on unemployment and retirement insurance coverage. Our heterogeneity analysis reveals substantial variation in effects across gender, age groups and skill levels. The sensitivity analyses show that these findings are highly robust. T3 - CEPA Discussion Papers - 14 KW - Start-Up Subsidies KW - Propensity Score Matching KW - Counterfactual Analysis KW - Well-Being Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-437468 SN - 2628-653X IS - 14 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - de Wet, Erika T1 - Entrenching international values through positive law BT - The (limited) effect of peremptory norms T2 - KFG Working Paper Series N2 - Underpinning a legal system with certain values and helping to resolve norm conflicts is in domestic legal systems usually achieved through hierarchical superiority of certain norms of a constitutional nature. The present paper examines the question whether jus cogens can discharge this function within the traditionally horizontal and decentralized international legal order. In so doing, it commences with an overview of the historical origins of peremptory norms in legal scholarship, followed by its endorsement by positive law and courts and tribunals. This analysis illustrates that there are lingering uncertainties pertaining to the process of identification of peremptory norms. Even so, the concept has been invoked in State executive practice (although infrequently) and has been endorsed by various courts. However, such invocation thus far has had a limited impact from a legal perspective. It was mainly confined to a strengthened moral appeal and did in particular not facilitate the resolution of norm conflicts. The contribution further suggests that this limited impact results from the fact that the content of peremptory obligations is either very narrow or very vague. This, in turn, implies a lack of consensus amongst States regarding the content (scope) of jus cogens, including the values underlying these norms. As a result, it is questionable whether the construct of jus cogens is able to provide meaningful legal protection against the erosion of legal norms. It is too rudimentary in character to entrench and stabilize core human rights values as the moral foundation of the international legal order. T3 - KFG Working Paper Series - 25 Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-423859 SN - 2509-3770 SN - 2509-3762 IS - 25 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Devaney, James Gerard T1 - Selecting Investment Arbitrators BT - Reconciling Party Autonomy and the International Rule of Law T2 - KFG Working Paper Series N2 - This paper focuses on one particular issue which has arisen in the course of the ongoing debate on the reform of investor-State dispute settlement (ISDS), namely that of the appointment of arbitrators. Taking as its starting point that there now exists tentative consensus that the present system for the appointment of arbitrators either causes or exacerbates certain problematic aspects of the current ISDS system, the paper explores one option for reform, namely the introduction of an independent panel for the selection of investment arbitrators. In doing so, it is argued that a shift in the normative basis of the rules governing appointments is required in order to accommodate the principles of party autonomy and the international rule of law. Such reform, while not completely removing the initiative that parties presently enjoy, is the most efficient way to introduce rule of law considerations such as a measure of judicial independence into the current appointments system. This, it is argued, would in turn help to address some of the problematic features of the appointment of arbitrators in ISDS. T3 - KFG Working Paper Series - 33 Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-435797 IS - 33 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Hartmann, Niklas K. A1 - Jacob, Boris A1 - Weiß, Nadin T1 - RISE-DE – Referenzmodell für Strategieprozesse im institutionellen Forschungsdatenmanagement N2 - Mit RISE-DE liegt als FDMentor-Projektergebnis ein Referenzmodell für Strategieprozesse im institutionellen Forschungsdatenmanagement (FDM) vor. RISE-DE bietet einen Bewertungsrahmen zur Selbstevaluation und Zielbestimmung und eignet sich als Werkzeug zur Gestaltung einer strukturierten, Stakeholder-orientierten Strategieentwicklung für das FDM an Hochschulen und Forschungseinrichtungen. RISE-DE basiert auf dem lose an Reifegradenmodellen orientierten Research Infrastructure Self-Evaluation Framework (RISE v1.1) des Digital Curation Centre (DCC), wurde aber für den Einsatz in partizipativen Prozessen deutlich überarbeitet sowie inhaltlich an den deutschen Wissenschaftskontext und Entwicklungen in der guten Praxis im FDM angepasst. Eine mit Hilfe von RISE-DE erarbeitete Strategie erfüllt zugleich die von der Hochschulrektorenkonferenz (HRK) und der League of European Research Universities (LERU) formulierten Empfehlungen. Die hier vorliegende RISE-DE Version 1.0 nimmt Erfahrungen aus dem Piloteinsatz an der Universität Potsdam sowie Feedback aus der Community auf. Es beinhaltet gegenüber der Vorversion zum einen Veränderungen an den Themen des Referenzmodells, zum anderen wurden Empfehlungen für FDM-Beginner deutlich erweitert und Erläuterungen für die Durchführung partizipativer Strategieprozesse hinzugefügt. In Zusammenarbeit mit der Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg entstand außerdem ein digitales Evaluations-Tool. N2 - RISE-DE, an output of the FDMentor project, is a reference model for strategy processes in institutional research data management (RDM). RISE-DE provides a framework for self-evaluation and definition of objectives and is useful as a tool to design a structured, stakeholder-oriented strategy process for RDM in higher education and research institutions. RISE-DE is based on the Digital Curation Centre’s (DCC) Research Infrastructure Self-Evaluation Framework (RISE v1.1), which is loosely based on capability maturity models. RISE-DE has been significantly revised for use in participatory processes and adapted to the German academic context and developments in good practice in RDM. A strategy developed using RISE-DE will simultaneously fulfill the recommendations set out by the German Rectors’ Conference (HRK) and the League of European Research Universities (LERU). The version at hand, RISE-DE v1.0, takes up experiences from the pilot application at the University of Potsdam as well as feedback from the community and contains both improvements in the service areas of the reference model and more extensive guidance on using RISE-DE. In corporation with the HAW Hamburg a digital evaluation tool was created. KW - Forschungsdaten KW - Research Data Management KW - Strategy Process KW - Self-Evaluation KW - Higher Education Institutions KW - Research Institutions KW - Forschungsdatenmanagement KW - Strategieentwicklung KW - Selbstevaluation KW - Hochschulen KW - Forschungseinrichtungen Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-443611 N1 - Hauptdokument: Publiziert unter DOI https://www.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2549343 Dort auch weitere ergänzende Materialien. ET - Version 1.0 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Hartmann, Niklas K. A1 - Jacob, Boris A1 - Weiß, Nadin T1 - RISE-DE – Referenzmodell für Strategieprozesse im institutionellen Forschungsdatenmanagement N2 - Mit RISE-DE liegt als FDMentor-Projektergebnis ein Referenzmodell für Strategieprozesse im institutionellen Forschungsdatenmanagement vor. RISE-DE bietet einen Bewertungsrahmen zur Selbstevaluation und Zielbestimmung und eignet sich als Werkzeug zur Gestaltung einer strukturierten, Stakeholder-orientierten Strategieentwicklung für das Forschungsdatenmanagement an Hochschulen und Forschungseinrichtungen. RISE-DE basiert auf dem lose an Reifegradenmodellen orientierten RISE-Framework des DCC (RISE v1.1), wurde aber für den Einsatz in partizipativen Prozessen deutlich überarbeitet sowie inhaltlich an den deutschen Wissenschaftskontext und Entwicklungen in der guten Praxis im FDM angepasst. Ein mit Hilfe von RISE-DE erarbeitete Strategie erfüllt zugleich die von der Hochschulrektorenkonferenz und der League of European Research Universities formulierten Anforderungen. KW - Forschungsdaten KW - Research Data Management KW - Strategy Process KW - Self-Evaluation KW - Higher Education Institutions KW - Research Institutions KW - Forschungsdatenmanagement KW - Strategieentwicklung KW - Selbstevaluation KW - Hochschulen KW - Forschungseinrichtungen Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2549344 ET - Version 0.9 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Jo, Hyeran T1 - Rise and Decline of International Rule of Law BT - Case of Non-State Armed Actors T2 - KFG Working Paper Series N2 - This paper assesses the rise and decline of international rule of law in the case of non-state armed actors. Both signs of rise and signs of decline of international rule of law show in the case of non- state armed actors. Signs of rise include the expansion of coverage of international humanitarian law (IHL) and international criminal law, as well as international legal argumentation and rhetoric made by non-state armed groups. Some non-state armed actors express that they are governed by IHL in public statements or bilateral agreements with international actors, partly acknowledging universality of international humanitarian norms, and sometimes act as such. Signs of decline in the international rule of law also show – although some of them can be seen as business-as-usual – privileging of military advantage, instrumental use of international law (as justification and local interpretations), as well as conflicting understanding of IHL between local and global norms. The multiplicity of non-state actors also portends the decline of international rule of law, with the proliferation of many non-organized groups without legitimacy-seeking motivations. T3 - KFG Working Paper Series - 39 KW - rule of law KW - international rule of law KW - non-state actors KW - non-state armed actors KW - rise KW - decline KW - international humanitarian law KW - international criminal law Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-435900 IS - 39 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Kauffmann, Albrecht A1 - Nastansky, Andreas T1 - Explorative Analyse der Preise von Einfamilienhäusern und Eigentumswohnungen in Deutschland T2 - Statistische Diskussionsbeiträge N2 - Untersucht werden die von BulwienGesa erhobenen und aufbereiteten jahresdurchschnittlichen Wiederverkaufspreise von Eigentumswohnungen und Einfamilienhäusern in 401 kreisfreien Städten und Landkreisen für die Jahre 2004–2017. Dabei zeigt sich eine Zunahme der regionalen Streuung im Zeitverlauf vor allem in der auf die Finanzkrise 2007–2009 folgenden Zeit. Im Durchschnitt der Regionen (Landkreise und kreisfreie Städte) steigen die Preise; sie entwickeln sich aber regional stark unterschiedlich (in manchen Regionen stagnieren sie oder sind gefallen). Dies führt auch zur Zunahme der Variationskoeffizienten, also der relativen Streuung der regionalen Preise. Dies deutet auf eine Zunahme der regionalen Disparitäten in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Besondere Divergenzen zeigen sich zwischen den alten und den neuen Bundesländern, wie auch zwischen prosperierenden kreisfreien Städten und deren Umland und ökonomisch schwächeren Städten und Landkreisen. T3 - Statistische Diskussionsbeiträge - 52 KW - Immobilienpreise KW - Regionale Preise KW - Wohnimmobilien Deutschland Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-429266 IS - 52 ER -