TY  - JOUR
A1  - Fritsch, Michael
A1  - Kritikos, Alexander
A1  - Pijnenburg, Katharina
T1  - Business cycles, unemployment and entrepreneurial entry-evidence from Germany
JF  - International entrepreneurship and management journal
N2  - We investigate whether people are more willing to become self-employed during boom periods or during recessions and to what extent business cycles and unemployment levels influence entries into entrepreneurship. Our analysis for Germany reveals that there is a positive relationship between unemployment rates and start-up activities. Moreover, new business formation is higher during recessions than in boom periods, implying that it is counter-cyclical. When disentangling periods of low and high unemployment we find that the effect of unemployment on new business formation is only statistically significant if the level of unemployment is below the trend, indicating a "low unemployment retain effect".
KW  - Self-employment
KW  - Business cycle
KW  - Unemployment
KW  - Start-up
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-014-0326-3
SN  - 1554-7191
SN  - 1555-1938
VL  - 11
IS  - 2
SP  - 267
EP  - 286
PB  - Springer
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Preuss, Malte
A1  - Hennecke, Juliane
T1  - Biased by success and failure
BT  - how unemployment shapes locus of control
JF  - Labour economics : an international journal
N2  - We test the stability of locus of control, a measure that has been attributed substantial explanatory power for economic outcomes since it depicts how much people believe in their ability to affect life outcomes. Using the German Socio-Economic Panel, we find that a job loss due to a plant closure has no long-lasting effect on locus of control. The common assumption of its stability is thus not rejected. However, during unemployment, control perception decreases by 30 percent of one standard deviation. The effect holds true independent from unemployment duration or socio-demographic characteristics and vanishes as soon as the unemployed find a new job. We therefore conclude that stated locus of control is affected by unemployment. Using this trait as explanatory variable can thus lead to biased estimations when this temporary deviation in measurement is not accounted for.
KW  - Personality
KW  - Locus of control
KW  - Unemployment
KW  - Measurement error
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2018.05.007
SN  - 0927-5371
SN  - 1879-1034
VL  - 53
SP  - 63
EP  - 74
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  -