TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wassermann, Birgit
A1  - Abdelfattah, Ahmed
A1  - Wicaksono, Wisnu Adi
A1  - Kusstatscher, Peter
A1  - Müller, Henry
A1  - Cernava, Tomislav
A1  - Goertz, Simon
A1  - Rietz, Steffen
A1  - Abbadi, Amine
A1  - Berg, Gabriele
T1  - The Brassica napus seed microbiota is cultivar-specific and transmitted via paternal breeding lines
JF  - Microbial biotechnology
N2  - Seed microbiota influence germination and plant health and have the potential to improve crop performance, but the factors that determine their structure and functions are still not fully understood. 
Here, we analysed the impact of plant-related and external factors on seed endophyte communities of 10 different oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) cultivars from 26 field sites across Europe. 

All seed lots harboured a high abundance and diversity of endophytes, which were dominated by six genera: Ralstonia, Serratia, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Pantoea, and Sphingomonas. 

The cultivar was the main factor explaining the variations in bacterial diversity, abundance and composition. In addition, the latter was significantly influenced by diverse biotic and abiotic factors, for example host germination rates and disease resistance against Plasmodiophora brassicae. 
A set of bacterial biomarkers was identified to discriminate between characteristics of the seeds, for example Sphingomonas for improved germination and Brevundimonas for disease resistance. 
Application of a Bayesian community approach suggested vertical transmission of seed endophytes, where the paternal parent plays a major role and might even determine the germination performance of the offspring. 

This study contributes to the understanding of seed microbiome assembly and underlines the potential of the microbiome to be implemented in crop breeding and biocontrol programmes.
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.14077
SN  - 1751-7915
VL  - 15
IS  - 9
SP  - 2379
EP  - 2390
PB  - Wiley
CY  - Hoboken
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Heinzel, Mirko
T1  - Divided loyalties?
BT  - the role of national IO staff in aid–funded procurement
JF  - Governance
N2  - Many operational International Organizations (IOs) rely on national staff when implementing projects in member states. However, fears persist that the loyalties of national IO staff may be divided when working in their home countries. The article studies differences in more than 50,000 procurement decisions taken in 1729 projects overseen by World Bank staff working as expatriates or in their home countries. The empirical results show that when staff work in their home countries, national suppliers' probability of winning procurement contracts increases. However, these increases are not driven by restricted procurement processes—that exclude competition—which are often seen as red flags for corruption. Instead, restricted procurement processes seem to be less likely when staff work in their home countries. These findings imply that national IO staff use their country-specific knowledge to increase the development effectiveness of procurement in line with the mandate of the World Bank.
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12650
SN  - 0952-1895
SN  - 1468-0491
VL  - 35
IS  - 4
SP  - 1183
EP  - 1203
PB  - Wiley-Blackwell
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schad, Daniel
A1  - Nicenboim, Bruno
A1  - Bürkner, Paul-Christian
A1  - Betancourt, Michael
A1  - Vasishth, Shravan
T1  - Workflow techniques for the robust use of bayes factors
JF  - Psychological methods
N2  - Inferences about hypotheses are ubiquitous in the cognitive sciences. Bayes factors provide one general way to compare different hypotheses by their compatibility with the observed data. Those quantifications can then also be used to choose between hypotheses. While Bayes factors provide an immediate approach to hypothesis testing, they are highly sensitive to details of the data/model assumptions and it's unclear whether the details of the computational implementation (such as bridge sampling) are unbiased for complex analyses. Hem, we study how Bayes factors misbehave under different conditions. This includes a study of errors in the estimation of Bayes factors; the first-ever use of simulation-based calibration to test the accuracy and bias of Bayes factor estimates using bridge sampling; a study of the stability of Bayes factors against different MCMC draws and sampling variation in the data; and a look at the variability of decisions based on Bayes factors using a utility function. We outline a Bayes factor workflow that researchers can use to study whether Bayes factors are robust for their individual analysis. Reproducible code is available from haps://osf.io/y354c/. <br /> Translational Abstract <br /> In psychology and related areas, scientific hypotheses are commonly tested by asking questions like "is [some] effect present or absent." Such hypothesis testing is most often carried out using frequentist null hypothesis significance testing (NIIST). The NHST procedure is very simple: It usually returns a p-value, which is then used to make binary decisions like "the effect is present/abscnt." For example, it is common to see studies in the media that draw simplistic conclusions like "coffee causes cancer," or "coffee reduces the chances of geuing cancer." However, a powerful and more nuanced alternative approach exists: Bayes factors. Bayes factors have many advantages over NHST. However, for the complex statistical models that arc commonly used for data analysis today, computing Bayes factors is not at all a simple matter. In this article, we discuss the main complexities associated with computing Bayes factors. This is the first article to provide a detailed workflow for understanding and computing Bayes factors in complex statistical models. The article provides a statistically more nuanced way to think about hypothesis testing than the overly simplistic tendency to declare effects as being "present" or "absent".
KW  - Bayes factors
KW  - Bayesian model comparison
KW  - prior
KW  - posterior
KW  - simulation-based calibration
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000472
SN  - 1082-989X
SN  - 1939-1463
VL  - 28
IS  - 6
SP  - 1404
EP  - 1426
PB  - American Psychological Association
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Baccini, Leonardo
A1  - Heinzel, Mirko
A1  - Koenig-Archibugi, Mathias
T1  - The social construction of global health priorities
BT  - an empirical analysis of contagion in bilateral health aid
JF  - International studies quarterly
N2  - Donors of development assistance for health typically provide funding for a range of disease focus areas, such as maternal health and child health, malaria, HIV/AIDS, and other infectious diseases. But funding for each disease category does not match closely its contribution to the disability and loss of life it causes and the cost-effectiveness of interventions. We argue that peer influences in the social construction of global health priorities contribute to explaining this misalignment. Aid policy-makers are embedded in a social environment encompassing other donors, health experts, advocacy groups, and international officials. This social environment influences the conceptual and normative frameworks of decision-makers, which in turn affect their funding priorities. Aid policy-makers are especially likely to emulate decisions on funding priorities taken by peers with whom they are most closely involved in the context of expert and advocacy networks. We draw on novel data on donor connectivity through health IGOs and health INGOs and assess the argument by applying spatial regression models to health aid disbursed globally between 1990 and 2017. The analysis provides strong empirical support for our argument that the involvement in overlapping expert and advocacy networks shapes funding priorities regarding disease categories and recipient countries in health aid.
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqab092
SN  - 0020-8833
SN  - 1468-2478
VL  - 66
IS  - 1
PB  - Oxford University Press
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Jozi Najafabadi, Azam
A1  - Haberland, Christian
A1  - Ryberg, Trond
A1  - Verwater, Vincent F.
A1  - Breton, Eline le
A1  - Handy, Mark R.
A1  - Weber, Michael
T1  - Relocation of earthquakes in the southern and eastern Alps (Austria, Italy) recorded by the dense, temporary SWATH-D network using a Markov chain Monte Carlo inversion
JF  - Solid earth : SE ; an interaktive open access journal of the European Geosciences Union
N2  - In this study, we analyzed a large seismological dataset from temporary and permanent networks in the southern and eastern Alps to establish high-precision hypocenters and 1-D V-P and V-P/V-S models. The waveform data of a subset of local earthquakes with magnitudes in the range of 1-4.2 M-L were recorded by the dense, temporary SWATH-D network and selected stations of the AlpArray network between September 2017 and the end of 2018. The first arrival times of P and S waves of earthquakes are determined by a semi-automatic procedure. We applied a Markov chain Monte Carlo inversion method to simultaneously calculate robust hypocenters, a 1-D velocity model, and station corrections without prior assumptions, such as initial velocity models or earthquake locations. A further advantage of this method is the derivation of the model parameter uncertainties and noise levels of the data. The precision estimates of the localization procedure is checked by inverting a synthetic travel time dataset from a complex 3-D velocity model and by using the real stations and earthquakes geometry. The location accuracy is further investigated by a quarry blast test. The average uncertainties of the locations of the earthquakes are below 500m in their epicenter and similar to 1.7 km in depth. The earthquake distribution reveals seismicity in the upper crust (0-20 km), which is characterized by pronounced clusters along the Alpine frontal thrust, e.g., the Friuli-Venetia (FV) region, the Giudicarie-Lessini (GL) and Schio-Vicenza domains, the Austroalpine nappes, and the Inntal area. Some seismicity also occurs along the Periadriatic Fault. The general pattern of seismicity reflects head-on convergence of the Adriatic indenter with the Alpine orogenic crust. The seismicity in the FV and GL regions is deeper than the modeled frontal thrusts, which we interpret as indication for southward propagation of the southern Alpine deformation front (blind thrusts).
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1087-2021
SN  - 1869-9529
VL  - 12
IS  - 5
SP  - 1087
EP  - 1109
PB  - Copernicus
CY  - Göttingen
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Genderjahn, Steffi
A1  - Lewin, Simon
A1  - Horn, Fabian
A1  - Schleicher, Anja M.
A1  - Mangelsdorf, Kai
A1  - Wagner, Dirk
T1  - Living lithic and sublithic bacterial communities in Namibian drylands
JF  - Microorganisms : open access journal
N2  - Dryland xeric conditions exert a deterministic effect on microbial communities, forcing life into refuge niches. Deposited rocks can form a lithic niche for microorganisms in desert regions. Mineral weathering is a key process in soil formation and the importance of microbial-driven mineral weathering for nutrient extraction is increasingly accepted. Advances in geobiology provide insight into the interactions between microorganisms and minerals that play an important role in weathering processes. In this study, we present the examination of the microbial diversity in dryland rocks from the Tsauchab River banks in Namibia. We paired culture-independent 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing with culture-dependent (isolation of bacteria) techniques to assess the community structure and diversity patterns. Bacteria isolated from dryland rocks are typical of xeric environments and are described as being involved in rock weathering processes. For the first time, we extracted extra- and intracellular DNA from rocks to enhance our understanding of potentially rock-weathering microorganisms. We compared the microbial community structure in different rock types (limestone, quartz-rich sandstone and quartz-rich shale) with adjacent soils below the rocks. Our results indicate differences in the living lithic and sublithic microbial communities.
KW  - lithobiont
KW  - intracellular DNA
KW  - extracellular DNA
KW  - weathering
KW  - dryland
KW  - rock
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020235
SN  - 2076-2607
VL  - 9
IS  - 2
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Heinzel, Mirko
A1  - Koenig-Archibugi, Mathias
T1  - Harmful side effects
BT  - how government restrictions against transnational civil society affect global health
JF  - British journal of political science
N2  - Governments have increasingly adopted laws restricting the activities of international non-governmental organizations INGOs within their borders. Such laws are often intended to curb the ability of critical INGOs to discover and communicate government failures and abuses to domestic and international audiences. They can also have the unintended effect of reducing the presence and activities of INGOs working on health issues, and depriving local health workers and organizations of access to resources, knowledge and other forms of support. This study assesses whether legislative restrictions on INGOs are associated with fewer health INGOs in a wide range of countries and with the ability of those countries to mitigate disability-adjusted life years lost because of twenty-one disease categories between 1993 and 2017. The findings indicate that restrictive legislation hampered efforts by civil society to lighten the global burden of disease and had adverse side effects on the health of citizens worldwide.
KW  - international non-governmental organizations
KW  - INGOs
KW  - restrictions to civil society
KW  - closing civic space
KW  - authoritarianism
KW  - health services
KW  - global health
KW  - burden of disease
KW  - disability-adjusted life years
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123422000564
SN  - 0007-1234
SN  - 1469-2112
VL  - 53
IS  - 4
SP  - 1293
EP  - 1310
PB  - Cambridge University Press
CY  - Cambridge
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Macdonald, Elena
A1  - Merz, Bruno
A1  - Guse, Björn
A1  - Wietzke, Luzie
A1  - Ullrich, Sophie
A1  - Kemter, Matthias
A1  - Ahrens, Bodo
A1  - Vorogushyn, Sergiy
T1  - Event and catchment controls of heavy tail behavior of floods
JF  - Water resources research
N2  - In some catchments, the distribution of annual maximum streamflow shows heavy tail behavior, meaning the occurrence probability of extreme events is higher than if the upper tail decayed exponentially. Neglecting heavy tail behavior can lead to an underestimation of the likelihood of extreme floods and the associated risk. Partly contradictory results regarding the controls of heavy tail behavior exist in the literature and the knowledge is still very dispersed and limited. To better understand the drivers, we analyze the upper tail behavior and its controls for 480 catchments in Germany and Austria over a period of more than 50 years. The catchments span from quickly reacting mountain catchments to large lowland catchments, allowing for general conclusions. We compile a wide range of event and catchment characteristics and investigate their association with an indicator of the tail heaviness of flood distributions, namely the shape parameter of the GEV distribution. Following univariate analyses of these characteristics, along with an evaluation of different aggregations of event characteristics, multiple linear regression models, as well as random forests, are constructed. A novel slope indicator, which represents the relation between the return period of flood peaks and event characteristics, captures the controls of heavy tails best. Variables describing the catchment response are found to dominate the heavy tail behavior, followed by event precipitation, flood seasonality, and catchment size. The pre-event moisture state in a catchment has no relevant impact on the tail heaviness even though it does influence flood magnitudes.
KW  - heavy tail behavior
KW  - floods
KW  - event characteristics
KW  - catchment
KW  - characteristics
KW  - catchment response
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1029/2021WR031260
SN  - 0043-1397
SN  - 1944-7973
VL  - 58
IS  - 6
PB  - American Geophysical Union
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Ashton, Gregory
A1  - Dietrich, Tim
T1  - The use of hypermodels to understand binary neutron star collisions
JF  - Nature astronomy
N2  - Gravitational waves from the collision of binary neutron stars provide a unique opportunity to study the behaviour of supranuclear matter, the fundamental properties of gravity and the cosmic history of our Universe. However, given the complexity of Einstein's field equations, theoretical models that enable source-property inference suffer from systematic uncertainties due to simplifying assumptions. We develop a hypermodel approach to compare and measure the uncertainty of gravitational-wave approximants. Using state-of-the-art models, we apply this new technique to the binary neutron star observations GW170817 and GW190425 and to the sub-threshold candidate GW200311_103121. Our analysis reveals subtle systematic differences (with Bayesian odds of similar to 2) between waveform models. A frequency-dependence study suggests that this may be due to the treatment of the tidal sector. This new technique provides a proving ground for model development and a means to identify waveform systematics in future observing runs where detector improvements will increase the number and clarity of binary neutron star collisions we observe.
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-022-01707-x
SN  - 2397-3366
VL  - 6
IS  - 8
SP  - 961
EP  - 967
PB  - Nature portfolio
CY  - Berlin
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Mazzone, Angela
A1  - Wachs, Sebastian
A1  - Foody, Mairead
A1  - Blaya, Catherine
T1  - Editorial: A connected or isolated generation?
BT  - the impact of positive and harmful online communications on children and adolescents' wellbeing
JF  - Frontiers in education
KW  - children
KW  - adolescents
KW  - wellbeing
KW  - internet use
KW  - sharenting
KW  - cyberbullying
KW  - onlineharmful experiences
KW  - COVID-19 pandemic
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.999028
SN  - 2504-284X
VL  - 7
PB  - Frontiers Media
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Borghi, Anna M.
A1  - Shaki, Samuel
A1  - Fischer, Martin H.
T1  - Abstract concepts: external influences, internal constraints, and methodological issues
JF  - Psychological research : an international journal of perception, attention, memory, and action
N2  - There is a longstanding and widely held misconception about the relative remoteness of abstract concepts from concrete experiences. This review examines the current evidence for external influences and internal constraints on the processing, representation, and use of abstract concepts, like truth, friendship, and number. We highlight the theoretical benefit of distinguishing between grounded and embodied cognition and then ask which roles do perception, action, language, and social interaction play in acquiring, representing and using abstract concepts. By reviewing several studies, we show that they are, against the accepted definition, not detached from perception and action. Focussing on magnitude-related concepts, we also discuss evidence for cultural influences on abstract knowledge and explore how internal processes such as inner speech, metacognition, and inner bodily signals (interoception) influence the acquisition and retrieval of abstract knowledge. Finally, we discuss some methodological developments. Specifically, we focus on the importance of studies that investigate the time course of conceptual processing and we argue that, because of the paramount role of sociality for abstract concepts, new methods are necessary to study concepts in interactive situations. We conclude that bodily, linguistic, and social constraints provide important theoretical limitations for our theories of conceptual knowledge.
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-022-01698-4
SN  - 0340-0727
SN  - 1430-2772
VL  - 86
SP  - 2370
EP  - 2388
PB  - Springer
CY  - Heidelberg
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Nakoudi, Konstantina
A1  - Stachlewska, Iwona S.
A1  - Ritter, Christoph
T1  - An extended lidar-based cirrus cloud retrieval scheme
BT  - first application over an Arctic site
JF  - Optics express : the international electronic journal of optics / Optica
N2  - Accurate and precise characterization of cirrus cloud geometrical and optical properties is essential for better constraining their radiative footprint. A lidar-based retrieval scheme is proposed here, with its performance assessed on fine spatio-temporal observations over the Arctic site of Ny-Alesund, Svalbard. Two contributions related to cirrus geometrical (dynamic Wavelet Covariance Transform (WCT)) and optical properties (constrained Klett) are reported. The dynamic WCT rendered cirrus detection more robust, especially for thin cirrus layers that frequently remained undetected by the classical WCT method. Regarding optical characterization, we developed an iterative scheme for determining the cirrus lidar ratio (LRci) that is a crucial parameter for aerosol - cloud discrimination. Building upon the Klett-Fernald method, the LRci was constrained by an additional reference value. In established methods, such as the double-ended Klett, an aerosol-free reference value is applied. In the proposed constrained Klett, however, the reference value was approximated from cloud-free or low cloud optical depth (COD up to 0.2) profiles and proved to agree with independent Raman estimates. For optically thin cirrus, the constrained Klett inherent uncertainties reached 50% (60-74%) in terms of COD (LRci). However, for opaque cirrus COD (LRci) uncertainties were lower than 10% (15%). The detection method discrepancies (dynamic versus static WCT) had a higher impact on the optical properties of low COD layers (up to 90%) compared to optically thicker ones (less than 10%). The constrained Klett presented high agreement with two established retrievals. For an exemplary cirrus cloud, the constrained Klett estimated the COD355 (LRci355) at 0.28 +/- 0.17 (29 +/- 4 sr), the double-ended Klett at 0.27 +/- 0.15 (32 +/- 4 sr) and the Raman retrievals at 0.22 +/- 0.12 (26 +/- 11 sr). Our approach to determine the necessary reference value can also be applied in established methods and increase their accuracy. In contrast, the classical aerosol-free assumption led to 44 sr LRci overestimation in optically thin layers and 2-8 sr in thicker ones. The multiple scattering effect was corrected using Eloranta (1998) and accounted for 50-60% extinction underestimation near the cloud base and 20-30% within the cirrus layers.
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.414770
SN  - 1094-4087
VL  - 29
IS  - 6
SP  - 8553
EP  - 8580
PB  - Optical Society of America
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schultze, Dina
A1  - Wirth, Richard
A1  - Wunder, Bernd
A1  - Loges, Anselm
A1  - Wilke, Max
A1  - Franz, Gerhard
T1  - Corundum-quartz metastability
BT  - the influence of a nanometer-sized phase on mineral equilibria in the system Al2O3-SiO2-H2O
JF  - Contributions to mineralogy and petrology
N2  - The metastable paragenesis of corundum and quartz is rare in nature but common in laboratory experiments where according to thermodynamic predictions aluminum-silicate polymorphs should form. We demonstrate here that the existence of a hydrous, silicon-bearing, nanometer-thick layer (called "HSNL") on the corundum surface can explain this metastability in experimental studies without invoking unspecific kinetic inhibition. We investigated experimentally formed corundum reaction products synthesized during hydrothermal and piston-cylinder experiments at 500-800 degrees C and 0.25-1.8 GPa and found that this HSNL formed inside and on the corundum crystals, thereby controlling the growth behavior of its host. The HSNL represents a substitution of Al with Si and H along the basal plane of corundum. Along the interface of corundum and quartz, the HSNL effectively isolates the bulk phases corundum and quartz from each other, thus apparently preventing their reaction to the stable aluminum silicate. High temperatures and prolonged experimental duration lead to recrystallization of corundum including the HSNL and to the formation of quartz + fluid inclusions inside the host crystal. This process reduces the phase boundary area between the bulk phases, thereby providing further opportunity to expand their coexistence. In addition to its small size, its transient nature makes it difficult to detect the HSNL in experiments and even more so in natural samples. Our findings emphasize the potential impact of nanometer-sized phases on geochemical reaction pathways and kinetics under metamorphic conditions in one of the most important chemical systems of the Earth's crust.
KW  - Experimental
KW  - Metastability
KW  - Corundum
KW  - Quartz
KW  - Nanolayers
KW  - Aluminium– silicates
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-021-01786-5
SN  - 0010-7999
SN  - 1432-0967
VL  - 176
IS  - 4
PB  - Springer
CY  - Berlin ; Heidelberg
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Hoffmann, Holger
A1  - Ott, Christiane
A1  - Raupbach, Jana
A1  - Andernach, Lars
A1  - Renz, Matthias
A1  - Grune, Tilman
A1  - Hanschen, Franziska S.
T1  - Assessing bioavailability and bioactivity of 4-Hydroxythiazolidine-2-Thiones, newly discovered glucosinolate degradation products formed during domestic boiling of cabbage
JF  - Frontiers in nutrition
N2  - Glucosinolates are plant secondary metabolites found in cruciferous vegetables (Brassicaceae) that are valued for their potential health benefits. Frequently consumed representatives of these vegetables, for example, are white or red cabbage, which are typically boiled before consumption. Recently, 3-alk(en)yl-4-hydroxythiazolidine-2-thiones were identified as a class of thermal glucosinolate degradation products that are formed during the boiling of cabbage. Since these newly discovered compounds are frequently consumed, this raises questions about their potential uptake and their possible bioactive functions. Therefore, 3-allyl-4-hydroxythiazolidine-2-thione (allyl HTT) and 4-hydroxy-3-(4-(methylsulfinyl) butyl)thiazolidine-2-thione (4-MSOB HTT) as degradation products of the respective glucosinolates sinigrin and glucoraphanin were investigated. After consumption of boiled red cabbage broth, recoveries of consumed amounts of the degradation products in urine collected for 24 h were 18 +/- 5% for allyl HTT and 21 +/- 4% for 4-MSOB HTT (mean +/- SD, n = 3). To investigate the stability of the degradation products during uptake and to elucidate the uptake mechanism, both an in vitro stomach and an in vitro intestinal model were applied. The results indicate that the uptake of allyl HTT and 4-MSOB HTT occurs by passive diffusion. Both compounds show no acute cell toxicity, no antioxidant potential, and no change in NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone 1 (NQO1) activity up to 100 mu M. However, inhibition of glycogen synthase kinases-3 (GSK-3) in the range of 20% for allyl HTT for the isoform GSK-3 beta and 29% for 4-MSOB HTT for the isoform GSK-3 alpha at a concentration of 100 mu M was found. Neither health-promoting nor toxic effects of 3-alk(en)yl-4-hydroxythiazolidine-2-thiones were found in the four tested assays carried out in this study, which contrasts with the properties of other glucosinolate degradation products, such as isothiocyanates.
KW  - stomach model
KW  - glycogen synthase kinase-3
KW  - cytotoxicity
KW  - antioxidant potential
KW  - intestinal model
KW  - cellular uptake
KW  - isothiocyanate
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.941286
SN  - 2296-861X
VL  - 9
PB  - Frontiers Media
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Jamalreyhani, Mohammadreza
A1  - Rezapour, Mehdi
A1  - Cesca, Simone
A1  - Dahm, Torsten
A1  - Heimann, Sebastian
A1  - Sudhaus, Henriette
A1  - Isken, Marius Paul
T1  - Insight into the 2017-2019 Lurestan arc seismic sequence (Zagros, Iran); complex earthquake interaction in the basement and sediments
JF  - Geophysical journal international
N2  - Despite its high-seismogenic potential, the details of the seismogenic processes of Zagros Simply Folded Belt (SFB) remains debated. Three large earthquakes (M-w 7.3, 5.9 and 6.3) struck in the Lurestan arc of the Zagros SFB in 2017 and 2018. The sequence was recorded by seismic stations at regional, and teleseismic distances. Coseismic surface displacements, measured by Sentinel-1A/B satellites, provide additional data and a unique opportunity to study these earthquakes in detail. Here, we complement previous studies of the coseismic slip distribution of the 12 November 2017 M-w 7.3 Ezgeleh earthquake by a detailed analysis of its aftershocks, and we analysed the rupture process of the two interrelated earthquakes (25 August 2018 M-w 5.9 Tazehabad and the 25 November 2018 M-w 6.3 Sarpol-e Zahab earthquakes). We model the surface displacements obtained from Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) measurements and seismic records. We conduct non-linear probabilistic optimizations based on joint InSAR and seismic data to obtain finite-fault rupture of these earthquakes. The Lurestan arc earthquakes were followed by a sustained aftershock activity, with 133 aftershocks exceeding M-n 4.0 until 30 December 2019. We rely on the permanent seismic networks of Iran and Iraq to relocate similar to 700 M-n 3 + events and estimate moment tensor solutions for 85 aftershocks down to M-w 4.0. The 2017 Ezgeleh earthquake has been considered to activate a low-angle (similar to 17 degrees) dextral-thrust fault at the depth of 10-20 km. However, most of its aftershocks have shallow centroid depths (8-12 km). The joint interpretation of finite source models, moment tensor and hypocentral location indicate that the 2018 Tazehabad and Sarpol-e Zahab earthquakes ruptured different strike-slip structures, providing evidence for the activation of the sinistral and dextral strike-slip faults, respectively. The deformation in the Lurestan arc is seismically accommodated by a complex fault system involving both thrust and strike-slip faults. Knowledge about the deformation characteristics is important for the understanding of crustal shortening, faulting and hazard and risk assessment in this region.
KW  - Joint Inversion
KW  - Waveform inversion
KW  - Earthquake source observations
KW  - Seismicity and tectonics
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggac057
SN  - 0956-540X
SN  - 1365-246X
VL  - 230
IS  - 1
SP  - 114
EP  - 130
PB  - Oxford Univ. Press
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Ramos-Larios, Gerardo
A1  - Toala, Jesús Alberto
A1  - Rodriguez-Gonzalez, Janis B.
A1  - Guerrero, Martin A.
A1  - Gomez-Gonzalez, Víctor Mauricio Alfonso
T1  - Rings and arcs around evolved stars - III. Physical conditions of the ring-like structures in the planetary nebula IC 4406 revealed by MUSE
JF  - Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
N2  - We present the analysis of Very Large Telescope Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) observations of the planetary nebula (PN) IC 4406. MUSE images in key emission lines are used to unveil the presence of at least five ring-like structures north and south of the main nebula of IC4406. MUSE spectra are extracted from the rings to unambiguously assess for the first time in a PN their physical conditions, electron density (n(e)), and temperature (T-e). The rings are found to have similar T-e as the rim of the main nebula, but smaller n(e). Ratios between different ionic species suggest that the rings of IC4406 have a lower ionization state than the main cavity, in contrast to what was suggested for the rings in NGC 6543, the Cat's Eye Nebula.
KW  - stars: evolution
KW  - stars: winds, outflows
KW  - planetary nebulae: general;
KW  - planetary nebulae: individual: IC4406
Y1  - 2022
SN  - 0035-8711
SN  - 1365-2966
VL  - 513
IS  - 2
SP  - 2862
EP  - 2868
PB  - Oxford Univ. Press
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Dworkin, Emily R.
A1  - Krahé, Barbara
A1  - Zinzow, Heidi
T1  - The global prevalence of sexual assault
BT  - a systematic review of international research since 2010
JF  - Psychology of violence
N2  - Objective:
We present a review of peer-reviewed English-language studies conducted outside the United States and Canada on the prevalence of sexual assault victimization in adolescence and adulthood published since 2010. 

Method:
A systematic literature search yielded 32 articles reporting on 45 studies from 29 countries. Studies that only provided prevalence estimates for sexual assault in intimate relationships or did not present separate rates for men and women were excluded. All studies were coded by two coders, and a risk of bias score was calculated for each study. Both past-year and prevalence rates covering longer periods were extracted. 

Results:
The largest number of studies came from Europe (n = 21), followed by Africa (n = 11), Asia, and Latin America (n = 6 each). One study came from the Middle East and no studies were found from Oceania. Across the 22 studies that reported past-year prevalence rates, figures ranged from 0% to 59.2% for women, 0.3% to 55.5% for men, and 1.5% to 18.2% for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) samples. The average risk of bias score was 5.7 out of 10. Studies varied widely in methodology. 

Conclusion:
Despite regional variation, most studies indicate that sexual assault is widespread. More sustained, systematic, and coordinated research efforts are needed to gauge the scale of sexual assault in different parts of the world and to develop prevention measures.
KW  - sexual assault
KW  - rape
KW  - international
KW  - review
KW  - sexual minority
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000374
SN  - 2152-0828
SN  - 2152-081X
VL  - 11
IS  - 5
SP  - 497
EP  - 508
PB  - American Psychological Association
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Hartmann, Eddie
A1  - Lang, Felix
A1  - Arneth, Sabrina
T1  - Eskalation in Tweets
BT  - die Rolle sozialer Medien
JF  - Schriftenreihe der Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung
Y1  - 2023
SN  - 978-3-7425-1043-3
VL  - 11043
SP  - 108
EP  - 118
PB  - Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung
CY  - Bonn
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Melchert, Jan Olaf
A1  - Wischhöfer, Philipp
A1  - Knoblauch, Christian
A1  - Eckhardt, Tim
A1  - Liebner, Susanne
A1  - Rethemeyer, Janet
T1  - Sources of CO2 Produced in Freshly Thawed Pleistocene-Age Yedoma Permafrost
JF  - Frontiers in Earth Science
N2  - The release of greenhouse gases from the large organic carbon stock in permafrost deposits in the circumarctic regions may accelerate global warming upon thaw. The extent of this positive climate feedback is thought to be largely controlled by the microbial degradability of the organic matter preserved in these sediments. In addition, weathering and oxidation processes may release inorganic carbon preserved in permafrost sediments as CO2, which is generally not accounted for. We used C-13 and C-14 analysis and isotopic mass balances to differentiate and quantify organic and inorganic carbon released as CO2 in the field from an active retrogressive thaw slump of Pleistocene-age Yedoma and during a 1.5-years incubation experiment. The results reveal that the dominant source of the CO2 released from freshly thawed Yedoma exposed as thaw mound is Pleistocene-age organic matter (48-80%) and to a lesser extent modern organic substrate (3-34%). A significant portion of the CO2 originated from inorganic carbon in the Yedoma (17-26%). The mixing of young, active layer material with Yedoma at a site on the slump floor led to the preferential mineralization of this young organic carbon source. Admixtures of younger organic substrates in the Yedoma thaw mound were small and thus rapidly consumed as shown by lower contributions to the CO2 produced during few weeks of aerobic incubation at 4 degrees C corresponding to approximately one thaw season. Future CO2 fluxes from the freshly thawed Yedoma will contain higher proportions of ancient inorganic (22%) and organic carbon (61-78%) as suggested by the results at the end, after 1.5 years of incubation. The increasing contribution of inorganic carbon during the incubation is favored by the accumulation of organic acids from microbial organic matter degradation resulting in lower pH values and, in consequence, in inorganic carbon dissolution. Because part of the inorganic carbon pool is assumed to be of pedogenic origin, these emissions would ultimately not alter carbon budgets. The results of this study highlight the preferential degradation of younger organic substrates in freshly thawed Yedoma, if available, and a substantial release of CO2 from inorganic sources.
KW  - yedoma ice complex
KW  - permafost
KW  - carbon cycle
KW  - climat change
KW  - thermokarst
KW  - radiocarbon
KW  - greenhouse gas
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.737237
SN  - 2296-6463
VL  - 9
PB  - Frontiers Media
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Cruces-Zabala, José Alejandro
A1  - Ritter, Oliver
A1  - Weckmann, Ute
A1  - Tietze, Kristina
A1  - Meqbel, Naser M.
A1  - Audemard, Franck
A1  - Schmitz, Michael
T1  - Three-dimensional magnetotelluric imaging of the Merida Andes, Venezuela
JF  - Journal of South American earth sciences
N2  - The 100 km wide Merida Andes extend from the Colombian/Venezuelan border to the Coastal Cordillera. The mountain chain and its associated major strike-slip fault systems in western Venezuela formed due to oblique convergence of the Caribbean with the South American Plates and the north-eastwards expulsion of the North Andean Block. Due to the limited knowledge of lithospheric structures related to the formation of the Merida Andes research projects have been developed to illuminate this zone with deep geophysical data. In this study, we present three-dimensional inversion of broadband magnetotelluric data, collected along a 240 km long profile crossing the Merida Andes and the Maracaibo and Barinas-Apure foreland basins. The distribution of the stations limits resolution of the model to off-profile features. Combining 3D inversion of synthetic data sets derived from 3D modelling with 3D inversion of measured data, we could derive a 10 to 15 km wide corridor with good lateral resolution to develop hypotheses about the origin of deep-reaching anomalies of high electrical conductivity. The Merida Andes appear generally as electrically resistive structures, separated by anomalies associated with the most important fault systems of the region, the Bocono and Valera faults. Sensitivity tests suggest that the Valera Fault reaches to depths of up to 12 km and the Bocono Fault to more than 35 km depth. Both structures are connected to a sizeable conductor located east of the profile at 12-15 km depth. We propose that the high conductivity associated with this off-profile conductor may be related to the detachment of the Trujillo Block. We also identified a conductive zone that correlates spatially with the location of a gravity low, possibly representing a SE tilt of the Maracaibo Triangular Block under the mountain chain to great depths (>30 km). The relevance of these tectonic blocks in our models at crustal depths seems to be consistent with proposed theories that describe the geodynamics of western Venezuela as dominated by floating blocks or orogens. Our results stress the importance of the Trujillo Block for the current tectonic evolution of western Venezuela and confirm the relevance of the Bocono Fault carrying deformation to the lower crust and upper mantle. The Barinas-Apure and the Maracaibo sedimentary basins are imaged as electrically conductive with depths of 4 to 5 km and 5 to 10 km, respectively. The Barinas-Apure basin is imaged as a simple 1D structure, in contrast to the Maracaibo Basin, where a series of conductive and resistive bodies could be related to active deformation causing the juxtaposition of older geological formations and younger basin sediments.
KW  - Magnetotellurics
KW  - Merida Andes
KW  - Geodynamics
KW  - Trujillo Block
KW  - Chain structure
KW  - Strike-slip faults
KW  - Bocono
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2022.103711
SN  - 0895-9811
SN  - 1873-0647
VL  - 114
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Oxford
ER  -