TY - JOUR A1 - Parshina, Olga A1 - Laurinavichyute, Anna A1 - Sekerina, Irina A. T1 - Eye-movement benchmarks in heritage language reading JF - Bilingualism : language and cognition N2 - This eye-tracking study establishes basic benchmarks of eye movements during reading in heritage language (HL) by Russian-speaking adults and adolescents of high (n = 21) and low proficiency (n = 27). Heritage speakers (HSs) read sentences in Cyrillic, and their eye movements were compared to those of Russian monolingual skilled adult readers, 8-year-old children and L2 learners. Reading patterns of HSs revealed longer mean fixation durations, lower skipping probabilities, and higher regressive saccade rates than in monolingual adults. High-proficient HSs were more similar to monolingual children, while low-proficient HSs performed on par with L2 learners. Low-proficient HSs differed from high-proficient HSs in exhibiting lower skipping probabilities, higher fixation counts, and larger frequency effects. Taken together, our findings are consistent with the weaker links account of bilingual language processing as well as the divergent attainment theory of HL. KW - bilingualism KW - heritage language KW - reading KW - eye movements KW - Russian KW - children KW - L2 learners Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S136672892000019X SN - 1366-7289 SN - 1469-1841 VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - 69 EP - 82 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stone, Kate A1 - Lago, Sol A1 - Schad, Daniel T1 - Divergence point analyses of visual world data BT - applications to bilingual research JF - Bilingualism : language and cognition N2 - Much work has shown that differences in the timecourse of language processing are central to comparing native (L1) and non-native (L2) speakers. However, estimating the onset of experimental effects in timecourse data presents several statistical problems including multiple comparisons and autocorrelation. We compare several approaches to tackling these problems and illustrate them using an L1-L2 visual world eye-tracking dataset. We then present a bootstrapping procedure that allows not only estimation of an effect onset, but also of a temporal confidence interval around this divergence point. We describe how divergence points can be used to demonstrate timecourse differences between speaker groups or between experimental manipulations, two important issues in evaluating L2 processing accounts. We discuss possible extensions of the bootstrapping procedure, including determining divergence points for individual speakers and correlating them with individual factors like L2 exposure and proficiency. Data and an analysis tutorial are available at https://osf.io/exbmk/. KW - divergence point analyses KW - non-parametric approaches KW - bootstrapping KW - visual world eye-tracking KW - bilingualism Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728920000607 SN - 1366-7289 SN - 1469-1841 VL - 24 IS - 5 SP - 833 EP - 841 PB - Cambridge Univ. Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reifegerste, Jana T1 - The effects of aging on bilingual language BT - what changes, what doesn't, and why JF - Bilingualism : language and cognition N2 - Substantial research has examined cognition in aging bilinguals. However, less work has investigated the effects of aging on language itself in bilingualism. In this article I comprehensively review prior research on this topic, and interpret the evidence in light of current theories of aging and theories of bilingualism. First, aging indeed appears to affect bilinguals' language performance, though there is considerable variability in the trajectory across adulthood (declines, age-invariance, and improvements) and in the extent to which these trajectories resemble those found in monolinguals. I argue that these age effects are likely explained by the key opposing forces of increasing experience and cognitive declines in aging. Second, consistent with some theoretical work on bilingual language processing, the grammatical processing mechanisms do not seem to change between younger and older bilingual adults, even after decades of immersion. I conclude by discussing how future research can further advance the field. KW - aging KW - bilingualism KW - second language KW - lexical processing KW - grammatical KW - processing Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728920000413 SN - 1366-7289 SN - 1469-1841 VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 17 PB - Cambridge Univ. Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mertzen, Daniela A1 - Lago, Sol A1 - Vasishth, Shravan T1 - The benefits of preregistration for hypothesis-driven bilingualism research JF - Bilingualism : language and cognition N2 - Preregistration is an open science practice that requires the specification of research hypotheses and analysis plans before the data are inspected. Here, we discuss the benefits of preregistration for hypothesis-driven, confirmatory bilingualism research. Using examples from psycholinguistics and bilingualism, we illustrate how non-peer reviewed preregistrations can serve to implement a clean distinction between hypothesis testing and data exploration. This distinction helps researchers avoid casting post-hoc hypotheses and analyses as confirmatory ones. We argue that, in keeping with current best practices in the experimental sciences, preregistration, along with sharing data and code, should be an integral part of hypothesis-driven bilingualism research. KW - preregistration KW - open science KW - bilingualism KW - psycholinguistics KW - confirmatory analysis KW - exploratory analysis Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728921000031 SN - 1366-7289 SN - 1469-1841 VL - 24 IS - 5 SP - 807 EP - 812 PB - Cambridge Univ. Press CY - Cambridge ER -