TY - JOUR A1 - Xu, Ying T1 - Study on transport mechanism of m5C-edited mRNAs Y1 - 2022 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Adair, Gigi A1 - McLaughlin, Carly T1 - Beyond humanitarianism BT - reading counternarratives of forced migration from the global south JF - Narrating Flight and Asylum Y1 - 2022 SN - 978-3-86821-965-4 SP - 165 EP - 182 PB - Trier CY - WVT Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vilk, Ohad A1 - Aghion, Erez A1 - Avgar, Tal A1 - Beta, Carsten A1 - Nagel, Oliver A1 - Sabri, Adal A1 - Sarfati, Raphael A1 - Schwartz, Daniel K. A1 - Weiß, Matthias A1 - Krapf, Diego A1 - Nathan, Ran A1 - Metzler, Ralf A1 - Assaf, Michael T1 - Unravelling the origins of anomalous diffusion BT - from molecules to migrating storks JF - Physical review research / American Physical Society N2 - Anomalous diffusion or, more generally, anomalous transport, with nonlinear dependence of the mean-squared displacement on the measurement time, is ubiquitous in nature. It has been observed in processes ranging from microscopic movement of molecules to macroscopic, large-scale paths of migrating birds. Using data from multiple empirical systems, spanning 12 orders of magnitude in length and 8 orders of magnitude in time, we employ a method to detect the individual underlying origins of anomalous diffusion and transport in the data. This method decomposes anomalous transport into three primary effects: long-range correlations (“Joseph effect”), fat-tailed probability density of increments (“Noah effect”), and nonstationarity (“Moses effect”). We show that such a decomposition of real-life data allows us to infer nontrivial behavioral predictions and to resolve open questions in the fields of single-particle tracking in living cells and movement ecology. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.4.033055 SN - 2643-1564 VL - 4 IS - 3 PB - American Physical Society CY - College Park, MD ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Waller, Nicole T1 - Marronage or underground? BT - the black geographies of Colson Whitehead's The Underground Railroad and Ta-Nehisi Coates's The Water Dancer JF - MELUS : multi-ethnic literature of the U.S. / Society for the Study of the Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States N2 - I combine a reading of contemporary scholarship on US maroon histories and the Underground Railroad—and the concomitant notions of marronage and the underground—with a reading of two recent works of African American literature: Colson Whitehead’s The Underground Railroad (2016) and Ta-Nehisi Coates’s The Water Dancer (2019). Foregrounding the idea of Black geographies as a form of placemaking and “thinking otherwise” about land and water, I suggest that despite the differing, and at times contrasting, trajectories of maroon histories and the histories of Black flight to the North, African American maroon experiences and the Underground Railroad are conceptually connected in contemporary African American literature. I read the two novels as recent literary expressions of this conceptual link, which is played out via representations of relating to the land. By reimagining and intertwining marronage and the underground, both novels articulate a critique of settler-colonial and plantation modes of spatial practice, modes they identify as formative for US-American nationhood. They also, tentatively but forcefully, gesture toward alternative ways of being “above” and “below” the land while affirming African American connectedness to place. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/melus/mlac021 SN - 0163-755X SN - 1946-3170 VL - 47 IS - 1 SP - 45 EP - 70 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Penschke, Christopher A1 - Edler von Zander, Robert A1 - Beqiraj, Alkit A1 - Zehle, Anna A1 - Jahn, Nicolas A1 - Neumann, Rainer A1 - Saalfrank, Peter T1 - Water on porous, nitrogen-containing layered carbon materials BT - the performance of computational model chemistries JF - Physical chemistry, chemical physics : PCCP ; a journal of European chemical societies / RSC, Royal Society of Chemistry N2 - Porous, layered materials containing sp(2)-hybridized carbon and nitrogen atoms, offer through their tunable properties, a versatile route towards tailormade catalysts for electrochemistry and photochemistry. A key molecule interacting with these quasi two-dimensional materials (2DM) is water, and a photo(electro)chemical key reaction catalyzed by them, is water splitting into H-2 and O-2, with the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) as half reactions. The complexity of some C/N-based 2DM in contact with water raises special needs for their theoretical modelling, which in turn is needed for rational design of C/N-based catalysts. In this work, three classes of C/N-containing porous 2DM with varying pore sizes and C/N ratios, namely graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), C2N, and poly(heptazine imides) (PHI), are studied with various computational methods. We elucidate the performance of different models and model chemistries (the combination of electronic structure method and basis set) for water and water fragment adsorption in the low-coverage regime. Further, properties related to the photo(electro)chemical activity like electrochemical overpotentials, band gaps, and optical excitation energies are in our focus. Specifically, periodic models will be tested vs. cluster models, and density functional theory (DFT) vs. wavefunction theory (WFT). This work serves as a basis for a systematic study of trends for the photo(electro)chemical activity of C/N-containing layered materials as a function of water content, pore size and density. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/d2cp00657j SN - 1463-9076 SN - 1463-9084 VL - 24 IS - 24 SP - 14709 EP - 14726 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Eccard, Jana T1 - Can rolling composite wildflower blocks increase biodiversity in agricultural landscapes better than wildflowers strips? JF - Journal of applied ecology : an official journal of the British Ecological Society N2 - Biodiversity and abundance of wildlife has dramatically declined in agricultural landscapes. Sown, short-lived wildflower (WF) strips along the margins of crop fields are a widespread and often subsidised in agri-environmental schemes, intended to enhance biodiversity, provide refuges for wild plant and arthropod populations and to provide ecosystem services to crops. Meanwhile, WF elements are also criticised, since their functionality decreases with plant succession, the removal of aged WF strip poses an ecological trap for the attracted arthropod populations and only common and mobile species benefit. Further, insects in WF strips are impacted by pesticides from agricultural fields due to shared boundaries with crop fields and by edge effects. The performance of the measure could be improved by combining several WF strips of different successional stages, each harbouring a unique community of plants and arthropods, into persistent, composite WF block, where successional stages exist in parallel. Monitoring data on many taxa in the literature shows, that a third of species are temporarily present in an ageing WF stip, thus offering composite WF blocks should increase cumulative species richness by 28%-39% compared to annual richness in WF strips. Persistence of composite WF blocks would offer reliable refuge for animal and plant populations, also supporting their predators and herbivores. Further, WF blocks have less boundaries to crops compared to WF strips of the same area, and are less impacted by edge effects and pesticides. Policy implications. Here I suggest a change of conservation practice changing from successional WF strips to composite WF blocks. By regular removal and replacement of aged WF strips either within the block (rotational) or at its margins (rolling), the habitat heterogeneity in composite WF block could be perpetuated. Rolling composite WF blocks change locations over years, and the original location can be reconverted to arable land while a nearby WF block is still available to wildlife. A change in agricultural schemes would be necessary, since in some European countries clustered WF strips are explicitly not subsidised. KW - AES KW - agriculture KW - biodiversity KW - CAP KW - conservation scheme KW - field margins KW - insects Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14147 SN - 0021-8901 SN - 1365-2664 VL - 59 IS - 5 SP - 1172 EP - 1177 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lood, Kajsa A1 - Tikk, Triin A1 - Krüger, Mandy A1 - Schmidt, Bernd T1 - Methylene capping facilitates cross-metathesis reactions of enals BT - a short synthesis of 7-methoxywutaifuranal from the xylochemical isoeugenol JF - The journal of organic chemistry N2 - Four combinations of type-I olefins isoeugenol and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxystyrene with type-II olefins acrolein and crotonaldehyde were investigated in cross-metathesis (CM) reactions. While both type-I olefins are suitable CM partners for this transformation, we observed synthetically useful conversions only with type-II olefin crotonaldehyde. For economic reasons, isoeugenol, a cheap xylochemical available from renewable lignocellulose or from clove oil, is the preferred type-I CM partner. Nearly quantitative conversions to coniferyl aldehyde by the CM reaction of isoeugenol and crotonaldehyde can be obtained at ambient temperature without a solvent or at high substrate concentrations of 2 mol.L-1 with the second-generation Hoveyda-Grubbs catalyst. Under these conditions, the ratio of reactants can be reduced to 1:1.5 and catalyst loadings as low as 0.25 mol % are possible. The high reactivity of the isoeugenol/crotonaldehyde combination in olefin metathesis reactions was demonstrated by a short synthesis of the natural product 7-methoxywutaifuranal, which was obtained from isoeugenol in a 44% yield over five steps. We suggest that the superior performance of crotonaldehyde in the CM reactions investigated can be rationalized by "methylene capping", i.e., the steric stabilization of the propagating Ru-alkylidene species. KW - Aldehydes KW - Catalysts KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Metathesis KW - Mixtures Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.joc.1c02851 SN - 0022-3263 SN - 1520-6904 VL - 87 IS - 5 SP - 3079 EP - 3088 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mattis, Toni A1 - Beckmann, Tom A1 - Rein, Patrick A1 - Hirschfeld, Robert T1 - First-class concepts BT - Reified architectural knowledge beyond dominant decompositions JF - Journal of object technology : JOT / ETH Zürich, Department of Computer Science N2 - Ideally, programs are partitioned into independently maintainable and understandable modules. As a system grows, its architecture gradually loses the capability to accommodate new concepts in a modular way. While refactoring is expensive and not always possible, and the programming language might lack dedicated primary language constructs to express certain cross-cutting concerns, programmers are still able to explain and delineate convoluted concepts through secondary means: code comments, use of whitespace and arrangement of code, documentation, or communicating tacit knowledge.
Secondary constructs are easy to change and provide high flexibility in communicating cross-cutting concerns and other concepts among programmers. However, such secondary constructs usually have no reified representation that can be explored and manipulated as first-class entities through the programming environment.
In this exploratory work, we discuss novel ways to express a wide range of concepts, including cross-cutting concerns, patterns, and lifecycle artifacts independently of the dominant decomposition imposed by an existing architecture. We propose the representation of concepts as first-class objects inside the programming environment that retain the capability to change as easily as code comments. We explore new tools that allow programmers to view, navigate, and change programs based on conceptual perspectives. In a small case study, we demonstrate how such views can be created and how the programming experience changes from draining programmers' attention by stretching it across multiple modules toward focusing it on cohesively presented concepts. Our designs are geared toward facilitating multiple secondary perspectives on a system to co-exist in symbiosis with the original architecture, hence making it easier to explore, understand, and explain complex contexts and narratives that are hard or impossible to express using primary modularity constructs. KW - software engineering KW - modularity KW - exploratory programming KW - program KW - comprehension KW - remodularization KW - architecture recovery Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5381/jot.2022.21.2.a6 SN - 1660-1769 VL - 21 IS - 2 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - ETH Zürich, Department of Computer Science CY - Zürich ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kaya, Adem A1 - Freitag, Melina A. T1 - Conditioning analysis for discrete Helmholtz problems JF - Computers and mathematics with applications : an international journal N2 - In this paper, we examine conditioning of the discretization of the Helmholtz problem. Although the discrete Helmholtz problem has been studied from different perspectives, to the best of our knowledge, there is no conditioning analysis for it. We aim to fill this gap in the literature. We propose a novel method in 1D to observe the near-zero eigenvalues of a symmetric indefinite matrix. Standard classification of ill-conditioning based on the matrix condition number is not true for the discrete Helmholtz problem. We relate the ill-conditioning of the discretization of the Helmholtz problem with the condition number of the matrix. We carry out analytical conditioning analysis in 1D and extend our observations to 2D with numerical observations. We examine several discretizations. We find different regions in which the condition number of the problem shows different characteristics. We also explain the general behavior of the solutions in these regions. KW - Helmholtz problem KW - Condition number KW - Ill-conditioning KW - Indefinite KW - matrices Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.camwa.2022.05.016 SN - 0898-1221 SN - 1873-7668 VL - 118 SP - 171 EP - 182 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Giraudier, Manon A1 - Ventura-Bort, Carlos A1 - Burger, Andreas M. A1 - Claes, Nathalie A1 - D'Agostini, Martina A1 - Fischer, Rico A1 - Franssen, Mathijs A1 - Kaess, Michael A1 - Koenig, Julian A1 - Liepelt, Roman A1 - Nieuwenhuis, Sander A1 - Sommer, Aldo A1 - Usichenko, Taras A1 - Van Diest, Ilse A1 - von Leupoldt, Andreas A1 - Warren, Christopher Michael A1 - Weymar, Mathias T1 - Evidence for a modulating effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) on salivary alpha-amylase as indirect noradrenergic marker: A pooled mega-analysis JF - Brain Stimulation N2 - Background Non-invasive transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) has received tremendous attention as a potential neuromodulator of cognitive and affective functions, which likely exerts its effects via activation of the locus coeruleus-noradrenaline (LC-NA) system. Reliable effects of taVNS on markers of LC-NA system activity, however, have not been demonstrated yet. Methods The aim of the present study was to overcome previous limitations by pooling raw data from a large sample of ten taVNS studies (371 healthy participants) that collected salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) as a potential marker of central NA release. Results While a meta-analytic approach using summary statistics did not yield any significant effects, linear mixed model analyses showed that afferent stimulation of the vagus nerve via taVNS increased sAA levels compared to sham stimulation (b = 0.16, SE = 0.05, p = 0.001). When considering potential confounders of sAA, we further replicated previous findings on the diurnal trajectory of sAA activity. Conclusion(s) Vagal activation via taVNS increases sAA release compared to sham stimulation, which likely substantiates the assumption that taVNS triggers NA release. Moreover, our results highlight the benefits of data pooling and data sharing in order to allow stronger conclusions in research. KW - Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation KW - tVNS KW - sAA KW - Noradrenaline KW - Biomarker KW - Data pooling Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2022.09.009 SN - 1876-4754 VL - 15 SP - 1378 EP - 1388 PB - Elsevier CY - New York, NY, USA ET - 6 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wutzler, Bianca A1 - Hudson, Paul A1 - Thieken, Annegret T1 - Adaptation strategies of flood-damaged businesses in Germany JF - Frontiers in Water N2 - Flood risk management in Germany follows an integrative approach in which both private households and businesses can make an important contribution to reducing flood damage by implementing property-level adaptation measures. While the flood adaptation behavior of private households has already been widely researched, comparatively less attention has been paid to the adaptation strategies of businesses. However, their ability to cope with flood risk plays an important role in the social and economic development of a flood-prone region. Therefore, using quantitative survey data, this study aims to identify different strategies and adaptation drivers of 557 businesses damaged by a riverine flood in 2013 and 104 businesses damaged by pluvial or flash floods between 2014 and 2017. Our results indicate that a low perceived self-efficacy may be an important factor that can reduce the motivation of businesses to adapt to flood risk. Furthermore, property-owners tended to act more proactively than tenants. In addition, high experience with previous flood events and low perceived response costs could strengthen proactive adaptation behavior. These findings should be considered in business-tailored risk communication. KW - risk management KW - climate change adaptation KW - floods KW - disaster risk reduction KW - Germany KW - precaution KW - emergency management Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2022.932061 SN - 2624-9375 PB - Frontiers Media SA CY - Lausanne, Schweiz ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Parry, Victor A1 - Schlägel, Ulrike E. A1 - Tiedemann, Ralph A1 - Weithoff, Guntram T1 - Behavioural Responses of Defended and Undefended Prey to Their Predator BT - A Case Study of Rotifera JF - Biology N2 - Predation is a strong species interaction causing severe harm or death to prey. Thus, prey species have evolved various defence strategies to minimize predation risk, which may be immediate (e.g., a change in behaviour) or transgenerational (morphological defence structures). We studied the behaviour of two strains of a rotiferan prey (Brachionus calyciflorus) that differ in their ability to develop morphological defences in response to their predator Asplanchna brightwellii. Using video analysis, we tested: (a) if two strains differ in their response to predator presence and predator cues when both are undefended; (b) whether defended individuals respond to live predators or their cues; and (c) if the morphological defence (large spines) per se has an effect on the swimming behaviour. We found a clear increase in swimming speed for both undefended strains in predator presence. However, the defended specimens responded neither to the predator presence nor to their cues, showing that they behave indifferently to their predator when they are defended. We did not detect an effect of the spines on the swimming behaviour. Our study demonstrates a complex plastic behaviour of the prey, not only in the presence of their predator, but also with respect to their defence status. KW - animal behaviour KW - transgenerational response KW - Brachionus calyciflorus KW - Asplanchna brightwellii KW - video analysis Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11081217 SN - 2079-7737 VL - 11 IS - 8 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Schweiz ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ungelenk, Johannes T1 - Kiss me (not!), Cressida - or: the social touch of lips and tongue JF - Arcadia : international journal of literary culture N2 - The article is dedicated to the problem of social bonds that is negotiated in Troilus and Cressida. Troilus and Ulysses embody an old, traditional order of the world that is out of joint, while Cressida's behaviour and her way of interacting indicate a different and new regime of social regulation that is about to take over. With its complex superposition of (touches of) love and war, Troilus and Cressida brings together rituals of touch, anarchic speech acts, and a gendered perspective on the world that associates touch and temporality with 'frail' femininity and temptation. With unrivalled intensity, the play puts to the spectator that the basic condition of touch, i.e. exposing oneself to another, entails an incalculable risk. Hector tragically falls for the vulnerability inherent in touch and the audience suffers with him because they share this existential precondition on which modern society is 'founded.' The gloomy, inescapable atmosphere of societal crisis that Troilus and Cressida creates emphasises the fact that the fragility of touch is not to be overcome. The fractions - no matter whether Greek, Trojan, or those of loving couples - cannot simply be reunited to form a new, authentic entity. Generating at least some form of social cohesion therefore remains a challenge. KW - Friedrich Nietzsche KW - Carl Schmitt KW - social cohesion KW - Troilus and KW - Cressida KW - touch Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/arcadia-2022-9051 SN - 0003-7982 SN - 1613-0642 VL - 57 IS - 1 SP - 25 EP - 46 PB - De Gruyter CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bekir, Marek A1 - Sharma, Anjali A1 - Umlandt, Maren A1 - Lomadze, Nino A1 - Santer, Svetlana T1 - How to make a surface act as a micropump JF - Advanced materials interfaces N2 - In this paper, the phenomenon of light-driven diffusioosmotic (DO) long-range attractive and repulsive interactions between micro-sized objects trapped near a solid wall is investigated. The range of the DO flow extends several times the size of microparticles and can be adjusted to point towards or away from the particle by varying irradiation parameters such as intensity or wavelength of light. The "fuel" of the light-driven DO flow is a photosensitive surfactant which can be photo-isomerized between trans and cis-states. The trans-isomer tends to accumulate at the interface, while the cis-isomer prefers to stay in solution. In combination with a dissimilar photo-isomerization rate at the interface and in bulk, this yields a concentration gradient of the isomers around single particles resulting in local light-driven diffusioosmotic (l-LDDO) flow. Here, the extended analysis of the l-LDDO flow as a function of irradiation parameters by introducing time-dependent development of the concentration excess of isomers near the particle surface is presented. It is also demonstrated that the l-LDDO can be generated at any solid/liquid interface being more pronounced in the case of strongly absorbing material. This phenomenon has plenty of potential applications since it makes any type of surface act as a micropump. KW - azobenzene containing surfactant KW - light-driven diffusioosmosis KW - rate of KW - photo-isomerization Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.202102395 SN - 2196-7350 VL - 9 IS - 12 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Prasse, Paul A1 - Iversen, Pascal A1 - Lienhard, Matthias A1 - Thedinga, Kristina A1 - Herwig, Ralf A1 - Scheffer, Tobias T1 - Pre-Training on In Vitro and Fine-Tuning on Patient-Derived Data Improves Deep Neural Networks for Anti-Cancer Drug-Sensitivity Prediction JF - MDPI N2 - Large-scale databases that report the inhibitory capacities of many combinations of candidate drug compounds and cultivated cancer cell lines have driven the development of preclinical drug-sensitivity models based on machine learning. However, cultivated cell lines have devolved from human cancer cells over years or even decades under selective pressure in culture conditions. Moreover, models that have been trained on in vitro data cannot account for interactions with other types of cells. Drug-response data that are based on patient-derived cell cultures, xenografts, and organoids, on the other hand, are not available in the quantities that are needed to train high-capacity machine-learning models. We found that pre-training deep neural network models of drug sensitivity on in vitro drug-sensitivity databases before fine-tuning the model parameters on patient-derived data improves the models’ accuracy and improves the biological plausibility of the features, compared to training only on patient-derived data. From our experiments, we can conclude that pre-trained models outperform models that have been trained on the target domains in the vast majority of cases. KW - deep neural networks KW - drug-sensitivity prediction KW - anti-cancer drugs Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14163950 SN - 2072-6694 VL - 14 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Schweiz ET - 16 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stiegler, Jonas A1 - Lins, Alisa A1 - Dammhahn, Melanie A1 - Kramer-Schadt, Stephanie A1 - Ortmann, Sylvia A1 - Blaum, Niels T1 - Personality drives activity and space use in a mammalian herbivore JF - Movement Ecology N2 - Background Animal personality has emerged as a key concept in behavioral ecology. While many studies have demonstrated the influence of personality traits on behavioral patterns, its quantification, especially in wild animal populations, remains a challenge. Only a few studies have established a link between personality and recurring movements within home ranges, although these small-scale movements are of key importance for identifying ecological interactions and forming individual niches. In this regard, differences in space use among individuals might reflect different exploration styles between behavioral types along the shy-bold continuum. Methods We assessed among-individual differences in behavior in the European hare (Lepus europaeus), a characteristic mammalian herbivore in agricultural landscapes using a standardized box emergence test for captive and wild hares. We determined an individuals’ degree of boldness by measuring the latencies of behavioral responses in repeated emergence tests in captivity. During capture events of wild hares, we conducted a single emergence test and recorded behavioral responses proven to be stable over time in captive hares. Applying repeated novel environment tests in a near-natural enclosure, we further quantified aspects of exploration and activity in captive hares. Finally, we investigated whether and how this among-individual behavioral variation is related to general activity and space use in a wild hare population. Wild and captive hares were treated similarly and GPS-collared with internal accelerometers prior to release to the wild or the outdoor enclosure, respectively. General activity was quantified as overall dynamic body acceleration (ODBA) obtained from accelerometers. Finally, we tested whether boldness explained variation in (i) ODBA in both settings and (ii) variation in home ranges and core areas across different time scales of GPS-collared hares in a wild population. Results We found three behavioral responses to be consistent over time in captive hares. ODBA was positively related to boldness (i.e., short latencies to make first contact with the new environment) in both captive and wild hares. Space use in wild hares also varied with boldness, with shy individuals having smaller core areas and larger home ranges than bold conspecifics (yet in some of the parameter space, this association was just marginally significant). Conclusions Against our prediction, shy individuals occupied relatively large home ranges but with small core areas. We suggest that this space use pattern is due to them avoiding risky, and energy-demanding competition for valuable resources. Carefully validated, activity measurements (ODBA) from accelerometers provide a valuable tool to quantify aspects of animal personality along the shy-bold continuum remotely. Without directly observing—and possibly disturbing—focal individuals, this approach allows measuring variability in animal personality, especially in species that are difficult to assess with experiments. Considering that accelerometers are often already built into GPS units, we recommend activating them at least during the initial days of tracking to estimate individual variation in general activity and, if possible, match them with a simple novelty experiment. Furthermore, information on individual behavioral types will help to facilitate mechanistic understanding of processes that drive spatial and ecological dynamics in heterogeneous landscapes. KW - Animal personality KW - Movement ecology KW - Inter-individual differences KW - ODBA KW - Energy expenditure KW - European hare Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s40462-022-00333-6 SN - 2051-3933 VL - 10 PB - BioMed Central (BMC), Springer Nature CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Lena Katharina A1 - Francke, Till A1 - Rottler, Erwin A1 - Blume, Theresa A1 - Schöber, Johannes A1 - Bronstert, Axel T1 - Suspended sediment and discharge dynamics in a glaciated alpine environment BT - identifying crucial areas and time periods on several spatial and temporal scales in the Ötztal, Austria JF - Earth surface dynamics N2 - Glaciated high-alpine areas are fundamentally altered by climate change, with well-known implications for hydrology, e.g., due to glacier retreat, longer snow-free periods, and more frequent and intense summer rainstorms. While knowledge on how these hydrological changes will propagate to suspended sediment dynamics is still scarce, it is needed to inform mitigation and adaptation strategies. To understand the processes and source areas most relevant to sediment dynamics, we analyzed discharge and sediment dynamics in high temporal resolution as well as their patterns on several spatial scales, which to date few studies have done. We used a nested catchment setup in the Upper Ötztal in Tyrol, Austria, where high-resolution (15 min) time series of discharge and suspended sediment concentrations are available for up to 15 years (2006–2020). The catchments of the gauges in Vent, Sölden and Tumpen range from 100 to almost 800 km2 with 10 % to 30 % glacier cover and span an elevation range of 930 to 3772 m a.s.l. We analyzed discharge and suspended sediment yields (SSY), their distribution in space, their seasonality and spatial differences therein, and the relative importance of short-term events. We complemented our analysis by linking the observations to satellite-based snow cover maps, glacier inventories, mass balances and precipitation data. Our results indicate that the areas above 2500 m a.s.l., characterized by glacier tongues and the most recently deglaciated areas, are crucial for sediment generation in all sub-catchments. This notion is supported by the synchronous spring onset of sediment export at the three gauges, which coincides with snowmelt above 2500 m but lags behind spring discharge onsets. This points at a limitation of suspended sediment supply as long as the areas above 2500 m are snow-covered. The positive correlation of annual SSY with glacier cover (among catchments) and glacier mass balances (within a catchment) further supports the importance of the glacier-dominated areas. The analysis of short-term events showed that summer precipitation events were associated with peak sediment concentrations and yields but on average accounted for only 21 % of the annual SSY in the headwaters. These results indicate that under current conditions, thermally induced sediment export (through snow and glacier melt) is dominant in the study area. Our results extend the scientific knowledge on current hydro-sedimentological conditions in glaciated high-alpine areas and provide a baseline for studies on projected future changes in hydro-sedimentological system dynamics. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-653-2022 SN - 2196-632X SN - 2196-6311 VL - 10 IS - 3 SP - 653 EP - 669 PB - Copernicus Publications CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Arboleda-Zapata, Mauricio A1 - Guillemoteau, Julien A1 - Tronicke, Jens T1 - A comprehensive workflow to analyze ensembles of globally inverted 2D electrical resistivity models JF - Journal of applied geophysics N2 - Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) aims at imaging the subsurface resistivity distribution and provides valuable information for different geological, engineering, and hydrological applications. To obtain a subsurface resistivity model from measured apparent resistivities, stochastic or deterministic inversion procedures may be employed. Typically, the inversion of ERT data results in non-unique solutions; i.e., an ensemble of different models explains the measured data equally well. In this study, we perform inference analysis of model ensembles generated using a well-established global inversion approach to assess uncertainties related to the nonuniqueness of the inverse problem. Our interpretation strategy starts by establishing model selection criteria based on different statistical descriptors calculated from the data residuals. Then, we perform cluster analysis considering the inverted resistivity models and the corresponding data residuals. Finally, we evaluate model uncertainties and residual distributions for each cluster. To illustrate the potential of our approach, we use a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to obtain an ensemble of 2D layer-based resistivity models from a synthetic data example and a field data set collected in Loon-Plage, France. Our strategy performs well for both synthetic and field data and allows us to extract different plausible model scenarios with their associated uncertainties and data residual distributions. Although we demonstrate our workflow using 2D ERT data and a PSObased inversion approach, the proposed strategy is general and can be adapted to analyze model ensembles generated from other kinds of geophysical data and using different global inversion approaches. KW - Near-surface geophysics KW - Electrical resistivity tomography KW - Non-uniqueness KW - Global inversion KW - Particle swarm optimization KW - Ensemble KW - analysis Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2021.104512 SN - 0926-9851 SN - 1879-1859 VL - 196 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kager, Klara A1 - Jurczok, Anne A1 - Bolli, Swantje A1 - Vock, Miriam T1 - We were thinking too much like adults BT - Examining the development of teachers' critical and collaborative reflection in lesson study discussions JF - Teaching and teacher education : an international journal of research and studies N2 - This mixed-method study addresses the need for a clear conceptualization of the professional reflection element of Lesson Study (LS), a popular collaborative approach to the professional development of teachers. Grounding and re-framing LS's post-lesson discussion in a theoretical framework of critical and collaborative reflection, we analyze the transcripts of four LS groups at German primary schools, focusing on depth of reflection and teachers' trajectories through their reflective practice. The findings show that LS groups differed significantly in the depth and the trajectories of their reflection processes. We consider implications for post-lesson discussions and critical reflection as a LS core skill. KW - Teacher learning KW - Professional development KW - Critical and collaborative KW - reflection KW - Lesson study KW - Critical inquiry Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2022.103683 SN - 0742-051X SN - 1879-2480 VL - 113 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lewandowski, Max T1 - Hadamard states for bosonic quantum field theory on globally hyperbolic spacetimes JF - Journal of mathematical physics N2 - According to Radzikowski’s celebrated results, bisolutions of a wave operator on a globally hyperbolic spacetime are of the Hadamard form iff they are given by a linear combination of distinguished parametrices i2(G˜aF−G˜F+G˜A−G˜R) in the sense of Duistermaat and Hörmander [Acta Math. 128, 183–269 (1972)] and Radzikowski [Commun. Math. Phys. 179, 529 (1996)]. Inspired by the construction of the corresponding advanced and retarded Green operator GA, GR as done by Bär, Ginoux, and Pfäffle {Wave Equations on Lorentzian Manifolds and Quantization [European Mathematical Society (EMS), Zürich, 2007]}, we construct the remaining two Green operators GF, GaF locally in terms of Hadamard series. Afterward, we provide the global construction of i2(G˜aF−G˜F), which relies on new techniques such as a well-posed Cauchy problem for bisolutions and a patching argument using Čech cohomology. This leads to global bisolutions of the Hadamard form, each of which can be chosen to be a Hadamard two-point-function, i.e., the smooth part can be adapted such that, additionally, the symmetry and the positivity condition are exactly satisfied. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0055753 SN - 0022-2488 SN - 1089-7658 VL - 63 IS - 1 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville ER -