TY  - JOUR
A1  - Cammerer, Holger
A1  - Thieken, Annegret
T1  - Historical development and future outlook of the flood damage potential of residential areas in the Alpine Lech Valley (Austria) between 1971 and 2030
JF  - Regional environmental change
N2  - In the recent past, the Alpine Lech valley (Austria) experienced three damaging flood events within 6 years despite the various structural flood protection measures in place. For an improved flood risk management, the analysis of flood damage potentials is a crucial component. Since the expansion of built-up areas and their associated values is seen as one of the main drivers of rising flood losses, the goal of this study is to analyze the spatial development of the assets at risk, particularly of residential areas, due to land use changes over a historic period (since 1971) and up to possible shifts in future (until 2030). The analysis revealed that the alpine study area was faced to remarkable land use changes like urbanization and the decline of agriculturally used grassland areas. Although the major agglomeration of residential areas inside the flood plains took place before 1971, a steady growth of values at risk can still be observed until now. Even for the future, the trend is ongoing, but depends very much on the assumed land use scenario and the underlying land use policy. Between 1971 and 2006, the annual growth rate of the damage potential of residential areas amounted to 1.1 % ('constant values,' i.e., asset values at constant prices of reference year 2006) or 3.0 % ('adjusted values,' i.e., asset values adjusted by GDP increase at constant prices of reference year 2006) for three flood scenarios. For the projected time span between 2006 and 2030, a further annual increase by 1.0 % ('constant values') or even 4.2 % ('adjusted values') may be possible when the most extreme urbanization scenario 'Overall Growth' is considered. Although socio-economic development is regarded as the main driver for increasing flood losses, our analysis shows that settlement development does not preferably take place within flood prone areas.
KW  - Asset estimation
KW  - Flood damage potential
KW  - Land use change
KW  - Mountain basins
KW  - Temporal variability
Y1  - 2013
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-013-0407-9
SN  - 1436-3798
VL  - 13
IS  - 5
SP  - 999
EP  - 1012
PB  - Springer
CY  - Heidelberg
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Altenberger, Uwe
A1  - Prosser, Giacomo
A1  - Grande, Atonella
A1  - Günter, Christina
A1  - Langone, Antonio
T1  - A seismogenic zone in the deep crust indicated by pseudotachylytes and ultramylonites in granulite-facies rocks of Calabria (Southern Italy)
JF  - Contributions to mineralogy and petrology
N2  - Pseudotachylyte veins frequently associated with mylonites and ultramylonites occur within migmatitic paragneisses, metamonzodiorites, as well as felsic and mafic granulites at the base of the section of the Hercynian lower crust exposed in Calabria (Southern Italy). The crustal section is tectonically superposed on lower grade units. Ultramylonites and pseudotachylytes are particularly well developed in migmatitic paragneisses, whereas sparse fault-related pseudotachylytes and thin mylonite/ultramylonite bands occur in granulite-facies rocks. The presence of sillimanite and clinopyroxene in ultramylonites and mylonites indicates that relatively high-temperature conditions preceded the formation of pseudotachylytes. We have analysed pseudotachylytes from different rock types to ascertain their deep crustal origin and to better understand the relationships between brittle and ductile processes during deformation of the deeper crust. Different protoliths were selected to test how lithology controls pseudotachylyte composition and textures. In migmatites and felsic granulites, euhedral or cauliflower-shaped garnets directly crystallized from pseudotachylyte melts of near andesitic composition. This indicates that pseudotachylytes originated at deep crustal conditions (> 0.75 GPa). In mafic protoliths, quenched needle-to-feather-shaped high-alumina orthopyroxene occurs in contact with newly crystallized plagioclase. The pyroxene crystallizes in garnet-free and garnet-bearing veins. The simultaneous growth of orthopyroxene and plagioclase as well as almandine, suggests lower crustal origin, with pressures in excess of 0.85 GPa. The existence of melts of different composition in the same vein indicates the stepwise, non-equilibrium conditions of frictional melting. Melt formed and intruded into pre-existing anisotropies. In mafic granulites, brittle faulting is localized in a previously formed thin high-temperature mylonite bands. migmatitic gneisses are deformed into ultramylonite domains characterized by s-c fabric. Small grain size and fluids lowered the effective stress on the c planes favouring a seismic event and the consequent melt generation. Microstructures and ductile deformation of pseudotachylytes suggest continuous ductile flow punctuated by episodes of high-strain rate, leading to seismic events and melting.
KW  - Pseudotachylyte
KW  - Calabria
KW  - Lower crust
KW  - Palaeo-seismicity
Y1  - 2013
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-013-0904-3
SN  - 0010-7999
VL  - 166
IS  - 4
SP  - 975
EP  - 994
PB  - Springer
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Runge, Antonia K.
A1  - Scherbaum, Frank
A1  - Curtis, Andrew
A1  - Riggelsen, Carsten
T1  - An interactive tool for the elicitation of subjective probabilities in probabilistic seismic-hazard analysis
JF  - Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
N2  - In probabilistic seismic-hazard analysis, epistemic uncertainties are commonly treated within a logic-tree framework in which the branch weights express the degree of belief of an expert in a set of models. For the calculation of the distribution of hazard curves, these branch weights represent subjective probabilities. A major challenge for experts is to provide logically consistent weight estimates (in the sense of Kolmogorovs axioms), to be aware of the multitude of heuristics, and to minimize the biases which affect human judgment under uncertainty. We introduce a platform-independent, interactive program enabling us to quantify, elicit, and transfer expert knowledge into a set of subjective probabilities by applying experimental design theory, following the approach of Curtis and Wood (2004). Instead of determining the set of probabilities for all models in a single step, the computer-driven elicitation process is performed as a sequence of evaluations of relative weights for small subsets of models. From these, the probabilities for the whole model set are determined as a solution of an optimization problem. The result of this process is a set of logically consistent probabilities together with a measure of confidence determined from the amount of conflicting information which is provided by the expert during the relative weighting process. We experiment with different scenarios simulating likely expert behaviors in the context of knowledge elicitation and show the impact this has on the results. The overall aim is to provide a smart elicitation technique, and our findings serve as a guide for practical applications.
Y1  - 2013
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1785/0120130026
SN  - 0037-1106
SN  - 1943-3573
VL  - 103
IS  - 5
SP  - 2862
EP  - 2874
PB  - Seismological Society of America
CY  - Albany
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schwanghart, Wolfgang
A1  - Groom, Geoff
A1  - Kuhn, Nikolaus J.
A1  - Heckrath, Goswin
T1  - Flow network derivation from a high resolution DEM in a low relief, agrarian landscape
JF  - Earth surface processes and landforms : the journal of the British Geomorphological Research Group
N2  - Digital flow networks derived from digital elevation models (DEMs) sensitively react to errors due to measurement, data processing and data representation. Since high-resolution DEMs are increasingly used in geomorphological and hydrological research, automated and semi-automated procedures to reduce the impact of such errors on flow networks are required. One such technique is stream-carving, a hydrological conditioning technique to ensure drainage connectivity in DEMs towards the DEM edges. Here we test and modify a state-of-the-art carving algorithm for flow network derivation in a low-relief, agricultural landscape characterized by a large number of spurious, topographic depressions. Our results show that the investigated algorithm reconstructs a benchmark network insufficiently in terms of carving energy, distance and a topological network measure. The modification to the algorithm that performed best, combines the least-cost auxiliary topography (LCAT) carving with a constrained breaching algorithm that explicitly takes automatically identified channel locations into account. We applied our methods to a low relief landscape, but the results can be transferred to flow network derivation of DEMs in moderate to mountainous relief in situations where the valley bottom is broad and flat and precise derivations of the flow networks are needed.
KW  - digital terrain analysis
KW  - digital elevation model
KW  - hydrological conditioning
KW  - drainage networks
Y1  - 2013
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3452
SN  - 0197-9337
SN  - 1096-9837
VL  - 38
IS  - 13
SP  - 1576
EP  - 1586
PB  - Wiley-Blackwell
CY  - Hoboken
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Zhang Chengjun, 
A1  - Fan Rong, 
A1  - Li Jun, 
A1  - Mischke, Steffen
A1  - Dembele, Blaise
A1  - Hu Xiaolan, 
T1  - Carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions - how lacustrine environmental factors respond in northwestern and northeastern China
JF  - Acta geologica Sinica : english edition
N2  - Surface lake sediments, 28 from Hoh Xil, 24 from northeastern China, 99 from Lake Bosten, 31 from Ulungur and 26 from Heihai were collected to determine C-13 and O-18 values. Considering the impact factors, conductivity, alkalinity, pH, TOC, C/N and carbonate-content in the sediments, Cl, P, S, and metal element ratios of Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, Fe/Mn of bulk sediments as environmental variables enable evaluation of their influences on C-13 and O-18 using principal component analysis (PCA) method. The closure and residence time of lakes can influence the correlation between C-13 and O-18. Lake water will change from fresh to brackish with increasing reduction and eutrophication effects. Mg/Ca in the bulk sediment indicates the characteristic of residence time, Sr/Ca and Fe/Mn infer the salinity of lakes. Carbonate formation processes and types can influence the C-13-O-18 correlation. O-18 will be heavier from Mg-calcite and aragonite formed in a high-salinity water body than calcite formed in freshwater conditions. When carbonate content is less than 30%, there is no relationship with either C-13 or O-18, and also none between C-13 and O-18. More than 30%, carbonate content, however, co-varies highly to C-13 and O-18, and there is also a high correlation between C-13 and O-18. Vegetation conditions and primary productivity of lakes can influence the characteristics of C-13 and O-18, and their co-variance. Total organic matter content (TOC) in the sediments is higher with more terrestrial and submerged plants infilling. In northeastern and northwestern China, when organic matter in the lake sediments comes from endogenous floating organisms and algae, the C-13 value is high. C-13 is in the range of -4%o to 0 parts per thousand when organic matter comes mainly from floating organisms (C/N<6); in the range of -4 parts per thousand to 8 parts per thousand when organic matter comes from diatoms (C/N=6 to 8); and -8 parts per thousand to -4 parts per thousand when organic matter comes from aquatic and terrestrial plants (C/N>8).
KW  - Limnology
KW  - isotopic analysis
KW  - carbonates
KW  - organic matter
KW  - PCA
KW  - Tibet
KW  - Xinjiang
KW  - Northeastern China
Y1  - 2013
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.12133
SN  - 1000-9515
SN  - 1755-6724
VL  - 87
IS  - 5
SP  - 1344
EP  - 1354
PB  - Wiley-Blackwell
CY  - Hoboken
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Fahle, Marcus
A1  - Dietrich, Ottfried
A1  - Lischeid, Gunnar
T1  - A guideline for developing an initial hydrological monotoring network as a basis for water management in artificially drained wetlands
JF  - Irrigation and drainage
N2  - Reliable hydrological monitoring is the basis for sound water management in drained wetlands. Since statistical methods cannot be employed for unobserved or sparsely monitored areas, the primary design (first set-up) may be arbitrary in most instances. The objective of this paper is therefore to provide a guideline for designing the initial hydrological monitoring network. A scheme is developed that handles different parts of monitoring and hydrometry in wetlands, focusing on the positioning of surface water and groundwater gauges. For placement of the former, control units are used which correspond to areas whose water levels can be regulated separately. The latter are arranged depending on hydrological response units, defined by combinations of soil type and land use, and the chosen surface water monitoring sites. A practical application of the approach is shown for an investigation area in the Spreewald region in north-east Germany. The presented scheme leaves a certain degree of freedom to its user, allowing the inclusion of expert knowledge or special concerns. Based on easily obtainable data, the developed hydrological network serves as a first step in the iterative procedure of monitoring network optimisation. Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
KW  - monitoring network
KW  - wetland
KW  - sampling locations
KW  - controlled drainage
KW  - ditch system
KW  - measurement frequency
Y1  - 2013
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.1744
SN  - 1531-0353
SN  - 1531-0361
VL  - 62
IS  - 4
SP  - 524
EP  - 536
PB  - Wiley-Blackwell
CY  - Hoboken
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Calo, Camilla
A1  - Henne, Paul D.
A1  - Eugster, Patricia
A1  - van Leeuwen, Jacqueline
A1  - Gilli, Adrian
A1  - Hamann, Yvonne
A1  - La Mantia, Tommaso
A1  - Pasta, Salvatore
A1  - Vescovi, Elisa
A1  - Tinner, Willy
T1  - 1200 years of decadal-scale variability of mediterranean vegetation and climate at Pantelleria Island, Italy
JF  - The Holocene : an interdisciplinary journal focusing on recent environmental change
N2  - A new sedimentary sequence from Lago di Venere on Pantelleria Island, located in the Strait of Sicily between Tunisia and Sicily was recovered. The lake is located in the coastal infra-Mediterranean vegetation belt at 2 m a.s.l. Pollen, charcoal and sedimentological analyses are used to explore linkages among vegetation, fire and climate at a decadal scale over the past 1200 years. A dry period from ad 800 to 1000 that corresponds to the Medieval Warm Period' (WMP) is inferred from sedimentological analysis. The high content of carbonate recorded in this period suggests a dry phase, when the ratio of evaporation/precipitation was high. During this period the island was dominated by thermophilous and drought-tolerant taxa, such as Quercus ilex, Olea, Pistacia and Juniperus. A marked shift in the sediment properties is recorded at ad 1000, when carbonate content became very low suggesting wetter conditions until ad 1850-1900. Broadly, this period coincides with the Little Ice Age' (LIA), which was characterized by wetter and colder conditions in Europe. During this time rather mesic conifers (i.e. Pinus pinaster), shrubs and herbs (e.g. Erica arborea and Selaginella denticulata) expanded, whereas more drought-adapted species (e.g. Q. ilex) declined. Charcoal data suggest enhanced fire activity during the LIA probably as a consequence of anthropogenic burning and/or more flammable fuel (e.g. resinous Pinus biomass). The last century was characterized by a shift to high carbonate content, indicating a change towards drier conditions, and re-expansion of Q. ilex and Olea. The post-LIA warming is in agreement with historical documents and meteorological time series. Vegetation dynamics were co-determined by agricultural activities on the island. Anthropogenic indicators (e.g. Cerealia-type, Sporormiella) reveal the importance of crops and grazing on the island. Our pollen data suggest that extensive logging caused the local extinction of deciduous Quercus pubescens around ad1750.
KW  - central Mediterranean
KW  - fire history
KW  - "Little Ice Age' (LIA)
KW  - "Medieval Warm Period' (MWP)
KW  - Pinus pinaster
KW  - Quercus ilex
KW  - Quercus pubescens
KW  - vegetation history
Y1  - 2013
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683613493935
SN  - 0959-6836
SN  - 1477-0911
VL  - 23
IS  - 10
SP  - 1477
EP  - 1486
PB  - Sage Publ.
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Caus, Esmeralda
A1  - Parente, Mariano
A1  - Vicedo, Vicent
A1  - Frijia, Gianluca
A1  - Martinez, Ricard
T1  - Broeckina gassoensis sp nov., a larger foraminiferal index fossil for the middle Coniacian shallow-water deposits of the Pyrenean Basin (NE Spain)
JF  - Cretaceous research
N2  - The Upper Cretaceous shallow-water carbonates of the Pyrenean Basin (NE Spain) host rich and diverse larger foraminiferal associations which witness the recovery of this group of protozoans after the dramatic extinction of the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary interval. In this paper a new, large discoidal porcelaneous foraminifer, Broeckina gassoensis sp. nov., is described from the middle Coniacian shallow-water deposits of the Collada Gasso Formation, in the Boixols Thrust Sheet. This is the first complex porcelaneous larger foraminifer of the Late Cretaceous global community maturation cycle recorded in the Pyrenean bioprovince. It differs from the late Santonian-early Campanian B. dufrenoyi for its smaller size in A and B generations and the less developed endoskeleton, which shows short septula. Broeckina gassoensis sp. nov. has been widely employed as a stratigraphic marker in the regional geological literature, under the name of "Broeckina", but its age was so far controversial. Its middle Coniacian age (lowermost part of the Peroniceras tridorsatum ammonite zone), established in this paper by strontium isotope stratigraphy, indicates that it took about 5 My after the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary crisis to re-evolve the complex test architecture of larger foraminifera, which is functional to their relation with photosymbiotic algae and K-strategy.
KW  - Larger Foraminifera
KW  - Biostratigraphy
KW  - Strontium isotope stratigraphy
KW  - Coniacian
KW  - Pyrenees
KW  - Spain
Y1  - 2013
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2013.08.002
SN  - 0195-6671
SN  - 1095-998X
VL  - 45
SP  - 76
EP  - 90
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Collings, R.
A1  - Rietbrock, Andreas
A1  - Lange, Dietrich
A1  - Tilmann, F.
A1  - Nippress, Stuart
A1  - Natawidjaja, D.
T1  - Seismic anisotropy in the sumatra subduction zone
JF  - Journal of geophysical research : Solid earth
N2  - An important tool for understanding deformation occurring within a subduction zone is the measurement of seismic anisotropy through observations of shear wave splitting (SWS). In Sumatra, two temporary seismic networks were deployed between December 2007 and February 2009, covering the fore arc between the fore-arc islands to the back arc. We use SKS and local SWS measurements to determine the type, amount, and location of anisotropy. Local SWS measurements from the fore-arc islands exhibit trench-parallel fast directions which can be attributed to shape preferred orientation of cracks/fractures in the overriding sediments. In the Sumatran Fault region, the predominant fast direction is fault/trench parallel, while in the back-arc region it is trench perpendicular. The trench-perpendicular measurements exhibit a positive correlation between delay time and raypath length in the mantle wedge, while the fault-parallel measurements are similar to the fault-parallel fast directions observed for two crustal events at the Sumatran Fault. This suggests that there are two layers of anisotropy: one due to entrained flow within the mantle wedge and a second layer within the overriding crust due to the shear strain caused by the Sumatran Fault. SKS splitting results show a NNW-SSE fast direction with delay times of 0.8-3.0s. The fast directions are approximately parallel to the absolute plate motion of the subducting Indo-Australian Plate. The small delay times exhibited by the local SWS (0.05-0.45s), in combination with the large SKS delay times, suggest that the anisotropy generating the teleseismic SWS is dominated by entrained flow in the asthenosphere below the slab.
KW  - Sumatra
KW  - Anisotropy
KW  - Shear wave splitting
KW  - Subduction zone
KW  - Mantle rheology
Y1  - 2013
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrb.50157
SN  - 2169-9313
SN  - 2169-9356
VL  - 118
IS  - 10
SP  - 5372
EP  - 5390
PB  - American Geophysical Union
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Pradhan, Prajal
A1  - Lüdeke, Matthias K. B.
A1  - Rösser, Dominik E.
A1  - Kropp, Jürgen
T1  - Embodied crop calories in animal products
JF  - Environmental research letters
N2  - Increases in animal products consumption and the associated environmental consequences have been a matter of scientific debate for decades. Consequences of such increases include rises in greenhouse gas emissions, growth of consumptive water use, and perturbation of global nutrients cycles. These consequences vary spatially depending on livestock types, their densities and their production system. In this letter, we investigate the spatial distribution of embodied crop calories in animal products. On a global scale, about 40% of the global crop calories are used as livestock feed (we refer to this ratio as crop balance for livestock) and about 4 kcal of crop products are used to generate 1 kcal of animal products (embodied crop calories of around 4). However, these values vary greatly around the world. In some regions, more than 100% of the crops produced is required to feed livestock requiring national or international trade to meet the deficit in livestock feed. Embodied crop calories vary between less than 1 for 20% of the livestock raising areas worldwide and greater than 10 for another 20% of the regions. Low values of embodied crop calories are related to production systems for ruminants based on fodder and forage, while large values are usually associated with production systems for non-ruminants fed on crop products. Additionally, we project the future feed demand considering three scenarios: (a) population growth, (b) population growth and changes in human dietary patterns and (c) changes in population, dietary patterns and feed conversion efficiency. When considering dietary changes, we project the global feed demand to be almost doubled (1.8-2.3 times) by 2050 compared to 2000, which would force us to produce almost equal or even more crops to raise our livestock than to directly nourish ourselves in the future. Feed demand is expected to increase over proportionally in Africa, South-Eastern Asia and Southern Asia, putting additional stress on these regions.
KW  - crop products
KW  - animal calories
KW  - dietary patterns
KW  - livestock feed
KW  - gridded data
Y1  - 2013
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/4/044044
SN  - 1748-9326
VL  - 8
IS  - 4
PB  - IOP Publ. Ltd.
CY  - Bristol
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Opitz, Stephan
A1  - Ramisch, Arne
A1  - Mischke, Steffen
A1  - Diekmann, Bernhard
T1  - Holocene lake stages and thermokarst dynamics in a discontinuous permafrost affected region, north-eastern Tibetan Plateau
JF  - Journal of Asian earth sciences
N2  - Sediments of a thermokarst system on the north-eastern Tibetan Plateau were studied to infer changes in the lacustrine depositional environment related to climatic changes since the early Holocene. The thermokarst pond with a length of 360 m is situated in a 14.5 x 6 km tectonically unaffected intermontane basin, which is underlain by discontinuous permafrost.
 A lake sediment core and bankside lacustrine onshore deposits were analysed. Additionally, fossil lake sediments were investigated, which document a former lake-level high stand. The sediments are mainly composed of marls with variable amounts of silt carbonate micrite, and organic matter.
 On the basis of sedimentological (grain size data), geochemical (XRF), mineralogical (XRD) and micropaleontological data (ostracods and chironomide assemblages) a reconstruction of a paleolake environment was achieved.
 Lacustrine sediments with endogenic carbonate precipitation suggest a lacustrine environment since at least 19.0 cal ka BP. However, because of relocation and reworking processes in the lake, the sediments did not provide distinct information about the ultimate formation of the lake. The high amount of endogenic carbonate suggests prolonged still-water conditions at about 9.3 cal ka BP. Ostracod shells and chironomid head capsules in fossil lake sediments indicate at least one former lake-level high stand, which were developed between the early and middle Holocene. From the late Holocene the area was possibly characterized by a lake-level decline, documented by a hiatus between lacustrine sediments and a reworked loess or loess-like horizon. After the lake-level decline and the following warming period, the area was affected by thermally-induced subsidence and a re-flooding of the basin because of thawing permafrost.
KW  - Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction
KW  - Palaeolimnology
KW  - Lake level
KW  - XRD
Y1  - 2013
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2013.08.006
SN  - 1367-9120
SN  - 1878-5786
VL  - 76
IS  - 17
SP  - 85
EP  - 94
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Zhou, Bin
A1  - Rybski, Diego
A1  - Kropp, Jürgen
T1  - On the statistics of urban heat island intensity
JF  - Geophysical research letters
N2  - We perform a systematic study of all cities in Europe to assess the Urban Heat Island (UHI) intensity by means of remotely sensed land surface temperature data. Defining cities as spatial clusters of urban land cover, we investigate the relationships of the UHI intensity, with the cluster size and the temperature of the surroundings. Our results show that in Europe, the UHI intensity in summer has a strong correlation with the cluster size, which can be well fitted by an empirical sigmoid model. Furthermore, we find a novel seasonality of the UHI intensity for individual clusters in the form of hysteresis-like curves. We characterize the shape and identify apparent regional patterns.
Y1  - 2013
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL057320
SN  - 0094-8276
SN  - 1944-8007
VL  - 40
IS  - 20
SP  - 5486
EP  - 5491
PB  - American Geophysical Union
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Sen, Ali Tolga
A1  - Cesca, Simone
A1  - Bischoff, Monika
A1  - Meier, Thomas
A1  - Dahm, Torsten
T1  - Automated full moment tensor inversion of coal mining-induced seismicity
JF  - Geophysical journal international
N2  - Seismicity induced by coal mining in the Ruhr region, Germany, has been monitored continuously over the last 25 yr. In 2006, a dense temporary network (HAMNET) was deployed to locally monitor seismicity induced by longwall mining close to the town of Hamm. Between 2006 July and 2007 July, more than 7000 events with magnitudes M-L from -1.7 to 2.0 were detected. The spatiotemporal distribution of seismicity shows high correlation with the mining activity. In order to monitor rupture processes, we set up an automated source inversion routine and successfully perform double couple and full moment tensor (MT) inversions for more than 1000 events with magnitudes above M-L -0.5. The source inversion is based on a full waveform approach, both in the frequency and in the time domain, providing information about the centroid location, focal mechanism, scalar moment and full MT. Inversion results indicate a strong dominance of normal faulting focal mechanisms, with a steeper plane and a subhorizontal one. Fault planes are oriented parallel to the mining stopes. We classify the focal mechanisms based on their orientation and observe different frequency-magnitude distributions for families of events with different focal mechanisms; the overall frequency-magnitude distribution is not fitting the Gutenberg-Richter relation. Full MTs indicate that non-negligible opening tensile components accompanied normal faulting source mechanisms. Finally, extended source models are investigated for largest events. Results suggest that the rupture processes mostly occurred along the subvertical planes.
KW  - Geomechanics
KW  - Fracture and flow
KW  - Earthquake source observations
KW  - Seismicity and tectonics
Y1  - 2013
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggt300
SN  - 0956-540X
SN  - 1365-246X
VL  - 195
IS  - 2
SP  - 1267
EP  - 1281
PB  - Oxford Univ. Press
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kramer-Schadt, Stephanie
A1  - Niedballa, Jürgen
A1  - Pilgrim, John D.
A1  - Schröder-Esselbach, Boris
A1  - Lindenborn, Jana
A1  - Reinfelder, Vanessa
A1  - Stillfried, Milena
A1  - Heckmann, Ilja
A1  - Scharf, Anne K.
A1  - Augeri, Dave M.
A1  - Cheyne, Susan M.
A1  - Hearn, Andrew J.
A1  - Ross, Joanna
A1  - Macdonald, David W.
A1  - Mathai, John
A1  - Eaton, James
A1  - Marshall, Andrew J.
A1  - Semiadi, Gono
A1  - Rustam, Rustam
A1  - Bernard, Henry
A1  - Alfred, Raymond
A1  - Samejima, Hiromitsu
A1  - Duckworth, J. W.
A1  - Breitenmoser-Wuersten, Christine
A1  - Belant, Jerrold L.
A1  - Hofer, Heribert
A1  - Wilting, Andreas
T1  - The importance of correcting for sampling bias in MaxEnt species distribution models
JF  - Diversity & distributions : a journal of biological invasions and biodiversity
N2  - AimAdvancement in ecological methods predicting species distributions is a crucial precondition for deriving sound management actions. Maximum entropy (MaxEnt) models are a popular tool to predict species distributions, as they are considered able to cope well with sparse, irregularly sampled data and minor location errors. Although a fundamental assumption of MaxEnt is that the entire area of interest has been systematically sampled, in practice, MaxEnt models are usually built from occurrence records that are spatially biased towards better-surveyed areas. Two common, yet not compared, strategies to cope with uneven sampling effort are spatial filtering of occurrence data and background manipulation using environmental data with the same spatial bias as occurrence data. We tested these strategies using simulated data and a recently collated dataset on Malay civet Viverra tangalunga in Borneo.
 LocationBorneo, Southeast Asia.
 MethodsWe collated 504 occurrence records of Malay civets from Borneo of which 291 records were from 2001 to 2011 and used them in the MaxEnt analysis (baseline scenario) together with 25 environmental input variables. We simulated datasets for two virtual species (similar to a range-restricted highland and a lowland species) using the same number of records for model building. As occurrence records were biased towards north-eastern Borneo, we investigated the efficacy of spatial filtering versus background manipulation to reduce overprediction or underprediction in specific areas.
 ResultsSpatial filtering minimized omission errors (false negatives) and commission errors (false positives). We recommend that when sample size is insufficient to allow spatial filtering, manipulation of the background dataset is preferable to not correcting for sampling bias, although predictions were comparatively weak and commission errors increased.
 Main ConclusionsWe conclude that a substantial improvement in the quality of model predictions can be achieved if uneven sampling effort is taken into account, thereby improving the efficacy of species conservation planning.
KW  - Borneo
KW  - carnivora
KW  - conservation planning
KW  - ecological niche modelling
KW  - maximum entropy (MaxEnt)
KW  - sampling bias
KW  - Southeast Asia
KW  - species distribution modelling
KW  - viverridae
Y1  - 2013
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12096
SN  - 1366-9516
SN  - 1472-4642
VL  - 19
IS  - 11
SP  - 1366
EP  - 1379
PB  - Wiley-Blackwell
CY  - Hoboken
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - De Biase, Cecilia
A1  - Carminati, Andrea
A1  - Oswald, Sascha
A1  - Thullner, Martin
T1  - Numerical modeling analysis of VOC removal processes in different aerobic vertical flow systems for groundwater remediation
JF  - Journal of contaminant hydrology
N2  - Vertical flow systems filled with porous medium have been shown to efficiently remove volatile organic contaminants (VOCs) from contaminated groundwater. To apply this semi-natural remediation strategy it is however necessary to distinguish between removal due to biodegradation and due to volatile losses to the atmosphere. Especially for (potentially) toxic VOCs, the latter needs to be minimized to limit atmospheric emissions. In this study, numerical simulation was used to investigate quantitatively the removal of volatile organic compounds in two pilot-scale water treatment systems: an unplanted vertical flow filter and a planted one, which could also be called a vertical flow constructed wetland, both used for the treatment of contaminated groundwater. These systems were intermittently loaded with contaminated water containing benzene and MTBE as main VOCs. The highly dynamic but permanently unsaturated conditions in the porous medium facilitated aerobic biodegradation but could lead to volatile emissions of the contaminants. Experimental data from porous material analyses, flow rate measurements, solute tracer and gas tracer test, as well as contaminant concentration measurements at the boundaries of the systems were used to constrain a numerical reactive transport modeling approach. Numerical simulations considered unsaturated water flow, transport of species in the aqueous and the gas phase as well as aerobic degradation processes, which made it possible to quantify the rates of biodegradation and volatile emissions and calculating their contribution to total contaminant removal. A range of degradation rates was determined using experimental results of both systems under two operation modes and validated by field data obtained at different operation modes applied to the filters. For both filters, simulations and experimental data point to high biodegradation rates, if the flow filters have had time to build up their removal capacity. For this case volatile emissions are negligible and total removal can be attributed to biodegradation, only. The simulation study thus supports the use of both of these vertical flow systems for the treatment of groundwater contaminated with VOCs and the use of reactive transport modeling for the assessment of VOCs removal and operation modes in these high performance treatment systems.
KW  - Benzene
KW  - Biodegradation
KW  - MTBE
KW  - Unsaturated zone
KW  - Vertical flow filters
KW  - Volatilization
Y1  - 2013
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2013.07.007
SN  - 0169-7722
SN  - 1873-6009
VL  - 154
IS  - 11
SP  - 53
EP  - 69
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Heimann, Sebastian
A1  - Gonzalez, Alvaro
A1  - Wang, Rongjiang
A1  - Cesca, Simone
A1  - Dahm, Torsten
T1  - Seismic characterization of the Chelyabinsk Meteor's terminal explosion
JF  - Seismological research letters
Y1  - 2013
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1785/0220130042
SN  - 0895-0695
VL  - 84
IS  - 6
SP  - 1021
EP  - 1025
PB  - Seismological Society of America
CY  - Albany
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Sauer, David
A1  - Popp, Steffen
A1  - Dittfurth, Angela
A1  - Altdorff, Daniel
A1  - Dietrich, Peter
A1  - Paasche, Hendrik
T1  - Soil moisture assessment over an alpine hillslope with significant soil heterogeneity
JF  - Vadose zone journal
N2  - We strive to assess soil water content on a well-studied slow-moving hillslope in Austria. In doing so, we employ time lapse mapping of bulk electrical conductivity using a geophysical electromagnetic induction system operated at low induction numbers. This information is complemented by the acquisition of soil samples for gravimetric water content analysis during one survey campaign. Simple visual soil sample analysis reveals that the upper material in the survey area is a spatially highly variable mixture of predominately sandy, silty, clayey and organic materials. Due to this heterogeneity, classical approaches of mapping soil moisture on the basis of stationary mapping of electrical conductivity variations are not successful. Also the time-lapse approach does not allow ruling out some of the ambiguity inherent to the linkage of bulk electrical conductivity to soil water content. However, indication is found that time-lapse measurements may have supportive capabilities to identify regions of low precipitation infiltration due to high soil saturation. Furthermore, the relationship between the mean electrical conductivity averaged over a full vegetation period and an already available ecological moisture map produced by vegetation analysis is found to resemble closely the relationship observed between gravimetric soil water content and electrical conductivity during the time of sample collection except for highly organic soils. This leads us to the assumption that the relative soil moisture distribution is temporarily stable except for those areas characterized by highly organic soils.
Y1  - 2013
U6  - https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2013.01.0009
SN  - 1539-1663
VL  - 12
IS  - 4
PB  - Soil Science Society of America
CY  - Madison
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Koszinski, Sylvia
A1  - Gerke, Horst H.
A1  - Hierold, Wilfried
A1  - Sommer, Michael
T1  - Geophysical-based modeling of a kettle hole catchment of the morainic soil landscape
JF  - Vadose zone journal
N2  - Soilscapes of the post-glacial morainic regions of the youngest glaciation are characterized by small hydrological kettle hole catchments forming hummocky soil landscapes. The spatial heterogeneity of subsurface structures as well as erosion-controlled pedogenesis under arable land use may complicate hydrological modeling. Our aim was to generate a soil landscape model for a small representative kettle hole catchment based on geoelectrical exploration and soil profile information. For a 1-ha catchment located in the northeastern German lowlands near the town of Prenzlau, electrical resistivity transects were determined by a multi electrode system (IMPETUS 12 Fs) and electrical conductivity (ECa) was mapped by using the electromagnetic induction (EMI) device EM38DD in both the vertical and horizontal modes. The 1-m digital elevation model (DEM) was obtained by kriging from high resolution manual elevation data determined with a leveling device (ZEISS Ni 40). Soil profile data from 26 boreholes distributed radially around the central pond were used to identify boundaries between soil horizons. The soil is characterized by varying topography and morphology of diagnostic horizons such as M- (colluvium), Bt- (clay illuviation), and C- (parent glacial till). By EMI mapping we identified (i) the boundary between erosive and colluvial areas around the kettle hole, and modeled (ii) the subsurface morphology of loamy horizons. Electrical resistivity tomography results coincide with these findings and allow for distinguishing between sandy and loamy dominated areas both in vertical and horizontal direction, respectively. This soil model of soil textural properties could be used for hydrological modeling.
Y1  - 2013
U6  - https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2013.02.0044
SN  - 1539-1663
VL  - 12
IS  - 4
PB  - Soil Science Society of America
CY  - Madison
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Düsterhöft, Erik
A1  - de Capitani, Christian
T1  - Theriak_D - an add-on to implement equilibrium computations in geodynamic models
JF  - Geochemistry, geophysics, geosystems
N2  - This study presents the theory, applicability, and merits of the new THERIAK_D add-on for the open source Theriak/Domino software package. The add-on works as an interface between Theriak and user-generated scripts, providing the opportunity to process phase equilibrium computation parameters in a programming environment (e. g., C or MATLABV (R)). THERIAK_D supports a wide range of features such as calculating the solid rock density or testing the stability of mineral phases along any pressure-temperature (P-T) path and P-T grid. To demonstrate applicability, an example is given in which the solid rock density of a 2-D-temperature-pressure field is calculated, portraying a simplified subduction zone. Consequently, the add-on effectively combines thermodynamics and geodynamic modeling. The carefully documented examples could be easily adapted for a broad range of applications. THERIAK_D is free, and the program, user manual, and source codes may be downloaded from http://www.min.unikiel.de/similar to ed/theriakd/.
KW  - geodynamic modeling
KW  - thermodynamic modeling
KW  - Theriak/Domino
KW  - equilibrium assemblage
KW  - software
Y1  - 2013
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/ggge.20286
SN  - 1525-2027
VL  - 14
IS  - 11
SP  - 4962
EP  - 4967
PB  - American Geophysical Union
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Mischke, Steffen
A1  - Weynell, Marc
A1  - Zhang, Chengjun
A1  - Wiechert, Uwe
T1  - Spatial variability of C-14 reservoir effects in Tibetan Plateau lakes
JF  - Quaternary international : the journal of the International Union for Quaternary Research
N2  - Radiocarbon dating of lake sediments is often hampered by the presence of a lake reservoir effect (LRE, also 'dead carbon' or 'old carbon' effect) especially in dry and cold regions with a sparse plant cover in the catchment. The Tibetan Plateau became a hotspot of the palaeoenvironmental and climate research community in recent years and the assessment of present-day LREs is a crucial prerequisite for the establishment of reliable radiocarbon age depth relationships for lake sediment cores. This paper examines the spatial variability of LREs within individual lakes, through a discussion of new data for Lake Donggi Cona and a compilation of previously published data for five additional lakes where LRE data are available for different sites. Lake reservoir effects for Lake Donggi Cona on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau were determined for shells of aquatic snails collected alive close to the lake's shore. The largest determined LRE of 20,000 C-14 years is significantly larger than previously reported LREs from the central part of the lake, and larger than any previously published LRE for the Tibetan Plateau. Relatively low LREs in the central regions of lakes, higher LREs towards the margins, and high LREs in tributaries and spring waters are apparently a common pattern of Tibetan Plateau lakes. The differences in LREs within individual lakes or catchment areas are attributed to the more prolonged exchange of the lake water's dissolved inorganic carbon with the atmospheric CO2 in central lake regions on the one hand and the increasing influence of C-14 free or poor stream and groundwater due to the dissolution of carbonaceous basement rocks towards its margins. Generally higher LREs were recorded in the three tectonically active lake regions of the six examined catchments, and it is speculated that rising crustal CO2 further contributes to the LREs in these catchments. In addition to these observations and inferences, elevated C-14 levels of the atmosphere as a result of nuclear bomb testing are often ignored if LREs for modern materials are reported by convention relative to the atmospheric C-14 activity of the year 1950. LRE data reported in this way represent unrealistic minimum estimates. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA.
Y1  - 2013
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2013.01.030
SN  - 1040-6182
VL  - 313
IS  - 45
SP  - 147
EP  - 155
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Oxford
ER  -