TY - JOUR A1 - Hipp, Lena A1 - Bünning, Mareike T1 - Parenthood as a driver of increased genderinequality during COVID-19? BT - exploratory evidence from Germany JF - European societies N2 - Drawing on three waves of survey data from a non-probability sample from Germany, this paper examines two opposing expectations about the pandemic's impacts on gender equality: The optimistic view suggests that gender equality has increased, as essential workers in Germany have been predominantly female and as fathers have had more time for childcare. The pessimistic view posits that lockdowns have also negatively affected women's jobs and that mothers had to shoulder the additional care responsibilities. Overall, our exploratory analyses provide more evidence supporting the latter view. Parents were more likely than non-parents to work fewer hours during the pandemic than before, and mothers were more likely than fathers to work fewer hours once lockdowns were lifted. Moreover, even though parents tended to divide childcare more evenly, at least temporarily, mothers still shouldered more childcare work than fathers. The division of housework remained largely unchanged. It is therefore unsurprising that women, in particular mothers, reported lower satisfaction during the observation period. Essential workers experienced fewer changes in their working lives than respondents in other occupations. KW - COVID-19 KW - gender KW - family KW - employment KW - division of labour KW - satisfaction Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2020.1833229 SN - 1461-6696 SN - 1469-8307 VL - 23 SP - S658 EP - S673 PB - Taylor & Francis Group CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Biegert, Thomas A1 - Brady, David A1 - Hipp, Lena T1 - Cross-national variation in the relationship between welfare generosity and single mother employment JF - The annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science N2 - Reform of the U.S. welfare system in 1996 spurred claims that cuts to welfare programs effectively incentivized single mothers to find employment. It is difficult to assess the veracity of those claims, however, absent evidence of how the relationship between welfare benefits and single mother employment generalizes across countries. This study combines data from the European Union Labour Force Survey and the U.S. Current Population Survey (1992-2015) into one of the largest samples of single mothers ever, testing the relationships between welfare generosity and single mothers’ employment and work hours. We find no consistent evidence of a negative relationship between welfare generosity and single mother employment outcomes. Rather, we find tremendous cross-national heterogeneity, which does not clearly correspond to well-known institutional variations. Our findings demonstrate the limitations of single country studies and the pervasive, salient interactions between institutional contexts and social policies. KW - single mothers KW - employment KW - welfare state benefits KW - cross-national KW - heterogeneity Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/00027162221120760 SN - 0002-7162 SN - 1552-3349 VL - 702 IS - 1 SP - 37 EP - 54 PB - SAGE Publishing CY - Thousand Oaks ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Malik, Aman A1 - Bertram, Christoph A1 - Kriegler, Elmar A1 - Luderer, Gunnar T1 - Climate policy accelerates structural changes in energy employment JF - Energy policy N2 - The employment implications of decarbonizing the energy sector have received far less attention than the technology dimension of the transition, although being of critical importance to policymakers. In this work, we adapt a methodology based on employment factors to project future changes in quantity and composition of direct energy supply jobs for two scenarios - (1) relatively weak emissions reductions as pledged in the nationally determined contributions (NDC) and (2) stringent reductions compatible with the 1.5 °C target. We find that in the near-term the 1.5°C-compatible scenario results in a net increase in jobs through gains in solar and wind jobs in construction, installation, and manufacturing, despite significant losses in coal fuel supply; eventually leading to a peak in total direct energy jobs in 2025. In the long run, improvements in labour productivity lead to a decrease of total direct energy employment compared to today, however, total jobs are still higher in a 1.5 °C than in an NDC scenario. Operation and maintenance jobs dominate future jobs, replacing fuel supply jobs. The results point to the need for active policies aimed at retraining, both inside and outside the renewable energy sector, to complement climate policies within the concept of a “just transition”. KW - energy supply KW - employment KW - just transition KW - political feasibility KW - mitigation pathways KW - integrated assessment models Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112642 SN - 0301-4215 VL - 159 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Amsterdam ER -