TY - JOUR A1 - Schachner, Theresa A1 - Gross, Christoph A1 - Hasl, Andrea A1 - Wangenheim, Florian von A1 - Kowatsch, Tobias T1 - Deliberative and paternalistic interaction styles for conversational agents in digital health BT - procedure and validation through a web-based experiment JF - Journal of medical internet research : international scientific journal for medical research, information and communication on the internet ; JMIR N2 - Background: Recent years have witnessed a constant increase in the number of people with chronic conditions requiring ongoing medical support in their everyday lives. However, global health systems are not adequately equipped for this extraordinarily time-consuming and cost-intensive development. Here, conversational agents (CAs) can offer easily scalable and ubiquitous support. Moreover, different aspects of CAs have not yet been sufficiently investigated to fully exploit their potential. One such trait is the interaction style between patients and CAs. In human-to-human settings, the interaction style is an imperative part of the interaction between patients and physicians. Patient-physician interaction is recognized as a critical success factor for patient satisfaction, treatment adherence, and subsequent treatment outcomes. However, so far, it remains effectively unknown how different interaction styles can be implemented into CA interactions and whether these styles are recognizable by users. Objective: The objective of this study was to develop an approach to reproducibly induce 2 specific interaction styles into CA-patient dialogs and subsequently test and validate them in a chronic health care context. Methods: On the basis of the Roter Interaction Analysis System and iterative evaluations by scientific experts and medical health care professionals, we identified 10 communication components that characterize the 2 developed interaction styles: deliberative and paternalistic interaction styles. These communication components were used to develop 2 CA variations, each representing one of the 2 interaction styles. We assessed them in a web-based between-subject experiment. The participants were asked to put themselves in the position of a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. These participants were randomly assigned to interact with one of the 2 CAs and subsequently asked to identify the respective interaction style. Chi-square test was used to assess the correct identification of the CA-patient interaction style. Results: A total of 88 individuals (42/88, 48% female; mean age 31.5 years, SD 10.1 years) fulfilled the inclusion criteria and participated in the web-based experiment. The participants in both the paternalistic and deliberative conditions correctly identified the underlying interaction styles of the CAs in more than 80% of the assessments (X-1(,8)8(2)=38.2; P<.001; phi coefficient r(phi)=0.68). The validation of the procedure was hence successful. Conclusions: We developed an approach that is tailored for a medical context to induce a paternalistic and deliberative interaction style into a written interaction between a patient and a CA. We successfully tested and validated the procedure in a web-based experiment involving 88 participants. Future research should implement and test this approach among actual patients with chronic diseases and compare the results in different medical conditions. This approach can further be used as a starting point to develop dynamic CAs that adapt their interaction styles to their users. KW - conversational agents KW - chatbots KW - human-computer interaction KW - physician-patient relationship KW - interaction styles KW - deliberative KW - interaction KW - paternalistic interaction KW - digital health KW - chronic KW - conditions KW - COPD Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2196/22919 SN - 1438-8871 VL - 23 IS - 1 PB - Healthcare World CY - Richmond, Va. ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hadzic, Miralem A1 - Eckstein, Max Lennart A1 - Schugardt, Monique T1 - The Impact of Sodium Bicarbonate on Performance in Response to Exercise Duration in Athletes BT - A Systematic Review T2 - Potsprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - According to recent literature sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) has been proposed as a performance enhancing aid by reducing acidosis during exercise. The aim of the current review is to investigate if the duration of exercise is an essential factor for the effect of NaHCO3. To collect the latest studies from electronic database of PubMed, study publication time was restricted from December 2006 to December 2016. The search was updated in July 2018. The studies were divided into exercise durations of > 4 or ≤ 4 minutes for easier comparability of their effects in different exercises. Only randomized controlled trials were included in this review. Of the 775 studies, 35 met the inclusion criteria. Study design, subjects, effects as well as outcome criteria were inconsistent throughout the studies. Seventeen of these studies reported performance enhancing effects after supplementing NaHCO3. Eleven of twenty studies with exercise duration of ≤ 4 minutes showed positive and four diverse results after supplementing NaHCO3. On the other hand six of fifteen studies with an exercise duration of >4 minutes showed performance enhancing and two studies showed diverse results. Consequently, the duration of exercise might be influential for inducing a performance enhancing effect when supplementing NaHCO3, but to which extent, remains unclear due to the inconsistencies in the study results. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 548 KW - Sodium bicarbonate KW - supplementation KW - acute KW - chronic KW - performance outcome Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-428078 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 548 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hadzic, Miralem A1 - Eckestein, Max Lennart A1 - Schugardt, Monique T1 - The Impact of Sodium Bicarbonate on Performance in Response to Exercise Duration in Athletes BT - A Systematic Review JF - Journal of sports science & medicine : JSSM N2 - According to recent literature sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) has been proposed as a performance enhancing aid by reducing acidosis during exercise. The aim of the current review is to investigate if the duration of exercise is an essential factor for the effect of NaHCO3. To collect the latest studies from electronic database of PubMed, study publication time was restricted from December 2006 to December 2016. The search was updated in July 2018. The studies were divided into exercise durations of > 4 or ≤ 4 minutes for easier comparability of their effects in different exercises. Only randomized controlled trials were included in this review. Of the 775 studies, 35 met the inclusion criteria. Study design, subjects, effects as well as outcome criteria were inconsistent throughout the studies. Seventeen of these studies reported performance enhancing effects after supplementing NaHCO3. Eleven of twenty studies with exercise duration of ≤ 4 minutes showed positive and four diverse results after supplementing NaHCO3. On the other hand six of fifteen studies with an exercise duration of >4 minutes showed performance enhancing and two studies showed diverse results. Consequently, the duration of exercise might be influential for inducing a performance enhancing effect when supplementing NaHCO3, but to which extent, remains unclear due to the inconsistencies in the study results. KW - Sodium bicarbonate KW - supplementation KW - acute KW - chronic KW - performance outcome Y1 - 2019 UR - https://www.jssm.org/hfabst.php?id=jssm-18-271.xml SN - 1303-2968 IS - 18 SP - 271 EP - 281 PB - Department of Sports Medicine, Medical Faculty of Uludag University CY - Bursa, Turkey ER -