TY  - JOUR
A1  - Borck, Rainald
A1  - Übelmesser, Silke
A1  - Wimbersky, Martin
T1  - The Political Economics of Higher-Education Finance for Mobile Individuals
JF  - FinanzArchiv
N2  - We study voting over higher-education finance in an economy with two regions and two separated labor markets. Households differ in their financial endowment and their children's ability. Nonstudents are immobile. Students decide where to study; they return home after graduation with exogenous probability. The voters of the two regions decide on whether to subsidize higher-education costs or to rely on tuition fees only. We find that in equilibrium, in both regions a majority votes for subsidies when the return probability is sufficiently small. When that probability is large, both regions opt for full tuition finance.
KW  - voting
KW  - higher education
KW  - financing scheme
KW  - mobility
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1628/001522115X14206439673215
SN  - 0015-2218
SN  - 1614-0974
VL  - 71
IS  - 1
SP  - 82
EP  - 105
PB  - Mohr Siebeck
CY  - Tübingen
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bruttel, Lisa Verena
A1  - Friehe, Tim
T1  - A note on making humans randomize
JF  - Journal of behavioral and experimental economics
N2  - This note presents results from an experiment studying a two person 4 4 pure coordination game. We explore different strategy labels in an attempt to implement the mixed strategy equilibrium that selects all four strategies with equal probability. Such strategy labels must be free from salient properties that might be used by participants to coordinate. Testing 23 different sets of strategy labels, we identify two sets that produce a distribution of subjects' choices which approximate the uniform distribution quite well. Our results are relevant for studies intending to compare the behavior of subjects who play against a random mechanism with that of participants who play against human counterparts.
KW  - Coordination game
KW  - Experiment
KW  - Mixed strategy
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2015.06.008
SN  - 2214-8043
SN  - 2214-8051
VL  - 58
SP  - 40
EP  - 45
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kaba, Hani E. J.
A1  - Maier, Natalia
A1  - Schliebe-Ohler, Nicole
A1  - Mayer, Yvonne
A1  - Mueller, Peter P.
A1  - van den Heuvel, Joop
A1  - Schuchhardt, Johannes
A1  - Hanack, Katja
A1  - Bilitewski, Ursula
T1  - Identification of whole pathogenic cells by monoclonal antibodies generated against a specific peptide from an immunogenic cell wall protein
JF  - Journal of microbiological methods
N2  - We selected the immunogenic cell wall beta-(1,3)-glucosyltransferase Bgl2p from Candida albicans as a target protein for the production of antibodies. We identified a unique peptide sequence in the protein and generated monoclonal anti- C. albicans Bgl2p antibodies, which bound in particular to whole C. albicans cells.
KW  - Candida
KW  - Diagnostics
KW  - Flow cytometry
KW  - Peptides
KW  - Bgl2p
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2014.11.003
SN  - 0167-7012
SN  - 1872-8359
VL  - 108
SP  - 61
EP  - 69
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wernet, Philippe
A1  - Kunnus, Kristjan
A1  - Josefsson, Ida
A1  - Rajkovic, Ivan
A1  - Quevedo, Wilson
A1  - Beye, Martin
A1  - Schreck, Simon
A1  - Gruebel, S.
A1  - Scholz, Mirko
A1  - Nordlund, Dennis
A1  - Zhang, Wenkai
A1  - Hartsock, Robert W.
A1  - Schlotter, William F.
A1  - Turner, Joshua J.
A1  - Kennedy, Brian
A1  - Hennies, Franz
A1  - de Groot, Frank M. F.
A1  - Gaffney, Kelly J.
A1  - Techert, Simone
A1  - Odelius, Michael
A1  - Föhlisch, Alexander
T1  - Orbital-specific mapping of the ligand exchange dynamics of Fe(CO)(5) in solution
JF  - Nature : the international weekly journal of science
N2  - Transition-metal complexes have long attracted interest for fundamental chemical reactivity studies and possible use in solar energy conversion(1,2). Electronic excitation, ligand loss from the metal centre, or a combination of both, creates changes in charge and spin density at the metal site(3-11) that need to be controlled to optimize complexes for photocatalytic hydrogen production(8) and selective carbon-hydrogen bond activation(9-11). An understanding at the molecular level of how transition-metal complexes catalyse reactions, and in particular of the role of the short-lived and reactive intermediate states involved, will be critical for such optimization. However, suitable methods for detailed characterization of electronic excited states have been lacking. Here we show, with the use of X-ray laser-based femtosecond-resolution spectroscopy and advanced quantum chemical theory to probe the reaction dynamics of the benchmark transition-metal complex Fe(CO)(5) in solution, that the photo-induced removal of CO generates the 16-electron Fe(CO)(4) species, a homogeneous catalyst(12,13) with an electron deficiency at the Fe centre(14,15), in a hitherto unreported excited singlet state that either converts to the triplet ground state or combines with a CO or solvent molecule to regenerate a penta-coordinated Fe species on a sub-picosecond timescale. This finding, which resolves the debate about the relative importance of different spin channels in the photochemistry of Fe(CO)(5) (refs 4, 16-20), was made possible by the ability of femtosecond X-ray spectroscopy to probe frontier-orbital interactions with atom specificity. We expect the method to be broadly applicable in the chemical sciences, and to complement approaches that probe structural dynamics in ultrafast processes.
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14296
SN  - 0028-0836
SN  - 1476-4687
VL  - 520
IS  - 7545
SP  - 78
EP  - 81
PB  - Nature Publ. Group
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Panitz, Sina
A1  - Cortese, Giuseppe
A1  - Neil, Helen L.
A1  - Diekmann, Bernhard
T1  - A radiolarian-based palaeoclimate history of Core Y9 (Northeast of Campbell Plateau, New Zealand) for the last 160 kyr
JF  - Marine micropaleontology
N2  - Sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) based on radiolarian assemblage changes are estimated for the last 160 kyr, from a sediment core (Y9) recovered from Pukaki Saddle, northeast of Campbell Plateau. Site Y9 lies beneath Subantarctic Surface Water (SAW) immediately to the north of the Subantarctic Front (SAF), which in this region is bathymetrically constrained by the edges of Campbell Plateau and defines the northern boundary of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). Radiolarian assemblages are characterised by an exceptionally high abundance of the Antarctic to subantarctic species Antarctissa spp. (up to 68%), especially during glacial intervals. SST estimates are derived using Factor Analysis and the Modern Analog Technique. Both methods capture the glacial-interglacial (G-I) pattern. The SST reconstructions show the changing relative influence of distinct water masses during the past G-I cycle, with major temperature variations of the order of 7-9 degrees C at glacial Terminations. Glacials (marine isotope stages (MIS) 6 and 2) are associated with particularly cool SSTs that are indicative of a more vigorous SAF/ACC and an enhancement of the inflow through Pukaki Saddle and/or frequent development of cold-core eddies at the SAF. By contrast, the influence of warmer waters and relaxation of the ACC during interglacials can be inferred from temperatures slightly warmer (e.g., mid-Holocene) and/or comparable to present day (e.g., MIS 5e). During these intervals, relatively warmer temperatures most likely indicate a higher warmcore eddy activity due to a strengthened Subtropical Front and/or a weakened inflow of cool water through Pukaki Saddle and/or an increased stratification in the Campbell Plateau region. Furthermore, the SST record is characterised by an abrupt warming at ca. 10 kyr (i.e., Termination l), the occurrence of a reversal at Termination I, and a warming event at the end of MIS 4, coinciding with the A4 event in the Byrd ice core. These characteristics, together with the pronounced G-I cycle shown by the SST estimates, suggest that Site Y9 is influenced by major oceanographic changes in the SW Pacific and responds to thermal changes at high southern latitudes. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
KW  - Radiolaria
KW  - Palaeotemperature
KW  - Subantarctic Front
KW  - Antarctic Circumpolar Current
KW  - Pacific Ocean
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2014.12.003
SN  - 0377-8398
SN  - 1872-6186
VL  - 116
SP  - 1
EP  - 14
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Aleksic, J.
A1  - Ansoldi, S.
A1  - Antonelli, L. A.
A1  - Antoranz, P.
A1  - Babic, A.
A1  - Bangale, P.
A1  - de Almeida, U. Barres
A1  - Barrio, J. A.
A1  - Gonzalez, J. Becerra
A1  - Bednarek, W.
A1  - Berger, K.
A1  - Bernardini, E.
A1  - Bilandli, A.
A1  - Bianch, O.
A1  - Bock, R. K.
A1  - Bonnefoy, S.
A1  - Bonnoli, G.
A1  - Borracci, F.
A1  - Bretz, T.
A1  - Carmona, E.
A1  - Carosi, A.
A1  - Fidalgo, D. Carreto
A1  - Colin, P.
A1  - Colombo, E.
A1  - Contreras, J. L.
A1  - Cortina, J.
A1  - Covino, S.
A1  - Da Vela, P.
A1  - Dazzi, F.
A1  - De Angelis, A.
A1  - De Caneva, G.
A1  - De Lotto, B.
A1  - Delgado Mendez, C.
A1  - Doert, M.
A1  - Dominguez, A.
A1  - Prester, Dijana Dominis
A1  - Dorner, D.
A1  - Doro, M.
A1  - Einecke, S.
A1  - Eisenacher, D.
A1  - Elsaesser, D.
A1  - Farina, E.
A1  - Ferenc, D.
A1  - Fonseca, M. V.
A1  - Font, L.
A1  - Frantzen, K.
A1  - Fruck, C.
A1  - Garcia Lopez, R. J.
A1  - Garczarczyki, M.
A1  - Garrido Terrats, D.
A1  - Gaug, M.
A1  - Giavitto, G.
A1  - Godinovic, N.
A1  - Gonzalez Munoz, A.
A1  - Gozzini, S. R.
A1  - Hadamek, A.
A1  - Hadasch, D.
A1  - Herrero, A.
A1  - Hildebrand, D.
A1  - Hose, J.
A1  - Hrupec, D.
A1  - Idec, W.
A1  - Kadenius, V.
A1  - Kellermann, H.
A1  - Knoetig, M. L.
A1  - Krause, J.
A1  - Kushida, J.
A1  - La Barbera, A.
A1  - Lelas, D.
A1  - Lewandowska, N.
A1  - Lindfors, E.
A1  - Longo, F.
A1  - Lombardi, S.
A1  - Lopez, M.
A1  - Lopez-Coto, R.
A1  - Lopez-Oramas, A.
A1  - Lorenz, E.
A1  - Lozano, I.
A1  - Makariev, M.
A1  - Mallot, K.
A1  - Maneva, G.
A1  - Mankuzhiyil, N.
A1  - Mannheim, K.
A1  - Maraschi, L.
A1  - Marcote, B.
A1  - Mariotti, M.
A1  - Martinez, M.
A1  - Mazin, D.
A1  - Menzel, U.
A1  - Meucci, M.
A1  - Miranda, J. M.
A1  - Mirzoyan, R.
A1  - Moralejo, A.
A1  - Munar-Adrover, P.
A1  - Nakajima, D.
A1  - Niedzwiecki, A.
A1  - Nilsson, K.
A1  - Nowak, N.
A1  - Orito, R.
A1  - Overkemping, A.
A1  - Paiano, S.
A1  - Palatiello, M.
A1  - Paneque, D.
A1  - Paoletti, R.
A1  - Paredes, J. M.
A1  - Paredes-Fortuny, X.
A1  - Partini, S.
A1  - Persic, M.
A1  - Prada, F.
A1  - Moroni, P. G. Prada
A1  - Prandini, E.
A1  - Preziuso, S.
A1  - Puljak, I.
A1  - Reinthal, R.
A1  - Rhode, W.
A1  - Ribo, M.
A1  - Rico, J.
A1  - Garcia, J. Rodriguez
A1  - Ruegamer, S.
A1  - Saggion, A.
A1  - Saito, K.
A1  - Salvati, M.
A1  - Satalecka, K.
A1  - Scalzotto, V.
A1  - Scapin, V.
A1  - Schuliz, C.
A1  - Schweizer, T.
A1  - Shore, S. N.
A1  - Sillanpaa, A.
A1  - Sitarek, J.
A1  - Snidaric, I.
A1  - Sobczynska, D.
A1  - Spanier, F.
A1  - Stamatescu, V.
A1  - Stamerra, A.
A1  - Steinbring, T.
A1  - Storz, J.
A1  - Sun, S.
A1  - Suric, T.
A1  - Takalo, L.
A1  - Tavecchio, F.
A1  - Temnikov, P.
A1  - Terzic, T.
A1  - Tescaro, D.
A1  - Teshima, M.
A1  - Thaele, J.
A1  - Tibolla, O.
A1  - Torres, D. F.
A1  - Toyama, T.
A1  - Treves, A.
A1  - Uellenbeck, M.
A1  - Vogler, P.
A1  - Wagner, R. M.
A1  - Zandanel, F.
A1  - Zanin, R.
A1  - Archambault, S.
A1  - Behera, B.
A1  - Beilicke, M.
A1  - Benbow, W.
A1  - Bird, R.
A1  - Buckley, J. H.
A1  - Bugaev, V.
A1  - Cerruti, M.
A1  - Chen, X.
A1  - Ciupik, L.
A1  - Collins-Hughes, E.
A1  - Cui, W.
A1  - Dumm, J.
A1  - Eisch, J. D.
A1  - Falcone, A.
A1  - Federici, S.
A1  - Feng, Q.
A1  - Finley, J. P.
A1  - Fleischhack, H.
A1  - Fortin, P.
A1  - Fortson, L.
A1  - Furniss, A.
A1  - Griffin, S.
A1  - Griffiths, S. T.
A1  - Grube, J.
A1  - Gyuk, G.
A1  - Hanna, D.
A1  - Holder, J.
A1  - Hughes, G.
A1  - Humensky, T. B.
A1  - Johnson, C. A.
A1  - Kaaret, P.
A1  - Kertzman, M.
A1  - Khassen, Y.
A1  - Kieda, D.
A1  - Krawczynski, H.
A1  - Krennrich, F.
A1  - Kumar, S.
A1  - Lang, M. J.
A1  - Maier, G.
A1  - McArthur, S.
A1  - Meagher, K.
A1  - Moriarty, P.
A1  - Mukherjee, R.
A1  - Ong, R. A.
A1  - Otte, A. N.
A1  - Park, N.
A1  - Pichel, A.
A1  - Pohl, M.
A1  - Popkow, A.
A1  - Prokoph, H.
A1  - Quinn, M. J.
A1  - Ragan, K.
A1  - Rajotte, J.
A1  - Reynolds, P. T.
A1  - Richards, G. T.
A1  - Roache, E.
A1  - Rovero, A. C.
A1  - Sembroski, G. H.
A1  - Shahinyan, K.
A1  - Staszak, D.
A1  - Telezhinsky, Igor O.
A1  - Theiling, M.
A1  - Tucci, J. V.
A1  - Tyler, J.
A1  - Varlotta, A.
A1  - Wakely, S. P.
A1  - Weekes, T. C.
A1  - Weinstein, A.
A1  - Welsing, R.
A1  - Wilhelm, Alina
A1  - Williams, D. A.
A1  - Zitzer, B.
A1  - Villata, M.
A1  - Raiteri, C.
A1  - Aller, H. D.
A1  - Aller, M. F.
A1  - Chen, W. P.
A1  - Jordan, B.
A1  - Koptelova, E.
A1  - Kurtanidze, O. M.
A1  - Lahteenmaki, A.
A1  - McBreen, B.
A1  - Larionov, V. M.
A1  - Lin, C. S.
A1  - Nikolashvili, M. G.
A1  - Angelakis, E.
A1  - Capalbi, M.
A1  - Carraminana, A.
A1  - Carrasco, L.
A1  - Cassaro, P.
A1  - Cesarini, A.
A1  - Fuhrmann, L.
A1  - Giroletti, M.
A1  - Hovatta, T.
A1  - Krichbaum, T. P.
A1  - Krimm, H. A.
A1  - Max-Moerbeck, W.
A1  - Moody, J. W.
A1  - Maccaferri, G.
A1  - Mori, Y.
A1  - Nestoras, I.
A1  - Orlati, A.
A1  - Pace, C.
A1  - Pearson, R.
A1  - Perri, M.
A1  - Readhead, A. C. S.
A1  - Richards, J. L.
A1  - Sadun, A. C.
A1  - Sakamoto, T.
A1  - Tammi, J.
A1  - Tornikoski, M.
A1  - Yatsu, Y.
A1  - Zook, A.
T1  - The 2009 multiwavelength campaign on Mrk 421: Variability and correlation studies
JF  - Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal
N2  - Aims. We perform an extensive characterization of the broadband emission of Mrk 421, as well as its temporal evolution, during the non-flaring (low) state. The high brightness and nearby location (z = 0.031) of Mrk 421 make it an excellent laboratory to study blazar emission. The goal is to learn about the physical processes responsible for the typical emission of Mrk 421, which might also be extended to other blazars that are located farther away and hence are more difficult to study.
 Methods. We performed a 4.5-month multi-instrument campaign on Mrk 421 between January 2009 and June 2009, which included VLBA, F-GAMMA, GASP-WEBT, Swift, RXTE, Fermi-LAT, MAGIC, and Whipple, among other instruments and collaborations. This extensive radio to very-high-energy (VHE; E > 100 GeV) gamma-ray dataset provides excellent temporal and energy coverage, which allows detailed studies of the evolution of the broadband spectral energy distribution.
 Results. Mrk421 was found in its typical (non-flaring) activity state, with a VHE flux of about half that of the Crab Nebula, yet the light curves show significant variability at all wavelengths, the highest variability being in the X-rays. We determined the power spectral densities (PSD) at most wavelengths and found that all PSDs can be described by power-laws without a break, and with indices consistent with pink/red-noise behavior. We observed a harder-when-brighter behavior in the X-ray spectra and measured a positive correlation between VHE and X-ray fluxes with zero time lag. Such characteristics have been reported many times during flaring activity, but here they are reported for the first time in the non-flaring state. We also observed an overall anti-correlation between optical /UV and X-rays extending over the duration of the campaign.
 Conclusions. The harder-when-brighter behavior in the X-ray spectra and the measured positive X-ray/VHE correlation during the 2009 multiwavelength campaign suggests that the physical processes dominating the emission during non-flaring states have similarities with those occurring during flaring activity. In particular, this observation supports leptonic scenarios as being responsible for the emission of Mrk 421 during non-flaring activity. Such a temporally extended X-ray /VHE correlation is not driven by any single flaring event, and hence is difficult to explain within the standard hadronic scenarios. The highest variability is observed in the X-ray band, which, within the one-zone synchrotron self-Compton scenario, indicates that the electron energy distribution is most variable at the highest energies.
KW  - BL Lacertae objects: individual: Mrk 421
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201424216
SN  - 0004-6361
SN  - 1432-0746
VL  - 576
PB  - EDP Sciences
CY  - Les Ulis
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Monreal-Ibero, Ana
A1  - Weilbacher, Peter Michael
A1  - Wendt, Martin
A1  - Selman, Fernando
A1  - Lallement, Rosine
A1  - Brinchmann, Jarle
A1  - Kamann, Sebastian
A1  - Sandin, Christer
T1  - Towards DIB mapping in galaxies beyond 100 Mpc A radial profile of the lambda 5780.5 diffuse interstellar band in AM1353-272 B
JF  - Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal
N2  - Context. Diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) are non-stellar weak absorption features of unknown origin found in the spectra of stars viewed through one or several clouds of the interstellar medium (ISM). Research of DIBs outside the Milky Way is currently very limited. In particular, spatially resolved investigations of DIBs outside of the Local Group are, to our knowledge, inexistent.
 Aims. In this contribution, we explore the capability of the high-sensitivity integral field spectrograph, MUSE, as a tool for mapping diffuse interstellar bands at distances larger than 100 Mpc.
 Methods. We used MUSE commissioning data for AM1353-272 B, the member with the highest extinction of the Dentist's Chair, an interacting system of two spiral galaxies. High signal-to-noise spectra were created by co-adding the signal of many spatial elements distributed in a geometry of concentric elliptical half-rings.
 Results. We derived decreasing radial profiles for the equivalent width of the lambda 5780.5 DIB both in the receding and approaching side of the companion galaxy up to distances of similar to 4.6 kpc from the centre of the galaxy. The interstellar extinction as derived from the Ha/H beta line ratio displays a similar trend, with decreasing values towards the external parts. This translates into an intrinsic correlation between the strength of the DIB and the extinction within AM1353-272 B, consistent with the currently existing global trend between these quantities when using measurements for Galactic and extragalactic sightlines.
 Conclusions. It seems feasible to map the DIB strength in the Local Universe, which has up to now only been performed for the Milky Way. This offers a new approach to studying the relationship between DIBs and other characteristics and species of the ISM in addition to using galaxies in the Local Group or sightlines towards very bright targets outside the Local Group.
KW  - dust, extinction
KW  - ISM: lines and bands
KW  - galaxies: ISM
KW  - galaxies: individual: AM1353-272 B
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201525854
SN  - 0004-6361
SN  - 1432-0746
VL  - 576
PB  - EDP Sciences
CY  - Les Ulis
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Choi, Young-Joon
A1  - Klosterman, Steven J.
A1  - Kummer, Volker
A1  - Voglmayr, Hermann
A1  - Shin, Hyeon-Dong
A1  - Thines, Marco
T1  - Multi-locus tree and species tree approaches toward resolving a complex clade of downy mildews (Straminipila, Oomycota), including pathogens of beet and spinach
JF  - Molecular phylogenetics and evolution
N2  - Accurate species determination of plant pathogens is a prerequisite for their control and quarantine, and further for assessing their potential threat to crops. The family Peronosporaceae (Straminipila; Oomycota) consists of obligate biotrophic pathogens that cause downy mildew disease on angiosperms, including a large number of cultivated plants. In the largest downy mildew genus Peronospora, a phylogenetically complex clade includes the economically important downy mildew pathogens of spinach and beet, as well as the type species of the genus Peronospora. To resolve this complex clade at the species level and to infer evolutionary relationships among them, we used multi-locus phylogenetic analysis and species tree estimation. Both approaches discriminated all nine currently accepted species and revealed four previously unrecognized lineages, which are specific to a host genus or species. This is in line with a narrow species concept, i.e. that a downy mildew species is associated with only a particular host plant genus or species. Instead of applying the dubious name Peronospora farinosa, which has been proposed for formal rejection, our results provide strong evidence that Peronospora schachtii is an independent species from lineages on Atriplex and apparently occurs exclusively on Beta vulgaris. The members of the clade investigated, the Peronospora rumicis clade, associate with three different host plant families, Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllaceae, and Polygonaceae, suggesting that they may have speciated following at least two recent inter-family host shifts, rather than contemporary cospeciation with the host plants. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
KW  - Cospeciation
KW  - Host shift
KW  - Multi-locus phylogeny
KW  - Oomycetes
KW  - Peronospora farinosa
KW  - Species tree
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.03.003
SN  - 1055-7903
SN  - 1095-9513
VL  - 86
SP  - 24
EP  - 34
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - San Diego
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Holz, Nathalie E.
A1  - Buchmann, Arlette F.
A1  - Boecker-Schlier, Regina
A1  - Blomeyer, Dorothea
A1  - Baumeister, Sarah
A1  - Wolf, Isabella
A1  - Rietschel, Marcella
A1  - Witt, Stephanie H.
A1  - Plichta, Michael M.
A1  - Meyer-Lindenberg, Andreas
A1  - Banaschewski, Tobias
A1  - Brandeis, Daniel
A1  - Laucht, Manfred
T1  - Role of FKBP5 in emotion processing: results on amygdala activity, connectivity and volume
JF  - Brain structure & function
N2  - Accumulating evidence suggests a role of FKBP5, a co-chaperone regulating the glucocorticoid receptor sensitivity, in the etiology of depression and anxiety disorders. Based on recent findings of altered amygdala activity following childhood adversity, the present study aimed at clarifying the impact of genetic variation in FKBP5 on threat-related neural activity and coupling as well as morphometric alterations in stress-sensitive brain systems. Functional magnetic resonance imaging during an emotional face-matching task was performed in 153 healthy young adults (66 males) from a high-risk community sample followed since birth. Voxel-based morphometry was applied to study structural alterations and DNA was genotyped for FKBP5 rs1360780. Childhood adversity was measured using retrospective self-report (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire) and by a standardized parent interview assessing childhood family adversity. Depression was assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory. There was a main effect of FKBP5 on the left amygdala, with T homozygotes showing the highest activity, largest volume and increased coupling with the left hippocampus and the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Moreover, amygdala-OFC coupling proved to be associated with depression in this genotype. In addition, our results support previous evidence of a gene-environment interaction on right amygdala activity with respect to retrospective assessment of childhood adversity, but clarify that this does not generalize to the prospective assessment. These findings indicated that activity in T homozygotes increased with the level of adversity, whereas the opposite pattern emerged in C homozygotes, with CT individuals being intermediate. The present results point to a functional involvement of FKBP5 in intermediate phenotypes associated with emotional processing, suggesting a possible mechanism for this gene in conferring susceptibility to stress-related disorders.
KW  - FKBP5
KW  - Childhood adversity
KW  - Amygdala
KW  - fMRI
KW  - Connectivity
KW  - Voxel-based morphometry
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-014-0729-5
SN  - 1863-2653
SN  - 1863-2661
VL  - 220
IS  - 3
SP  - 1355
EP  - 1368
PB  - Springer
CY  - Heidelberg
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kröncke, Klaus
T1  - Stability and instability of Ricci solitons
JF  - Calculus of variations and partial differential equations
N2  - We consider the volume- normalized Ricci flow close to compact shrinking Ricci solitons. We show that if a compact Ricci soliton (M, g) is a local maximum of Perelman's shrinker entropy, any normalized Ricci flowstarting close to it exists for all time and converges towards a Ricci soliton. If g is not a local maximum of the shrinker entropy, we showthat there exists a nontrivial normalized Ricci flow emerging from it. These theorems are analogues of results in the Ricci- flat and in the Einstein case (Haslhofer and Muller, arXiv:1301.3219, 2013; Kroncke, arXiv: 1312.2224, 2013).
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00526-014-0748-3
SN  - 0944-2669
SN  - 1432-0835
VL  - 53
IS  - 1-2
SP  - 265
EP  - 287
PB  - Springer
CY  - Heidelberg
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Meissner, Sven
A1  - Steinhauser, Dirk
A1  - Dittmann-Thünemann, Elke
T1  - Metabolomic analysis indicates a pivotal role of the hepatotoxin microcystin in high light adaptation of Microcystis
JF  - Environmental microbiology
N2  - Microcystis is a freshwater cyanobacterium frequently forming nuisance blooms in the summer months. The genus belongs to the predominant producers of the potent hepatotoxin microcystin. The success of Microcystis and its remarkable resistance to high light conditions are not well understood. Here, we have compared the metabolic response of Microcystis aeruginosaPCC7806, its microcystin-deficient mcyB mutant (Mut) and the cyanobacterial model organism SynechocystisPCC6803 to high light exposure of 250molphotonsm(-2)s(-1) using GC/MS-based metabolomics. Microcystis wild type and Mut show pronounced differences in their metabolic reprogramming upon high light. Seventeen percent of the detected metabolites showed significant differences between the two genotypes after high light exposure. Whereas the microcystin-producing wild type shows a faster accumulation of glycolate upon high light illumination, loss of microcystin leads to an accumulation of general stress markers such as trehalose and sucrose. The study further uncovers differences in the high light adaptation of the bloom-forming cyanobacterium Microcystis and the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis. Most notably, Microcystis invests more into carbon reserves such as glycogen after high light exposure. Our data shed new light on the lifestyle of bloom-forming cyanobacteria, the role of the widespread toxin microcystin and the metabolic diversity of cyanobacteria.
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.12565
SN  - 1462-2912
SN  - 1462-2920
VL  - 17
IS  - 5
SP  - 1497
EP  - 1509
PB  - Wiley-Blackwell
CY  - Hoboken
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Hu, Chenlin
A1  - Völler, Ginka
A1  - Sussmuth, Roderich
A1  - Dittmann-Thünemann, Elke
A1  - Kehr, Jan-Christoph
T1  - Functional assessment of mycosporine-like amino acids in Microcystis aeruginosa strain PCC 7806
JF  - Environmental microbiology
N2  - The biological role of the widespread mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) in cyanobacteria is under debate. Here, we have constructed and characterized two mutants impaired in MAA biosynthesis in the bloom-forming cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosaPCC 7806. We could identify shinorine as the sole MAA type of the strain, which is exclusively located in the extracellular matrix. Bioinformatic studies as wells as polymerase chain reaction screening revealed that the ability to produce MAAs is sporadically distributed within the genus. Growth experiments and reactive oxygen species quantification with wild-type and mutant strains did not support a role of shinorine in protection against UV or other stress conditions in M.aeruginosaPCC 7806. The shinorine content per dry weight of cells as well as transcription of the mys gene cluster was not significantly elevated in response to UV-A, UV-B or any other stress condition tested. Remarkably, both mutants exhibited pronounced morphological changes compared with the wild type. We observed an increased accumulation and an enhanced hydrophobicity of the extracellular matrix. Our study suggests that MAAs in Microcystis play a negligible role in protection against UV radiation but might be a strain-specific trait involved in extracellular matrix formation and cell-cell interaction.
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.12577
SN  - 1462-2912
SN  - 1462-2920
VL  - 17
IS  - 5
SP  - 1548
EP  - 1559
PB  - Wiley-Blackwell
CY  - Hoboken
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Völler, Heinz
A1  - Salzwedel, Annett
A1  - Nitardy, Aischa
A1  - Buhlert, Hermann
A1  - Treszl, Andras
A1  - Wegscheider, Karl
T1  - Effect of cardiac rehabilitation on functional and emotional status in patients after transcatheter aortic-valve implantation
JF  - European journal of preventive cardiology : the official ESC journal for primary & secondary cardiovascular prevention, rehabilitation and sports cardiology
N2  - Background Transcatheter aortic-valve implantation (TAVI) is an established alternative therapy in patients with severe aortic stenosis and a high surgical risk. Despite a rapid growth in its use, very few data exist about the efficacy of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) in these patients. We assessed the hypothesis that patients after TAVI benefit from CR, compared to patients after surgical aortic-valve replacement (sAVR).
 Methods From September 2009 to August 2011, 442 consecutive patients after TAVI (n=76) or sAVR (n=366) were referred to a 3-week CR. Data regarding patient characteristics as well as changes of functional (6-min walk test. 6-MWT), bicycle exercise test), and emotional status (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) were retrospectively evaluated and compared between groups after propensity score adjustment.
 Results Patients after TAVI were significantly older (p<0.001), more female (p<0.001), and had more often coronary artery disease (p=0.027), renal failure (p=0.012) and a pacemaker (p=0.032). During CR, distance in 6-MWT (both groups p0.001) and exercise capacity (sAVR p0.001, TAVI p0.05) significantly increased in both groups. Only patients after sAVR demonstrated a significant reduction in anxiety and depression (p0.001). After propensity scores adjustment, changes were not significantly different between sAVR and TAVI, with the exception of 6-MWT (p=0.004).
 Conclusions Patients after TAVI benefit from cardiac rehabilitation despite their older age and comorbidities. CR is a helpful tool to maintain independency for daily life activities and participation in socio-cultural life.
KW  - Cardiac rehabilitation
KW  - emotional status
KW  - functional capacity
KW  - surgical aortic valve replacement (sAVR)
KW  - transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI)
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487314526072
SN  - 2047-4873
SN  - 2047-4881
VL  - 22
IS  - 5
SP  - 568
EP  - 574
PB  - Sage Publ.
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Mishra, Praveen Kumar
A1  - Prasad, Sushma
A1  - Anoop, A.
A1  - Plessen, Birgit
A1  - Jehangir, Arshid
A1  - Gaye, Birgit
A1  - Menzel, Philip
A1  - Weise, Stephan M.
A1  - Yousuf, Abdul R.
T1  - Carbonate isotopes from high altitude Tso Moriri Lake (NW Himalayas) provide clues to late glacial and Holocene moisture source and atmospheric circulation changes
JF  - Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology : an international journal for the geo-sciences
N2  - High resolution isotopic (delta O-18 and delta C-13) investigations on endogenic carbonates (calcite/aragonite) from Tso Moriri Lake, NW Himalaya show dramatic fluctuations during the late glacial and the early Holocene, and a persistent enrichment trend during the late Holocene. Changes in this lake are largely governed by the [input (meltwater + monsoon precipitation)/evaporationj (WE) ratio, also reflected in changes in the carbonate mineralogy with aragonite being formed during periods of lowest I/E. Using new isotopic data on endogenic carbonates in combination with the available data on geochemistry, mineralogy, and reconstructed mean annual precipitation, we demonstrate that the late glacial and early Holocene carbonate delta O-18 variability resulted from fluctuating Indian summer monsoon (ISM) precipitation in NW Himalaya. This region experienced increasing ISM precipitation between ca. 13.1 and 11.7 cal ka and highest ISM precipitation during the early Holocene (11.2-8.5 cal ka). However, during the late Holocene, evaporation was the dominant control on the carbonate delta O-18. Regional comparison of reconstructed hydrological changes from Tso Moriri Lake with other archives from the Asian summer monsoon and westerlies domain shows that the intensified westerly influence that resulted in higher lake levels (after 8 cal ka) in central Asia was not strongly felt in NW Himalaya. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
KW  - Carbonates
KW  - Holocene
KW  - Indian summer monsoon
KW  - Isotopes
KW  - Tso Moriri Lake
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.02.031
SN  - 0031-0182
SN  - 1872-616X
VL  - 425
SP  - 76
EP  - 83
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Boehm, Thorsten
A1  - Holschneider, Matthias
A1  - Lignieres, Frederic
A1  - Petit, Pascal
A1  - Rainer, Monica
A1  - Paletou, Francois
A1  - Wade, Gregg
A1  - Alecian, Evelyne
A1  - Carfantan, Herve
A1  - Blazere, Aurore
A1  - Mirouh, Giovanni M.
T1  - Discovery of starspots on Vega First spectroscopic detection of surface structures on a normal A-type star
JF  - Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal
N2  - Context. The theoretically studied impact of rapid rotation on stellar evolution needs to be compared with these results of high-resolution spectroscopy-velocimetry observations. Early-type stars present a perfect laboratory for these studies. The prototype A0 star Vega has been extensively monitored in recent years in spectropolarimetry. A weak surface magnetic field was detected, implying that there might be a (still undetected) structured surface. First indications of the presence of small amplitude stellar radial velocity variations have been reported recently, but the confirmation and in-depth study with the highly stabilized spectrograph SOPHIE/OHP was required.
 Aims. The goal of this article is to present a thorough analysis of the line profile variations and associated estimators in the early-type standard star Vega (A0) in order to reveal potential activity tracers, exoplanet companions, and stellar oscillations.
 Methods. Vega was monitored in quasi-continuous high-resolution echelle spectroscopy with the highly stabilized velocimeter SOPHIE/OHP. A total of 2588 high signal-to-noise spectra was obtained during 34.7 h on five nights (2 to 6 of August 2012) in high-resolution mode at R = 75 000 and covering the visible domain from 3895 6270 angstrom. For each reduced spectrum, least square deconvolved equivalent photospheric profiles were calculated with a T-eff = 9500 and log g = 4.0 spectral line mask. Several methods were applied to study the dynamic behaviour of the profile variations (evolution of radial velocity, bisectors, vspan, 2D profiles, amongst others).
 Results. We present the discovery of a spotted stellar surface on an A-type standard star (Vega) with very faint spot amplitudes Delta F/Fc similar to 5 x 10(-4). A rotational modulation of spectral lines with a period of rotation P = 0.68 d has clearly been exhibited, unambiguously confirming the results of previous spectropolarimetric studies. Most of these brightness inhomogeneities seem to be located in lower equatorial latitudes. Either a very thin convective layer can be responsible for magnetic field generation at small amplitudes, or a new mechanism has to be invoked to explain the existence of activity tracing starspots. At this stage it is difficult to disentangle a rotational from a stellar pulsational origin for the existing higher frequency periodic variations.
 Conclusions. This first strong evidence that standard A-type stars can show surface structures opens a new field of research and ask about a potential link with the recently discovered weak magnetic field discoveries in this category of stars.
KW  - starspots
KW  - stars: early-type
KW  - stars: rotation
KW  - stars: oscillations
KW  - stars: individual: Vega
KW  - asteroseismology
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201425425
SN  - 0004-6361
SN  - 1432-0746
VL  - 577
PB  - EDP Sciences
CY  - Les Ulis
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Barthold, Frauke Katrin
A1  - Woods, Ross A.
T1  - Stormflow generation: A meta-analysis of field evidence from small, forested catchments
JF  - Water resources research
N2  - Combinations of runoff characteristics are commonly used to represent distinct conceptual models of stormflow generation. In this study, three runoff characteristics: hydrograph response, time source of runoff water, and flow path are used to classify catchments. Published data from the scientific literature are used to provide evidence from small, forested catchments. Each catchment was assigned to one of the eight conceptual models, depending on the combination of quick/slow response, old/new water, and overland/subsurface flow. A standard procedure was developed to objectively diagnose the predominant conceptual model of stormflow generation for each catchment and assess its temporal and spatial support. The literature survey yielded 42 catchments, of which 30 catchments provide a complete set of qualitative runoff characteristics resulting in one of the eight conceptual models. The majority of these catchments classify as subsurface flow path dominated. No catchments were found for conceptual models representing combinations of quick response-new water-subsurface flow (SSF), slow-new-SSF, slow-old-overland flow (OF) nor new-slow-OF. Of the 30 qualitatively classified catchments, 24 provide a complete set of quantitative measures. In summary, the field support is strong for 19 subsurface-dominated catchments and is weak for 5 surface flow path dominated catchments (six catchments had insufficient quantitative data). Two alternative explanations exist for the imbalance of field support between the two flow path classes: (1) the selection of research catchments in past field studies was mainly to explain quick hydrograph response in subsurface dominated catchments; (2) catchments with prevailing subsurface flow paths are more common in nature. We conclude that the selection of research catchments needs to cover a wider variety of environmental conditions which should lead to a broader, and more widely applicable, spectrum of resulting conceptual models and process mechanisms. This is a prerequisite in studies where catchment organization and similarity approaches are used to develop catchment classification systems in order to regionalize stormflow.
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/2014WR016221
SN  - 0043-1397
SN  - 1944-7973
VL  - 51
IS  - 5
SP  - 3730
EP  - 3753
PB  - American Geophysical Union
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Ferrero, Silvio
A1  - Wunder, Bernd
A1  - Walczak, Katarzyna
A1  - Ziemann, Martin Andreas
T1  - Preserved near ultrahigh-pressure melt from continental crust subducted to mantle depths
JF  - Geology
N2  - Remnants of hydrous melt formed at mantle depths have been identified and characterized within high-pressure leucogranulites of the Orlica-Snieznik Dome (Bohemian Massif, central Europe). They occur as nanogranites in garnet formed via partial melting of granitoids during the Variscan orogeny. Melt composition and H2O content have been investigated in situ after experimental re-homogenization of the nanogranites, and are consistent with melts produced experimentally from crustal lithologies at mantle depths. This is the first geochemical study of melt inclusions from natural crustal rocks equilibrated close to the stability field of coesite, shedding light on how continental crust melts during deep subduction. Whereas decompressional melting is commonly invoked for deeply subducted crustal lithologies, melting occurred near or at the metamorphic peak pressure in the Orlica-Snieznik granulites. Melting of deeply subducted crustal rocks significantly modifies the rheology and thus promotes fast exhumation: this process has a critical influence on the geodynamic evolution of subduction-collision orogens as well as crustal differentiation at depth.
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1130/G36534.1
SN  - 0091-7613
SN  - 1943-2682
VL  - 43
IS  - 5
SP  - 447
EP  - 450
PB  - American Institute of Physics
CY  - Boulder
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bösche, Nina Kristine
A1  - Rogass, Christian
A1  - Lubitz, Christin
A1  - Brell, Maximilian
A1  - Herrmann, Sabrina
A1  - Mielke, Christian
A1  - Tonn, Sabine
A1  - Appelt, Oona
A1  - Altenberger, Uwe
A1  - Kaufmann, Hermann
T1  - Hyperspectral REE (Rare Earth Element) Mapping of Outcrops-Applications for Neodymium Detection
JF  - Remote sensing
N2  - In this study, an in situ application for identifying neodymium (Nd) enriched surface materials that uses multitemporal hyperspectral images is presented (HySpex sensor). Because of the narrow shape and shallow absorption depth of the neodymium absorption feature, a method was developed for enhancing and extracting the necessary information for neodymium from image spectra, even under illumination conditions that are not optimal. For this purpose, the two following approaches were developed: (1) reducing noise and analyzing changing illumination conditions by averaging multitemporal image scenes and (2) enhancing the depth of the desired absorption band by deconvolving every image spectrum with a Gaussian curve while the rest of the spectrum remains unchanged (Richardson-Lucy deconvolution). To evaluate these findings, nine field samples from the Fen complex in Norway were analyzed using handheld X-ray fluorescence devices and by conducting detailed laboratory-based geochemical rare earth element determinations. The result is a qualitative outcrop map that highlights zones that are enriched in neodymium. To reduce the influences of non-optimal illumination, particularly at the studied site, a minimum of seven single acquisitions is required. Sharpening the neodymium absorption band allows for robust mapping, even at the outer zones of enrichment. From the geochemical investigations, we found that iron oxides decrease the applicability of the method. However, iron-related absorption bands can be used as secondary indicators for sulfidic ore zones that are mainly enriched with rare earth elements. In summary, we found that hyperspectral spectroscopy is a noninvasive, fast and cost-saving method for determining neodymium at outcrop surfaces.
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70505160
SN  - 2072-4292
VL  - 7
IS  - 5
SP  - 5160
EP  - 5186
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Mulyukova, Elvira
A1  - Steinberger, Bernhard
A1  - Dabrowski, Marcin
A1  - Sobolev, Stephan Vladimir
T1  - Survival of LLSVPs for billions of years in a vigorously convecting mantle: Replenishment and destruction of chemical anomaly
JF  - Journal of geophysical research : Solid earth
N2  - We study segregation of the subducted oceanic crust (OC) at the core-mantle boundary and its ability to accumulate and form large thermochemical piles (such as the seismically observed Large Low Shear Velocity Provinces (LLSVPs)). Our high-resolution numerical simulations of thermochemical mantle convection suggest that the longevity of LLSVPs for up to three billion years, and possibly longer, can be ensured by a balance in the rate of segregation of high-density OC material to the core-mantle boundary (CMB) and the rate of its entrainment away from the CMB by mantle upwellings. For a range of parameters tested in this study, a large-scale compositional anomaly forms at the CMB, similar in shape and size to the LLSVPs. Neutrally buoyant thermochemical piles formed by mechanical stirringwhere thermally induced negative density anomaly is balanced by the presence of a fraction of dense anomalous materialbest resemble the geometry of LLSVPs. Such neutrally buoyant piles tend to emerge and survive for at least 3Gyr in simulations with quite different parameters. We conclude that for a plausible range of values of density anomaly of OC material in the lower mantleit is likely that it segregates to the CMB, gets mechanically mixed with the ambient material, and forms neutrally buoyant large-scale compositional anomalies similar in shape to the LLSVPs.
KW  - LLSVPs
KW  - thermochemical modeling
KW  - segregating oceanic crust
KW  - mantle convection
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JB011688
SN  - 2169-9313
SN  - 2169-9356
VL  - 120
IS  - 5
SP  - 3824
EP  - 3847
PB  - American Geophysical Union
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bommer, Julian J.
A1  - Coppersmith, Kevin J.
A1  - Coppersmith, Ryan T.
A1  - Hanson, Kathryn L.
A1  - Mangongolo, Azangi
A1  - Neveling, Johann
A1  - Rathje, Ellen M.
A1  - Rodriguez-Marek, Adrian
A1  - Scherbaum, Frank
A1  - Shelembe, Refilwe
A1  - Stafford, Peter J.
A1  - Strasser, Fleur O.
T1  - A SSHAC Level 3 Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis for a New-Build Nuclear Site in South Africa
JF  - Earthquake spectra : the professional journal of the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute
N2  - A probabilistic seismic hazard analysis has been conducted for a potential nuclear power plant site on the coast of South Africa, a country of low-to-moderate seismicity. The hazard study was conducted as a SSHAC Level 3 process, the first application of this approach outside North America. Extensive geological investigations identified five fault sources with a non-zero probability of being seismogenic. Five area sources were defined for distributed seismicity, the least active being the host zone for which the low recurrence rates for earthquakes were substantiated through investigations of historical seismicity. Empirical ground-motion prediction equations were adjusted to a horizon within the bedrock at the site using kappa values inferred from weak-motion analyses. These adjusted models were then scaled to create new equations capturing the range of epistemic uncertainty in this region with no strong motion recordings. Surface motions were obtained by convolving the bedrock motions with site amplification functions calculated using measured shear-wave velocity profiles.
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1193/060913EQS145M
SN  - 8755-2930
SN  - 1944-8201
VL  - 31
IS  - 2
SP  - 661
EP  - 698
PB  - Earthquake Engineering Research Institute
CY  - Oakland
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Cherstvy, Andrey G.
A1  - Metzler, Ralf
T1  - Ergodicity breaking, ageing, and confinement in generalized diffusion processes with position and time dependent diffusivity
JF  - Journal of statistical mechanics: theory and experiment
N2  - We study generalized anomalous diffusion processes whose diffusion coefficient D(x, t) similar to D-0x(alpha)t(beta) depends on both the position x of the test particle and the process time t. This process thus combines the features of scaled Brownian motion and heterogeneous diffusion parent processes. We compute the ensemble and time averaged mean squared displacements of this generalized diffusion process. The scaling exponent of the ensemble averaged mean squared displacement is shown to be the product of the critical exponents of the parent processes, and describes both subdiffusive and superdiffusive systems. We quantify the amplitude fluctuations of the time averaged mean squared displacement as function of the length of the time series and the lag time. In particular, we observe a weak ergodicity breaking of this generalized diffusion process: even in the long time limit the ensemble and time averaged mean squared displacements are strictly disparate. When we start to observe this process some time after its initiation we observe distinct features of ageing. We derive a universal ageing factor for the time averaged mean squared displacement containing all information on the ageing time and the measurement time. External confinement is shown to alter the magnitudes and statistics of the ensemble and time averaged mean squared displacements.
KW  - diffusion
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/2015/05/P05010
SN  - 1742-5468
PB  - IOP Publ. Ltd.
CY  - Bristol
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schmidt, Bernd
A1  - Elizarov, Nelli
A1  - Schilde, Uwe
A1  - Kelling, Alexandra
T1  - Dual Role of Acetanilides: Traceless Removal of a Directing Group through Deacetylation/Diazotation and Palladium-Catalyzed C-C-Coupling Reactions
JF  - The journal of organic chemistry
N2  - The acetamide group enables regioselective oxidative ortho-C-H activation reactions, such as Pd-catalyzed acylation. The synthetic utility of these transformations can be significantly enhanced by using the acetamide as a quasi-leaving group in a subsequent conventional Pd-catalyzed coupling or cross-coupling reaction. The concept is illustrated herein for the synthesis of o-alkenyl- and o-arylphenones, which have potential for the synthesis of arylated aromatic heterocycles.
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.joc.5b00272
SN  - 0022-3263
VL  - 80
IS  - 9
SP  - 4223
EP  - 4234
PB  - American Chemical Society
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Zhang, Haocheng
A1  - Chen, Xuhui
A1  - Böttcher, Markus
A1  - Guo, Fan
A1  - Li, Hui
T1  - Polarization swings reveal magnetic energy dissipation in blazars
JF  - The astrophysical journal : an international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics
N2  - The polarization signatures of blazar emissions are known to be highly variable. In addition to small fluctuations of the polarization angle around a mean value, large (greater than or similar to 180 degrees) polarization angle swings are sometimes observed. We suggest that such phenomena can be interpreted as arising from light travel time effects within an underlying axisymmetric emission region. We present the first simultaneous fitting of the multi-wavelength spectrum, variability, and time-dependent polarization features of a correlated optical and gamma-ray flaring event of the prominent blazar 3C279, which was accompanied by a drastic change in its polarization signatures. This unprecedented combination of spectral, variability, and polarization information in a coherent physical model allows us to place stringent constraints on the particle acceleration and magnetic field topology in the relativistic jet of a blazar, strongly favoring a scenario in which magnetic energy dissipation is the primary driver of the flare event.
KW  - galaxies: active
KW  - galaxies: jets
KW  - gamma-rays: galaxies
KW  - radiation mechanisms: nonthermal
KW  - relativistic processes
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/804/1/58
SN  - 0004-637X
SN  - 1538-4357
VL  - 804
IS  - 1
PB  - IOP Publ. Ltd.
CY  - Bristol
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Venail, Patrick
A1  - Gross, Kevin
A1  - Oakley, Todd H.
A1  - Narwani, Anita
A1  - Allan, Eric
A1  - Flombaum, Pedro
A1  - Isbell, Forest
A1  - Joshi, Jasmin Radha
A1  - Reich, Peter B.
A1  - Tilman, David
A1  - van Ruijven, Jasper
A1  - Cardinale, Bradley J.
T1  - Species richness, but not phylogenetic diversity, influences community biomass production and temporal stability in a re-examination of 16 grassland biodiversity studies
JF  - Functional ecology : an official journal of the British Ecological Society
N2  - Hundreds of experiments have now manipulated species richness (SR) of various groups of organisms and examined how this aspect of biological diversity influences ecosystem functioning. Ecologists have recently expanded this field to look at whether phylogenetic diversity (PD) among species, often quantified as the sum of branch lengths on a molecular phylogeny leading to all species in a community, also predicts ecological function. Some have hypothesized that phylogenetic divergence should be a superior predictor of ecological function than SR because evolutionary relatedness represents the degree of ecological and functional differentiation among species. But studies to date have provided mixed support for this hypothesis. Here, we reanalyse data from 16 experiments that have manipulated plant SR in grassland ecosystems and examined the impact on above-ground biomass production over multiple time points. Using a new molecular phylogeny of the plant species used in these experiments, we quantified how the PD of plants impacts average community biomass production as well as the stability of community biomass production through time. Using four complementary analyses, we show that, after statistically controlling for variation in SR, PD (the sum of branches in a molecular phylogenetic tree connecting all species in a community) is neither related to mean community biomass nor to the temporal stability of biomass. These results run counter to past claims. However, after controlling for SR, PD was positively related to variation in community biomass over time due to an increase in the variances of individual species, but this relationship was not strong enough to influence community stability. In contrast to the non-significant relationships between PD, biomass and stability, our analyses show that SR per se tends to increase the mean biomass production of plant communities, after controlling for PD. The relationship between SR and temporal variation in community biomass was either positive, non-significant or negative depending on which analysis was used. However, the increases in community biomass with SR, independently of PD, always led to increased stability. These results suggest that PD is no better as a predictor of ecosystem functioning than SR.Synthesis. Our study on grasslands offers a cautionary tale when trying to relate PD to ecosystem functioning suggesting that there may be ecologically important trait and functional variation among species that is not explained by phylogenetic relatedness. Our results fail to support the hypothesis that the conservation of evolutionarily distinct species would be more effective than the conservation of SR as a way to maintain productive and stable communities under changing environmental conditions.
KW  - biodiversity
KW  - community biomass
KW  - data synthesis
KW  - ecosystem functioning
KW  - grasslands
KW  - phylogenetic diversity
KW  - relatedness
KW  - stability
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12432
SN  - 0269-8463
SN  - 1365-2435
VL  - 29
IS  - 5
SP  - 615
EP  - 626
PB  - Wiley-Blackwell
CY  - Hoboken
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Coumou, Dim
A1  - Lehmann, Jascha
A1  - Beckmann, Johanna
T1  - The weakening summer circulation in the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes
JF  - Science
N2  - Rapid warming in the Arctic could influence mid-latitude circulation by reducing the poleward temperature gradient. The largest changes are generally expected in autumn or winter, but whether significant changes have occurred is debated. Here we report significant weakening of summer circulation detected in three key dynamical quantities: (i) the zonal-mean zonal wind, (ii) the eddy kinetic energy (EKE), and (iii) the amplitude of fast-moving Rossby waves. Weakening of the zonal wind is explained by a reduction in the poleward temperature gradient. Changes in Rossby waves and EKE are consistent with regression analyses of climate model projections and changes over the seasonal cycle. Monthly heat extremes are associated with low EKE, and thus the observed weakening might have contributed to more persistent heat waves in recent summers.
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1261768
SN  - 0036-8075
SN  - 1095-9203
VL  - 348
IS  - 6232
SP  - 324
EP  - 327
PB  - American Assoc. for the Advancement of Science
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Xin, Hong
A1  - LaRue, Jerry
A1  - Oberg, Henrik
A1  - Beye, Martin
A1  - Turner, J. J.
A1  - Gladh, Jörgen
A1  - Ng, May L.
A1  - Sellberg, Jonas A.
A1  - Kaya, Sarp
A1  - Mercurio, G.
A1  - Hieke, F.
A1  - Nordlund, Dennis
A1  - Schlotter, William F.
A1  - Dakovski, Georgi L.
A1  - Minitti, Michael P.
A1  - Föhlisch, Alexander
A1  - Wolf, Martin
A1  - Wurth, Wilfried
A1  - Ogasawara, Hirohito
A1  - Norskov, Jens K.
A1  - Ostrom, Henrik
A1  - Pettersson, Lars G. M.
A1  - Nilsson, Anders
A1  - Abild-Pedersen, Frank
T1  - Strong Influence of Coadsorbate Interaction on CO Desorption Dynamics on Ru(0001) Probed by Ultrafast X-Ray Spectroscopy and Ab Initio Simulations
JF  - Physical review letters
N2  - We show that coadsorbed oxygen atoms have a dramatic influence on the CO desorption dynamics from Ru(0001). In contrast to the precursor-mediated desorption mechanism on Ru(0001), the presence of surface oxygen modifies the electronic structure of Ru atoms such that CO desorption occurs predominantly via the direct pathway. This phenomenon is directly observed in an ultrafast pump-probe experiment using a soft x-ray free-electron laser to monitor the dynamic evolution of the valence electronic structure of the surface species. This is supported with the potential of mean force along the CO desorption path obtained from density-functional theory calculations. Charge density distribution and frozen-orbital analysis suggest that the oxygen-induced reduction of the Pauli repulsion, and consequent increase of the dative interaction between the CO 5 sigma and the charged Ru atom, is the electronic origin of the distinct desorption dynamics. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations of CO desorption from Ru(0001) and oxygen-coadsorbed Ru(0001) provide further insights into the surface bond-breaking process.
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.156101
SN  - 0031-9007
SN  - 1079-7114
VL  - 114
IS  - 15
PB  - American Physical Society
CY  - College Park
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Caron, Maria Mercedes
A1  - De Frenne, Pieter
A1  - Brunet, Jörg
A1  - Chabrerie, Olivier
A1  - Cousins, Sara A. O.
A1  - Decocq, Guillaume
A1  - Diekmann, Martin
A1  - Graae, Bente Jessen
A1  - Heinken, Thilo
A1  - Kolb, Annette
A1  - Lenoir, Jonathan
A1  - Naaf, Tobias
A1  - Plue, Jan
A1  - Selvi, Federico
A1  - Wulf, Monika
A1  - Verheyen, Kris
T1  - Divergent regeneration responses of two closely related tree species to direct abiotic and indirect biotic effects of climate change
JF  - Forest ecology and management
N2  - Changing temperature and precipitation can strongly influence plant reproduction. However, also biotic interactions might indirectly affect the reproduction and recruitment success of plants in the context of climate change. Information about the interactive effects of changes in abiotic and biotic factors is essential, but still largely lacking, to better understand the potential effects of a changing climate on plant populations. Here we analyze the regeneration from seeds of Acer platanoides and Acer pseudoplatanus, two currently secondary forest tree species from seven regions along a 2200 km-wide latitudinal gradient in Europe. We assessed the germination, seedling survival and growth during two years in a common garden experiment where temperature, precipitation and competition with the understory vegetation were manipulated. A. platanoides was more sensitive to changes in biotic conditions while A. pseudoplatanus was affected by both abiotic and biotic changes. In general, competition reduced (in A. platanoides) and warming enhanced (in A. pseudoplatanus) germination and survival, respectively. Reduced competition strongly increased the growth of A. platanoides seedlings. Seedling responses were independent of the conditions experienced by the mother tree during seed production and maturation. Our results indicate that, due to the negative effects of competition on the regeneration of A. platanoides, it is likely that under stronger competition (projected under future climatic conditions) this species will be negatively affected in terms of germination, survival and seedling biomass. Climate-change experiments including both abiotic and biotic factors constitute a key step forward to better understand the response of tree species' regeneration to climate change. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
KW  - Acer
KW  - Regeneration
KW  - Latitudinal gradient
KW  - Temperature
KW  - Precipitation
KW  - Competition
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.01.003
SN  - 0378-1127
SN  - 1872-7042
VL  - 342
SP  - 21
EP  - 29
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Zeng, Ting
A1  - Pankratov, Dmitry
A1  - Falk, Magnus
A1  - Leimkühler, Silke
A1  - Shleev, Sergey
A1  - Wollenberger, Ursula
T1  - Miniature direct electron transfer based sulphite/oxygen enzymatic fuel cells
JF  - Biosensors and bioelectronics : the principal international journal devoted to research, design development and application of biosensors and bioelectronics
N2  - A direct electron transfer (DET) based sulphite/oxygen biofuel cell is reported that utilises human sulphite oxidase (hSOx) and Myrothecium verrucaria bilirubin oxidase (MvBOx) and nanostructured gold electrodes. For bioanode construction, the nanostructured gold microelectrodes were further modified with 3,3'-dithiodipropionic acid di(N-hydroxysuccinimide ester) to which polyethylene imine was covalently attached. hSOx was adsorbed onto this chemically modified nanostructured electrode with high surface loading of electroactive enzyme and in presence of sulphite high anodic bioelectrocatalytic currents were generated with an onset potential of 0.05 V vs. NHE. The biocathode contained MyBOx directly adsorbed to the deposited gold nanoparticles for cathodic oxygen reduction starting at 0.71 V vs. NHE. Both enzyme electrodes were integrated to a DET-type biofuel cell. Power densities of 8 and 1 mu W cm(-2) were achieved at 0.15 V and 0.45 V of cell voltages, respectively, with the membrane based biodevices under aerobic conditions. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
KW  - Enzymatic fuel cell
KW  - Microscale electrode
KW  - Direct electron transfer
KW  - Sulphite oxidase
KW  - Bilirubin oxidase
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2014.10.080
SN  - 0956-5663
SN  - 1873-4235
VL  - 66
SP  - 39
EP  - 42
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Cherstvy, Andrey G.
A1  - Metzler, Ralf
T1  - Ergodicity breaking and particle spreading in noisy heterogeneous diffusion processes
JF  - The journal of chemical physics : bridges a gap between journals of physics and journals of chemistr
N2  - We study noisy heterogeneous diffusion processes with a position dependent diffusivity of the form D(x) similar to D-0 vertical bar x vertical bar (alpha 0) in the presence of annealed and quenched disorder of the environment, corresponding to an effective variation of the exponent a in time and space. In the case of annealed disorder, for which effectively alpha(0) = alpha(0)(t), we show how the long time scaling of the ensemble mean squared displacement (MSD) and the amplitude variation of individual realizations of the time averaged MSD are affected by the disorder strength. For the case of quenched disorder, the long time behavior becomes effectively Brownian after a number of jumps between the domains of a stratified medium. In the latter situation, the averages are taken over both an ensemble of particles and different realizations of the disorder. As physical observables, we analyze in detail the ensemble and time averaged MSDs, the ergodicity breaking parameter, and higher order moments of the time averages. (C) 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4917077
SN  - 0021-9606
SN  - 1089-7690
VL  - 142
IS  - 14
PB  - American Institute of Physics
CY  - Melville
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Boese, Adrian Daniel
T1  - Density Functional Theory and Hydrogen Bonds: Are We There Yet?
JF  - ChemPhysChem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry
N2  - Density functional theory (DFT) has become more successful at introducing dispersion interactions, and can be thus applied to a wide range of systems. Amongst these are systems that contain hydrogen bonds, which are extremely important for the biological regime. Here, the description of hydrogen-bonded interactions by DFT with and without dispersion corrections is investigated. For small complexes, for which electrostatics are the determining factor in the intermolecular interactions, the inclusion of dispersion with most functionals yields large errors. Only for larger systems, in which van der Waals interactions are more important, do dispersion corrections improve the performance of DFT for hydrogen-bonded systems. None of the studied functionals, including double hybrid functionals (with the exception of DSD-PBEP86 without dispersion corrections), are more accurate than MP2 for the investigated species.
KW  - ab initio calculations
KW  - basis sets
KW  - density functional calculations
KW  - hydrogen bonds
KW  - intermolecular interactions
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.201402786
SN  - 1439-4235
SN  - 1439-7641
VL  - 16
IS  - 5
SP  - 978
EP  - 985
PB  - Wiley-VCH
CY  - Weinheim
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Blavatska, Viktoria
A1  - Metzler, Ralf
T1  - Conformational properties of complex polymers: rosette versus star-like structures
JF  - Journal of physics : A, Mathematical and theoretical
N2  - Multiple loop formation in polymer macromolecules is an important feature of the chromatin organization and DNA compactification in the nuclei. We analyse the size and shape characteristics of complex polymer structures, containing in general f(1) loops (petals) and f(2) linear chains (branches). Within the frames of continuous model of Gaussian macromolecule, we apply the path integration method and obtain the estimates for gyration radius R-g and asphericity (A) over cap of typical conformation as functions of parameters f(1), f(2). In particular, our results qualitatively reveal the extent of anisotropy of star-like topologies as compared to the rosette structures of the same total molecular weight.
KW  - polymers
KW  - path integration
KW  - conformational properties
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1088/1751-8113/48/13/135001
SN  - 1751-8113
SN  - 1751-8121
VL  - 48
IS  - 13
PB  - IOP Publ. Ltd.
CY  - Bristol
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schrapers, Peer
A1  - Hartmann, Tobias
A1  - Kositzki, Ramona
A1  - Dau, Holger
A1  - Reschke, Stefan
A1  - Schulzke, Carola
A1  - Leimkühler, Silke
A1  - Haumann, Michael
T1  - 'Sulfido and Cysteine Ligation Changes at the Molybdenum Cofactor during Substrate Conversion by Formate Dehydrogenase (FDH) from Rhodobacter capsulatus
JF  - Inorganic chemistry
N2  - Formate dehydrogenase (FDH) enzymes are attractive catalysts for potential carbon dioxide conversion applications. The FDH from Rhodobacter capsulatus (RcFDH) binds a bis-molybdopterin-guanine-dinucleotide (bis-MGD) cofactor, facilitating reversible formate (HCOO-) to CO2 oxidation. We characterized the molecular structure of the active site of wildtype RcFDH and protein variants using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) at the Mo K-edge. This approach has revealed concomitant binding of a sulfido ligand (Mo=S) and a conserved cysteine residue (S(Cys386)) to Mo(VI) in the active oxidized molybdenum cofactor (Moco), retention of such a coordination motif at Mo(V) in a chemically reduced enzyme, and replacement of only the S(Cys386) ligand by an oxygen of formate upon Mo(IV) formation. The lack of a Mo=S bond in RcFDH expressed in the absence of FdsC implies specific metal sulfuration by this bis-MGD binding chaperone. This process still functioned in the Cys386Ser variant, showing no Mo-S(Cys386) ligand, but retaining a Mo=S bond. The C386S variant and the protein expressed without FdsC were inactive in formate oxidation, supporting that both Moligands are essential for catalysis. Low-pH inhibition of RcFDH was attributed to protonation at the conserved His387, supported by the enhanced activity of the His387Met variant at low pH, whereas inactive cofactor species showed sulfido-to-oxo group exchange at the Mo ion. Our results support that the sulfido and S(Cys386) ligands at Mo and a hydrogen-bonded network including His387 are crucial for positioning, deprotonation, and oxidation of formate during the reaction cycle of RcFDH.
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1021/ic502880y
SN  - 0020-1669
SN  - 1520-510X
VL  - 54
IS  - 7
SP  - 3260
EP  - 3271
PB  - American Chemical Society
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Reimold, Wolf Uwe
A1  - Fischer, Luise
A1  - Müller, Jan
A1  - Kenkmann, Thomas
A1  - Schmitt, Ralf-Thomas
A1  - Altenberger, Uwe
A1  - Kowitz, Astrid
T1  - Impact-generated pseudotachylitic breccia in drill core BH-5 Hattberg, Siljan impact structure, Sweden
JF  - GFF
N2  - Pseudotachylitic breccia (PTB) in the form of cm-wide melt breccia veinlets locally occurs on the exposed central uplift of the 380Ma Siljan impact structure. The host rock to the PTBs is the so-called Jarna granite of quartz monzonitic to syenodioritic composition. The nearly 603m long BH-5 drill core from Hattberg, near the centre of the Siljan central uplift, contains numerous veins and pods of PTB. In particular, two major zones of 60m combined width contain extensive PTB network breccias (30% actual melt breccia component), with individual melt breccia occurrences up to >1m in length. Core logging and petrographic and geochemical analysis of the core have been performed, and the data are interpreted to suggest the following. (1) The impact event caused low to moderate (at essentially <20GPa) shock deformation in the host rock and in clasts of this lithology within the PTB. (2) Macroscopic deformation of the basement mainly comprises fracturing, with only localised cataclasis. (3) No evidence for shock melting (i.e. compression/decompression melting early in the cratering process) could be observed. (4) Optical and scanning electron microscopy showed that dark PTB contains a definite melt component. (5) Shearing has significantly affected this part of the central uplift, but its effects are limited to very short displacements and likely did not result in extensive melting. (6) A frictional heating component upon melt generation can, however, not be excluded, as many PTB samples contain clasts of a mafic (gabbroic) component, although only in one place along the entire core, a 1.2cm-wide section through such material in direct contact to host rock was observed. Consequently, we suggest that, upon uplift in the central part of the impact structure, considerable melt volumes were generated locally, especially in areas that had been affected by extensive cataclasis and where grain size comminution favoured melt formation. Rapid decompression related to central uplift formation is the preferred process for the generation of the PTB melt breccias.
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1080/11035897.2015.1015264
SN  - 1103-5897
SN  - 2000-0863
VL  - 137
IS  - 2
SP  - 141
EP  - 162
PB  - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
CY  - Abingdon
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Röthlein, Christoph
A1  - Miettinen, Markus S.
A1  - Ignatova, Zoya
T1  - A flexible approach to assess fluorescence decay functions in complex energy transfer systems
JF  - BMC biophysics
N2  - Background: Time-correlated Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) probes molecular distances with greater accuracy than intensity-based calculation of FRET efficiency and provides a powerful tool to study biomolecular structure and dynamics. Moreover, time-correlated photon count measurements bear additional information on the variety of donor surroundings allowing more detailed differentiation between distinct structural geometries which are typically inaccessible to general fitting solutions.
 Results: Here we develop a new approach based on Monte Carlo simulations of time-correlated FRET events to estimate the time-correlated single photon counts (TCSPC) histograms in complex systems. This simulation solution assesses the full statistics of time-correlated photon counts and distance distributions of fluorescently labeled biomolecules. The simulations are consistent with the theoretical predictions of the dye behavior in FRET systems with defined dye distances and measurements of randomly distributed dye solutions. We validate the simulation results using a highly heterogeneous aggregation system and explore the conditions to use this tool in complex systems.
 Conclusion: This approach is powerful in distinguishing distance distributions in a wide variety of experimental setups, thus providing a versatile tool to accurately distinguish between different structural assemblies in highly complex systems.
KW  - Time resolved FRET
KW  - Monte-Carlo simulations
KW  - Complex heterogeneous systems
KW  - Protein aggregation
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1186/s13628-015-0020-z
SN  - 2046-1682
VL  - 8
PB  - BioMed Central
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Hönicke, Christiane
A1  - Bliss, Peter
A1  - Moritz, Robin F. A.
T1  - Effect of density on traffic and velocity on trunk trails of Formica pratensis
JF  - The science of nature
N2  - The allocation of large numbers of workers facilitates the swift intake of locally available resources which is essential for ant colony survival. To organise the traffic between nest and food source, the black-meadow ant Formica pratensis establishes permanent trunk trails, which are maintained by the ants. To unravel the ant organisation and potential traffic rules on these trails, we analysed velocity and lane segregation under various densities by experimentally changing feeding regimes. Even under the highest ant densities achieved, we never observed any traffic jams. On the contrary, velocity increased after supplementary feeding despite an enhanced density. Furthermore, inbound ants returning to the nest had a higher velocity than those leaving the colony. Whilst at low and medium density the ants used the centre of the trail, they used the full width of the trail at high density. Outbound ants also showed some degree of lane segregation which contributes to traffic organisation.
KW  - Density
KW  - Trunk trail
KW  - Traffic
KW  - Lateralization
KW  - Formica pratensis
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-015-1267-6
SN  - 0028-1042
SN  - 1432-1904
VL  - 102
IS  - 3-4
PB  - Springer
CY  - Heidelberg
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Contin, Andrea
A1  - Frasca, Stefano
A1  - Vivekananthan, Jeevanthi
A1  - Leimkühler, Silke
A1  - Wollenberger, Ursula
A1  - Plumere, Nicolas
A1  - Schuhmann, Wolfgang
T1  - A pH Responsive Redox Hydrogel for Electrochemical Detection of Redox Silent Biocatalytic Processes. Control of Hydrogel Solvation
JF  - Electroanalysis : an international journal devoted to fundamental and practical aspects of electroanalysis
N2  - The control of bioelectrocatalytic processes by external stimuli for the indirect detection of non-redox active species was achieved using an esterase and a redox enzyme both integrated within a redox hydrogel. The poly( vinyl) imidazole Os(bpy)(2)Cl hydrogel displays pH-responsive properties. The esterase catalysed reaction leads to a local pH decrease causing protonation of imidazole moieties thus increasing hydrogel solvation and mobility of the tethered Os-complexes. This is the key step to enable improved electron transfer between an aldehyde oxidoreductase and the polymer-bound Os-complexes. The off-on switch is further integrated in a biofuel cell system for self-powered signal generation.
KW  - pH responsive hydrogel
KW  - External stimuli
KW  - Biofuel cell
KW  - Self-powered biosensor
KW  - Solvation
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.201400621
SN  - 1040-0397
SN  - 1521-4109
VL  - 27
IS  - 4
SP  - 938
EP  - 944
PB  - Wiley-VCH
CY  - Weinheim
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Dannberg, Juliane
A1  - Sobolev, Stephan Vladimir
T1  - Low-buoyancy thermochemical plumes resolve controversy of classical mantle plume concept
JF  - Nature Communications
N2  - The Earth's biggest magmatic events are believed to originate from massive melting when hot mantle plumes rising from the lowermost mantle reach the base of the lithosphere. Classical models predict large plume heads that cause kilometre-scale surface uplift, and narrow (100 km radius) plume tails that remain in the mantle after the plume head spreads below the lithosphere. However, in many cases, such uplifts and narrow plume tails are not observed. Here using numerical models, we show that the issue can be resolved if major mantle plumes contain up to 15-20% of recycled oceanic crust in a form of dense eclogite, which drastically decreases their buoyancy and makes it depth dependent. We demonstrate that, despite their low buoyancy, large enough thermochemical plumes can rise through the whole mantle causing only negligible surface uplift. Their tails are bulky (4200 km radius) and remain in the upper mantle for 100 millions of years.
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7960
SN  - 2041-1723
VL  - 6
PB  - Nature Publ. Group
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Reinhard, Sandy
A1  - Renner, Sandra
A1  - Kupfer, Alexander
T1  - Age and fecundity in Salamandra algira (Caudata: Salamandridae)
JF  - Salamandra : German journal of herpetology
N2  - Amphibians are characterised by potentially indefinite growth. Their body size reflects a trade-off between growth and reproduction. Consequently, growth decreases or even ceases after maturation. Furthermore, the sexes often mature at different ages (sexual bimaturity). We examined fecundity patterns of the terrestrial salamander Salamandra algira (Salamandridae) and tested if age, body size and the fecundity of both sexes are connected and how these reproductive traits interact. We revealed positive correlations for female size, age and fecundity traits, i.e., egg number and volume. The male number of testes lobes was also positively correlated with age. Our study provides basic data on a rarely studied terrestrial salamandrid. Further collection-based research is needed to obtain additional data aiding the understanding of life history evolution of the Salamandridae.
KW  - Fecundity
KW  - salamanders
KW  - Urodela
KW  - Salamandra
KW  - skeletochronology
Y1  - 2015
SN  - 0036-3375
VL  - 51
IS  - 1
SP  - 19
EP  - 24
PB  - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Herpetologie und Terrarienkunde
CY  - Darmstadt
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Goychuk, Igor
A1  - Goychuk, Andriy
T1  - Stochastic Wilson-Cowan models of neuronal network dynamics with memory and delay
JF  - New journal of physics : the open-access journal for physics
N2  - We consider a simple Markovian class of the stochastic Wilson-Cowan type models of neuronal network dynamics, which incorporates stochastic delay caused by the existence of a refractory period of neurons. From the point of view of the dynamics of the individual elements, we are dealing with a network of non-Markovian stochastic two-state oscillators with memory, which are coupled globally in a mean-field fashion. This interrelation of a higher-dimensional Markovian and lower-dimensional non-Markovian dynamics is discussed in its relevance to the general problem of the network dynamics of complex elements possessing memory. The simplest model of this class is provided by a three-state Markovian neuron with one refractory state, which causes firing delay with an exponentially decaying memory within the two-state reduced model. This basic model is used to study critical avalanche dynamics (the noise sustained criticality) in a balanced feedforward network consisting of the excitatory and inhibitory neurons. Such avalanches emerge due to the network size dependent noise (mesoscopic noise). Numerical simulations reveal an intermediate power law in the distribution of avalanche sizes with the critical exponent around -1.16. We show that this power law is robust upon a variation of the refractory time over several orders of magnitude. However, the avalanche time distribution is biexponential. It does not reflect any genuine power law dependence.
KW  - neuronal networks
KW  - stochastic models
KW  - memory and delay
KW  - critical avalanche dynamics
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/17/4/045029
SN  - 1367-2630
VL  - 17
PB  - IOP Publ. Ltd.
CY  - Bristol
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Politi, Antonio
A1  - Rosenblum, Michael
T1  - Equivalence of phase-oscillator and integrate-and-fire models
JF  - Physical review : E, Statistical, nonlinear and soft matter physics
N2  - A quantitative comparison of various classes of oscillators (integrate-and-fire, Winfree, and Kuramoto-Daido type) is performed in the weak-coupling limit for a fully connected network of identical units. An almost perfect agreement is found, with only tiny differences among the models. We also show that the regime of self-consistent partial synchronization is rather general and can be observed for arbitrarily small coupling strength in any model class. As a byproduct of our study, we are able to show that an integrate-and-fire model with a generic pulse shape can be always transformed into a similar model with delta pulses and a suitable phase response curve.
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.91.042916
SN  - 1539-3755
SN  - 1550-2376
VL  - 91
IS  - 4
PB  - American Physical Society
CY  - College Park
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wolff, Wanja
A1  - Schindler, Sebastian
A1  - Brand, Ralf
T1  - The Effect of Implicitly Incentivized Faking on Explicit and Implicit Measures of Doping Attitude: When Athletes Want to Pretend an Even More Negative Attitude to Doping
JF  - PLoS one
N2  - The Implicit Association Test (IAT) aims to measure participants' automatic evaluation of an attitude object and is useful especially for the measurement of attitudes related to socially sensitive subjects, e.g. doping in sports. Several studies indicate that IAT scores can be faked on instruction. But fully or semi-instructed research scenarios might not properly reflect what happens in more realistic situations, when participants secretly decide to try faking the test. The present study is the first to investigate IAT faking when there is only an implicit incentive to do so. Sixty-five athletes (22.83 years +/- 2.45; 25 women) were randomly assigned to an incentive-to-fake condition or a control condition. Participants in the incentive-to-fake condition were manipulated to believe that athletes with lenient doping attitudes would be referred to a tedious 45-minute anti-doping program. Attitudes were measured with the pictorial doping brief IAT (BIAT) and with the Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale (PEAS). A one-way MANOVA revealed significant differences between conditions after the manipulation in PEAS scores, but not in the doping BIAT. In the light of our hypothesis this suggests that participants successfully faked an exceedingly negative attitude to doping when completing the PEAS, but were unsuccessful in doing so on the reaction time-based test. This study assessed BIAT faking in a setting that aimed to resemble a situation in which participants want to hide their attempts to cheat. The two measures of attitude were differentially affected by the implicit incentive. Our findings provide evidence that the pictorial doping BIAT is relatively robust against spontaneous and naive faking attempts. (B) IATs might be less prone to faking than implied by previous studies.
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118507
SN  - 1932-6203
VL  - 10
IS  - 4
PB  - PLoS
CY  - San Fransisco
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Baehrens, Konstantin
T1  - Introduction to Georg Lukacs: Why Democracies are superior to Autocracies? and The real Germany
JF  - Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie : Zweimonatsschrift der internationalen philosophischen Forschung
N2  - Two short typescripts by G. Lukacs from the archive, dating from 1941/42, shed light on his appraisal of the cultural 'inner reserves' of Germany and the 'moral reserves' of the democracies involved in the Second World War, as well as on Lukacs's political philosophy at that time. The conception of an intrinsic interrelation of a humanist philosophical anthropology and rationalist epistemology elucidates his egalitarian and democratic account. Both texts are located within the intellectual development of the author in an introduction by the editor, which sketches the historical background and indicates relevant contemporaneous theoretical and political debates, such as the controversies over realism and humanism and also a dispute with K. Jaspers on German collective guilt.
KW  - autocracy
KW  - collective guilt
KW  - democracy
KW  - German classic
KW  - German misery
KW  - humanism
KW  - Jaspers
KW  - Lukacs
KW  - Marxism
KW  - political philosophy
KW  - rationalism
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1515/dzph-2015-0019
SN  - 0012-1045
SN  - 2192-1482
VL  - 63
IS  - 2
SP  - 358
EP  - 366
PB  - De Gruyter
CY  - Berlin
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Copercini, Marco
T1  - Place of creation and place of production: Spatial dimensions of the Berlin fashion-design production network
JF  - Quaestiones geographicae
N2  - Fashion design plays a significant role in Berlin's creative industries and for its start-up scene. Berlin has the highest concentration of designers in Germany, most of them working in small start-ups, while the spatial organisation of their production is stretched from the local level to the global network of fashion events, showing different entrepreneurial strategies within the production process. Different spatial structures of the production organisation are identifiable through which it is possible to discuss the role of Berlin in the production network of fashion designers and the kinds of relations holding between the city, designers, and their production network.
KW  - fashion design
KW  - production network
KW  - Berlin
KW  - creative field
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1515/quageo-2015-0017
SN  - 0137-477X
SN  - 2081-6383
VL  - 34
IS  - 2
SP  - 75
EP  - 85
PB  - De Gruyter Open
CY  - Warsaw
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Aleksic, J.
A1  - Ansoldi, S.
A1  - Antonelli, L. A.
A1  - Antoranz, P.
A1  - Babic, A.
A1  - Bangale, P.
A1  - de Almeida, U. Barres
A1  - Barrio, J. A.
A1  - Gonzalez, J. Becerra
A1  - Bednarek, W.
A1  - Bernardini, E.
A1  - Biasuzzi, B.
A1  - Biland, A.
A1  - Blanch Bigas, O.
A1  - Boller, A.
A1  - Bonnefoy, S.
A1  - Bonnoli, G.
A1  - Borracci, F.
A1  - Bretz, T.
A1  - Carmona, E.
A1  - Carosi, A.
A1  - Colin, P.
A1  - Colombo, E.
A1  - Contreras, J. L.
A1  - Cortina, J.
A1  - Covino, S.
A1  - Da Vela, P.
A1  - Dazzi, F.
A1  - De Angelis, A.
A1  - De Caneva, G.
A1  - De Lotto, B.
A1  - Wilhelmi, E. de Ona
A1  - Mendez, C. Delgado
A1  - Prester, Dijana Dominis
A1  - Dorner, D.
A1  - Doro, M.
A1  - Einecke, S.
A1  - Eisenacher, D.
A1  - Elsaesser, D.
A1  - Fonseca, M. V.
A1  - Font, L.
A1  - Frantzen, K.
A1  - Fruck, C.
A1  - Galindo, D.
A1  - Lopez, R. J. Garcia
A1  - Garczarczyk, M.
A1  - Terrats, D. Garrido
A1  - Gaug, M.
A1  - Godinovic, N.
A1  - Munoz, A. Gonzalez
A1  - Gozzini, S. R.
A1  - Hadasch, D.
A1  - Hanabata, Y.
A1  - Hayashida, M.
A1  - Herrera, J.
A1  - Hildebrand, D.
A1  - Hose, J.
A1  - Hrupec, D.
A1  - Hughes, G.
A1  - Idec, W.
A1  - Kadenius, V.
A1  - Kellermann, H.
A1  - Knoetig, M. L.
A1  - Kodani, K.
A1  - Konno, Y.
A1  - Krause, J.
A1  - Kubo, H.
A1  - Kushida, J.
A1  - La Barbera, A.
A1  - Lelas, D.
A1  - Lewandowska, N.
A1  - Lindfors, E.
A1  - Lombardi, S.
A1  - Lopez, M.
A1  - Lopez-Coto, R.
A1  - Lopez-Oramas, A.
A1  - Lorenz, E.
A1  - Lozano, I.
A1  - Makariev, M.
A1  - Mallot, K.
A1  - Maneva, G.
A1  - Mankuzhiyil, N.
A1  - Mannheim, K.
A1  - Maraschi, L.
A1  - Marcote, B.
A1  - Mariotti, M.
A1  - Martinez, M.
A1  - Mazin, D.
A1  - Menzel, U.
A1  - Miranda, J. M.
A1  - Mirzoyan, R.
A1  - Moralejo, A.
A1  - Munar-Adrover, P.
A1  - Nakajima, D.
A1  - Niedzwiecki, A.
A1  - Nilsson, K.
A1  - Nishijima, K.
A1  - Noda, K.
A1  - Orito, R.
A1  - Overkemping, A.
A1  - Paiano, S.
A1  - Palatiello, M.
A1  - Paneque, D.
A1  - Paoletti, R.
A1  - Paredes, J. M.
A1  - Paredes-Fortuny, X.
A1  - Persic, M.
A1  - Moroni, P. G. Prada
A1  - Prandini, E.
A1  - Puljak, I.
A1  - Reinthal, R.
A1  - Rhode, W.
A1  - Ribo, M.
A1  - Rico, J.
A1  - Garcia, J. Rodriguez
A1  - Rugamer, S.
A1  - Saito, T.
A1  - Saito, K.
A1  - Satalecka, K.
A1  - Scalzotto, V.
A1  - Scapin, V.
A1  - Schultz, C.
A1  - Schweizer, T.
A1  - Sun, S.
A1  - Shore, S. N.
A1  - Sillanpaa, A.
A1  - Sitarek, J.
A1  - Snidaric, I.
A1  - Sobczynska, D.
A1  - Spanier, F.
A1  - Stamatescu, V.
A1  - Stamerra, A.
A1  - Steinbring, T.
A1  - Steinke, B.
A1  - Storz, J.
A1  - Strzys, M.
A1  - Takalo, L.
A1  - Takami, H.
A1  - Tavecchio, F.
A1  - Temnikov, P.
A1  - Terzic, T.
A1  - Tescaro, D.
A1  - Teshima, M.
A1  - Thaele, J.
A1  - Tibolla, O.
A1  - Torres, D. F.
A1  - Toyama, T.
A1  - Treves, A.
A1  - Uellenbeck, M.
A1  - Vogler, P.
A1  - Zanin, R.
A1  - Archambault, S.
A1  - Archer, A.
A1  - Beilicke, M.
A1  - Benbow, W.
A1  - Berger, K.
A1  - Bird, R.
A1  - Biteau, Jonathan
A1  - Buckley, J. H.
A1  - Bugaev, V.
A1  - Cerruti, M.
A1  - Chen, Xiaoming
A1  - Ciupik, L.
A1  - Collins-Hughes, E.
A1  - Cui, W.
A1  - Eisch, J. D.
A1  - Falcone, A.
A1  - Feng, Q.
A1  - Finley, J. P.
A1  - Fortin, P.
A1  - Fortson, L.
A1  - Furniss, A.
A1  - Galante, N.
A1  - Gillanders, G. H.
A1  - Griffin, S.
A1  - Gyuk, G.
A1  - Hakansson, Nils
A1  - Holder, J.
A1  - Johnson, C. A.
A1  - Kaaret, P.
A1  - Kar, P.
A1  - Kertzman, M.
A1  - Kieda, D.
A1  - Lang, M. J.
A1  - McArthur, S.
A1  - McCann, A.
A1  - Meagher, K.
A1  - Millis, J.
A1  - Moriarty, P.
A1  - Ong, R. A.
A1  - Otte, A. N.
A1  - Perkins, J. S.
A1  - Pichel, A.
A1  - Pohl, Manuela
A1  - Popkow, A.
A1  - Prokoph, H.
A1  - Pueschel, Elisa
A1  - Ragan, K.
A1  - Reyes, L. C.
A1  - Reynolds, P. T.
A1  - Richards, G. T.
A1  - Roache, E.
A1  - Rovero, A. C.
A1  - Sembroski, G. H.
A1  - Shahinyan, K.
A1  - Staszak, D.
A1  - Telezhinsky, Igor O.
A1  - Tucci, J. V.
A1  - Tyler, J.
A1  - Varlotta, A.
A1  - Wakely, S. P.
A1  - Welsing, R.
A1  - Wilhelm, Alina
A1  - Williams, D. A.
A1  - Buson, S.
A1  - Finke, J.
A1  - Villata, M.
A1  - Raiteri, C.
A1  - Aller, H. D.
A1  - Aller, M. F.
A1  - Cesarini, A.
A1  - Chen, W. P.
A1  - Gurwell, M. A.
A1  - Jorstad, S. G.
A1  - Kimeridze, G. N.
A1  - Koptelova, E.
A1  - Kurtanidze, O. M.
A1  - Kurtanidze, S. O.
A1  - Lahteenmaki, A.
A1  - Larionov, V. M.
A1  - Larionova, E. G.
A1  - Lin, H. C.
A1  - McBreen, B.
A1  - Moody, J. W.
A1  - Morozova, D. A.
A1  - Marscher, A. P.
A1  - Max-Moerbeck, W.
A1  - Nikolashvili, M. G.
A1  - Perri, M.
A1  - Readhead, A. C. S.
A1  - Richards, J. L.
A1  - Ros, J. A.
A1  - Sadun, A. C.
A1  - Sakamoto, T.
A1  - Sigua, L. A.
A1  - Smith, P. S.
A1  - Tornikoski, M.
A1  - Troitsky, I. S.
A1  - Wehrle, A. E.
A1  - Jordan, B.
T1  - Unprecedented study of the broadband emission of Mrk 421 during flaring activity in March 2010
JF  - Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal
N2  - Context. Because of its proximity, Mrk 421 is one of the best sources on which to study the nature of BL Lac objects. Its proximity allows us to characterize its broadband spectral energy distribution (SED).
 Aims. The goal is to better understand the mechanisms responsible for the broadband emission and the temporal evolution of Mrk 421. These mechanisms may also apply to more distant blazars that cannot be studied with the same level of detail.
 Methods. A flare occurring in March 2010 was observed for 13 consecutive days (from MJD 55 265 to MJD 55 277) with unprecedented wavelength coverage from radio to very high energy (VHE; E > 100 GeV) gamma-rays with MAGIC, VERITAS, Whipple, Fermi-LAT, MAXI, RXTE, Swift, GASP-WEBT, and several optical and radio telescopes. We modeled the day-scale SEDs with one-zone and two-zone synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) models, investigated the physical parameters, and evaluated whether the observed broadband SED variability can be associated with variations in the relativistic particle population.
 Results. The activity of Mrk 421 initially was high and then slowly decreased during the 13-day period. The flux variability was remarkable at the X-ray and VHE bands, but it was minor or not significant at the other bands. The variability in optical polarization was also minor. These observations revealed an almost linear correlation between the X-ray flux at the 2-10 keV band and the VHE gamma-ray flux above 200 GeV, consistent with the gamma-rays being produced by inverse-Compton scattering in the Klein-Nishina regime in the framework of SSC models. The one-zone SSC model can describe the SED of each day for the 13 consecutive days reasonably well, which once more shows the success of this standard theoretical scenario to describe the SEDs of VHE BL Lacs such as Mrk 421. This flaring activity is also very well described by a two-zone SSC model, where one zone is responsible for the quiescent emission, while the other smaller zone, which is spatially separated from the first, contributes to the daily variable emission occurring at X-rays and VHE gamma-rays. The second blob is assumed to have a smaller volume and a narrow electron energy distribution with 3 x 10(4) < gamma < 6 x 10(5), where. is the Lorentz factor of the electrons. Such a two-zone scenario would naturally lead to the correlated variability at the X-ray and VHE bands without variability at the optical/UV band, as well as to shorter timescales for the variability at the X-ray and VHE bands with respect to the variability at the other bands.
 Conclusions. Both the one-zone and the two-zone SSC models can describe the daily SEDs via the variation of only four or five model parameters, under the hypothesis that the variability is associated mostly with the underlying particle population. This shows that the particle acceleration and cooling mechanism that produces the radiating particles might be the main mechanism responsible for the broadband SED variations during the flaring episodes in blazars. The two-zone SSC model provides a better agreement with the observed SED at the narrow peaks of the low-and high-energy bumps during the highest activity, although the reported one-zone SSC model could be further improved by varying the parameters related to the emitting region itself (delta, B and R), in addition to the parameters related to the particle population.
KW  - radiation mechanisms: non-thermal
KW  - galaxies: active
KW  - BL Lacertae objects: individual: Mrk 421
KW  - gamma rays: galaxies
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201424811
SN  - 0004-6361
SN  - 1432-0746
VL  - 578
PB  - EDP Sciences
CY  - Les Ulis
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Martinez-Nunez, Silvia
A1  - Sander, Angelika
A1  - Gimenez-Garcia, Angel
A1  - Gonzalez-Galan, Ana
A1  - Torrejon, Jose Miguel
A1  - Gonzalez-Fernandez, Carlos
A1  - Hamann, Wolf-Rainer
T1  - The donor star of the X-ray pulsar X1908+075
JF  - Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal
N2  - High-mass X-ray binaries consist of a massive donor star and a compact object. While several of those systems have been well studied in X-rays, little is known for most of the donor stars as they are often heavily obscured in the optical and ultraviolet regime. There is an opportunity to observe them at infrared wavelengths, however. The goal of this study is to obtain the stellar and wind parameters of the donor star in the X1908+075 high-mass X-ray binary system with a stellar atmosphere model to check whether previous studies from X-ray observations and spectral morphology lead to a sufficient description of the donor star. We obtained H-and K-band spectra of X1908+075 and analysed them with the Potsdam Wolf-Rayet (PoWR) model atmosphere code. For the first time, we calculated a stellar atmosphere model for the donor star, whose main parameters are: M-spec = 15 +/- 6 M-circle dot, T-* = 23(-3)(+6) kK, log g(eff) = 3.0 +/- 0.2 and log L/L-circle dot = 4.81 +/- 0.25. The obtained parameters point towards an early B-type (B0-B3) star, probably in a supergiant phase. Moreover we determined a more accurate distance to the system of 4.85 +/- 0.50 kpc than the previously reported value.
KW  - binaries: close
KW  - stars: individual: X1908+075
KW  - stars: massive
KW  - stars: winds
KW  - outflows
KW  - X-rays: binaries
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201424823
SN  - 0004-6361
SN  - 1432-0746
VL  - 578
PB  - EDP Sciences
CY  - Les Ulis
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Passarelli, Luigi
A1  - Rivalta, Eleonora
A1  - Cesca, Simone
A1  - Aoki, Yosuke
T1  - Stress changes, focal mechanisms, and earthquake scaling laws for the 2000 dike at Miyakejima (Japan)
JF  - Journal of geophysical research : Solid earth
N2  - Faulting processes in volcanic areas result from a complex interaction of pressurized fluid-filled cracks and conduits with the host rock and local and regional tectonic setting. Often, volcanic seismicity is difficult to decipher in terms of the physical processes involved, and there is a need for models relating the mechanics of volcanic sources to observations. Here we use focal mechanism data of the energetic swarm induced by the 2000 dike intrusion at Miyakejima (Izu Archipelago, Japan), to study the relation between the 3-D dike-induced stresses and the characteristics of the seismicity. We perform a clustering analysis on the focal mechanism (FM) solutions and relate them to the dike stress field and to the scaling relationships of the earthquakes. We find that the strike and rake angles of the FMs are strongly correlated and cluster on bands in a strike-rake plot. We suggest that this is consistent with optimally oriented faults according to the expected pattern of Coulomb stress changes. We calculate the frequency-size distribution of the clustered sets finding that focal mechanisms with a large strike-slip component are consistent with the Gutenberg-Richter relation with a b value of about 1. Conversely, events with large normal faulting components deviate from the Gutenberg-Richter distribution with a marked roll-off on its right-hand tail, suggesting a lack of large-magnitude events (M-w>5.5). This may result from the interplay of the limited thickness and lower rock strength of the layer of rock above the dike, where normal faulting is expected, and lower stress levels linked to the faulting style and low confining pressure.
KW  - dike intrusion
KW  - dike-induced stresses
KW  - dike-induced seismicity
KW  - Miyakejima intrusion
KW  - Gutenberg-Richter relationship
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JB011504
SN  - 2169-9313
SN  - 2169-9356
VL  - 120
IS  - 6
SP  - 4130
EP  - 4145
PB  - American Geophysical Union
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kana-Sop, Marie Modestine
A1  - Gouado, Inocent
A1  - Achu, Mercy Bih
A1  - Van Camp, John
A1  - Zollo, Paul Henri Amvam
A1  - Schweigert, Florian J.
A1  - Oberleas, Donald
A1  - Ekoe, Tetanye
T1  - The Influence of Iron and Zinc Supplementation on the Bioavailability of Provitamin A Carotenoids from Papaya Following Consumption of a Vitamin A-Deficient Diet
JF  - Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology
N2  - Iron deficiency anemia, zinc and vitamin A deficiencies are serious public health problems in Cameroon, as in many developing countries. Local vegetables which are sources of provitamin A carotenoids (PACs) can be used to improve vitamin A intakes. However, traditional meals are often unable to cover zinc and iron needs. The aim of this study was to determine the bioavailability of 3 PACs (alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin) in young men, who were fed with a vitamin A-free diet and received iron and zinc supplementation. Twelve healthy participants were divided into three groups and were supplemented with elemental iron (20 mg of iron fumarate), 20 mg of zinc sulfate or iron + zinc (20 mg of iron in the morning and 20 mg of zinc in the evening) for 11 d. They were given a vitamin A- and PAC-free diet from the 6th to the 11th day, followed by a test meal containing 0.55 kg of freshly peeled papaya as a source of PACs. Blood samples were collected four times successively on the 11th day (the test meal day), at TO (just after the test meal), after 2 h (T2), after 4 h (T4) and after 7 h (T7). Ultracentrifugation was used to isolate serum chylomicrons. Retinol appearance and PAC postprandial concentrations were determined. The supplementation with zinc, iron and iron+zinc influenced the chylomicron appearance of retinol and PACs differently as reflected by retention times and maximum absorption peaks. Iron led to highest retinol levels in the chylomicron. Zinc and iron+zinc supplements were best for optimal intact appearance of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin respectively. Supplementation with iron led to the greatest bioavailability of PACs from papaya and its conversion to retinol.
KW  - micronutrient deficiencies
KW  - zinc/iron supplementation
KW  - carotenoids bioavailability
KW  - Cameroon
Y1  - 2015
SN  - 0301-4800
SN  - 1881-7742
VL  - 61
IS  - 3
SP  - 205
EP  - 214
PB  - Univ. of Tokyo Pr.
CY  - Tokyo
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Serno, Sascha
A1  - Winckler, Gisela
A1  - Anderson, Robert F.
A1  - Maier, Edith
A1  - Ren, Haojia
A1  - Gersonde, Rainer
A1  - Haug, Gerald H.
T1  - Comparing dust flux records from the Subarctic North Pacific and Greenland: Implications for atmospheric transport to Greenland and for the application of dust as a chronostratigraphic tool
JF  - Paleoceanography
N2  - We present a new record of eolian dust flux to the western Subarctic North Pacific (SNP) covering the past 27,000years based on a core from the Detroit Seamount. Comparing the SNP dust record to the North Greenland Ice Core Project (NGRIP) ice core record shows significant differences in the amplitude of dust changes to the two regions during the last deglaciation, while the timing of abrupt changes is synchronous. If dust deposition in the SNP faithfully records its mobilization in East Asian source regions, then the difference in the relative amplitude must reflect climate-related changes in atmospheric dust transport to Greenland. Based on the synchronicity in the timing of dust changes in the SNP and Greenland, we tie abrupt deglacial transitions in the Th-230-normalized He-4 flux record to corresponding transitions in the well-dated NGRIP dust flux record to provide a new chronostratigraphic technique for marine sediments from the SNP. Results from this technique are complemented by radiocarbon dating, which allows us to independently constrain radiocarbon paleoreservoir ages. We find paleoreservoir ages of 745140years at 11,653year B.P., 680228years at 14,630year B.P., and 790498years at 23,290year B.P. Our reconstructed paleoreservoir ages are consistent with modern surface water reservoir ages in the western SNP. Good temporal synchronicity between eolian dust records from the Subantarctic Atlantic and equatorial Pacific and the ice core record from Antarctica supports the reliability of the proposed dust tuning method to be used more widely in other global ocean regions.
KW  - Subarctic North Pacific
KW  - eolian dust
KW  - helium-4
KW  - atmospheric circulation
KW  - chronostratigrapy
KW  - paleoreservoir age
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/2014PA002748
SN  - 0883-8305
SN  - 1944-9186
VL  - 30
IS  - 6
SP  - 583
EP  - 600
PB  - American Geophysical Union
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Premont-Schwarz, Mirabelle
A1  - Schreck, Simon
A1  - Iannuzzi, Marcella
A1  - Nibbering, Erik T. J.
A1  - Odelius, Michael
A1  - Wernet, Philippe
T1  - Correlating Infrared and X-ray Absorption Energies for Molecular-Level Insight into Hydrogen Bond Making and Breaking in Solution
JF  - The journal of physical chemistry : B, Condensed matter, materials, surfaces, interfaces & biophysical chemistry
N2  - While ubiquitous, the making and breaking of hydrogen bonds in solution is notoriously difficult to study due to the associated complex changes of nuclear and electronic structures. With the aim to reduce the according uncertainty in correlating experimental observables and hydrogen-bond configurations, we combine the information from proximate methods to study the N-H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bond in solution. We investigate hydrogen-bonding of the N-H group of N-methylaniline with oxygen from liquid DMSO and acetone with infrared spectra in the N-H stretching region and X-ray absorption spectra at the N K-edge. We experimentally observe blue shifts of the infrared stretching band and an X-ray absorption pre-edge peak when going from DMSO to acetone. With ab initio molecular dynamics simulations and calculated spectra, we qualitatively reproduce the experimental observables but we do not reach quantitative agreement with experiment. The infrared spectra support the notion of weakening the N-H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bond from DMSO to acetone. However, we fail to theoretically reproduce the measured shift of the X-ray absorption pre-edge peak. We discuss possible shortcomings of the simulation models and spectrum calculations. Common features and distinct differences with the O-H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bond are highlighted, and the implications for monitoring hydrogen-bond breaking in solution are discussed.
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b02954
SN  - 1520-6106
VL  - 119
IS  - 25
SP  - 8115
EP  - 8124
PB  - American Chemical Society
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kielb, Patrycja
A1  - Sezer, Murat
A1  - Katz, Sagie
A1  - Lopez, Francesca
A1  - Schulz, Christopher
A1  - Gorton, Lo
A1  - Ludwig, Roland
A1  - Wollenberger, Ursula
A1  - Zebger, Ingo
A1  - Weidinger, Inez M.
T1  - Spectroscopic Observation of Calcium-Induced Reorientation of Cellobiose Dehydrogenase Immobilized on Electrodes and its Effect on Electrocatalytic Activity
JF  - ChemPhysChem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry
N2  - Cellobiose dehydrogenase catalyzes the oxidation of various carbohydrates and is considered as a possible anode catalyst in biofuel cells. It has been shown that the catalytic performance of this enzyme immobilized on electrodes can be increased by presence of calcium ions. To get insight into the Ca2+-induced changes in the immobilized enzyme we employ surface-enhanced vibrational (SERR and SEIRA) spectroscopy together with electrochemistry. Upon addition of Ca2+ ions electrochemical measurements show a shift of the catalytic turnover signal to more negative potentials while SERR measurements reveal an offset between the potential of heme reduction and catalytic current. Comparing SERR and SEIRA data we propose that binding of Ca2+ to the heme induces protein reorientation in a way that the electron transfer pathway of the catalytic FAD center to the electrode can bypass the heme cofactor, resulting in catalytic activity at more negative potentials.
KW  - cellobiose dehydrogenase
KW  - electron transfer
KW  - enzyme catalysis
KW  - spectroelectrochemistry
KW  - surface-enhanced vibrational spectroscopy
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.201500112
SN  - 1439-4235
SN  - 1439-7641
VL  - 16
IS  - 9
SP  - 1960
EP  - 1968
PB  - Wiley-VCH
CY  - Weinheim
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Klauß, André
A1  - Koenig, Marcelle
A1  - Hille, Carsten
T1  - Upgrade of a Scanning Confocal Microscope to a Single-Beam Path STED Microscope
JF  - PLoS one
N2  - By overcoming the diffraction limit in light microscopy, super-resolution techniques, such as stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy, are experiencing an increasing impact on life sciences. High costs and technically demanding setups, however, may still hinder a wider distribution of this innovation in biomedical research laboratories. As far-field microscopy is the most widely employed microscopy modality in the life sciences, upgrading already existing systems seems to be an attractive option for achieving diffraction-unlimited fluorescence microscopy in a cost-effective manner. Here, we demonstrate the successful upgrade of a commercial time-resolved confocal fluorescence microscope to an easy-to-align STED microscope in the single-beam path layout, previously proposed as "easy-STED", achieving lateral resolution <lambda/10 corresponding to a five-fold improvement over a confocal modality. For this purpose, both the excitation and depletion laser beams pass through a commercially available segmented phase plate that creates the STED-doughnut light distribution in the focal plane, while leaving the excitation beam unaltered when implemented into the joint beam path. Diffraction-unlimited imaging of 20 nm-sized fluorescent beads as reference were achieved with the wavelength combination of 635 nm excitation and 766 nm depletion. To evaluate the STED performance in biological systems, we compared the popular phalloidin-coupled fluorescent dyes Atto647N and Abberior STAR635 by labeling F-actin filaments in vitro as well as through immunofluorescence recordings of microtubules in a complex epithelial tissue. Here, we applied a recently proposed deconvolution approach and showed that images obtained from time-gated pulsed STED microscopy may benefit concerning the signal-to-background ratio, from the joint deconvolution of sub-images with different spatial information which were extracted from offline time gating.
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0130717
SN  - 1932-6203
VL  - 10
IS  - 6
PB  - PLoS
CY  - San Fransisco
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Plehn, Thomas
A1  - Ziemann, Dirk
A1  - Megow, Jörg
A1  - May, Volkhard
T1  - Frenkel to Wannier-Mott Exciton Transition: Calculation of FRET Rates for a Tubular Dye Aggregate Coupled to a CdSe Nanocrystal
JF  - The journal of physical chemistry : B, Condensed matter, materials, surfaces, interfaces & biophysical chemistry
N2  - The coupling is investigated of Frenkel-like exciton states formed in a tubular dye aggregate (TDA) to Wannier-Mott-like excitations of a semiconductor nanocrystal (NC). A double well TDA of the cyanine dye C8S3 with a length of 63.4 nm and a diameter of 14.7 nm is considered. The TDA interacts with a spherical Cd819Te630 NC of 4.5 nm diameter. Electronic excitations of the latter are described in a tight-binding model of the electrons and holes combined with a configuration interaction scheme to consider their mutual Coulomb coupling. To achieve a proper description of TDA excitons, a recently determined structure has been used, the energy transfer coupling has been defined as a screened interaction of atomic centered transition charges, and the site energies of the dye molecules have been the subject of a polarization correction. Even if both nanoparticles are in direct contact, the energy transfer coupling between the exciton levels of the TDA and of the NC stays below 1 meV. It results in FRET-type energy transfer with rates somewhat larger than 10(9)/s. They coincide rather well with recent preliminary experiments.
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1021/jp5111696
SN  - 1520-6106
VL  - 119
IS  - 24
SP  - 7467
EP  - 7472
PB  - American Chemical Society
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Pinhasi, Ron
A1  - Fernandes, Daniel
A1  - Sirak, Kendra
A1  - Novak, Mario
A1  - Connell, Sarah
A1  - Alpaslan-Roodenberg, Songul
A1  - Gerritsen, Fokke
A1  - Moiseyev, Vyacheslav
A1  - Gromov, Andrey
A1  - Raczky, Pal
A1  - Anders, Alexandra
A1  - Pietrusewsky, Michael
A1  - Rollefson, Gary
A1  - Jovanovic, Marija
A1  - Trinhhoang, Hiep
A1  - Bar-Oz, Guy
A1  - Oxenham, Marc
A1  - Matsumura, Hirofumi
A1  - Hofreiter, Michael
T1  - Optimal Ancient DNA Yields from the Inner Ear Part of the Human Petrous Bone
JF  - PLoS one
N2  - The invention and development of next or second generation sequencing methods has resulted in a dramatic transformation of ancient DNA research and allowed shotgun sequencing of entire genomes from fossil specimens. However, although there are exceptions, most fossil specimens contain only low (similar to 1% or less) percentages of endogenous DNA. The only skeletal element for which a systematically higher endogenous DNA content compared to other skeletal elements has been shown is the petrous part of the temporal bone. In this study we investigate whether (a) different parts of the petrous bone of archaeological human specimens give different percentages of endogenous DNA yields, (b) there are significant differences in average DNA read lengths, damage patterns and total DNA concentration, and (c) it is possible to obtain endogenous ancient DNA from petrous bones from hot environments. We carried out intra-petrous comparisons for ten petrous bones from specimens from Holocene archaeological contexts across Eurasia dated between 10,0001,800 calibrated years before present (cal. BP). We obtained shotgun DNA sequences from three distinct areas within the petrous: a spongy part of trabecular bone (part A), the dense part of cortical bone encircling the osseous inner ear, or otic capsule (part B), and the dense part within the otic capsule (part C). Our results confirm that dense bone parts of the petrous bone can provide high endogenous aDNA yields and indicate that endogenous DNA fractions for part C can exceed those obtained for part B by up to 65-fold and those from part A by up to 177-fold, while total endogenous DNA concentrations are up to 126-fold and 109-fold higher for these comparisons. Our results also show that while endogenous yields from part C were lower than 1% for samples from hot (both arid and humid) parts, the DNA damage patterns indicate that at least some of the reads originate from ancient DNA molecules, potentially enabling ancient DNA analyses of samples from hot regions that are otherwise not amenable to ancient DNA analyses.
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129102
SN  - 1932-6203
VL  - 10
IS  - 6
PB  - PLoS
CY  - San Fransisco
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Häussler, Jana
A1  - Bader, Markus
T1  - An interference account of the missing-VP effect
JF  - Frontiers in psychology
N2  - Sentences with doubly center-embedded relative clauses in which a verb phrase (VP) is missing are sometimes perceived as grammatical, thus giving rise to an illusion of grammaticality. In this paper, we provide a new account of why missing-VP sentences, which are both complex and ungrammatical, lead to an illusion of grammaticality, the so-called missing-VP effect. We propose that the missing-VP effect in particular, and processing difficulties with multiply center-embedded clauses more generally, are best understood as resulting from interference during cue-based retrieval. When processing a sentence with double center-embedding, a retrieval error due to interference can cause the verb of an embedded clause to be erroneously attached into a higher clause. This can lead to an illusion of grammaticality in the case of missing-VP sentences and to processing complexity in the case of complete sentences with double center-embedding. Evidence for an interference account of the missing-VP effect comes from experiments that have investigated the missing-VP effect in German using a speeded grammaticality judgments procedure. We review this evidence and then present two new experiments that show that the missing-VP effect can be found in German also with less restricting procedures. One experiment was a questionnaire study which required grammaticality judgments from participants without imposing any time constraints. The second experiment used a self-paced reading procedure and did not require any judgments. Both experiments confirm the prior findings of missing-VP effects in German and also show that the missing-VP effect is subject to a primacy effect as known from the memory literature. Based on this evidence, we argue that an account of missing-VP effects in terms of interference during cue-based retrieval is superior to accounts in terms of limited memory resources or in terms of experience with embedded structures.
KW  - sentence parsing
KW  - center embedding
KW  - grammatical illusion
KW  - missing-VP effect
KW  - cue-based retrieval
KW  - interference
KW  - German
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00766
SN  - 1664-1078
VL  - 6
PB  - Frontiers Research Foundation
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Childs, Dorothee
A1  - Grimbs, Sergio
A1  - Selbig, Joachim
T1  - Refined elasticity sampling for Monte Carlo-based identification of stabilizing network patterns
JF  - Bioinformatics
N2  - Motivation: Structural kinetic modelling (SKM) is a framework to analyse whether a metabolic steady state remains stable under perturbation, without requiring detailed knowledge about individual rate equations. It provides a representation of the system's Jacobian matrix that depends solely on the network structure, steady state measurements, and the elasticities at the steady state. For a measured steady state, stability criteria can be derived by generating a large number of SKMs with randomly sampled elasticities and evaluating the resulting Jacobian matrices. The elasticity space can be analysed statistically in order to detect network positions that contribute significantly to the perturbation response. Here, we extend this approach by examining the kinetic feasibility of the elasticity combinations created during Monte Carlo sampling.
 Results: Using a set of small example systems, we show that the majority of sampled SKMs would yield negative kinetic parameters if they were translated back into kinetic models. To overcome this problem, a simple criterion is formulated that mitigates such infeasible models. After evaluating the small example pathways, the methodology was used to study two steady states of the neuronal TCA cycle and the intrinsic mechanisms responsible for their stability or instability. The findings of the statistical elasticity analysis confirm that several elasticities are jointly coordinated to control stability and that the main source for potential instabilities are mutations in the enzyme alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btv243
SN  - 1367-4803
SN  - 1460-2059
VL  - 31
IS  - 12
SP  - 214
EP  - 220
PB  - Oxford Univ. Press
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bogen, Oliver
A1  - Bender, Olaf
A1  - Loewe, Jana
A1  - Blenau, Wolfgang
A1  - Thevis, Beatrice
A1  - Schroeder, Wolfgang
A1  - Margolis, Richard U.
A1  - Levine, Jon D.
A1  - Hucho, Ferdinand
T1  - Neuronally produced versican V2 renders C-fiber nociceptors IB4-positive
JF  - Journal of neurochemistry
N2  - A subpopulation of nociceptors, the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)-dependent, non-peptidergic C-fibers, expresses a cell-surface glycoconjugate that can be selectively labeled with isolectin B4 (IB4), a homotetrameric plant lectin from Griffonia simplicifolia. We show that versican is an IB4-binding molecule in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), insitu hybridization and immunofluorescence experiments on rat lumbar dorsal root ganglion, we provide the first demonstration that versican is produced by neurons. In addition, by probing Western blots with splice variant-specific antibodies we show that the IB4-binding versican contains only the glycosaminoglycan alpha domain. Our data support V2 as the versican isoform that renders this subpopulation of nociceptors IB4-positive (+).
 A subset of nociceptors, the GDNF-dependent non-peptidergic C-fibers can be characterized by its reactivity for isolectin B4 (IB4), a plant lectin from Griffonia simplicifolia. We have previously demonstrated that versican V2 binds IB4 in a Ca2+-dependent manner. However, given that versican is thought to be the product of glial cells, it was questionable whether versican V2 can be accountable for the IB4-reactivity of this subset of nociceptors. The results presented here prove - for the first time - a neuronal origin of versican and suggest that versican V2 is the molecule that renders GDNF-dependent non-peptidergic C-fibers IB4-positive.
KW  - IB4
KW  - nociceptors
KW  - pain
KW  - sensory neurons
KW  - V2
KW  - versican
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.13113
SN  - 0022-3042
SN  - 1471-4159
VL  - 134
IS  - 1
SP  - 147
EP  - 155
PB  - Wiley-Blackwell
CY  - Hoboken
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Eggers, Ute
A1  - Arens, Michael
A1  - Firla, Mario
A1  - Wallschläger, Hans-Dieter
T1  - To fledge or not to fledge: factors influencing the number of eggs and the eggs-to-fledglings rate in White Storks Ciconia ciconia in an agricultural environment
JF  - Journal of ornithology
N2  - Numerous studies have explored the relationship between environmental factors and White Stork Ciconia ciconia reproduction, mainly expressing breeding success as the number of fledglings. Nonetheless, one of the most critical life-history stages in birds falls between egg-laying and fledging, and identifying the factors causing offspring mortality during this period provides valuable knowledge. We quantified the number of laid White Stork eggs and the proportion of eggs that turned into fledglings in an agriculture-dominated region in Eastern Germany. Moreover, we identified the factors among land cover, weather and arrival dates, which influenced these two reproductive measures the most, and analysed the monitored mortality causes. On average, four eggs were laid per nest, and 57.8 % of the eggs turned into fledglings. The number of eggs laid was best explained by the negative effect of the arrival date of the second stork, while the percentage of eggs that turned into fledglings was more dependent on weather: most important parameters were mean temperature in the fifth and seventh weeks after the assumed breeding start (i.e. around the assumed hatching date), and the number of consecutive days with precipitation when nestlings are assumed to be approximately 3 weeks old. In an agricultural environment, weather effects that potentially disturb food availability might be more important than effects directly affecting the survival of White Stork offspring. The most frequent observed mortality cause, nest fights, furthermore revealed the relevance of intraspecific competition in the study population.
KW  - Breeding success
KW  - Clutch size
KW  - Mortality causes
KW  - Weather impact
KW  - Land use
KW  - Arrival dates
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-015-1182-9
SN  - 0021-8375
SN  - 1439-0361
VL  - 156
IS  - 3
SP  - 711
EP  - 723
PB  - Springer
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Breitkopf, Hendrik
A1  - Onstein, Renske E.
A1  - Cafasso, Donata
A1  - Schlüter, Philipp M.
A1  - Cozzolino, Salvatore
T1  - Multiple shifts to different pollinators fuelled rapid diversification in sexually deceptive Ophrys orchids
JF  - New phytologist : international journal of plant science
N2  - Episodes of rapid speciation provide unique insights into evolutionary processes underlying species radiations and patterns of biodiversity. Here we investigated the radiation of sexually deceptive bee orchids (Ophrys). Based on a time-calibrated phylogeny and by means of ancestral character reconstruction and divergence time estimation, we estimated the tempo and mode of this radiation within a state-dependent evolutionary framework. It appears that, in the Pleistocene, the evolution of Ophrys was marked by episodes of rapid diversification coinciding with shifts to different pollinator types: from wasps to Eucera bees to Andrena and other bees. An abrupt increase in net diversification rate was detected in three clades. Among these, two phylogenetically distant lineages switched from Eucera to Andrena and other bees in a parallel fashion and at about the same time in their evolutionary history. Lack of early radiation associated with the evolution of the key innovation of sexual deception suggests that Ophrys diversification was mainly driven by subsequent ecological opportunities provided by the exploitation of novel pollinator groups, encompassing many bee species slightly differing in their sex pheromone communication systems, and by spatiotemporal fluctuations in the pollinator mosaic.
KW  - Andrena
KW  - diversification rates
KW  - Eucera
KW  - Ophrys
KW  - pollination syndrome
KW  - pollinator shift
KW  - sexual deception (SD)
KW  - species radiation
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13219
SN  - 0028-646X
SN  - 1469-8137
VL  - 207
IS  - 2
SP  - 377
EP  - 389
PB  - Wiley-Blackwell
CY  - Hoboken
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Zajnulina, Marina
A1  - Boggio, Jose M. Chavez
A1  - Böhm, Michael
A1  - Rieznik, A. A.
A1  - Fremberg, Tino
A1  - Haynes, Roger
A1  - Roth, Martin M.
T1  - Generation of optical frequency combs via four-wave mixing processes for low- and medium-resolution astronomy
JF  - Applied physics : B, Lasers and optics
N2  - We investigate the generation of optical frequency combs through a cascade of four-wave mixing processes in nonlinear fibres with optimised parameters. The initial optical field consists of two continuous-wave lasers with frequency separation larger than 40 GHz (312.7 pm at 1531 nm). It propagates through three nonlinear fibres. The first fibre serves to pulse shape the initial sinusoidal-square pulse, while a strong pulse compression down to sub-100 fs takes place in the second fibre which is an amplifying erbium-doped fibre. The last stage is a low-dispersion highly nonlinear fibre where the frequency comb bandwidth is increased and the line intensity is equalised. We model this system using the generalised nonlinear Schrodinger equation and investigate it in terms of fibre lengths, fibre dispersion, laser frequency separation and input powers with the aim to minimise the frequency comb noise. With the support of the numerical results, a frequency comb is experimentally generated, first in the near infra-red and then it is frequency-doubled into the visible spectral range. Using a MUSE-type spectrograph, we evaluate the comb performance for astronomical wavelength calibration in terms of equidistancy of the comb lines and their stability.
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-015-6121-1
SN  - 0946-2171
SN  - 1432-0649
VL  - 120
IS  - 1
SP  - 171
EP  - 184
PB  - Springer
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Korff, Valeska P.
A1  - Balbo, Nicoletta
A1  - Mills, Melinda
A1  - Heyse, Liesbet
A1  - Wittek, Rafael
T1  - The impact of humanitarian context conditions and individual characteristics on aid worker retention
JF  - Disasters : the journal of disaster studies, policy and management
N2  - High employee turnover rates constitute a major challenge to effective aid provision. This study examines how features of humanitarian work and aid workers' individual characteristics affect retention within one humanitarian organisation, Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) Holland. The study extends existing research by providing new theoretical explanations of employment opportunities and constraints and by engaging in the first large-scale quantitative analysis of aid worker retention. Using a database of field staff (N=1,955), a logistic regression is performed of the likelihood of reenlistment after a first mission. The findings demonstrate that only 40 per cent of employees reenlist for a second mission with MSF Holland, and that workplace location and security situation, age, and gender have no significant effect. Individuals are less likely to reenlist if they returned early from the first mission for a personal reason, are in a relationship, are medical doctors, or if they come from highly developed countries. The paper reflects on the findings in the light of policy.
KW  - aid worker
KW  - humanitarian organisations
KW  - personnel policy
KW  - retention
KW  - staff turnover
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12119
SN  - 0361-3666
SN  - 1467-7717
VL  - 39
IS  - 3
SP  - 522
EP  - 545
PB  - Wiley-Blackwell
CY  - Hoboken
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Skobel, Erik
A1  - Kamke, Wolfram
A1  - Bönner, Gerd
A1  - Alt, Bernd
A1  - Purucker, Hans-Christian
A1  - Schwaab, Bernhard
A1  - Einwang, Hans-Peter
A1  - Schröder, Klaus
A1  - Langheim, Eike
A1  - Völler, Heinz
A1  - Brandenburg, Alexandra
A1  - Graml, Andrea
A1  - Woehrle, Holger
A1  - Krüger, Stefan
T1  - Risk factors for, and prevalence of, sleep apnoea in cardiac rehabilitation facilities in Germany: The Reha-Sleep registry
JF  - European journal of preventive cardiology : the official ESC journal for primary & secondary cardiovascular prevention, rehabilitation and sports cardiology
N2  - Aim To determine the prevalence of, and the risk factors for, sleep apnoea in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) facilities in Germany.
 Methods 1152 patients presenting for CR were screened for sleep-disordered breathing with 2-channel polygraphy (ApneaLink; ResMed). Parameters recorded included the apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI), number of desaturations per hour of recording (ODI), mean and minimum nocturnal oxygen saturation and number of snoring episodes. Patients rated subjective sleep quality on a scale from 1 (poor) to 10 (best) and completed the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS).
 Results Clinically significant sleep apnoea (AHI 15/h) was documented in 33% of patients. Mean AHI was 1416/h (range 0-106/h). Sleep apnoea was defined as being of moderate severity in 18% of patients (AHI 15-29/h) and severe in 15% (AHI 30/h). There were small, but statistically significant, differences in ESS score and subjective sleep quality between patients with and without sleep apnoea. Logistic regression model analysis identified the following as risk factors for sleep apnoea in CR patients: age (per 10 years) (odds ratio (OR) 1.51; p<0.001), body mass index (per 5 units) (OR 1.31; p=0.001), male gender (OR 2.19; p<0.001), type 2 diabetes mellitus (OR 1.45; p=0.040), haemoglobin level (OR 0.91; p=0.012) and witnessed apnoeas (OR 1.99; p<0.001).
 Conclusions The findings of this study indicate that more than one-third of patients undergoing cardiac rehabilitation in Germany have sleep apnoea, with one-third having moderate-to-severe SDB that requires further evaluation or intervention. Inclusion of sleep apnoea screening as part of cardiac rehabilitation appears to be appropriate.
KW  - Cardiac rehabilitation
KW  - sleep apnoea
KW  - sleep-disordered breathing
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487314537916
SN  - 2047-4873
SN  - 2047-4881
VL  - 22
IS  - 7
SP  - 820
EP  - 830
PB  - Sage Publ.
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Gorobtsov, Oleg Yu.
A1  - Lorenz, Ulf
A1  - Kabachnik, Nicolai M.
A1  - Vartanyants, Ivan A.
T1  - Theoretical study of electronic damage in single-particle imaging experiments at x-ray free-electron lasers for pulse durations from 0.1 to 10 fs
JF  - Physical review : E, Statistical, nonlinear and soft matter physics
N2  - X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) may allow us to employ the single-particle imaging (SPI) method to determine the structure of macromolecules that do not form stable crystals. Ultrashort pulses of 10 fs and less allow us to outrun complete disintegration by Coulomb explosion and minimize radiation damage due to nuclear motion, but electronic damage is still present. The major contribution to the electronic damage comes from the plasma generated in the sample that is strongly dependent on the amount of Auger ionization. Since the Auger process has a characteristic time scale on the order of femtoseconds, one may expect that its contribution will be significantly reduced for attosecond pulses. Here we study the effect of electronic damage on the SPI at pulse durations from 0.1 to 10 fs and in a large range of XFEL fluences to determine optimal conditions for imaging of biological samples. We analyzed the contribution of different electronic excitation processes and found that at fluences higher than 1013-1015 photons/mu m(2) (depending on the photon energy and pulse duration) the diffracted signal saturates and does not increase further. A significant gain in the signal is obtained by reducing the pulse duration from 10 to 1 fs. Pulses below a duration of 1 fs do not give a significant gain in the scattering signal in comparison with 1-fs pulses. We also study the limits imposed on SPI by Compton scattering.
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.91.062712
SN  - 1539-3755
SN  - 1550-2376
VL  - 91
IS  - 6
PB  - American Physical Society
CY  - College Park
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Nehring, Andreas
A1  - Nowak, Kathrin H.
A1  - Upmeier Zu Belzen, Annette
A1  - Tiemann, Rüdiger
T1  - Predicting Students' Skills in the Context of Scientific Inquiry with Cognitive, Motivational, and Sociodemographic Variables
JF  - International journal of science education
N2  - Research on predictors of achievement in science is often targeted on more traditional content-based assessments and single student characteristics. At the same time, the development of skills in the field of scientific inquiry constitutes a focal point of interest for science education. Against this background, the purpose of this study was to investigate to which extent multiple student characteristics contribute to skills of scientific inquiry. Based on a theoretical framework describing nine epistemological acts, we constructed and administered a multiple-choice test that assesses these skills in lower and upper secondary school level (n=780). The test items contained problem-solving situations that occur during chemical investigations in school and had to be solved by choosing an appropriate inquiry procedure. We collected further data on 12 cognitive, motivational, and sociodemographic variables such as conceptual knowledge, enjoyment of chemistry, or language spoken at home. Plausible values were drawn to quantify students' inquiry skills. The results show that students' characteristics predict their inquiry skills to a large extent (55%), whereas 9 out of 12 variables contribute significantly on a multivariate level. The influence of sociodemographic traits such as gender or the social background becomes non-significant after controlling for cognitive and motivational variables. Furthermore, the performance advance of students from upper secondary school level can be explained by controlling for cognitive covariates. We discuss our findings with regard to curricular aspects and raise the question whether the inquiry skills can be considered as an autonomous trait in science education research.
KW  - Scientific inquiry
KW  - Prediction of achievement in science
KW  - Assessment
KW  - Secondary school level
KW  - Plausible values
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2015.1035358
SN  - 0950-0693
SN  - 1464-5289
VL  - 37
IS  - 9
SP  - 1343
EP  - 1363
PB  - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
CY  - Abingdon
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Mishra, Praveen Kumar
A1  - Anoop, Ambili
A1  - Schettler, Georg
A1  - Prasad, Sushma
A1  - Jehangir, Arshid
A1  - Menzel, Peter
A1  - Naumann, Rudolf
A1  - Yousuf, A. R.
A1  - Basavaiah, Nathani
A1  - Deenadayalan, Kannan
A1  - Wiesner, Martin G.
A1  - Gaye, Birgit
T1  - Reconstructed late Quaternary hydrological changes from Lake Tso Moriri, NW Himalaya
JF  - Quaternary international : the journal of the International Union for Quaternary Research
N2  - We present the results of our investigations on the radiocarbon dated core sediments from the Lake Tso Moriri, NW Himalaya aimed at reconstructing palaeohydrological changes in this climatically sensitive region. Based on the detailed geochemical, mineralogical and sedimentological analysis, we recognise several short-term fluctuations superimposed upon seven major palaeohydrological stages identified in this lake since similar to 26 cal ka. Stage I (>20.2 cal ka): shallow lake characterised by input of coarse-grained detrital sediments; Stage II (20.2-16.4 cal ka): lake deepening and intensification of this trend ca. 18 cal ka; Stage III (16.4-11.2 cal ka): rising lake levels with a short term wet phase (13.1-11.7 cal ka); Stage IV (11.2-8.5 cal ka): early Holocene hydrological maxima and highest lake levels inferred to have resulted from early Holocene Indian monsoon intensification, as records from central Asia indicate weaker westerlies during this interval; Stage V (8.5-5.5 cal ka): mid-Holocene climate deterioration; Stage VI (5.5-2.7 cal ka): progressive lowering of lake level; Stage VII (2.7-0 cal ka): onset of modern conditions. The reconstructed hydrological variability in Lake Tso Moriri is governed by temperature changes (meltwater inflow) and monsoon precipitation (increased runoff). A regional comparison shows considerable differences with other palaeorecords from peninsular India during late Holocene. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.
KW  - Authigenic carbonates
KW  - Holocene
KW  - Indian summer monsoon
KW  - Lake sediments
KW  - Tso Moriri Lake
KW  - Westerlies
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.11.040
SN  - 1040-6182
SN  - 1873-4553
VL  - 371
SP  - 76
EP  - 86
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Riedel, Nils
A1  - Stebich, Martina
A1  - Anoop, Ambili
A1  - Basavaiah, Nathani
A1  - Menzel, Philip
A1  - Prasad, Sushma
A1  - Sachse, Dirk
A1  - Sarkar, Saswati
A1  - Wiesner, Martin
T1  - Modern pollen vegetation relationships in a dry deciduous monsoon forest: A case study from Lonar Crater Lake, central India
JF  - Quaternary international : the journal of the International Union for Quaternary Research
N2  - As part of ongoing research on Holocene lacustrine sediments of Lonar Crater Lake (central India), pollen assemblages in lake surface sediment and soil samples were studied to unravel pollenevegetation relationships, including pollen transport processes in tropical dry deciduous forest vegetation. Furthermore, palynological results were compared with geochemical proxies and spatial features of the lake sediments and the vegetation. The obtained data reveal strong differences in pollen assemblages and pollen concentrations between and within the studied trapping media. Local arboreal vegetation is adequately represented in the soil samples, but is less represented in the lake surface sediment samples. The composition of the lacustrine pollen assemblages is mainly influenced by patterns of transport through surface and channel runoff. Besides the relevance of our new data for reliable interpretation of fossil pollen spectra extracted from Lonar sediment cores, the results of this study are of general importance for the understanding of Quaternary pollen assemblages from tropical lacustrine archives, as well as for the implementation and selection of suitable approaches for quantitative pollen based environmental reconstructions in south Asia and beyond. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.
KW  - Tropical dry deciduous forests
KW  - Modern pollen/vegetation relationships
KW  - Lonar Lake
KW  - Central India
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.01.046
SN  - 1040-6182
SN  - 1873-4553
VL  - 371
SP  - 268
EP  - 279
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Allhoff, Korinna Theresa
A1  - Ritterskamp, Daniel
A1  - Rall, Björn C.
A1  - Drossel, Barbara
A1  - Guill, Christian
T1  - Evolutionary food web model based on body masses gives realistic networks with permanent species turnover
JF  - Scientific reports
N2  - The networks of predator-prey interactions in ecological systems are remarkably complex, but nevertheless surprisingly stable in terms of long term persistence of the system as a whole. In order to understand the mechanism driving the complexity and stability of such food webs, we developed an eco-evolutionary model in which new species emerge as modifications of existing ones and dynamic ecological interactions determine which species are viable. The food-web structure thereby emerges from the dynamical interplay between speciation and trophic interactions. The proposed model is less abstract than earlier evolutionary food web models in the sense that all three evolving traits have a clear biological meaning, namely the average body mass of the individuals, the preferred prey body mass, and the width of their potential prey body mass spectrum. We observed networks with a wide range of sizes and structures and high similarity to natural food webs. The model networks exhibit a continuous species turnover, but massive extinction waves that affect more than 50% of the network are not observed.
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1038/srep10955
SN  - 2045-2322
VL  - 5
PB  - Nature Publ. Group
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kunze, Matthias
A1  - Weidlich, Matthias
A1  - Weske, Mathias
T1  - Querying process models by behavior inclusion
JF  - Software and systems modeling
N2  - Business processes are vital to managing organizations as they sustain a company's competitiveness. Consequently, these organizations maintain collections of hundreds or thousands of process models for streamlining working procedures and facilitating process implementation. Yet, the management of large process model collections requires effective searching capabilities. Recent research focused on similarity search of process models, but querying process models is still a largely open topic. This article presents an approach to querying process models that takes a process example as input and discovers all models that allow replaying the behavior of the query. To this end, we provide a notion of behavioral inclusion that is based on trace semantics and abstraction. Additional to deciding a match, a closeness score is provided that describes how well the behavior of the query is represented in the model and can be used for ranking. The article introduces the formal foundations of the approach and shows how they are applied to querying large process model collections. An experimental evaluation has been conducted that confirms the suitability of the solution as well as its applicability and scalability in practice.
KW  - Process model search
KW  - Behavioral querying
KW  - Trace inclusion
KW  - Process model repositories
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10270-013-0389-6
SN  - 1619-1366
SN  - 1619-1374
VL  - 14
IS  - 3
SP  - 1105
EP  - 1125
PB  - Springer
CY  - Heidelberg
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Spricigo, Roberto
A1  - Leimkühler, Silke
A1  - Gorton, Lo
A1  - Scheller, Frieder W.
A1  - Wollenberger, Ursula
T1  - The Electrically Wired Molybdenum Domain of Human Sulfite Oxidase is Bioelectrocatalytically Active
JF  - European journal of inorganic chemistry : a journal of ChemPubSoc Europe
N2  - We report electron transfer between the catalytic molybdenum cofactor (Moco) domain of human sulfite oxidase (hSO) and electrodes through a poly(vinylpyridine)-bound [osmium(N,N'-methyl-2,2'-biimidazole)(3)](2+/3+) complex as the electron-transfer mediator. The biocatalyst was immobilized in this low-potential redox polymer on a carbon electrode. Upon the addition of sulfite to the immobilized separate Moco domain, the generation of a significant catalytic current demonstrated that the catalytic center is effectively wired and active. The bioelectrocatalytic current of the wired separate catalytic domain reached 25% of the signal of the wired full molybdoheme enzyme hSO, in which the heme b(5) is involved in the electron-transfer pathway. This is the first report on a catalytically active wired molybdenum cofactor domain. The formal potential of this electrochemical mediator is between the potentials of the two cofactors of hSO, and as hSO can occupy several conformations in the polymer matrix, it is imaginable that electron transfer from the catalytic site to the electrode through the osmium center occurs for the hSO molecules in which the Moco domain is sufficiently accessible. The observation of catalytic oxidation currents at low potentials is favorable for applications in bioelectronic devices.
KW  - Metalloenzymes
KW  - Enzyme catalysis
KW  - Immobilization
KW  - Osmium
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/ejic.201500034
SN  - 1434-1948
SN  - 1099-0682
IS  - 21
SP  - 3526
EP  - 3531
PB  - Wiley-VCH
CY  - Weinheim
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Frank, Ulrike
A1  - Frank, Katrin
A1  - Zimmermann, Heinrich
T1  - Effects of Respiratory Therapy (bagging) on Respiratory Function, Swallowing Frequency and Vigilance in Tracheotomized Patients in Early Neurorehabilitation
JF  - Pneumologie : Zeitschrift für Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin
N2  - Objective: Tracheotomized patients often suffer from impairments in mucociliary clearance and limited capacities for active expectoration of secretions. We investigated the effects of a specific respiratory intervention method (bagging) for tracheotomized patients on respiratory parameters (pO(2), pCO(2), SpO(2), respiratory rates), swallowing frequency, vigilance and secretion viscosity. Methods: The bagging method supports enforced mobilization and expectoration of secretions by application of a series of manual hyperinflations with a resuscitation bag during active inspiration and manual cough support on the chest. 30 tracheotomized neurological patients participated in a multiple-baseline study including a three-weeks intervention period and a follow-up measurement three weeks after termination of the treatment. Results: Most outcome parameters improved significantly during the intervention period: pO(2) (p<.01), SpO(2) (p<.01), respiratory rates (p<.01), swallowing rates (p<.01), and vigilance scores (p<.01). The quality of bronchial secretions improved in all participants. All effects were sustained up to the follow-up measurements. Conclusion: This preliminary data indicates positive effects for a respiratory intervention method (bagging) on respiratory function and additional respiration-related functions in tracheotomized neurological patients. This easy-to-learn and inexpensive method might expand the range of treatment options for tracheotomized and non-responsive patients.
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1392359
SN  - 0934-8387
SN  - 1438-8790
VL  - 69
IS  - 7
SP  - 394
EP  - 399
PB  - Thieme
CY  - Stuttgart
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Knoll, Nina
A1  - Wiedemann, Amelie U.
A1  - Schrader, Mark
A1  - Felber, Juliane
A1  - Burkert, Silke
A1  - Daig, Isolde
A1  - Heckhausen, Jutta
T1  - Calibrating Independence Goals and Partner Support: Couples Adjust to Functional Limitations after Tumor Surgery
JF  - Applied psychology : Health and well-being
N2  - When patients recover from disease-related functional limitations, support received from partners may not always match patients' changing independence goals. The lines of defense (LoD) model proposes a hierarchy of independence goals (LoDs), ranging from minimising discomfort by disengagement (lowest LoD) to protection of self-reliance (highest LoD). Prostate cancer patients' LoDs were examined as moderators of the association between partner support and patients' and partners' affect during patients' recovery from postsurgical functional limitations. MethodsData from 169 couples were assessed four times within 7months following patients' surgery. Patients reported on post-surgery functional limitations (i.e. incontinence), LoDs, affect, and received partner support. Partners reported on affect and support provided to patients. ResultsIn patients endorsing lower LoDs, more received support was associated with less negative affect. Also, not endorsing high LoDs while receiving strong partner support was related to patients' lower negative and higher positive affect. Partners' support provision to patients tended to be associated with increases in partners' negative affect when patients had endorsed higher LoDs and with increases in positive affect when patients had endorsed lower LoDs. Matching patients' independence goals or LoDs with partners' support may be beneficial for patients' and partners' affect.
KW  - couples
KW  - independence goals
KW  - lines of defense
KW  - prostate cancer
KW  - social support
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12043
SN  - 1758-0846
SN  - 1758-0854
VL  - 7
IS  - 2
SP  - 167
EP  - 187
PB  - Wiley-Blackwell
CY  - Hoboken
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Raatz, Michael
A1  - Hintsche, Marius
A1  - Bahrs, Marco
A1  - Theves, Matthias
A1  - Beta, Carsten
T1  - Swimming patterns of a polarly flagellated bacterium in environments of increasing complexity
JF  - European physical journal special topics
N2  - The natural habitat of many bacterial swimmers is dominated by interfaces and narrow interstitial spacings where they frequently interact with the fluid boundaries in their vicinity. To quantify these interactions, we investigated the swimming behavior of the soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida in a variety of confined environments. Using microfluidic techniques, we fabricated structured microchannels with different configurations of cylindrical obstacles. In these environments, we analyzed the swimming trajectories for different obstacle densities and arrangements. Although the overall swimming pattern remained similar to movement in the bulk fluid, we observed a change in the turning angle distribution that could be attributed to collisions with the cylindrical obstacles. Furthermore, a comparison of the mean run length of the bacteria to the mean free path of a billiard particle in the same geometry indicated that, inside a densely packed environment, the trajectories of the bacterial swimmers are efficiently guided along the open spacings.
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2015-02454-3
SN  - 1951-6355
SN  - 1951-6401
VL  - 224
IS  - 7
SP  - 1185
EP  - 1198
PB  - Springer
CY  - Heidelberg
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Danquah, Ina
A1  - Dobrucky, C. Lydia
A1  - Frank, Laura K.
A1  - Henze, Andrea
A1  - Amoako, Yaw A.
A1  - Bedu-Addo, George
A1  - Raila, Jens
A1  - Schulze, Matthias Bernd
A1  - Mockenhaupt, Frank P.
A1  - Schweigert, Florian J.
T1  - Vitamin A: potential misclassification of vitamin A status among patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension in urban Ghana
JF  - The American journal of clinical nutrition : a publication of the American Society for Nutrition, Inc.
N2  - Background: Sub-Saharan Africa is facing a double burden of malnutrition: vitamin A deficiency (VAD) prevails, whereas the nutrition-related chronic conditions type 2 diabetes (T2D) and hypertension are emerging. Serum retinol a VAD marker increases in kidney disease and decreases in inflammation, which can partly be attributed to alterations in the vitamin A transport proteins retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) and prealbumin. Kidney dysfunction and inflammation commonly accompany T2D and hypertension.
 Objective: Among urban Ghanaians, we investigated the associations of T2D and hypertension with serum retinol as well as the importance of kidney function and inflammation in this regard.
 Design: A hospital-based, case-control study in individuals for risk factors of T2D, hypertension, or both was conducted in Kumasi, Ghana (328 controls, 197 with T2D, 354 with hypertension, and 340 with T2D plus hypertension). In 1219 blood samples, serum retinol, RBP4, and prealbumin were measured. Urinary albumin and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) defined kidney function. C-reactive protein (CRP) >5 mg/L indicated inflammation. We identified associations of T2D and hypertension with retinol by linear regression and calculated the contribution of RBP4, prealbumin, urinary albumin, eGFR, and CRP to these associations as the percentages of the explained variance of retinol.
 Results: VAD (retinol <1.05 mu mol/L) was present in 10% of this predominantly female, middle-aged, overweight, and deprived population. Hypertension, but not T2D, was positively associated with retinol (beta: 0.12; 95% CI: 0.08, 0,17), adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic factors, anthropometric measurements, and lifestyle. In addition to RBP4 (72%) and prealbumin (22%), the effect of increased retinol on individuals with hypertension was mainly attributed to impaired kidney function (eGFR: 30%; urinary albumin: 5%) but not to inflammation.
 Conclusions: In patients with hypertension, VAD might be underestimated because of increased serum retinol in the context of kidney dysfunction. Thus, the interpretation of serum retinol in sub-Saharan Africa should account for hypertension status.
KW  - hypertension
KW  - inflammation
KW  - kidney dysfunction
KW  - type 2 diabetes
KW  - vitamin A deficiency
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.114.101345
SN  - 0002-9165
SN  - 1938-3207
VL  - 102
IS  - 1
SP  - 207
EP  - 214
PB  - American Society for Nutrition, Inc.
CY  - Bethesda
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Yan, Ming
A1  - Sommer, Werner
T1  - Parafoveal-on-Foveal Effects of Emotional Word Semantics in Reading Chinese Sentences: Evidence From Eye Movements
JF  - Journal of experimental psychology : Learning, memory, and cognition
N2  - Despite the well-known influence of emotional meaning on cognition, relatively less is known about its effects on reading behavior. We investigated whether fixation behavior during the reading of Chinese sentences is influenced by emotional word meaning in the parafovea. Two-character target words embedded into the same sentence frames provided emotionally positive, negative, or neutral contents. Fixation durations on neutral pretarget words were prolonged for positive parafoveal words and for highly frequent negative parafoveal words. In addition, fixation durations on foveal emotional words were shorter than those on neutral words. We also found that the role of emotional words varied as a function of their valence during foveal and parafoveal processing. These findings suggest a processing advantage for emotional words relative to emotionally neutral stimuli in foveal and parafoveal vision. We discuss implications for the notion of attention attraction due to emotional content.
KW  - parafoveal vision
KW  - emotion
KW  - reading
KW  - Chinese
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000095
SN  - 0278-7393
SN  - 1939-1285
VL  - 41
IS  - 4
SP  - 1237
EP  - 1243
PB  - American Psychological Association
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wesson, Robert L.
A1  - Melnick, Daniel
A1  - Cisternas, Marco
A1  - Moreno, Marcos
A1  - Ely, Lisa L.
T1  - Vertical deformation through a complete seismic cycle at Isla Santa Maria, Chile
JF  - Nature geoscience
N2  - Individual great earthquakes are posited to release the elastic strain energy that has accumulated over centuries by the gradual movement of tectonic plates(1,2). However, knowledge of plate deformation during a complete seismic cycle-two successive great earthquakes and the intervening interseismic period-remains incomplete(3). A complete seismic cycle began in south-central Chile in 1835 with an earthquake of about magnitude 8.5 (refs 4,5) and ended in 2010 with a magnitude 8.8 earthquake(6). During the first earthquake, an uplift of Isla Santa Maria by 2.4 to 3m was documented(4,5). In the second earthquake, the island was uplifted(7) by 1.8 m. Here we use nautical surveys made in 1804, after the earthquake in 1835 and in 1886, together with modern echo sounder surveys and GPS measurements made immediately before and after the 2010 earthquake, to quantify vertical deformation through the complete seismic cycle. We find that in the period between the two earthquakes, Isla Santa Maria subsided by about 1.4 m. We simulate the patterns of vertical deformation with a finite-element model and find that they agree broadly with predictions from elastic rebound theory(2). However, comparison with geomorphic and geologic records of millennial coastline emergence(8,9) reveal that 10-20% of the vertical uplift could be permanent.
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO2468
SN  - 1752-0894
SN  - 1752-0908
VL  - 8
IS  - 7
SP  - 547
EP  - U157
PB  - Nature Publ. Group
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lemcke, Stefanie
A1  - Haedge, Kora
A1  - Zender, Raphael
A1  - Lucke, Ulrike
T1  - RouteMe: a multilevel pervasive game on mobile ad hoc routing
JF  - Personal and ubiquitous computing
N2  - Pervasive educational games have the potential to transfer learning content to real-life experiences beyond lecture rooms, through realizing field trips in an augmented or virtual manner. This article introduces the pervasive educational game "RouteMe" that brings the rather abstract topic of routing in ad hoc networks to real-world environments. The game is designed for university-level courses and supports these courses in a motivating manner to deepen the learning experience. Students slip into the role of either routing nodes or applications with routing demands. On three consecutive levels of difficulty, they get introduced with the game concept, learn the basic routing mechanisms and become aware of the general limitations and functionality of routing nodes. This paper presents the pedagogical and technical game concept as well as findings from an evaluation in a university setting.
KW  - E-learning
KW  - Educational game
KW  - Mobile application
KW  - Pervasive computing
KW  - Location awareness
KW  - Ad hoc routing
KW  - AODV
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-015-0843-2
SN  - 1617-4909
SN  - 1617-4917
VL  - 19
IS  - 3-4
SP  - 537
EP  - 549
PB  - Springer
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Menzel, Philip
A1  - Anupama, Krishnamurthy
A1  - Basavaiah, Nathani
A1  - Das, Brijraj Krishna
A1  - Gaye, Birgit
A1  - Herrmann, Nicole
A1  - Prasad, Sushma
T1  - The use of amino acid analyses in (palaeo-) limnological investigations: A comparative study of four Indian lakes in different climate regimes
JF  - Geochimica et cosmochimica acta : journal of the Geochemical Society and the Meteoritical Society
N2  - In the present study, we report the results of comprehensive amino acid (AA) analyses of four Indian lakes from different climate regimes. We focus on the investigation of sediment cores retrieved from the lakes but data of modern sediment as well as vascular plant, soil, and suspended particulate matter samples from individual lakes are also presented. Commonly used degradation and organic matter source indices are tested for their applicability to the lake sediments, and we discuss potential reasons for possible limitations. A principal component analysis including the monomeric AA composition of organic matter of all analysed samples indicates that differences in organic matter sources and the environmental properties of the individual lakes are responsible for the major variability in monomeric AA distribution of the different samples. However, the PCA also gives a factor that most probably separates the samples according to their state of organic matter degradation. Using the factor loadings of the individual AA monomers, we calculate a lake sediment degradation index (LI) that might be applicable to other palaeo-lake investigations. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.03.028
SN  - 0016-7037
SN  - 1872-9533
VL  - 160
SP  - 25
EP  - 37
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Yan, Wan
A1  - Fang, Liang
A1  - Nöchel, Ulrich
A1  - Kratz, Karl
A1  - Lendlein, Andreas
T1  - Influence of deformation temperature on structural variation and shape-memory effect of a thermoplastic semi-crystalline multiblock copolymer
JF  - eXPRESS polymer letters
N2  - A multiblock copolymer termed as PCL-PIBMD, consisting of crystallizable poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) segments and crystallizable poly(3S-isobutyl-morpholine-2,5-dione) (PIBMD) segments, has been reported as a material showing a thermally-induced shape-memory effect. While PIBMD crystalline domains act as netpoints to determine the permanent shape, both PCL crystalline domains and PIBMD amorphous domains, which have similar transition temperatures (T-trans) can act as switching domains. In this work, the influence of the deformation temperature (T-deform = 50 or 20 degrees C), which was above or below T-trans, on the structural changes of PCL-PIBMD during uniaxial deformation and the shapememory properties were investigated. Furthermore, the relative contribution of crystalline PCL and PIBMD amorphous phases to the fixation of the temporary shape were distinguished by a toluene vapor treatment approach. The results indicated that at 50 degrees C, both PCL and PIBMD amorphous phases can be orientated during deformation, resulting in thermally-induced crystals of PCL domains and joint contribution to the switching domains. In contrast at 20 degrees C, the temporary shape was mainly fixed by PCL crystals generated via strain-induced crystallization.
KW  - biodegradable polymers
KW  - shape-memory polymer
KW  - multiblock copolymer
KW  - polydepsipeptide
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2015.58
SN  - 1788-618X
VL  - 9
IS  - 7
SP  - 624
EP  - 635
PB  - Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Department of Polymer Engineering
CY  - Budapest
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bär, Christian
T1  - Geometrically formal 4-manifolds with nonnegative sectional curvature
JF  - Communications in analysis and geometry
N2  - A Riemannian manifold is called geometrically formal if the wedge product of any two harmonic forms is again harmonic. We classify geometrically formal compact 4-manifolds with nonnegative sectional curvature. If the sectional curvature is strictly positive, the manifold must be homeomorphic to S-4 or diffeomorphic to CP2.
 This conclusion stills holds true if the sectional curvature is strictly positive and we relax the condition of geometric formality to the requirement that the length of harmonic 2-forms is not too nonconstant. In particular, the Hopf conjecture on S-2 x S-2 holds in this class of manifolds.
Y1  - 2015
SN  - 1019-8385
SN  - 1944-9992
VL  - 23
IS  - 3
SP  - 479
EP  - 497
PB  - International Press of Boston
CY  - Somerville
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Reverey, Julia F.
A1  - Jeon, Jae-Hyung
A1  - Bao, Han
A1  - Leippe, Matthias
A1  - Metzler, Ralf
A1  - Selhuber-Unkel, Christine
T1  - Superdiffusion dominates intracellular particle motion in the supercrowded cytoplasm of pathogenic Acanthamoeba castellanii
JF  - Scientific reports
N2  - Acanthamoebae are free-living protists and human pathogens, whose cellular functions and pathogenicity strongly depend on the transport of intracellular vesicles and granules through the cytosol. Using high-speed live cell imaging in combination with single-particle tracking analysis, we show here that the motion of endogenous intracellular particles in the size range from a few hundred nanometers to several micrometers in Acanthamoeba castellanii is strongly superdiffusive and influenced by cell locomotion, cytoskeletal elements, and myosin II. We demonstrate that cell locomotion significantly contributes to intracellular particle motion, but is clearly not the only origin of superdiffusivity. By analyzing the contribution of microtubules, actin, and myosin II motors we show that myosin II is a major driving force of intracellular motion in A. castellanii. The cytoplasm of A. castellanii is supercrowded with intracellular vesicles and granules, such that significant intracellular motion can only be achieved by actively driven motion, while purely thermally driven diffusion is negligible.
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1038/srep11690
SN  - 2045-2322
VL  - 5
PB  - Nature Publ. Group
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Reinhard, Sandy
A1  - Kupfer, Alexander
T1  - Sexual dimorphism in a French population of the marbled newt, Triturus marmoratus (Urodela: Salamandridae)
JF  - Salamandra : German journal of herpetology
N2  - Amphibians have developed a large set of life-history strategies and demonstrate an impressive diversity of reproductive patterns compared to other vertebrates. Various selection pressures impact on males and females and see them produce different degrees of sexual dimorphism in order to maximise their reproductive success. In an extended morphometric analysis that included 27 body-and head-related characters, we studied the pattern of sexual dimorphism of a French population of the marbled newt, Triturus marmoratus. We analysed the characters by employing GLM methods (ANCOVA) and found 16 of them to be dimorphic between the sexes. In general, females differ in head-body size, such as snout-vent length, but males rather in shape or body proportions (e.g., limb proportions). The various expressions of sexual size dimorphism among large-bodied marbled newts and allies demonstrate that more than one evolutionary model works simultaneously on different traits.
KW  - SSD
KW  - fecundity
KW  - sexual selection
KW  - salamanders
KW  - Triturus
KW  - morphometrics
Y1  - 2015
SN  - 0036-3375
VL  - 51
IS  - 2
SP  - 121
EP  - 128
PB  - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Herpetologie und Terrarienkunde
CY  - Darmstadt
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bodrova, Anna S.
A1  - Chechkin, Aleksei V.
A1  - Cherstvy, Andrey G.
A1  - Metzler, Ralf
T1  - Ultraslow scaled Brownian motion
JF  - New journal of physics : the open-access journal for physics
N2  - We define and study in detail utraslow scaled Brownian motion (USBM) characterized by a time dependent diffusion coefficient of the form D(t) similar or equal to 1/t. For unconfined motion the mean squared displacement (MSD) of USBM exhibits an ultraslow, logarithmic growth as function of time, in contrast to the conventional scaled Brownian motion. In a harmonic potential the MSD of USBM does not saturate but asymptotically decays inverse-proportionally to time, reflecting the highly non-stationary character of the process. We show that the process is weakly non-ergodic in the sense that the time averaged MSD does not converge to the regular MSD even at long times, and for unconfined motion combines a linear lag time dependence with a logarithmic term. The weakly non-ergodic behaviour is quantified in terms of the ergodicity breaking parameter. The USBM process is also shown to be ageing: observables of the system depend on the time gap between initiation of the test particle and start of the measurement of its motion. Our analytical results are shown to agree excellently with extensive computer simulations.
KW  - anomalous diffusion
KW  - stochastic processes
KW  - ageing
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/17/6/063038
SN  - 1367-2630
VL  - 17
PB  - IOP Publ. Ltd.
CY  - Bristol
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Groenewold, Rimke
A1  - Bastiaanse, Roelien
A1  - Nickels, Lyndsey
A1  - Wieling, Martijn
A1  - Huiskes, Mike
T1  - The differential effects of direct and indirect speech on discourse comprehension in Dutch and English listeners with and without aphasia
JF  - Aphasiology : an international, interdisciplinary journal
N2  - Background: In a previous study, we demonstrated that narratives containing direct speech constructions were easier to comprehend than narratives with indirect speech constructions for Dutch listeners with and without aphasia. There were two possible explanations for this finding: either that direct speech has increased liveliness compared to indirect speech or that direct speech is less grammatically complex.
 Aims: This study aimed to provide further insight into the mechanisms underlying the differences between direct and indirect speech constructions on discourse comprehension in Dutch. More specifically, it aimed to examine the role that the grammatical characteristics of direct and indirect speech play in discourse comprehension success by comparing English- and Dutch-speaking individuals with and without aphasia.
 Methods & Procedures: An English version of the Dutch iPad-based Direct Speech Comprehension (DISCO) test was developed. Twenty individuals with aphasia and 19 neurologically healthy control participants were presented with spoken narratives that contained either direct or indirect speech constructions. Their performance was compared to that of the participants of the Dutch DISCO study. To assess the effect of language on performance, we conducted a single analysis in which we contrasted the English data with the Dutch data.
 Outcomes & Results: Control participants performed better than participants with aphasia; English-speaking participants performed worse than Dutch participants, and narratives containing direct speech were easier to comprehend than narratives with indirect speech constructions. However, a subsequent analysis including only individuals with aphasia showed that the Dutch group differed from the English-speaking group: direct speech was only beneficial for the Dutch participants with aphasia.
 Conclusions: This study expanded on the findings of a previous study, in which a facilitating effect of direct over indirect speech constructions for audiovisual discourse comprehension was found. The differential effects of direct speech on comprehension in Dutch and English showed that rather than one or other explanation being "correct", both liveliness and grammatical characteristics play a role in discourse comprehension success. Grammatically less complex constructions (direct speech) are not necessarily always easier to comprehend than grammatically more complex constructions (indirect speech) for individuals with aphasia. In our study grammatically simple constructions introduced grammatical ambiguity and therefore possible interpretation difficulties for the English-speaking participants with aphasia.
KW  - discourse comprehension
KW  - direct speech
KW  - indirect speech
KW  - aphasia
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1080/02687038.2014.977217
SN  - 0268-7038
SN  - 1464-5041
VL  - 29
IS  - 6
SP  - 685
EP  - 704
PB  - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
CY  - Abingdon
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Adamla, Frauke
A1  - Ignatova, Zoya
T1  - Somatic expression of unc-54 and vha-6 mRNAs declines but not pan-neuronal rgef-1 and unc-119 expression in aging Caenorhabditis elegans
JF  - Scientific reports
N2  - Aging is a highly controlled biological process characterized by a progressive deterioration of various cellular activities. One of several hallmarks of aging describes a link to transcriptional alteration, suggesting that it may impact the steady-state mRNA levels. We analyzed the mRNA steady-state levels of polyCAG-encoding transgenes and endogenous genes under the control of well-characterized promoters for intestinal (vha-6), muscular (unc-54, unc-15) and pan-neuronal (rgef-1, unc-119) expression in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We find that there is not a uniform change in transcriptional profile in aging, but rather a tissue-specific difference in the mRNA levels of these genes. While levels of mRNA in the intestine (vha-6) and muscular (unc-54, unc-15) cells decline with age, pan-neuronal tissue shows more stable mRNA expression (rgef-1, unc-119) which even slightly increases with the age of the animals. Our data on the variations in the mRNA abundance from exemplary cases of endogenous and transgenic gene expression contribute to the emerging evidence for tissue-specific variations in the aging process.
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1038/srep10692
SN  - 2045-2322
VL  - 5
PB  - Nature Publ. Group
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kuhlmann, Marco
A1  - Koller, Alexander
A1  - Satta, Giorgio
T1  - Lexicalization and Generative Power in CCG
JF  - Computational linguistics
N2  - The weak equivalence of Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) and Tree-Adjoining Grammar (TAG) is a central result of the literature on mildly context-sensitive grammar formalisms. However, the categorial formalism for which this equivalence has been established differs significantly from the versions of CCG that are in use today. In particular, it allows restriction of combinatory rules on a per grammar basis, whereas modern CCG assumes a universal set of rules, isolating all cross-linguistic variation in the lexicon. In this article we investigate the formal significance of this difference. Our main result is that lexicalized versions of the classical CCG formalism are strictly less powerful than TAG.
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1162/COLI_a_00219
SN  - 0891-2017
SN  - 1530-9312
VL  - 41
IS  - 2
SP  - 215
EP  - 247
PB  - MIT Press
CY  - Cambridge
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Entrich, Steve R.
T1  - The Decision for Shadow Education in Japan: Students' Choice or Parents' Pressure?
JF  - Social science Japan journal : an international journal of social science research on Japan
N2  - Following decision theory (Boudon, Raymond. 1974. Education, Opportunity, and Social Inequality: Changing Prospects in Western Society. New York: Wiley.), social origin strongly affects educational decisions, especially at transition points in educational attainment. In Japan, the fierce competition in gaining access to the next level of schooling intensifies the impact of educational decisions on students' future careers. In addition to selecting a certain school, families are forced to decide whether or not to invest in shadow education. Thus far, socioeconomic background and parents' educational aspirations, in conjunction with students' academic achievement, have been deemed influential to such decisions in Japan. The agency of the student is rarely even considered. Based on calculations from the 2011 Hyogo High School Students' (HHSS) survey, the theoretical approach presented in this article stresses the importance of acknowledging the existence of a multitude of actors involved in each phase of the decision-making process, including the students themselves, especially when explaining inequalities in modern societies.
KW  - shadow education
KW  - educational aspirations
KW  - decision theory
KW  - juku
KW  - Hyogo
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1093/ssjj/jyv012
SN  - 1369-1465
SN  - 1468-2680
VL  - 18
IS  - 2
SP  - 193
EP  - 216
PB  - Oxford Univ. Press
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Altundag, Hüseyin
A1  - Böckmann, Christine
A1  - Taseli, Hasan
T1  - Inverse Sturm-Liouville problems with pseudospectral methods
JF  - International journal of computer mathematics
N2  - In this paper a technique to obtain a first approximation for singular inverse Sturm-Liouville problems with a symmetrical potential is introduced. The singularity, as a result of unbounded domain (-infinity, infinity), is treated by considering numerically the asymptotic limit of the associated problem on a finite interval (-L, L). In spite of this treatment, the problem has still an ill-conditioned structure unlike the classical regular ones and needs regularization techniques. Direct computation of eigenvalues in iterative solution procedure is made by means of pseudospectral methods. A fairly detailed description of the numerical algorithm and its applications to specific examples are presented to illustrate the accuracy and convergence behaviour of the proposed approach.
KW  - 31A25
KW  - 65F18
KW  - regularization method
KW  - condition number
KW  - pseudospectral method
KW  - regular and singular inverse Sturm-Liouville problems
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1080/00207160.2014.939646
SN  - 0020-7160
SN  - 1029-0265
VL  - 92
IS  - 7
SP  - 1373
EP  - 1384
PB  - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
CY  - Abingdon
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Herzberg, Nico
A1  - Meyer, Andreas
A1  - Weske, Mathias
T1  - Improving business process intelligence by observing object state transitions
JF  - Data & knowledge engineering
N2  - During the execution of business processes several events happen that are recorded in the company's information systems. These events deliver insights into process executions so that process monitoring and analysis can be performed resulting, for instance, in prediction of upcoming process steps or the analysis of the run time of single steps. While event capturing is trivial when a process engine with integrated logging capabilities is used, manual process execution environments do not provide automatic logging of events, so that typically external devices, like bar code scanners, have to be used. As experience shows, these manual steps are error-prone and induce additional work. Therefore, we use object state transitions as additional monitoring information, so-called object state transition events. Based on these object state transition events, we reason about the enablement and termination of activities and provide the basis for process monitoring and analysis in terms of a large event log. In this paper, we present the concept to utilize information from these object state transition events for capturing process progress. Furthermore, we discuss a methodology to create the required design time artifacts that then are used for monitoring at run time. In a proof-of-concept implementation, we show how the design time and run time side work and prove applicability of the introduced concept of object state transition events. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
KW  - Business process management
KW  - Events
KW  - Data
KW  - Process Monitoring
KW  - BPMN
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.datak.2015.07.008
SN  - 0169-023X
SN  - 1872-6933
VL  - 98
SP  - 144
EP  - 164
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Teshebaeva, Kanayim
A1  - Roessner, Sigrid
A1  - Echtler, Helmut Peter
A1  - Motagh, Mahdi
A1  - Wetzel, Hans-Ulrich
A1  - Molodbekov, Bolot
T1  - ALOS/PALSAR InSAR Time-Series Analysis for Detecting Very Slow-Moving Landslides in Southern Kyrgyzstan
JF  - Remote sensing
N2  - This study focuses on evaluating the potential of ALOS/PALSAR time-series data to analyze the activation of deep-seated landslides in the foothill zone of the high mountain Alai range in the southern Tien Shan (Kyrgyzstan). Most previous field-based landslide investigations have revealed that many landslides have indicators for ongoing slow movements in the form of migrating and newly developing cracks. L-band ALOS/PALSAR data for the period between 2007 and 2010 are available for the 484 km(2) area in this study. We analyzed these data using the Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) time-series technique to assess the surface deformation related to the activation of landslides. We observed up to +/- 17 mm/year of LOS velocity deformation rates, which were projected along the local steepest slope and resulted in velocity rates of up to -63 mm/year. The obtained rates indicate very slow movement of the deep-seated landslides during the observation time. We also compared these movements with precipitation and earthquake records. The results suggest that the deformation peaks correlate with rainfall in the 3 preceding months and with an earthquake event. Overall, the results of this study indicated the great potential of L-band InSAR time series analysis for efficient spatiotemporal identification and monitoring of slope activations in this region of high landslide activity in Southern Kyrgyzstan.
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70708973
SN  - 2072-4292
VL  - 7
IS  - 7
SP  - 8973
EP  - 8994
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Rodil, Iván F.
A1  - Jaramillo, Eduardo
A1  - Hubbard, David M.
A1  - Dugan, Jenifer E.
A1  - Melnick, Daniel
A1  - Velasquez, Carlos
T1  - Responses of Dune Plant Communities to Continental Uplift from a Major Earthquake: Sudden Releases from Coastal Squeeze
JF  - PLoS one
N2  - Vegetated dunes are recognized as important natural barriers that shelter inland ecosystems and coastlines suffering daily erosive impacts of the sea and extreme events, such as tsunamis. However, societal responses to erosion and shoreline retreat often result in man-made coastal defence structures that cover part of the intertidal and upper shore zones causing coastal squeeze and habitat loss, especially for upper shore biota, such as dune plants. Coseismic uplift of up to 2.0 m on the Peninsula de Arauco (South central Chile, ca. 37.5 degrees S) caused by the 2010 Maule earthquake drastically modified the coastal landscape, including major increases in the width of uplifted beaches and the immediate conversion of mid to low sandy intertidal habitat to supralittoral sandy habitat above the reach of average tides and waves. To investigate the early stage responses in species richness, cover and across-shore distribution of the hitherto absent dune plants, we surveyed two formerly intertidal armoured sites and a nearby intertidal unarmoured site on a sandy beach located on the uplifted coast of Llico (Peninsula de Arauco) over two years. Almost 2 years after the 2010 earthquake, dune plants began to recruit, then rapidly grew and produced dune hummocks in the new upper beach habitats created by uplift at the three sites. Initial vegetation responses were very similar among sites. However, over the course of the study, the emerging vegetated dunes of the armoured sites suffered a slowdown in the development of the spatial distribution process, and remained impoverished in species richness and cover compared to the unarmoured site. Our results suggest that when released from the effects of coastal squeeze, vegetated dunes can recover without restoration actions. However, subsequent human activities and management of newly created beach and dune habitats can significantly alter the trajectory of vegetated dune development. Management that integrates the effects of natural and human induced disturbances, and promotes the development of dune vegetation as natural barriers can provide societal and conservation benefits in coastal ecosystems.
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124334
SN  - 1932-6203
VL  - 10
IS  - 5
PB  - PLoS
CY  - San Fransisco
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Zirafi, Onofrio
A1  - Kim, Kyeong-Ae
A1  - Ständker, Ludger
A1  - Mohr, Katharina B.
A1  - Sauter, Daniel
A1  - Heigele, Anke
A1  - Kluge, Silvia F.
A1  - Wiercinska, Eliza
A1  - Chudziak, Doreen
A1  - Richter, Rudolf
A1  - Möpps, Barbara
A1  - Gierschik, Peter
A1  - Vas, Virag
A1  - Geiger, Hartmut
A1  - Lamla, Markus
A1  - Weil, Tanja
A1  - Burster, Timo
A1  - Zgraja, Andreas
A1  - Daubeuf, Francois
A1  - Frossard, Nelly
A1  - Hachet-Haas, Muriel
A1  - Heunisch, Fabian
A1  - Reichetzeder, Christoph
A1  - Galzi, Jean-Luc
A1  - Perez-Castells, Javier
A1  - Canales-Mayordomo, Angeles
A1  - Jimenez-Barbero, Jesus
A1  - Gimenez-Gallego, Guillermo
A1  - Schneider, Marion
A1  - Shorter, James
A1  - Telenti, Amalio
A1  - Hocher, Berthold
A1  - Forssmann, Wolf-Georg
A1  - Bonig, Halvard
A1  - Kirchhoff, Frank
A1  - Münch, Jan
T1  - Discovery and Characterization of an Endogenous CXCR4 Antagonist
JF  - Cell reports
N2  - CXCL12-CXCR4 signaling controls multiple physiological processes and its dysregulation is associated with cancers and inflammatory diseases. To discover as-yet-unknown endogenous ligands of CXCR4, we screened a blood-derived peptide library for inhibitors of CXCR4-tropic HIV-1 strains. This approach identified a 16 amino acid fragment of serum albumin as an effective and highly specific CXCR4 antagonist. The endogenous peptide, termed EPI-X4, is evolutionarily conserved and generated from the highly abundant albumin precursor by pH-regulated proteases. EPI-X4 forms an unusual lasso-like structure and antagonizes CXCL12-induced tumor cell migration, mobilizes stem cells, and suppresses inflammatory responses in mice. Furthermore, the peptide is abundant in the urine of patients with inflammatory kidney diseases and may serve as a biomarker. Our results identify EPI-X4 as a key regulator of CXCR4 signaling and introduce proteolysis of an abundant precursor protein as an alternative concept for chemokine receptor regulation.
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2015.03.061
SN  - 2211-1247
VL  - 11
IS  - 5
SP  - 737
EP  - 747
PB  - Cell Press
CY  - Cambridge
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Niebuhr, Mario
A1  - Zink, Christof
A1  - Jechow, Andreas
A1  - Heuer, Axel
A1  - Glebov, Leonid B.
A1  - Menzel, Ralf
T1  - Mode stabilization of a laterally structured broad area diode laser using an external volume Bragg grating
JF  - Optics express : the international electronic journal of optics
N2  - An external volume Bragg grating (VBG) is used for transverse and longitudinal mode stabilization of a broad area diode laser (BAL) with an on-chip transverse Bragg resonance (TBR) grating. The internal TBR grating defines a transverse low-loss mode at a specific propagation angle inside the BAL. Selection of the TBR mode was realized via the angular geometry of an external resonator assembly consisting of the TBR BAL and a feedback element. A feedback mirror provides near diffraction limited and spectral narrow output in the TBR mode albeit requiring an intricate alignment procedure. If feedback is provided via a VBG, adjustment proves to be far less critical and higher output powers were achieved. Moreover, additional modulation in the far field distribution became discernible allowing for a better study of the TBR concept. (C) 2015 Optical Society of America
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.23.012394
SN  - 1094-4087
VL  - 23
IS  - 9
SP  - 12394
EP  - 12400
PB  - Optical Society of America
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Sidiropoulos, Kyriakos
A1  - De Bleser, Ria
A1  - Ablinger, Irene
A1  - Ackermann, Hermann
T1  - The relationship between verbal and nonverbal auditory signal processing in conduction aphasia: behavioral and anatomical evidence for common decoding mechanisms
JF  - Neurocase : the neural basis of cognition
N2  - The processing of nonverbal auditory stimuli has not yet been sufficiently investigated in patients with aphasia. On the basis of a duration discrimination task, we examined whether patients with left-sided cerebrovascular lesions were able to perceive time differences in the scale of approximately 150ms. Further linguistic and memory-related tasks were used to characterize more exactly the relationships in the performances between auditory nonverbal task and selective linguistic or mnemonic disturbances. All examined conduction aphasics showed increased thresholds in the duration discrimination task. The low thresholds on this task were in a strong correlative relation to the reduced performances in repetition and working memory task. This was interpreted as an indication of a pronounced disturbance in integrating auditory verbal information into a long-term window (sampling disturbance) resulting in an additional load of working memory. In order to determine the lesion topography of patients with sampling disturbances, the anatomical and psychophysical data were correlated on the basis of a voxelwise statistical approach. It was found that tissue damage extending through the insula, the posterior superior temporal gyrus, and the supramarginal gyrus causes impairments in sequencing of time-sensitive information.
KW  - brain lesions
KW  - conduction aphasia
KW  - processing of auditory nonverbal stimuli
KW  - speech perception
KW  - speech pathology
KW  - lesion studies
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1080/13554794.2014.902471
SN  - 1355-4794
SN  - 1465-3656
VL  - 21
IS  - 3
SP  - 377
EP  - 393
PB  - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
CY  - Abingdon
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Seifert, Linda I.
A1  - Weithoff, Guntram
A1  - Gaedke, Ursula
A1  - Vos, Matthijs
T1  - Warming-induced changes in predation, extinction and invasion in an ectotherm food web
JF  - Oecologia
N2  - Climate change will alter the forces of predation and competition in temperate ectotherm food webs. This may increase local extinction rates, change the fate of invasions and impede species reintroductions into communities. Invasion success could be modulated by traits (e.g., defenses) and adaptations to climate. We studied how different temperatures affect the time until extinction of species, using bitrophic and tritrophic planktonic food webs to evaluate the relative importance of predatory overexploitation and competitive exclusion, at 15 and 25 A degrees C. In addition, we tested how inclusion of a subtropical as opposed to a temperate strain in this model food web affects times until extinction. Further, we studied the invasion success of the temperate rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus into the planktonic food web at 15 and 25 A degrees C on five consecutive introduction dates, during which the relative forces of predation and competition differed. A higher temperature dramatically shortened times until extinction of all herbivore species due to carnivorous overexploitation in tritrophic systems. Surprisingly, warming did not increase rates of competitive exclusion among the tested herbivore species in bitrophic communities. Including a subtropical herbivore strain reduced top-down control by the carnivore at high temperature. Invasion attempts of temperate B. calyciflorus into the food web always succeeded at 15 A degrees C, but consistently failed at 25 A degrees C due to voracious overexploitation by the carnivore. Pre-induction of defenses (spines) in B. calyciflorus before the invasion attempt did not change its invasion success at the high temperature. We conclude that high temperatures may promote local extinctions in temperate ectotherms and reduce their chances of successful recovery.
KW  - Community dynamics
KW  - Freshwater ecosystem
KW  - Global warming
KW  - Species range shift
KW  - Trophic interactions
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-014-3211-4
SN  - 0029-8549
SN  - 1432-1939
VL  - 178
IS  - 2
SP  - 485
EP  - 496
PB  - Springer
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Salzwedel, Annett
A1  - Wegscheider, Karl
A1  - Herich, Lena
A1  - Rieck, Angelika
A1  - Strandt, Gert
A1  - Völler, Heinz
T1  - Impact of clinical and sociodemographic patient characteristics on the outcome of cardiac rehabilitation in older patients
JF  - Aging clinical and experimental research
N2  - Background Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) seeks to simultaneously improve several outcome parameters related to patient risk factors, exercise capacity and subjective health. A single score, the multiple outcome criterion (MOC), comprised of alterations in 13 outcome variables was used to measure the overall success of CR in an older population. As this success depends on the older patient's characteristics at the time of admission to CR, we attempted to determine the most important influences.
 Methods The impact of baseline characteristics on the success of CR, measured by MOC, was analysed using a mixed model for 1,220 older patients (70.9 +/- A 7.0 years, 78.3 % men) who enrolled in 12 CR clinics. A multitude of potentially influential baseline patient characteristics was considered including sociodemographic variables, comorbidity, duration of hospital stay, exercise capacity, cardiovascular risk factors, emotional status, and laboratory and echocardiographic data.
 Results Overall, CR was successful, as indicated by the mean value of the MOC (0.6 +/- A 0.45; min -1.0, max 2.0; positive values denoting improvement, negative ones deterioration). Examples of association with negative MOC values included smoking (MOC -0.15, p < 0.001), female gender (MOC -0.07, p = 0.049), and a longer hospital stay (MOC -0.03, p = 0.03). An example of association with positive MOC value was depression score (MOC 0.06, p = 0.003). Further associations included maximal exercise capacity, blood pressure, heart rate and the rehabilitation centre attended.
 Conclusion Our results emphasize the necessity to take into consideration baseline characteristics when evaluating the success of CR and setting treatment targets for older patients.
KW  - Cardiac rehabilitation
KW  - Composite outcome measure
KW  - Predictors
KW  - Rehabilitation success
KW  - Older patients
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-014-0283-2
SN  - 1594-0667
SN  - 1720-8319
VL  - 27
IS  - 3
SP  - 315
EP  - 321
PB  - Springer
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Sauer, Daniela
A1  - Stein, Christine
A1  - Glatzel, Stephan
A1  - Kühn, Jürgen
A1  - Zarei, Mehdi
A1  - Stahr, Karl
T1  - Duricrusts in soils of the Alentejo (southern Portugal)-types, distribution, genesis and time of their formation
JF  - Journal of soils and sediments : protection, risk assessment and remediation
N2  - This paper reports on extremely thick and massive duricrusts in soils of two basins in the Alentejo (southern Portugal). Since different types of duricrusts (calcretes, silcretes and palycretes) have been reported from other regions in the Mediterranean, the purpose of this study was to identify the cementing agents in the duricrusts and to compare their composition in the two basins. Moreover, the study aimed at identifying the processes involved in duricrust formation, and especially the role of topography and lateral water and element transport in the landscape, and drawing conclusions about environmental conditions and time of duricrust formation.
 After studying an extensive number of road cuts in the field and mapping soil patterns in parts of the two basins by manual augering, ten pedons were selected for detailed description and sampling. Thin sections were analysed under a petrographic microscope, focusing on the micromorphology and optical properties of the cementing materials. Selected samples were studied by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to reconfirm the optical identification. The laboratory analyses included pH, carbonate contents, and X-ray diffraction analysis.
 The duricrusts in the eastern Sado basin are indurated by silica. Combination of XRD and thin section analysis allowed to identify opal-CT as a major component, while opal-A is present to a lesser extent, and chalcedony is very rare. The cementing materials of the duricrusts in the Oriola basin are palygorskite and calcite, which may occur alone or in combination within a soil profile.
 The thick duricrusts formed in the basins through precipitation of calcite, palygorskite and silica from lateral water flows, which ran from the Serra de Portel into the basins, during short moist seasons in a generally warm, semi-arid climate with strong evapotranspiration. Lithology of the upper catchment areas (element sources) and topography control the spatial distribution of the different duricrusts. Their formation took place mainly during the Pliocene. Palygorskite transformation to smectite in the upper parts of the palycretes indicates that palygorskite is unstable in the present (more humid, typical Mediterranean) climate. This study demonstrates the potential role of lateral water and element transport in landscapes that need to be considered in pedological studies and concepts, and the use of mineral indicators of past climates such as palygorskite and the ageing stage of silica precipitations as tools for reconstructing environmental conditions and possible time of duricrust formation.
KW  - Duricrusts
KW  - Opal-A
KW  - Opal-CT
KW  - Palygorskite
KW  - Portugal
KW  - Silica
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-015-1066-x
SN  - 1439-0108
SN  - 1614-7480
VL  - 15
IS  - 6
SP  - 1437
EP  - 1453
PB  - Springer
CY  - Heidelberg
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Fay, Doris
A1  - Shipton, Helen
A1  - West, Michael A.
A1  - Patterson, Malcolm
T1  - Teamwork and Organizational Innovation: The Moderating Role of the HRM Context
JF  - Creativity and innovation management
N2  - Evidence is accumulating on the role of teams in shaping a variety of business outcomes, but our knowledge on the effect of teamwork on organizational innovation is still evolving. This study examines whether the extent to which two staff groups are organized in teams (production staff and management/administrative staff) affects organizational innovation and whether human resource management (HRM) systems, which can be of facilitating or constraining nature, enhance the teamwork/innovation relationships. Hypotheses were tested with lagged and longitudinal data derived from 18 to 45 organizations from the UK manufacturing sector. Results suggest that the more widespread the use of teamwork in organizations, the higher the level of organizational innovation. Furthermore, this effect depends, particularly for production teams, on the overall quality of the HRM systems that exist in their organizations. Teamwork/innovation relationships are further moderated (for management and administrative teams) by an HRM practice that provides teams with time for thoughtful reflection. Thus, HRM systems can be of more or less facilitating or constraining nature for teams in organizations.
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/caim.12100
SN  - 0963-1690
SN  - 1467-8691
VL  - 24
IS  - 2
SP  - 261
EP  - 277
PB  - Wiley-Blackwell
CY  - Hoboken
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wiebking, Christine
A1  - Northoff, Georg
T1  - Neural activity during interoceptive awareness and its associations with alexithymia-An fMRI study in major depressive disorder and non-psychiatric controls
JF  - Frontiers in psychology
N2  - Objective: Alexithymia relates to difficulties recognizing and describing emotions. It has been linked to subjectively increased interoceptive awareness (IA) and to psychiatric illnesses such as major depressive disorder (MDD) and somatization. MDD in turn is characterized by aberrant emotion processing and IA on the subjective as well as on the neural level. However, a link between neural activity in response to IA and alexithymic traits in health and depression remains unclear.
 Methods: A well-established fMRI task was used to investigate neural activity during IA (heartbeat counting) and exteroceptive awareness (tone counting) in non-psychiatric controls (NC) and MDD. Firstly, comparing MDD and NC, a linear relationship between IA-related activity and scores of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS) was investigated through whole-brain regression. Secondly, NC were divided by median-split of TAS scores into groups showing low (NC-low) or high (NC-high) alexithymia. MDD and NC-high showed equally high TAS scores. Subsequently, IA-related neural activity was compared on a whole-brain level between the three independent samples (MDD, NC-low, NC-high).
 Results: Whole-brain regressions between MDD and NC revealed neural differences during IA as a function of TAS-DD (subscale difficulty describing feelings) in the supragenual anterior cingulate cortex (sACC; BA 24/32), which were due to negative associations between TAS-DD and IA-related activity in NC. Contrasting NC subgroups after median-split on a whole-brain level, high TAS scores were associated with decreased neural activity during IA in the sACC and increased insula activity. Though having equally high alexithymia scores, NC-high showed increased insula activity during IA compared to MDD, whilst both groups showed decreased activity in the sACC.
 Conclusions: Within the context of decreased sACC activity during IA in alexithymia (NC-high and MDD), increased insula activity might mirror a compensatory mechanism in NC-high, which is disrupted in MDD.
KW  - major depressive disorder
KW  - alexithymia
KW  - interoceptive awareness
KW  - insula
KW  - sACC
KW  - interoception
KW  - fMRI
KW  - neuroimaging
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00589
SN  - 1664-1078
VL  - 6
PB  - Frontiers Research Foundation
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Couturier, Jean-Philippe
A1  - Sütterlin, Martin
A1  - Laschewsky, André
A1  - Hettrich, Cornelia
A1  - Wischerhoff, Erik
T1  - Responsive Inverse Opal Hydrogels for the Sensing of Macromolecules
JF  - Angewandte Chemie : a journal of the Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker ; International edition
N2  - Dual responsive inverse opal hydrogels were designed as autonomous sensor systems for (bio)macromolecules, exploiting the analyte-induced modulation of the opal's structural color. The systems that are based on oligo(ethylene glycol) macromonomers additionally incorporate comonomers with various recognition units. They combine a coil-to-globule collapse transition of the LCST type with sensitivity of the transition temperature toward molecular recognition processes. This enables the specific detection of macromolecular analytes, such as glycopolymers and proteins, by simple optical methods. While the inverse opal structure assists the effective diffusion even of large analytes into the photonic crystal, the stimulus responsiveness gives rise to strong shifts of the optical Bragg peak of more than 100nm upon analyte binding at a given temperature. The systems' design provides a versatile platform for the development of easy-to-use, fast, and low-cost sensors for pathogens.
KW  - hydrogels
KW  - photonic crystals
KW  - polymers
KW  - responsive materials
KW  - sensors
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201500674
SN  - 1433-7851
SN  - 1521-3773
VL  - 54
IS  - 22
SP  - 6641
EP  - 6644
PB  - Wiley-VCH
CY  - Weinheim
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Synodinos, Alexios D.
A1  - Tietjen, Britta
A1  - Jeltsch, Florian
T1  - Facilitation in drylands: Modeling a neglected driver of savanna dynamics
JF  - Ecological modelling : international journal on ecological modelling and engineering and systems ecolog
N2  - Our current understanding regarding the functioning of the savanna ecosystem describes savannas as either competition- or disturbance-dependent. Within this generalized view, the role and importance of facilitation have been mostly neglected. This study presents a mathematical model of savannas with coupled soil moisture-vegetation dynamics, which includes interspecific competition and environmental disturbance. We find that there exist environmental and climatic conditions where grass facilitation toward trees plays an important role in supporting tree cover and by extension preserving the savanna biome. We, therefore, argue that our theoretical results in combination with the first empirical studies on the subject should stimulate further research into the role of facilitation in the savanna ecosystem, particularly when analyzing the impact of past and projected climatic changes on it. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
KW  - Ecohydrological modeling
KW  - ODE model
KW  - Coexistence
KW  - Biome shifts
KW  - Fire
KW  - Grazing
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.02.015
SN  - 0304-3800
SN  - 1872-7026
VL  - 304
SP  - 11
EP  - 21
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Godec, Aljaz
A1  - Metzler, Ralf
T1  - Optimization and universality of Brownian search in a basic model of quenched heterogeneous media
JF  - Physical review : E, Statistical, nonlinear and soft matter physics
N2  - The kinetics of a variety of transport-controlled processes can be reduced to the problem of determining the mean time needed to arrive at a given location for the first time, the so-called mean first-passage time ( MFPT) problem. The occurrence of occasional large jumps or intermittent patterns combining various types of motion are known to outperform the standard random walk with respect to the MFPT, by reducing oversampling of space. Here we show that a regular but spatially heterogeneous random walk can significantly and universally enhance the search in any spatial dimension. In a generic minimal model we consider a spherically symmetric system comprising two concentric regions with piecewise constant diffusivity. The MFPT is analyzed under the constraint of conserved average dynamics, that is, the spatially averaged diffusivity is kept constant. Our analytical calculations and extensive numerical simulations demonstrate the existence of an optimal heterogeneity minimizing the MFPT to the target. We prove that the MFPT for a random walk is completely dominated by what we term direct trajectories towards the target and reveal a remarkable universality of the spatially heterogeneous search with respect to target size and system dimensionality. In contrast to intermittent strategies, which are most profitable in low spatial dimensions, the spatially inhomogeneous search performs best in higher dimensions. Discussing our results alongside recent experiments on single-particle tracking in living cells, we argue that the observed spatial heterogeneity may be beneficial for cellular signaling processes.
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.91.052134
SN  - 1539-3755
SN  - 1550-2376
VL  - 91
IS  - 5
PB  - American Physical Society
CY  - College Park
ER  -