TY - JOUR A1 - Zhou, Wei A1 - Wang, Aiping A1 - Shu, Hua A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Yan, Ming T1 - Word segmentation by alternating colors facilitates eye guidance in Chinese reading JF - Memory & cognition N2 - During sentence reading, low spatial frequency information afforded by spaces between words is the primary factor for eye guidance in spaced writing systems, whereas saccade generation for unspaced writing systems is less clear and under debate. In the present study, we investigated whether word-boundary information, provided by alternating colors (consistent or inconsistent with word-boundary information) influences saccade-target selection in Chinese. In Experiment 1, as compared to a baseline (i.e., uniform color) condition, word segmentation with alternating color shifted fixation location towards the center of words. In contrast, incorrect word segmentation shifted fixation location towards the beginning of words. In Experiment 2, we used a gaze-contingent paradigm to restrict the color manipulation only to the upcoming parafoveal words and replicated the results, including fixation location effects, as observed in Experiment 1. These results indicate that Chinese readers are capable of making use of parafoveal word-boundary knowledge for saccade generation, even if such information is unfamiliar to them. The present study provides novel support for the hypothesis that word segmentation is involved in the decision about where to fixate next during Chinese reading. KW - Chinese KW - Word segmentation KW - Fixation location KW - Parafoveal KW - Color Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-018-0797-5 SN - 0090-502X SN - 1532-5946 VL - 46 IS - 5 SP - 729 EP - 740 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pan, Jinger A1 - Kong, Yan A1 - Song, Shuang A1 - McBride, Catherine A1 - Liu, Hongyun A1 - Shu, Hua T1 - Socioeconomic status, parent report of children’s early language skills, and late literacy skills BT - a long term follow-up study among Chinese children JF - Reading and writing : an interdisciplinary journal N2 - Previous research on the longitudinal prediction of literacy development has focused mainly on the relationship between early cognitive/language skills and late literacy skills. The present study aimed to test the reliability of a number of measures reported by parents as compared to measuring cognitive and language skills in predicting subsequent reading achievement. Two hundred sixty-two Chinese children were administered four cognitive and language skills over three years at the preliterate stage. Additional information on children’s family socioeconomic status (SES), children’s early language skills, familial reading performance and habits, and familial handedness based on the observations of parents was collected. Performance on these variables in relation to subsequent literacy skills at 11 years of age was examined. SES and children’s early language skills significantly predicted subsequent literacy skills. Even with a number of cognitive and language skills statistically controlled, parental reports of children’s early language skills still contributed to reading comprehension. Poor readers defined at 11 years of age had lagged behind in early language skills, as well as family reading performance and habits, as compared to typically developing readers. These findings suggest that SES and parental estimates of children’s early language skills are useful for predicting children’s subsequent reading achievement. KW - SES KW - Parent questionnaire KW - Early language skills KW - Familial risk KW - Chinese reading Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-016-9682-4 SN - 0922-4777 SN - 1573-0905 VL - 30 SP - 401 EP - 416 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pan, Jinger A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Laubrock, Jochen A1 - Shu, Hua A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Saccade-target selection of dyslexic children when reading Chinese JF - Vision research : an international journal for functional aspects of vision. N2 - This study investigates the eye movements of dyslexic children and their age-matched controls when reading Chinese. Dyslexic children exhibited more and longer fixations than age-matched control children, and an increase of word length resulted in a greater increase in the number of fixations and gaze durations for the dyslexic than for the control readers. The report focuses on the finding that there was a significant difference between the two groups in the fixation landing position as a function of word length in single-fixation cases, while there was no such difference in the initial fixation of multi-fixation cases. We also found that both groups had longer incoming saccade amplitudes while the launch sites were closer to the word in single fixation cases than in multi-fixation cases. Our results suggest that dyslexic children's inefficient lexical processing, in combination with the absence of orthographic word boundaries in Chinese, leads them to select saccade targets at the beginning of words conservatively. These findings provide further evidence for parafoveal word segmentation during reading of Chinese sentences. KW - Chinese KW - Dyslexic children KW - Eye movements KW - Saccade-target selection KW - Reading Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2014.01.014 SN - 0042-6989 SN - 1878-5646 VL - 97 SP - 24 EP - 30 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhou, Wei A1 - Shu, Hua A1 - Miller, Kevin A1 - Yan, Ming T1 - Reliance on orthography and phonology in reading of Chinese BT - a developmental study JF - Journal of research in reading : a journal of the United Kingdom Reading Association N2 - BackgroundDisruptions of reading processes due to text substitutions can measure how readers use lexical information. MethodsWith eye-movement recording, children and adults viewed sentences with either identical, orthographically similar, homophonic or unrelated substitutions of the first characters in target words. To the extent that readers rely on orthographic or phonological cues, substitutions that contain such cues should cause less disruption reading than do unrelated substitutions. ResultsOn pretarget words, there was a reliable reduction in gaze duration due to homophonic substitution only for children. On target words, we observed reliable recovery effects due to orthographic similarity for adults. On post-target words, adults had better orthographic-based and phonological-based recovery abilities than children. ConclusionsThe combination of eye movement recording and the error detection paradigm offers a novel implicit paradigm for studying reading development: during sentence reading, beginning readers of Chinese may rely on phonological mediation, while skilled readers have more direct access to semantics from orthography. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9817.12111 SN - 0141-0423 SN - 1467-9817 VL - 41 IS - 2 SP - 370 EP - 391 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wang, Aiping A1 - Zhou, Wei A1 - Shu, Hua A1 - Yan, Ming T1 - Reading proficiency modulates parafoveal processing efficiency: Evidence from reading Chinese as a second language JF - Acta psychologica : international journal of psychonomics N2 - In the present study, we manipulated different types of information available in the parafovea during the reading of Chinese sentences and examined how native Korean readers who learned Chinese as a second language make use of the parafoveal information. Results clearly indicate that, only identical and orthographically similar previews facilitated processing of the target words when they were subsequently fixated. More critically, more parafoveal information was obtained by subjects with higher reading proficiency. These results suggest that, mainly low-level features of the parafoveal words are obtained by the non-native Chinese readers and less attentional resources are available for the readers with lower reading proficiency, thereby causing a reduction of the perceptual span. KW - Parafoveal KW - Sentence reading KW - Chinese KW - Korean readers Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.07.010 SN - 0001-6918 SN - 1873-6297 VL - 152 SP - 29 EP - 33 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Richter, Eike M. A1 - Shu, Hua A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Readers of Chinese extract semantic information from parafoveal words N2 - Evidence for semantic preview benefit (PB) from parafoveal words has been elusive for reading alphabetic scripts such as English. Here we report semantic PB for noncompound characters in Chinese reading with the boundary paradigm. In addition, PBs for orthographic relatedness and, as a numeric trend, for phonological relatedness were obtained. Results are in agreement with other research suggesting that the Chinese writing system is based on a closer association between graphic form and meaning than is alphabetic script. We discuss implications for notions of serial attention shifts and parallel distributed processing of words during reading. Y1 - 2009 UR - http://pbr.psychonomic-journals.org/content/by/year U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/Pbr.16.3.561 SN - 1069-9384 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Zhou, Wei A1 - Shu, Hua A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Perceptual span depends on font size during the reading of chinese sentences JF - Journal of experimental psychology : Learning, memory, and cognition N2 - The present study explored the perceptual span (i.e., the physical extent of an area from which useful visual information is extracted during a single fixation) during the reading of Chinese sentences in 2 experiments. In Experiment 1, we tested whether the rightward span can go beyond 3 characters when visually similar masks were used. Results showed that Chinese readers needed at least 4 characters to the right of fixation to maintain a normal reading behavior when visually similar masks were used and when characters were displayed in small fonts, indicating that the span is dynamically influenced by masking materials. In Experiments 2 and 3, we asked whether the perceptual span varies as a function of font size in spaced (German) and unspaced (Chinese) scripts. Results clearly suggest perceptual span depends on font size in Chinese, but we failed to find such evidence for German. We propose that the perceptual span in Chinese is flexible; it is strongly constrained by its language-specific properties such as high information density and lack of word spacing. Implications for saccade-target selection during the reading of Chinese sentences are discussed. KW - eye movements KW - parafoveal processing KW - perceptual span KW - Chinese reading Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038097 SN - 0278-7393 SN - 1939-1285 VL - 41 IS - 1 SP - 209 EP - 219 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Pan, Jinger A1 - Laubrock, Jochen A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Shu, Hua T1 - Parafoveal processing efficiency in rapid automatized naming a comparison between Chinese normal and dyslexic children JF - Journal of experimental child psychology N2 - Dyslexic children are known to be slower than normal readers in rapid automatized naming (RAN). This suggests that dyslexics encounter local processing difficulties, which presumably induce a narrower perceptual span. Consequently, dyslexics should suffer less than normal readers from removing parafoveal preview. Here we used a gaze-contingent moving window paradigm in a RAN task to experimentally test this prediction. Results indicate that dyslexics extract less parafoveal information than control children. We propose that more attentional resources are recruited to the foveal processing because of dyslexics' less automatized translation of visual symbols into phonological output, thereby causing a reduction of the perceptual span. This in turn leads to less efficient preactivation of parafoveal information and, hence, more difficulty in processing the next foveal item. KW - Dyslexia KW - Eye movement KW - Perceptual span KW - Rapid automatized naming KW - Parafoveal processing KW - Linear mixed model Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2013.01.007 SN - 0022-0965 VL - 115 IS - 3 SP - 579 EP - 589 PB - Elsevier CY - San Diego ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Shu, Hua A1 - Pan, Jinger A1 - Zhou, Xiaolin T1 - Parafoveal load of word N+1 modulates preprocessing effectiveness of word N+2 in chinese reading Y1 - 2010 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019329 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pan, Jinger A1 - Shu, Hua A1 - Wang, Yuling A1 - Yan, Ming T1 - Parafoveal activation of sign translation previews among deaf readers during the reading of Chinese sentences JF - Memory & cognition N2 - In the present study, we manipulated the different types of information available in the parafovea during the reading of Chinese sentences and examined whether deaf readers could activate sign translations of Chinese words during reading. The main finding was that, as compared to unrelated previews, the deaf readers had longer fixation durations on the target words when sign-phonologically related preview words were presented; this preview cost effect due to sign-phonological relatedness was absent for reading-level-matched hearing individuals. These results indicate that Chinese deaf readers activate sign language translations of parafoveal words during reading. We discuss the implications for notions of parafoveal processing in reading. KW - Sign language KW - Parafoveal KW - Chinese KW - Deaf readers KW - Sentence reading Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-015-0511-9 SN - 0090-502X SN - 1532-5946 VL - 43 IS - 6 SP - 964 EP - 972 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pan, Jinger A1 - Song, Shuang A1 - Su, Mengmeng A1 - McBride, Catherine A1 - Liu, Hongyun A1 - Zhang, Yuping A1 - Li, Hong A1 - Shu, Hua T1 - On the relationship between phonological awareness, morphological awareness and Chinese literacy skills: evidence from an 8-year longitudinal study JF - Developmental science. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12356 SN - 1363-755X SN - 1467-7687 VL - 19 SP - 982 EP - 991 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Zhou, Wei A1 - Shu, Hua A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Lexical and sublexical semantic preview benefits in chinese reading JF - Journal of experimental psychology : Learning, memory, and cognition N2 - Semantic processing from parafoveal words is an elusive phenomenon in alphabetic languages, but it has been demonstrated only for a restricted set of noncompound Chinese characters. Using the gaze-contingent boundary paradigm, this experiment examined whether parafoveal lexical and sublexical semantic information was extracted from compound preview characters. Results generalized parafoveal semantic processing to this representative set of Chinese characters and extended the parafoveal processing to radical (sublexical) level semantic information extraction. Implications for notions of parafoveal information extraction during Chinese reading are discussed. KW - semantic KW - preview benefit KW - reading KW - Chinese Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026935 SN - 0278-7393 VL - 38 IS - 4 SP - 1069 EP - 1075 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pan, Jinger A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Laubrock, Jochen A1 - Shu, Hua T1 - Lexical and Sublexical Phonological Effects in Chinese Silent and Oral Reading JF - Scientific studies of reading N2 - What is the time course of activation of phonological information in logographic writing systems like Chinese, in which meaning is prioritized over sound? We used a manipulation of phonological regularity to examine foveal and parafoveal phonological processing of Chinese phonograms at lexical and sublexical levels during Chinese sentence reading in 2 eye-tracking experiments. In Experiment 1, using an error disruption task during silent reading, we observed foveal lexical phonological activation in second-pass reading. In Experiment 2, using the boundary paradigm, both parafoveal lexical and sublexical phonological preview benefits were found in first-fixation duration in oral reading, whereas only lexical phonological benefits were found in gaze duration during silent reading. Thus, phonological information had earlier and more pronounced parafoveal effects in oral reading, and these extended to sublexical processing. These results are compatible with the view that oral reading prioritizes parafoveal phonological processing in Chinese. Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/10888438.2019.1583232 SN - 1088-8438 SN - 1532-799X VL - 23 IS - 5 SP - 403 EP - 418 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Shu, Hua A1 - Zhou, Wei A1 - Yan, Ming T1 - Font size modulates saccade-target selection in Chinese reading N2 - In alphabetic writing systems, saccade amplitude (a close correlate of reading speed) is independent of font size, presumably because an increase in the angular size of letters is compensated for by a decrease of visual acuity with eccentricity. We propose that this invariance may (also) be due to the presence of spaces between words, guiding the eyes across a large range of font sizes. Here, we test whether saccade amplitude is also invariant against manipulations of font size during reading Chinese, a character-based writing system without spaces as explicit word boundaries for saccade-target selection. In contrast to word-spaced alphabetic writing systems, saccade amplitude decreased significantly with increased font size, leading to an increase in the number of fixations at the beginning of words and in the number of refixations. These results are consistent with a model which assumes that word beginning (rather than word center) is the default saccade target if the length of the parafoveal word is not available. Y1 - 2011 UR - http://www.springerlink.com/content/70r7748jj7107137/fulltext.html U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-010-0029-y ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Shu, Hua A1 - Zhou, Wei A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Font size modulates saccade-target selection in Chinese reading JF - Attention, perception, & psychophysics : AP&P ; a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc. N2 - In alphabetic writing systems, saccade amplitude (a close correlate of reading speed) is independent of font size, presumably because an increase in the angular size of letters is compensated for by a decrease of visual acuity with eccentricity. We propose that this invariance may (also) be due to the presence of spaces between words, guiding the eyes across a large range of font sizes. Here, we test whether saccade amplitude is also invariant against manipulations of font size during reading Chinese, a character-based writing system without spaces as explicit word boundaries for saccade-target selection. In contrast to word-spaced alphabetic writing systems, saccade amplitude decreased significantly with increased font size, leading to an increase in the number of fixations at the beginning of words and in the number of refixations. These results are consistent with a model which assumes that word beginning (rather than word center) is the default saccade target if the length of the parafoveal word is not available. KW - Eye movement KW - Saccade KW - Chinese KW - Font size Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-010-0029-y SN - 1943-3921 VL - 73 IS - 2 SP - 482 EP - 490 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Richter, Eike M. A1 - Nuthmann, Antje A1 - Shu, Hua T1 - Flexible saccade-target selection in Chinese reading N2 - As Chinese is written without orthographical word boundaries (i.e., spaces), it is unclear whether saccade targets are selected on the basis of characters or words and whether saccades are aimed at the beginning or the centre of words. Here, we report an experiment where 30 Chinese readers read 150 sentences while their eye movements were monitored. They exhibited a strong tendency to fixate at the word centre in single-fixation cases and at the word beginning in multiple-fixation cases. Different from spaced alphabetic script, initial fixations falling at the end of words were no more likely to be followed by a refixation than initial fixations at word centre. Further, single fixations were shorter than first fixations in two-fixation cases, which is opposite to what is found in Roman script. We propose that Chinese readers dynamically select the beginning or centre of words as saccade targets depending on failure or success with segmentation of parafoveal word boundaries. Y1 - 2010 UR - http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t716100704~db=all U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/17470210903114858 SN - 1747-0218 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pan, Jinger A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Laubrock, Jochen A1 - Shu, Hua A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Eye-voice span during rapid automatized naming of digits and dice in Chinese normal and dyslexic children JF - Developmental science. N2 - We measured Chinese dyslexic and control children's eye movements during rapid automatized naming (RAN) with alphanumeric (digits) and symbolic (dice surfaces) stimuli. Both types of stimuli required identical oral responses, controlling for effects associated with speech production. Results showed that naming dice was much slower than naming digits for both groups, but group differences in eye-movement measures and in the eye-voice span (i.e. the distance between the currently fixated item and the voiced item) were generally larger in digit-RAN than in dice-RAN. In addition, dyslexics were less efficient in parafoveal processing in these RAN tasks. Since the two RAN tasks required the same phonological output and on the assumption that naming dice is less practiced than naming digits in general, the results suggest that the translation of alphanumeric visual symbols into phonological codes is less efficient in dyslexic children. The dissociation of the print-to-sound conversion and phonological representation suggests that the degree of automaticity in translation from visual symbols to phonological codes in addition to phonological processing per se is also critical to understanding dyslexia. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12075 SN - 1467-7687 VL - 16 IS - 6 SP - 967 EP - 979 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Zhou, Wei A1 - Shu, Hua A1 - Yusupu, Rizwangul A1 - Miao, Dongxia A1 - Kruegel, Andre A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Eye movements guided by morphological structure: Evidence from the Uighur language JF - Cognition : international journal of cognitive science N2 - It is generally accepted that low-level features (e.g., inter-word spaces) are responsible for saccade-target selection in eye-movement control during reading. In two experiments using Uighur script known for its rich suffixes, we demonstrate that, in addition to word length and launch site, the number of suffixes influences initial landing positions. We also demonstrate an influence of word frequency. These results are difficult to explain purely by low-level guidance of eye movements and indicate that due to properties specific to Uighur script low-level visual information and high-level information such as morphological structure of parafoveal words jointly influence saccade programming. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - Eye movements KW - Morphological structure KW - Landing position KW - Uighur Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2014.03.008 SN - 0010-0277 SN - 1873-7838 VL - 132 IS - 2 SP - 181 EP - 215 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wang, Aiping A1 - Yeon, Junmo A1 - Zhou, Wei A1 - Shu, Hua A1 - Yan, Ming T1 - Cross-language parafoveal semantic processing: Evidence from Korean-Chinese bilinguals JF - Applied physics letters N2 - In the present study, we aimed at testing cross-language cognate and semantic preview effects. We tested how native Korean readers who learned Chinese as a second language make use of the parafoveal information during the reading of Chinese sentences. There were 3 types of Korean preview words: cognate translations of the Chinese target words, semantically related noncognate words, and unrelated words. Together with a highly significant cognate preview effect, more critically, we also observed reliable facilitation in processing of the target word from the semantically related previews in all fixation measures. Results from the present study provide first evidence for semantic processing from parafoveally presented Korean words and for cross-language parafoveal semantic processing. KW - Parafoveal KW - Semantics KW - Korean KW - Chinese KW - Bilingual Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-015-0876-6 SN - 1069-9384 SN - 1531-5320 VL - 23 SP - 285 EP - 290 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Pan, Jinger A1 - Belanger, Nathalie N. A1 - Shu, Hua T1 - Chinese deaf readers have early access to parafoveal semantics JF - Journal of experimental psychology : Learning, memory, and cognition N2 - In the present study, we manipulated different types of information available in the parafovea during the reading of Chinese sentences and examined how deaf readers make use of the parafoveal information. Results clearly indicate that although the reading-level matched hearing readers make greater use of orthographic information in the parafovea, parafoveal semantic information is obtained earlier among the deaf readers. In addition, a phonological preview benefit effect was found for the better deaf readers (relative to less-skilled deaf readers), although we also provide an alternative explanation for this effect. Providing evidence that Chinese deaf readers have higher efficiency when processing parafoveal semantics, the study indicates flexibility across individuals in the mechanisms underlying word recognition adapting to the inputs available in the linguistic environment. KW - parafoveal KW - sentence reading KW - Chinese KW - deaf readers Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000035 SN - 0278-7393 SN - 1939-1285 VL - 41 IS - 1 SP - 254 EP - 261 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER -