TY - JOUR A1 - Eccard, Jana A1 - Mendes Ferreira, Clara A1 - Peredo Arce, Andres A1 - Dammhahn, Melanie T1 - Top-down effects of foraging decisions on local, landscape and regional biodiversity of resources (DivGUD) JF - Ecology letters N2 - Foraging by consumers acts as a biotic filtering mechanism for biodiversity at the trophic level of resources. Variation in foraging behaviour has cascading effects on abundance, diversity, and functional trait composition of the community of resource species. Here we propose diversity at giving-up density (DivGUD), i.e. when foragers quit exploiting a patch, as a novel concept and simple measure quantifying cascading effects at multiple spatial scales. In experimental landscapes with an assemblage of plant seeds, patch residency of wild rodents decreased local alpha-DivGUD (via elevated mortality of species with large seeds) and regional gamma-DivGUD, while dissimilarity among patches in a landscape (beta-DivGUD) increased. By linking theories of adaptive foraging behaviour with community ecology, DivGUD allows to investigate cascading indirect predation effects, e.g. the ecology-of-fear framework, feedbacks between functional trait composition of resource species and consumer communities, and effects of inter-individual differences among foragers on the biodiversity of resource communities. KW - biodiversity KW - cascading effects KW - foraging behaviour KW - functional traits KW - giving-up density KW - landscape of fear KW - optimal foraging KW - patch use Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13901 SN - 1461-0248 VL - 25 IS - 1 SP - 3 EP - 16 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Oxford [u.a.] ER - TY - THES A1 - Mendes Ferreira, Clara T1 - Indirect, tri-trophic effects of fear on biodiversity N2 - Predator-forager interactions are a major factor in evolutionary adaptation of many species, as predators need to gain energy by consuming prey species, and foragers needs to avoid the worst fate of mortality while still consuming resources for energetic gains. In this evolutionary arms race, the foragers have constantly evolved anti-predator behaviours (e.g. foraging activity changes). To describe all these complex changes, researchers developed the framework of the landscape of fear, that is, the spatio-temporal variation of perceived predation risk. This concept simplifies all the involved ecological processes into one framework, by integrating animal biology and distribution with habitat characteristics. Researchers can then evaluate the perception of predation risk in prey species, what are the behavioural responses of the prey and, therefore, understand the cascading effects of landscapes of fear at the resource levels (tri-trophic effects). Although tri-trophic effects are well studied at the predator-prey interaction level, little is known on how the forager-resource interactions are part of the overall cascading effects of landscapes of fear, despite the changes of forager feeding behaviour - that occur with perceived predation risk - affecting directly the level of the resources. This thesis aimed to evaluate the cascading effects of the landscape of fear on biodiversity of resources, and how the feeding behaviour and movement of foragers shaped the final resource species composition (potential coexistence mechanisms). We studied the changes caused by landscapes of fear on wild and captive rodent communities and evaluated: the cascading effects of different landscapes of fear on a tri-trophic system (I), the effects of fear on a forager’s movement patterns and dietary preferences (II) and cascading effects of different types of predation risk (terrestrial versus avian, III). In Chapter I, we applied a novel measure to evaluate the cascading effects of fear at the level of resources, by quantifying the diversity of resources left after the foragers gave-up on foraging (diversity at the giving-up density). We tested the measure at different spatial levels (local and regional) and observed that with decreased perceived predation risk, the density and biodiversity of resources also decreased. Foragers left a very dissimilar community of resources based on perceived risk and resources functional traits, and therefore acted as an equalising mechanism. In Chapter II, we wanted to understand further the decision-making processes of rodents in different landscapes of fear, namely, in which resource species rodents decided to forage on (based on three functional traits: size, nutrients and shape) and how they moved depending on perceived predation risk. In safe landscapes, individuals increased their feeding activity and movements and despite the increased costs, they visited more often patches that were further away from their central-place. Despite a preference for the bigger resources regardless of risk, when perceived predation risk was low, individuals changed their preference to fat-rich resources. In Chapter III, we evaluated the cascading effects of two different types of predation risk in rodents: terrestrial (raccoon) versus avian predation risk. Raccoon presence or absence did not alter the rodents feeding behaviour in different landscapes of fear. Rodent’s showed risk avoidance behaviours towards avian predators (spatial risk avoidance), but not towards raccoons (lack of temporal risk avoidance). By analysing the effects of fear in tri-trophic systems, we were able to deepen the knowledge of how non-consumptive effects of predators affect the behaviour of foragers, and quantitatively measure the cascading effects at the level of resources with a novel measure. Foragers are at the core of the ecological processes and responses to the landscape of fear, acting as variable coexistence agents for resource species depending on perceived predation risk. This newly found measures and knowledge can be applied to more trophic chains, and inform researchers on biodiversity patterns originating from landscapes of fear. N2 - Die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Raubtier und Beute sind ein wichtiger Faktor in der Evolution der Tierwelt, da sich die Raubtiere anpassen müssen, um ihre Beute besser jagen zu können und die Beutetiere vermeiden müssen, gefressen zu werden, während sie immer noch genügend Ressourcen für ihre täglichen Bedürfnisse verbrauchen. In diesem ständigen Kampf müssen die Beutetiere ihr Verhalten ständig ändern, da sie die Anwesenheit von Raubtieren fürchten. Die Landschaft der Angst ist ein Rahmen, der alle ökologischen Prozesse beschreibt, die ablaufen, wenn die Tiere das Raubtierrisiko auf unterschiedliche Weise wahrnehmen. In Angstlandschaften reichen die indirekten Auswirkungen der Angst vor einem Raubtier aus, um eine Vielzahl von Reaktionen bei den Beutetieren hervorzurufen und folglich die Art und Weise zu beeinflussen, in der die Beutetiere Naturgutstype fressen (tritrophe Effekte). Während die Interaktionen zwischen Raubtieren und Beutetieren gut erforscht sind, fehlt es an Wissen darüber, wie die Landschaft der Angst die Interaktionen zwischen Beutetieren und Naturgutstype beeinflussen kann (z. B. Pflanzenfresser, die Pflanzen fressen). In dieser Arbeit untersuchten wir die Kaskadeneffekte (d.h. Domino Effekte), die Beutetiere auf Naturgutstype haben, wenn sie verschiedene Prädationsrisiken wahrnehmen. Insbesondere wollten wir untersuchen, wie die Beutetiere entscheiden, was sie fressen und wohin sie sich bewegen, wie sich diese Veränderungen auf die biologische Vielfalt der Ressourcen auswirken können und welche Folgen dies für die Evolution der Ressourcenarten hat. Für alle unsere Studien haben wir Nagetiere als Modellarten verwendet. Wir entwickelten ein neues Maß zur Quantifizierung der Auswirkungen von Angst auf die biologische Vielfalt von Ressourcen und testeten es erfolgreich an wilden Nagetierpopulationen. Wir konnten beobachten, dass die Nagetiere unterschiedliche Samenarten und -mengen fressen, je nachdem, wie sie das Raubtierrisiko einschätzen und abhängig von den Eigenschaften der Samen und der Art der vorhandenen Raubtiere (terrestrische oder aviäre Fleischfresser). Wir konnten diese Veränderungen quantifizieren und Vorhersagen darüber machen, wie sich der Wettbewerb zwischen den Samen um das Wachstum verändern würde (Koexistenzmechanismen). Mit diesem Wissen haben wir den Rahmen der Angstlandschaft um die komplexen Wechselwirkungen zwischen Beute und Ressourcen erweitert und können unsere Erkenntnisse auch dazu nutzen, um zu verstehen, wie weitere Tierarten die biologische Vielfalt anderer Arten verändern, indem wir einfach verstehen, wie ängstlich sie sind. KW - landscape of fear KW - functional traits KW - foraging behaviour KW - biodiversity KW - giving-up density KW - cascading effects KW - Biodiversität KW - Kaskadeneffekte KW - Futtersuchverhalten KW - funktionale Merkmale KW - Landschaft der Angst Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-611020 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mendes Ferreira, Clara A1 - Dammhahn, Melanie A1 - Eccard, Jana T1 - Forager-mediated cascading effects on food resource species diversity T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Perceived predation risk varies in space and time. Foraging in this landscape of fear alters forager-resource interactions via cascading nonconsumptive effects. Estimating these indirect effects is difficult in natural systems. Here, we applied a novel measure to quantify the diversity at giving-up density that allows to test how spatial variation in perceived predation risk modifies the diversity of multispecies resources at local and regional spatial levels. Furthermore, we evaluated whether the nonconsumptive effects on resource species diversity can be explained by the preferences of foragers for specific functional traits and by the forager species richness. We exposed rodents of a natural community to artificial food patches, each containing an initial multispecies resource community of eight species (10 items each) mixed in sand. We sampled 35 landscapes, each containing seven patches in a spatial array, to disentangle effects at local (patch) and landscape levels. We used vegetation height as a proxy for perceived predation risk. After a period of three nights, we counted how many and which resource species were left in each patch to measure giving-up density and resource diversity at the local level (alpha diversity) and the regional level (gamma diversity and beta diversity). Furthermore, we used wildlife cameras to identify foragers and assess their species richness. With increasing vegetation height, i.e., decreasing perceived predation risk, giving-up density, and local alpha and regional gamma diversity decreased, and patches became less similar within a landscape (beta diversity increased). Foragers consumed more of the bigger and most caloric resources. The higher the forager species richness, the lower the giving-up density, and alpha and gamma diversity. Overall, spatial variation of perceived predation risk of foragers had measurable cascading effects on local and regional resource species biodiversity, independent of the forager species. Thus, nonconsumptive predation effects modify forager-resource interactions and might act as an equalizing mechanism for species coexistence. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1312 KW - coexistence KW - functional traits KW - giving-up density KW - landscape of fear KW - perceived predation risk Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-585092 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 1312 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mendes Ferreira, Clara A1 - Dammhahn, Melanie A1 - Eccard, Jana T1 - Forager-mediated cascading effects on food resource species diversity JF - Ecology and Evolution N2 - Perceived predation risk varies in space and time. Foraging in this landscape of fear alters forager-resource interactions via cascading nonconsumptive effects. Estimating these indirect effects is difficult in natural systems. Here, we applied a novel measure to quantify the diversity at giving-up density that allows to test how spatial variation in perceived predation risk modifies the diversity of multispecies resources at local and regional spatial levels. Furthermore, we evaluated whether the nonconsumptive effects on resource species diversity can be explained by the preferences of foragers for specific functional traits and by the forager species richness. We exposed rodents of a natural community to artificial food patches, each containing an initial multispecies resource community of eight species (10 items each) mixed in sand. We sampled 35 landscapes, each containing seven patches in a spatial array, to disentangle effects at local (patch) and landscape levels. We used vegetation height as a proxy for perceived predation risk. After a period of three nights, we counted how many and which resource species were left in each patch to measure giving-up density and resource diversity at the local level (alpha diversity) and the regional level (gamma diversity and beta diversity). Furthermore, we used wildlife cameras to identify foragers and assess their species richness. With increasing vegetation height, i.e., decreasing perceived predation risk, giving-up density, and local alpha and regional gamma diversity decreased, and patches became less similar within a landscape (beta diversity increased). Foragers consumed more of the bigger and most caloric resources. The higher the forager species richness, the lower the giving-up density, and alpha and gamma diversity. Overall, spatial variation of perceived predation risk of foragers had measurable cascading effects on local and regional resource species biodiversity, independent of the forager species. Thus, nonconsumptive predation effects modify forager-resource interactions and might act as an equalizing mechanism for species coexistence. KW - coexistence KW - functional traits KW - giving-up density KW - landscape of fear KW - perceived predation risk Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.9523 SN - 2045-7758 VL - 12 IS - 11 PB - John Wiley & Sons ER -