TY - JOUR A1 - Schad, Daniel A1 - Vasishth, Shravan A1 - Hohenstein, Sven A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - How to capitalize on a priori contrasts in linear (mixed) models BT - a tutorial JF - Journal of memory and language N2 - Factorial experiments in research on memory, language, and in other areas are often analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). However, for effects with more than one numerator degrees of freedom, e.g., for experimental factors with more than two levels, the ANOVA omnibus F-test is not informative about the source of a main effect or interaction. Because researchers typically have specific hypotheses about which condition means differ from each other, a priori contrasts (i.e., comparisons planned before the sample means are known) between specific conditions or combinations of conditions are the appropriate way to represent such hypotheses in the statistical model. Many researchers have pointed out that contrasts should be "tested instead of, rather than as a supplement to, the ordinary 'omnibus' F test" (Hays, 1973, p. 601). In this tutorial, we explain the mathematics underlying different kinds of contrasts (i.e., treatment, sum, repeated, polynomial, custom, nested, interaction contrasts), discuss their properties, and demonstrate how they are applied in the R System for Statistical Computing (R Core Team, 2018). In this context, we explain the generalized inverse which is needed to compute the coefficients for contrasts that test hypotheses that are not covered by the default set of contrasts. A detailed understanding of contrast coding is crucial for successful and correct specification in linear models (including linear mixed models). Contrasts defined a priori yield far more useful confirmatory tests of experimental hypotheses than standard omnibus F-tests. Reproducible code is available from https://osf.io/7ukf6/. KW - contrasts KW - null hypothesis significance testing KW - linear models KW - a priori KW - hypotheses Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2019.104038 SN - 0749-596X SN - 1096-0821 VL - 110 PB - Elsevier CY - San Diego ER - TY - GEN A1 - Fühner, Thea Heidi A1 - Granacher, Urs A1 - Golle, Kathleen A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Age and sex effects in physical fitness components of 108,295 third graders including 515 primary schools and 9 cohorts T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Children’s physical fitness development and related moderating effects of age and sex are well documented, especially boys’ and girls’ divergence during puberty. The situation might be different during prepuberty. As girls mature approximately two years earlier than boys, we tested a possible convergence of performance with five tests representing four components of physical fitness in a large sample of 108,295 eight-year old third-graders. Within this single prepubertal year of life and irrespective of the test, performance increased linearly with chronological age, and boys outperformed girls to a larger extent in tests requiring muscle mass for successful performance. Tests differed in the magnitude of age effects (gains), but there was no evidence for an interaction between age and sex. Moreover, “physical fitness” of schools correlated at r = 0.48 with their age effect which might imply that "fit schools” promote larger gains; expected secular trends from 2011 to 2019 were replicated. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 761 Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-549827 SN - 1866-8364 SP - 1 EP - 13 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fühner, Thea Heidi A1 - Granacher, Urs A1 - Golle, Kathleen A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Age and sex effects in physical fitness components of 108,295 third graders including 515 primary schools and 9 cohorts JF - Scientific Reports N2 - Children’s physical fitness development and related moderating effects of age and sex are well documented, especially boys’ and girls’ divergence during puberty. The situation might be different during prepuberty. As girls mature approximately two years earlier than boys, we tested a possible convergence of performance with five tests representing four components of physical fitness in a large sample of 108,295 eight-year old third-graders. Within this single prepubertal year of life and irrespective of the test, performance increased linearly with chronological age, and boys outperformed girls to a larger extent in tests requiring muscle mass for successful performance. Tests differed in the magnitude of age effects (gains), but there was no evidence for an interaction between age and sex. Moreover, “physical fitness” of schools correlated at r = 0.48 with their age effect which might imply that "fit schools” promote larger gains; expected secular trends from 2011 to 2019 were replicated. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97000-4 SN - 2045-2322 VL - 11 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Nature Portfolio CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Li, Nan A1 - Wang, Suiping A1 - Mo, Luxi A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Contextual constraint and preview time modulate the semantic preview effect BT - evidence from Chinese sentence reading JF - The quarterly journal of experimental psychology N2 - Word recognition in sentence reading is influenced by information from both preview and context. Recently, semantic preview effect (SPE) was observed being modulated by the constraint of context, indicating that context might accelerate the processing of semantically related preview words. Besides, SPE was found to depend on preview time, which suggests that SPE may change with different processing stages of preview words. Therefore, it raises the question of whether preview time-dependent SPE would be modulated by contextual constraint. In this study, we not only investigated the impact of contextual constraint on SPE in Chinese reading but also examined its dependency on preview time. The preview word and the target word were identical, semantically related or unrelated to the target word. The results showed a significant three-way interaction: The SPE depended on contextual constraint and preview time. In separate analyses for low and high contextual constraint of target words, the SPE significantly decreased with an increase in preview duration when the target word was of low constraint in the sentence. The effect was numerically in the same direction but weaker and statistically nonsignificant when the target word was highly constrained in the sentence. The results indicate that word processing in sentences is a dynamic process of integrating information from both preview (bottom-up) and context (top-down). KW - Semantic preview benefit KW - contextual constraint KW - word process KW - reading Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1310914 SN - 1747-0218 SN - 1747-0226 VL - 71 IS - 1 SP - 241 EP - 249 PB - Sage Publ. CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhou, Wei A1 - Wang, Aiping A1 - Shu, Hua A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Yan, Ming T1 - Word segmentation by alternating colors facilitates eye guidance in Chinese reading JF - Memory & cognition N2 - During sentence reading, low spatial frequency information afforded by spaces between words is the primary factor for eye guidance in spaced writing systems, whereas saccade generation for unspaced writing systems is less clear and under debate. In the present study, we investigated whether word-boundary information, provided by alternating colors (consistent or inconsistent with word-boundary information) influences saccade-target selection in Chinese. In Experiment 1, as compared to a baseline (i.e., uniform color) condition, word segmentation with alternating color shifted fixation location towards the center of words. In contrast, incorrect word segmentation shifted fixation location towards the beginning of words. In Experiment 2, we used a gaze-contingent paradigm to restrict the color manipulation only to the upcoming parafoveal words and replicated the results, including fixation location effects, as observed in Experiment 1. These results indicate that Chinese readers are capable of making use of parafoveal word-boundary knowledge for saccade generation, even if such information is unfamiliar to them. The present study provides novel support for the hypothesis that word segmentation is involved in the decision about where to fixate next during Chinese reading. KW - Chinese KW - Word segmentation KW - Fixation location KW - Parafoveal KW - Color Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-018-0797-5 SN - 0090-502X SN - 1532-5946 VL - 46 IS - 5 SP - 729 EP - 740 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Matuschek, Hannes A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - On the ambiguity of interaction and nonlinear main effects in a regime of dependent covariates JF - Behavior research methods : a journal of the Psychonomic Society N2 - The analysis of large experimental datasets frequently reveals significant interactions that are difficult to interpret within the theoretical framework guiding the research. Some of these interactions actually arise from the presence of unspecified nonlinear main effects and statistically dependent covariates in the statistical model. Importantly, such nonlinear main effects may be compatible (or, at least, not incompatible) with the current theoretical framework. In the present literature, this issue has only been studied in terms of correlated (linearly dependent) covariates. Here we generalize to nonlinear main effects (i.e., main effects of arbitrary shape) and dependent covariates. We propose a novel nonparametric method to test for ambiguous interactions where present parametric methods fail. We illustrate the method with a set of simulations and with reanalyses (a) of effects of parental education on their children’s educational expectations and (b) of effects of word properties on fixation locations during reading of natural sentences, specifically of effects of length and morphological complexity of the word to be fixated next. The resolution of such ambiguities facilitates theoretical progress. KW - Interaction effects KW - Mixed models KW - Additive mixed models KW - Regression splines KW - Non-parametric curve estimation Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-017-0956-9 SN - 1554-351X SN - 1554-3528 VL - 50 IS - 5 SP - 1882 EP - 1894 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hortobagyi, Tibor A1 - Uematsu, Azusa A1 - Sanders, Lianne A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Tollar, Jozsef A1 - Moraes, Renato A1 - Granacher, Urs T1 - Beam Walking to Assess Dynamic Balance in Health and Disease BT - a Protocol for the "BEAM" Multicenter Observational Study JF - Gerontology N2 - Background: Dynamic balance keeps the vertical projection of the center of mass within the base of support while walking. Dynamic balance tests are used to predict the risks of falls and eventual falls. The psychometric properties of most dynamic balance tests are unsatisfactory and do not comprise an actual loss of balance while walking. Objectives: Using beam walking distance as a measure of dynamic balance, the BEAM consortium will determine the psychometric properties, lifespan and patient reference values, the relationship with selected “dynamic balance tests,” and the accuracy of beam walking distance to predict falls. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study will examine healthy adults in 7 decades (n = 432) at 4 centers. Center 5 will examine patients (n = 100) diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, and balance disorders. In test 1, all participants will be measured for demographics, medical history, muscle strength, gait, static balance, dynamic balance using beam walking under single (beam walking only) and dual task conditions (beam walking while concurrently performing an arithmetic task), and several cognitive functions. Patients and healthy participants age 50 years or older will be additionally measured for fear of falling, history of falls, miniBESTest, functional reach on a force platform, timed up and go, and reactive balance. All participants age 50 years or older will be recalled to report fear of falling and fall history 6 and 12 months after test 1. In test 2, seven to ten days after test 1, healthy young adults and age 50 years or older (n = 40) will be retested for reliability of beam walking performance. Conclusion: We expect to find that beam walking performance vis-à-vis the traditionally used balance outcomes predicts more accurately fall risks and falls. Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT03532984. KW - Aging KW - Gait KW - Balance KW - Dual tasks KW - Falls Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1159/000493360 SN - 0304-324X SN - 1423-0003 VL - 65 IS - 4 SP - 332 EP - 339 PB - Karger CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tetzner, Julia A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Busching, Robert A1 - Esser, Günter T1 - Developmental problems in adolescence BT - a person-centered analysis across time and domains JF - Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology N2 - This longitudinal study investigated patterns of developmental problems across depression, aggression, and academic achievement during adolescence, using two measurement points two years apart (N = 1665; age T1: M = 13.14; female = 49.6%). Latent Profile Analyses and Latent Transition Analyses yielded four main findings: A three-type solution provided the best fit to the data: an asymptomatic type (i.e., low problem scores in all three domains), a depressed type (i.e., high scores in depression), an aggressive type (i.e., high scores in aggression). Profile types were invariant over the two data waves but differed between girls and boys, revealing gender specific patterns of comorbidity. Stabilities over time were high for the asymptomatic type and for types that represented problems in one domain, but moderate for comorbid types. Differences in demographic variables (i.e., age, socio-economic status) and individual characteristics (i.e., self-esteem, dysfunctional cognitions, cognitive capabilities) predicted profile type memberships and longitudinal transitions between types. KW - Adolescence KW - Person-centered approach KW - Depression KW - Aggression KW - Academic achievement Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2017.08.003 SN - 0193-3973 SN - 1873-7900 VL - 53 SP - 40 EP - 53 PB - Elsevier CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laurinavichyute, Anna A1 - Sekerina, Irina A. A1 - Alexeeva, Svetlana A1 - Bagdasaryan, Kristine A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Russian Sentence Corpus: Benchmark measures of eye movements in reading in Russian JF - Behavior research methods : a journal of the Psychonomic Society N2 - This article introduces a new corpus of eye movements in silent readingthe Russian Sentence Corpus (RSC). Russian uses the Cyrillic script, which has not yet been investigated in cross-linguistic eye movement research. As in every language studied so far, we confirmed the expected effects of low-level parameters, such as word length, frequency, and predictability, on the eye movements of skilled Russian readers. These findings allow us to add Slavic languages using Cyrillic script (exemplified by Russian) to the growing number of languages with different orthographies, ranging from the Roman-based European languages to logographic Asian ones, whose basic eye movement benchmarks conform to the universal comparative science of reading (Share, 2008). We additionally report basic descriptive corpus statistics and three exploratory investigations of the effects of Russian morphology on the basic eye movement measures, which illustrate the kinds of questions that researchers can answer using the RSC. The annotated corpus is freely available from its project page at the Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/x5q2r/. KW - Reading KW - Eye movements KW - Russian KW - Ambiguity KW - Part of speech KW - Corpus Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-018-1051-6 SN - 1554-351X SN - 1554-3528 VL - 51 IS - 3 SP - 1161 EP - 1178 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Pan, Jinger A1 - Chang, Wenshuo A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Read sideways or not: vertical saccade advantage in sentence reading JF - Reading and writing : an interdisciplinary journal N2 - During the reading of alphabetic scripts and scene perception, eye movements are programmed more efficiently in horizontal direction than in vertical direction. We propose that such a directional advantage may be due the overwhelming reading experience in the horizontal direction. Writing orientation is highly flexible for Traditional Chinese sentences. We compare horizontal and vertical eye movements during reading of such sentences and provide first evidence of a text-orientation effect on eye-movement control during reading. In addition to equivalent reading speed in both directions, more fine-grained analyses demonstrate a tradeoff between longer fixation durations and better fixation locations in vertical than in horizontal reading. Our results suggest that with extensive reading experience, Traditional Chinese readers can generate saccades more efficiently in vertical than in horizontal direction. KW - Chinese KW - Eye movement KW - Reading KW - Text orientation Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-018-9930-x SN - 0922-4777 SN - 1573-0905 VL - 32 IS - 8 SP - 1911 EP - 1926 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Pan, Jinger A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Eye Movement Control in Chinese Reading: A Cross-Sectional Study JF - Developmental psychology N2 - The present study explored the age-related changes of eye movement control in reading-that is, where to send the eyes and when to move them. Different orthographies present readers with somewhat different problems to solve, and this might, in turn, be reflected in different patterns of development of reading skill. Participants of different developmental levels (Grade 3, N = 30; Grade 5, N = 27 and adults, N = 27) were instructed to read sentences for comprehension while their eye movements were recorded. Contrary to previous findings that have been well documented indicating early maturation of saccade generation in English, current results showed that saccade generation among Chinese readers was still under development at Grade 5, although immediate lexical processing was relatively well-established. The distinct age-related changes in eye movements are attributable to certain linguistic properties of Chinese including the lack of interword spaces and word boundary uncertainty. The present study offers an example of how human eye movement adapts to the orthographic environment. KW - Chinese KW - eye movement KW - reading KW - development Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000819 SN - 0012-1649 SN - 1939-0599 VL - 55 IS - 11 SP - 2275 EP - 2285 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Wang, Aiping A1 - Song, Hosu A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Parafoveal processing of phonology and semantics during the reading of Korean sentences JF - Cognition : international journal of cognitive science N2 - The present study sets out to address two fundamental questions in the reading of continuous texts: Whether semantic and phonological information from upcoming words can be accessed during natural reading. In the present study we investigated parafoveal processing during the reading of Korean sentences, manipulating semantic and phonological information from parafoveal preview words. In addition to the first evidence for a semantic preview effect in Korean, we found that Korean readers have stronger and more long-lasting phonological than semantic activation from parafoveal words in second-pass reading. The present study provides an example that human mind can flexibly adjust processing priority to different types of information based on the linguistic environment. KW - Semantic KW - Phonological KW - Preview benefit KW - Korean Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2019.104009 SN - 0010-0277 SN - 1873-7838 VL - 193 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Masson, Michael E. J. A1 - Rabe, Maximilian M. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Modulation of additive and interactive effects by trial history revisited JF - Memory & cognition KW - Additive and interactive effects KW - Effects of trial history KW - Lexical decision KW - Data transformation KW - Linear mixed models Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-016-0666-z SN - 0090-502X SN - 1532-5946 VL - 45 SP - 480 EP - 492 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Matuschek, Hannes A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Vasishth, Shravan A1 - Baayen, Harald R. A1 - Bates, Douglas T1 - Balancing Type I error and power in linear mixed models JF - Journal of memory and language N2 - Linear mixed-effects models have increasingly replaced mixed-model analyses of variance for statistical inference in factorial psycholinguistic experiments. Although LMMs have many advantages over ANOVA, like ANOVAs, setting them up for data analysis also requires some care. One simple option, when numerically possible, is to fit the full variance covariance structure of random effects (the maximal model; Barr, Levy, Scheepers & Tily, 2013), presumably to keep Type I error down to the nominal a in the presence of random effects. Although it is true that fitting a model with only random intercepts may lead to higher Type I error, fitting a maximal model also has a cost: it can lead to a significant loss of power. We demonstrate this with simulations and suggest that for typical psychological and psycholinguistic data, higher power is achieved without inflating Type I error rate if a model selection criterion is used to select a random effect structure that is supported by the data. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. KW - Power KW - Linear mixed effect model KW - Hypothesis testing Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2017.01.001 SN - 0749-596X SN - 1096-0821 VL - 94 SP - 305 EP - 315 PB - Elsevier CY - San Diego ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Baayen, Harald R. A1 - Vasishth, Shravan A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Bates, Douglas T1 - The cave of shadows: Addressing the human factor with generalized additive mixed models JF - Journal of memory and language KW - Generalized additive mixed models KW - Within-experiment adaptation KW - Autocorrelation KW - Experimental time series KW - Confirmatory versus exploratory data analysis KW - Model selection Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2016.11.006 SN - 0749-596X SN - 1096-0821 VL - 94 SP - 206 EP - 234 PB - Elsevier CY - San Diego ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hohenstein, Sven A1 - Matuschek, Hannes A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Linked linear mixed models: A joint analysis of fixation locations and fixation durations in natural reading JF - Psychonomic bulletin & review : a journal of the Psychonomic Society N2 - The complexity of eye-movement control during reading allows measurement of many dependent variables, the most prominent ones being fixation durations and their locations in words. In current practice, either variable may serve as dependent variable or covariate for the other in linear mixed models (LMMs) featuring also psycholinguistic covariates of word recognition and sentence comprehension. Rather than analyzing fixation location and duration with separate LMMs, we propose linking the two according to their sequential dependency. Specifically, we include predicted fixation location (estimated in the first LMM from psycholinguistic covariates) and its associated residual fixation location as covariates in the second, fixation-duration LMM. This linked LMM affords a distinction between direct and indirect effects (mediated through fixation location) of psycholinguistic covariates on fixation durations. Results confirm the robustness of distributed processing in the perceptual span. They also offer a resolution of the paradox of the inverted optimal viewing position (IOVP) effect (i.e., longer fixation durations in the center than at the beginning and end of words) although the opposite (i.e., an OVP effect) is predicted from default assumptions of psycholinguistic processing efficiency: The IOVP effect in fixation durations is due to the residual fixation-location covariate, presumably driven primarily by saccadic error, and the OVP effect (at least the left part of it) is uncovered with the predicted fixation-location covariate, capturing the indirect effects of psycholinguistic covariates. We expect that linked LMMs will be useful for the analysis of other dynamically related multiple outcomes, a conundrum of most psychonomic research. KW - Linear mixed model KW - Model linkage KW - Eye movements KW - Reading Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-016-1138-y SN - 1069-9384 SN - 1531-5320 VL - 24 SP - 637 EP - 651 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Beurskens, Rainer A1 - Haeger, Matthias A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Roecker, Kai A1 - Granacher, Urs T1 - Postural Control in Dual-Task Situations: Does Whole-Body Fatigue Matter? JF - PLoS one N2 - Postural control is important to cope with demands of everyday life. It has been shown that both attentional demand (i.e., cognitive processing) and fatigue affect postural control in young adults. However, their combined effect is still unresolved. Therefore, we investigated the effects of fatigue on single-(ST) and dual-task (DT) postural control. Twenty young subjects (age: 23.7 +/- 2.7) performed an all-out incremental treadmill protocol. After each completed stage, one-legged-stance performance on a force platform under ST (i.e., one-legged-stance only) and DT conditions (i.e., one-legged-stance while subtracting serial 3s) was registered. On a second test day, subjects conducted the same balance tasks for the control condition (i.e., non-fatigued). Results showed that heart rate, lactate, and ventilation increased following fatigue (all p < 0.001; d = 4.2-21). Postural sway and sway velocity increased during DT compared to ST (all p < 0.001; d = 1.9-2.0) and fatigued compared to non-fatigued condition (all p < 0.001; d = 3.3-4.2). In addition, postural control deteriorated with each completed stage during the treadmill protocol (all p < 0.01; d = 1.9-3.3). The addition of an attention-demanding interference task did not further impede one-legged-stance performance. Although both additional attentional demand and physical fatigue affected postural control in healthy young adults, there was no evidence for an overadditive effect (i.e., fatigue-related performance decrements in postural control were similar under ST and DT conditions). Thus, attentional resources were sufficient to cope with the DT situations in the fatigue condition of this experiment. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147392 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 11 SP - 1379 EP - 1384 PB - PLoS CY - San Fransisco ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ohl, Sven A1 - Wohltat, Christian A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Pollatos, Olga A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - Microsaccades Are Coupled to Heartbeat JF - The journal of neuroscience N2 - During visual fixation, the eye generates microsaccades and slower components of fixational eye movements that are part of the visual processing strategy in humans. Here, we show that ongoing heartbeat is coupled to temporal rate variations in the generation of microsaccades. Using coregistration of eye recording and ECG in humans, we tested the hypothesis that microsaccade onsets are coupled to the relative phase of the R-R intervals in heartbeats. We observed significantly more microsaccades during the early phase after the R peak in the ECG. This form of coupling between heartbeat and eye movements was substantiated by the additional finding of a coupling between heart phase and motion activity in slow fixational eye movements; i.e., retinal image slip caused by physiological drift. Our findings therefore demonstrate a coupling of the oculomotor system and ongoing heartbeat, which provides further evidence for bodily influences on visuomotor functioning. KW - eye movements KW - heartbeat KW - microsaccades Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2211-15.2016 SN - 0270-6474 VL - 36 SP - 1237 EP - 1241 PB - Society for Neuroscience CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Göthe, Katrin A1 - Oberauer, Klaus A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Eliminating dual-task costs by minimizing crosstalk between tasks: The role of modality and feature pairings JF - Cognition : international journal of cognitive science N2 - We tested the independent influences of two content-based factors on dual-task costs, and on the parallel processing ability: The pairing of S-R modalities and the pairing of relevant features between stimuli and responses of two tasks. The two pairing factors were realized across four dual-task groups. Within each group the two tasks comprised two different stimulus modalities (visual and auditory), two different relevant stimulus features (spatial and verbal) and two response modalities (manual and vocal). Pairings of S-R modalities (standard: visual-manual and auditory-vocal, non-standard: visual-vocal and auditory manual) and feature pairings (standard: spatial-manual and verbal-vocal, non-standard: spatial-vocal and verbal-manual) varied across groups. All participants practiced their respective dual-task combination in a paradigm with simultaneous stimulus onset before being transferred to a psychological refractory period paradigm varying stimulus-onset asynchrony. A comparison at the end of practice revealed similar dual-task costs and similar pairing effects in both paradigms. Dual-task costs depended on modality and feature pairings. Groups training with non-standard feature pairings (i.e., verbal stimulus features mapped to spatially separated response keys, or spatial stimulus features mapped to verbal responses) and non-standard modality pairings (i.e., auditory stimulus mapped to manual response, or visual stimulus mapped to vocal responses) had higher dual-task costs than respective standard pairings. In contrast, irrespective of modality pairing dual-task costs virtually disappeared with standard feature pairings after practice in both paradigms. The results can be explained by crosstalk between feature-binding processes for the two tasks. Crosstalk was present for non-standard but absent for standard feature pairings. Therefore, standard feature pairings enabled parallel processing at the end of practice. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - Parallel processing KW - Modality pairings KW - Representational overlap KW - Bottleneck Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2016.02.003 SN - 0010-0277 SN - 1873-7838 VL - 150 SP - 92 EP - 108 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ohl, Sven A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Revealing the time course of signals influencing the generation of JF - Vision research : an international journal for functional aspects of vision. N2 - Saccadic eye movements are frequently followed by smaller secondary saccades which are generally assumed to correct for the error in primary saccade landing position. However, secondary saccades can also occur after accurate primary saccades and they are often as small as microsaccades, therefore raising the need to further scrutinize the processes involved in secondary saccade generation. Following up a previous study, we analyzed secondary saccades using rate analysis which allows us to quantify experimental effects as shifts in distributions, therefore going beyond comparisons of mean differences. We use Aalen’s additive hazards model to delineate the time course of key influences on the secondary saccade rate. In addition to the established effect of primary saccade error, we observed a time-varying influence of under- vs. overshooting – with a higher risk of generating secondary saccades following undershoots. Moreover, increasing target eccentricity influenced the programming of secondary saccades, therefore demonstrating that error-unrelated variables co-determine secondary saccade programs. Our results provide new insights into the generative mechanisms of small saccades during postsaccadic fixation that need to be accounted for by secondary saccade models. KW - Eye movements KW - Corrective saccades KW - Secondary saccades KW - Rate analysis KW - Survival analysis Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2016.06.007 SN - 0042-6989 SN - 1878-5646 VL - 124 SP - 52 EP - 58 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER -