TY - GEN A1 - Hildebrandt, Dieter T1 - A software reference architecture for service-oriented 3D geovisualization systems T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Modern 3D geovisualization systems (3DGeoVSs) are complex and evolving systems that are required to be adaptable and leverage distributed resources, including massive geodata. This article focuses on 3DGeoVSs built based on the principles of service-oriented architectures, standards and image-based representations (SSI) to address practically relevant challenges and potentials. Such systems facilitate resource sharing and agile and efficient system construction and change in an interoperable manner, while exploiting images as efficient, decoupled and interoperable representations. The software architecture of a 3DGeoVS and its underlying visualization model have strong effects on the system's quality attributes and support various system life cycle activities. This article contributes a software reference architecture (SRA) for 3DGeoVSs based on SSI that can be used to design, describe and analyze concrete software architectures with the intended primary benefit of an increase in effectiveness and efficiency in such activities. The SRA integrates existing, proven technology and novel contributions in a unique manner. As the foundation for the SRA, we propose the generalized visualization pipeline model that generalizes and overcomes expressiveness limitations of the prevalent visualization pipeline model. To facilitate exploiting image-based representations (IReps), the SRA integrates approaches for the representation, provisioning and styling of and interaction with IReps. Five applications of the SRA provide proofs of concept for the general applicability and utility of the SRA. A qualitative evaluation indicates the overall suitability of the SRA, its applications and the general approach of building 3DGeoVSs based on SSI. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1131 KW - 3D geovisualization KW - software reference architecture KW - spatial data infrastructure KW - service-oriented architecture KW - standardization KW - image-based representation Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-475831 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 1131 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hildebrandt, Dieter T1 - Image-based styling JF - The Visual Computer N2 - The same data can be visualized using various visual styles that each is suitable for specific requirements, e.g., 3D geodata visualized using photorealistic, cartographic, or illustrative styles. In contrast to feature-based styling, image-based styling performed in image space at image resolution allows decoupling styling from image generation and output-sensitive, expressive styling. However, leveraging image-based styling is still impeded. No previous approach allows specifying image-based styling expressively with an extensive inventory of composable operators, while providing styling functionality in a service-oriented, interoperable manner. In this article, we present an interactive system for specifying and providing the functionality of image-based styling. As key characteristics, it separates concerns of styling from image generation and facilitates specifying styling as algebraic compositions of high-level operators using a unified 3D model representation. We propose a generalized visualization model, an image-based styling algebra, two declarative DSLs, an operator taxonomy, an operational model, and a standards-based service interface. The approach facilitates expressive specifications of image-based styling for design, description, and analysis and leveraging the functionality of image-based styling in a service-oriented, interoperable, reusable, and composable manner. KW - Styling KW - Image-based representation KW - Visualization model KW - Domain-specific language KW - Taxonomy KW - Optimization KW - Interoperability KW - Service-oriented computing Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-015-1073-3 SN - 0178-2789 SN - 1432-2315 VL - 32 SP - 445 EP - 463 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - THES A1 - Hildebrandt, Dieter T1 - Service-oriented 3D geovisualization systems T1 - Serviceorientierte 3D-Geovisualisierungssysteme N2 - 3D geovisualization systems (3DGeoVSs) that use 3D geovirtual environments as a conceptual and technical framework are increasingly used for various applications. They facilitate obtaining insights from ubiquitous geodata by exploiting human abilities that other methods cannot provide. 3DGeoVSs are often complex and evolving systems required to be adaptable and to leverage distributed resources. Designing a 3DGeoVS based on service-oriented architectures, standards, and image-based representations (SSI) facilitates resource sharing and the agile and efficient construction and change of interoperable systems. In particular, exploiting image-based representations (IReps) of 3D views on geodata supports taking full advantage of the potential of such system designs by providing an efficient, decoupled, interoperable, and increasingly applied representation. However, there is insufficient knowledge on how to build service-oriented, standards-based 3DGeoVSs that exploit IReps. This insufficiency is substantially due to technology and interoperability gaps between the geovisualization domain and further domains that such systems rely on. This work presents a coherent framework of contributions that support designing the software architectures of targeted systems and exploiting IReps for providing, styling, and interacting with geodata. The contributions uniquely integrate existing concepts from multiple domains and novel contributions for identified limitations. The proposed software reference architecture (SRA) for 3DGeoVSs based on SSI facilitates designing concrete software architectures of such systems. The SRA describes the decomposition of 3DGeoVSs into a network of services and integrates the following contributions to facilitate exploiting IReps effectively and efficiently. The proposed generalized visualization pipeline model generalizes the prevalent visualization pipeline model and overcomes its expressiveness limitations with respect to transforming IReps. The proposed approach for image-based provisioning enables generating and supplying service consumers with image-based views (IViews). IViews act as first-class data entities in the communication between services and provide a suitable IRep and encoding of geodata. The proposed approach for image-based styling separates concerns of styling from image generation and enables styling geodata uniformly represented as IViews specified as algebraic compositions of high-level styling operators. The proposed approach for interactive image-based novel view generation enables generating new IViews from existing IViews in response to interactive manipulations of the viewing camera and includes an architectural pattern that generalizes common novel view generation. The proposed interactive assisting, constrained 3D navigation technique demonstrates how a navigation technique can be built that supports users in navigating multiscale virtual 3D city models, operates in 3DGeoVSs based on SSI as an application of the SRA, can exploit IReps, and can support collaborating services in exploiting IReps. The validity of the contributions is supported by proof-of-concept prototype implementations and applications and effectiveness and efficiency studies including a user study. Results suggest that this work promises to support designing 3DGeoVSs based on SSI that are more effective and efficient and that can exploit IReps effectively and efficiently. This work presents a template software architecture and key building blocks for building novel IT solutions and applications for geodata, e.g., as components of spatial data infrastructures. N2 - 3D-Geovisualisierungssysteme (3DGeoVSs), die geovirtuelle 3D-Umgebungen als konzeptionellen und technischen Rahmen nutzen, werden zunehmend für verschiedene Anwendungen eingesetzt. Sie erleichtern es durch die Ausnutzung menschlicher Fähigkeiten Erkenntnisse aus allgegenwärtigen Geodaten zu gewinnen, die andere Methoden nicht liefern können. 3DGeoVSs sind oft komplexe und kontinuierlich weiter entwickelte Systeme, die anpassungsfähig sein müssen und auf die Nutzung verteilter Ressourcen angewiesen sind. Die Entwicklung eines 3DGeoVS auf der Basis von serviceorientierten Architekturen, Standards und bildbasierten Repräsentationen (SSI) erleichtert die gemeinsame Nutzung von verteilten Ressourcen und die agile und effiziente Entwicklung und Änderung von interoperablen Systemen. Insbesondere unterstützt die Nutzung bildbasierter Repräsentationen (IReps) von 3D-Ansichten auf Geodaten die vollständige Realisierung des Potenzials solcher Systementwürfe durch die Bereitstellung einer effizienten, entkoppelten, interoperablen und zunehmend verwendeten Repräsentationsform. Es besteht jedoch ein Mangel an Wissen darüber, wie 3DGeoVSs entwickelt werden können, die auf serviceorientierten Architekturen und Standards basieren und IReps ausnutzen können. Dieser Mangel ist wesentlich zurückzuführen auf die Technologie- und Interoperabilitätslücken zwischen dem Bereich der Geovisualisierung und weiteren Bereichen, auf die solche Systeme angewiesen sind. Diese Arbeit präsentiert ein kohärentes Rahmenwerk von Beiträgen, die dabei unterstützen können, die Softwarearchitekturen betrachteter Systeme zu entwerfen und IReps für die Bereitstellung, die visuelle Gestaltung und die Interaktion mit Geodaten zu nutzen. Die Beiträge integrieren auf besondere Weise vorhandene Konzepte aus unterschiedlichen Bereichen und neuartige Lösungen für identifizierte Einschränkungen bisheriger Ansätze. Die vorgeschlagene Software-Referenzarchitektur (SRA) für 3DGeoVSs unterstützt den Entwurf konkreter Softwarearchitekturen betrachteter Systemen. Sie beschreibt die Zerlegung von 3DGeoVSs in ein Netzwerk von Diensten. Um IReps effektiv und effizient nutzen zu können, integriert sie zudem die folgenden Beiträge. Das vorgeschlagene generalisierte Visualisierungspipelinemodell generalisiert das weit verbreitete Visualisierungspipelinemodell und überwindet dessen Einschränkungen in Bezug auf die Verarbeitung von IReps. Der vorgeschlagene Ansatz für die bildbasierte Bereitstellung von Geodaten ermöglicht es bildbasierte Sichten (IViews) zu erzeugen und Dienstkonsumenten mit ihnen zu versorgen. IViews sind erstrangige Datenentitäten in der Kommunikation zwischen Diensten und stellen eine geeignete IRep und Kodierung von Geodaten dar. Der vorgeschlagene Ansatz für die bildbasierte, visuelle Gestaltung trennt die Zuständigkeiten der Erzeugung eines Bildes von denen der visuellen Gestaltung des Bildes. Der Ansatz ermöglicht die visuelle Gestaltung von einheitlich durch IViews repräsentierten Geodaten. Die visuelle Gestaltung wird dabei durch die algebraische Komposition abstrakter Gestaltungsoperatoren spezifiziert. Der vorgeschlagene Ansatz für die interaktive Bilderzeugung ermöglicht es als Reaktion auf interaktive Manipulationen der Betrachtungskamera neue, durch IViews repräsentierte 3D-Ansichten von Geodaten aus bestehenden 3D-Ansichten zu erzeugen. Der Ansatz umfasst ein Architekturmuster, das bisherige Ansätze zusammenfasst und verallgemeinert. Die vorgeschlagene assistierenden, einschränkenden 3D-Navigationstechnik demonstriert, wie eine interaktive Navigationstechnik entwickelt werden kann, die Nutzer beim Navigieren in multiskalaren virtuellen 3D Stadtmodellen unterstützt, als Anwendung der vorgeschlagenen SRA in SSI-basierten 3DGeoVSs funktioniert und für diesen Zweck sowohl IReps nutzt, als auch andere Dienste bei der Nutzung von IReps unterstützt. Die Validität der Beiträge dieser Arbeit wird gestützt durch prototypische Implementierungen und Anwendungen, sowie Effektivitäts- und Effizienzstudien einschließlich einer Nutzerstudie. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass diese Arbeit dabei unterstützen kann, 3DGeoVSs basierend auf SSI zu entwerfen, die sowohl effektiver und effizienter sind, als auch IReps effektiv und effizient nutzen können. Diese Arbeit stellt eine Muster-Softwarearchitektur und Schlüsselbausteine für die Entwicklung neuartiger IT-Lösungen und -Anwendungen für Geodaten vor, die sich beispielsweise in Geodateninfrastrukturen integrieren lassen. KW - 3D geovisualization system KW - 3D geovirtual environment KW - service-oriented architecture (SOA) KW - standard KW - image-based representation KW - 3D-Geovisualisierungssystem KW - 3D-geovirtuelle Umgebung KW - Serviceorientierte Architektur (SOA) KW - Standard KW - bildbasierte Repräsentation Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hildebrandt, Dieter A1 - Timm, Robert T1 - An assisting, constrained 3D navigation technique for multiscale virtual 3D city models JF - Geoinformatica : an international journal on advances of computer science for geographic information systems N2 - Virtual 3D city models serve as integration platforms for complex geospatial and georeferenced information and as medium for effective communication of spatial information. In order to explore these information spaces, navigation techniques for controlling the virtual camera are required to facilitate wayfinding and movement. However, navigation is not a trivial task and many available navigation techniques do not support users effectively and efficiently with their respective skills and tasks. In this article, we present an assisting, constrained navigation technique for multiscale virtual 3D city models that is based on three basic principles: users point to navigate, users are lead by suggestions, and the exploitation of semantic, multiscale, hierarchical structurings of city models. The technique particularly supports users with low navigation and virtual camera control skills but is also valuable for experienced users. It supports exploration, search, inspection, and presentation tasks, is easy to learn and use, supports orientation, is efficient, and yields effective view properties. In particular, the technique is suitable for interactive kiosks and mobile devices with a touch display and low computing resources and for use in mobile situations where users only have restricted resources for operating the application. We demonstrate the validity of the proposed navigation technique by presenting an implementation and evaluation results. The implementation is based on service-oriented architectures, standards, and image-based representations and allows exploring massive virtual 3D city models particularly on mobile devices with limited computing resources. Results of a user study comparing the proposed navigation technique with standard techniques suggest that the proposed technique provides the targeted properties, and that it is more advantageous to novice than to expert users. KW - Virtual 3D city model KW - Multiscale modeling KW - View navigation KW - Virtual camera control KW - Mobile device KW - Distributed 3D geovisualization Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10707-013-0189-8 SN - 1384-6175 SN - 1573-7624 VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - 537 EP - 567 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hildebrandt, Dieter T1 - A software reference architecture for service-oriented 3D geovisualization systems JF - ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information KW - 3D geovisualization KW - software reference architecture KW - spatial data infrastructure KW - service-oriented architecture KW - standardization KW - image-based representation Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi3041445 SN - 2220-9964 VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - 1445 EP - 1490 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Semmo, Amir A1 - Hildebrandt, Dieter A1 - Trapp, Matthias A1 - Döllner, Jürgen Roland Friedrich T1 - Concepts for cartography-oriented visualization of virtual 3D city models JF - Photogrammetrie, Fernerkundung, Geoinformation N2 - Virtual 3D city models serve as an effective medium with manifold applications in geoinformation systems and services. To date, most 3D city models are visualized using photorealistic graphics. But an effective communication of geoinformation significantly depends on how important information is designed and cognitively processed in the given application context. One possibility to visually emphasize important information is based on non-photorealistic rendering, which comprehends artistic depiction styles and is characterized by its expressiveness and communication aspects. However, a direct application of non-photorealistic rendering techniques primarily results in monotonic visualization that lacks cartographic design aspects. In this work, we present concepts for cartography-oriented visualization of virtual 3D city models. These are based on coupling non-photorealistic rendering techniques and semantics-based information for a user, context, and media-dependent representation of thematic information. This work highlights challenges for cartography-oriented visualization of 3D geovirtual environments, presents stylization techniques and discusses their applications and ideas for a standardized visualization. In particular, the presented concepts enable a real-time and dynamic visualization of thematic geoinformation. KW - 3D city models KW - cartography-oriented visualization KW - style description languages KW - real-time rendering Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1127/1432-8364/2012/0131 SN - 1432-8364 IS - 4 SP - 455 EP - 465 PB - Schweizerbart CY - Stuttgart ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hildebrandt, Dieter A1 - Döllner, Jürgen T1 - Service-oriented, standards-based 3D geovisualization : potential and challenges N2 - The application of the architectural concept of service-oriented architectures (SOA) in combination with open standards when building distributed, 3D geovisualization systems offers the potential to cover and take advantage of the opportunities and demands created by the rise of ubiquitous computer networks and the Internet as well as to overcome prevalent interoperability barriers. In this paper, based on a literature study and our own experiences, we discuss the potential and challenges that arise when building standards-based, distributed systems according to the SOA paradigm for 3D geovisualization, with a particular focus on 3D geovirtual environments and virtual 3D city models. First, we briefly introduce fundamentals of the SOA paradigm, identify requirements for service-oriented 3D geovisualization systems, and present an architectural framework that relates SOA concepts, geovisualization concepts, and standardization proposals by the Open Geospatial Consortium in a common frame of reference. Next, we discuss the potential and challenges driven by the SOA paradigm on four different levels of abstraction, namely service fundamentals, service composition, interaction services, performance, and overarching aspects, and we discuss those driven by standardization. We further exemplify and substantiate the discussion in the scope of a case study and the image-based provisioning of and interaction with visual representations of remote virtual 3D city models. Y1 - 2010 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01989715 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2010.05.003 SN - 0198-9715 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hildebrandt, Dieter T1 - Towards service-oriented, standards-based, image-based provisioning, interaction with and styling of geovirtual 3D environments Y1 - 2010 SN - 978-3-86956-036-6 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Alnemr, Rehab A1 - Polyvyanyy, Artem A1 - AbuJarour, Mohammed A1 - Appeltauer, Malte A1 - Hildebrandt, Dieter A1 - Thomas, Ivonne A1 - Overdick, Hagen A1 - Schöbel, Michael A1 - Uflacker, Matthias A1 - Kluth, Stephan A1 - Menzel, Michael A1 - Schmidt, Alexander A1 - Hagedorn, Benjamin A1 - Pascalau, Emilian A1 - Perscheid, Michael A1 - Vogel, Thomas A1 - Hentschel, Uwe A1 - Feinbube, Frank A1 - Kowark, Thomas A1 - Trümper, Jonas A1 - Vogel, Tobias A1 - Becker, Basil ED - Meinel, Christoph ED - Plattner, Hasso ED - Döllner, Jürgen Roland Friedrich ED - Weske, Mathias ED - Polze, Andreas ED - Hirschfeld, Robert ED - Naumann, Felix ED - Giese, Holger T1 - Proceedings of the 4th Ph.D. Retreat of the HPI Research School on Service-oriented Systems Engineering T3 - Technische Berichte des Hasso-Plattner-Instituts für Digital Engineering an der Universität Potsdam - 31 KW - Hasso-Plattner-Institut KW - Forschungskolleg KW - Klausurtagung KW - Service-oriented Systems Engineering KW - Hasso Plattner Institute KW - Research School KW - Ph.D. Retreat KW - Service-oriented Systems Engineering Y1 - 2010 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40838 SN - 978-3-86956-036-6 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER -