TY - JOUR A1 - Sanyal, D. A1 - Moriya, T. J. A1 - Langer, N. T1 - Envelope inflation in Wolf-Rayet stars and extended supernova shock breakout signals JF - Wolf-Rayet Stars : Proceedings of an International Workshop held in Potsdam, Germany, 1.–5. June 2015 N2 - Massive, luminous stars reaching the Eddington limit in their interiors develop very dilute, extended envelopes. This effect is called envelope inflation. If the progenitors of Type Ib/c supernovae, which are believed to be Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars, have inflated envelopes then the shock breakout signals diffuse in them and can extend their rise times significantly. We show that our inflated, hydrogen-free, WR stellar models with a radius of ∼R⊙ can have shock breakout signals longer than ∼ 60 s. The puzzlingly long shock breakout signal observed in the Type Ib SN 2008D can be explained by an inflated progenitor envelope, and more such events might argue in favour of existence of inflated envelopes in general. Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-88062 SP - 213 EP - 216 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jaeger-Erben, Melanie A1 - Spitzner, Meike A1 - Wustmans, Clemens A1 - Zeeb, Matthias T1 - Nachhaltige Grundsicherung BT - Antwort auf multiple Krisen? JF - Nachhaltige Grundsicherung: Armut überwinden – natürliche Lebensgrundlagen erhalten KW - Armut KW - Grundsicherung KW - Nachhaltigkeit KW - Ressourcen Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-81693 SN - 1868-6222 SN - 1868-6230 SP - 43 EP - 66 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bestenlehner, J. M. T1 - Stellar parameters from photometric data for fainter and more distant Wolf-Rayet stars JF - Wolf-Rayet Stars : Proceedings of an International Workshop held in Potsdam, Germany, 1.–5. June 2015 N2 - Spectroscopy is the preferred way to study the physical and wind properties of Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars, but with decreasing brightness and increasing distance of the object spectroscopy become very expensive. However, photometry still delivers a high signal to noise ratio. Current and past astronomical surveys and space missions provide large data sets, that can be harvested to discover new WR stars and study them over a wide metallicity range with the help of state of the art stellar atmosphere and evolutionary models. Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-88390 SP - 354 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Crowther, P. A. T1 - Wolf-Rayet content of the Milky Way JF - Wolf-Rayet Stars : Proceedings of an International Workshop held in Potsdam, Germany, 1.–5. June 2015 N2 - An overview of the known Wolf-Rayet (WR) population of the Milky Way is presented, including a brief overview of historical catalogues and recent advances based on infrared photometric and spectroscopic observations resulting in the current census of 642 (vl.13 online catalogue). The observed distribution of WR stars is considered with respect to known star clusters, given that ≤20% of WR stars in the disk are located in clusters. WN stars outnumber WC stars at all galactocentric radii, while early-type WC stars are strongly biased against the inner Milky Way. Finally, recent estimates of the global WR population in the Milky Way are reassessed, with 1,200±100 estimated, such that the current census may be 50% complete. A characteristic WR lifetime of 0.25 Myr is inferred for an initial mass threshold of 25 M⊙. Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-87562 SP - 21 EP - 26 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weis, K. T1 - Family ties of WR to LBV nebulae yielding clues for stellar evolution JF - Wolf-Rayet Stars : Proceedings of an International Workshop held in Potsdam, Germany, 1.–5. June 2015 N2 - Luminous Blue Variables (LBVs) are stars is a transitional phase massive stars may enter while evolving from main-sequence to Wolf-Rayet stars. The to LBVs intrinsic photometric variability is based on the modulation of the stellar spectrum. Within a few years the spectrum shifts from OB to AF type and back. During their cool phase LBVs are close to the Humphreys-Davidson (equivalent to Eddington/Omega-Gamma) limit. LBVs have a rather high mass loss rate, with stellar winds that are fast in the hot and slower in the cool phase of an LBV. These alternating wind velocities lead to the formation of LBV nebulae by wind-wind interactions. A nebula can also be formed in a spontaneous giant eruption in which larger amounts of mass are ejected. LBV nebulae are generally small (< 5 pc) mainly gaseous circumstellar nebulae, with a rather large fraction of LBV nebulae being bipolar. After the LBV phase the star will turn into a Wolf-Rayet star, but note that not all WR stars need to have passed the LBV phase. Some follow from the RSG and the most massive directly from the MS phase. In general WRs have a large mass loss and really fast stellar winds. The WR wind may interact with winds of earlier phases (MS, RSG) to form WR nebulae. As for WR with LBV progenitors the scenario might be different, here no older wind is present but an LBV nebula! The nature of WR nebulae are therefore manifold and in particular the connection (or family ties) of WR to LBV nebulae is important to understand the transition between these two phases, the evolution of massive stars, their winds, wind-wind and wind-nebula interactions. Looking at the similarities and differences of LBV and WR nebula, figuring what is a genuine LBV and WR nebula are the basic question addressed in the analysis presented here. Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-87949 SP - 167 EP - 170 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Steup, Martin T1 - Raum und Zahl in der Pflanzenphysiologie JF - Raum und Zahl Y1 - 2015 SN - 978-3-86464-082-7 SP - 77 EP - 109 PB - Trafo CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarte, Sandra A1 - Wegner, Fanny A1 - Havenstein, Katja A1 - Groth, Detlef A1 - Steup, Martin A1 - Tiedemann, Ralph T1 - Sequence variation, differential expression, and divergent evolution in starch-related genes among accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana JF - Plant molecular biology : an international journal of fundamental research and genetic engineering N2 - Transitory starch metabolism is a nonlinear and highly regulated process. It originated very early in the evolution of chloroplast-containing cells and is largely based on a mosaic of genes derived from either the eukaryotic host cell or the prokaryotic endosymbiont. Initially located in the cytoplasm, starch metabolism was rewired into plastids in Chloroplastida. Relocation was accompanied by gene duplications that occurred in most starch-related gene families and resulted in subfunctionalization of the respective gene products. Starch-related isozymes were then evolutionary conserved by constraints such as internal starch structure, posttranslational protein import into plastids and interactions with other starch-related proteins. 25 starch-related genes in 26 accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana were sequenced to assess intraspecific diversity, phylogenetic relationships, and modes of selection. Furthermore, sequences derived from additional 80 accessions that are publicly available were analyzed. Diversity varies significantly among the starch-related genes. Starch synthases and phosphorylases exhibit highest nucleotide diversities, while pyrophosphatases and debranching enzymes are most conserved. The gene trees are most compatible with a scenario of extensive recombination, perhaps in a Pleistocene refugium. Most genes are under purifying selection, but disruptive selection was inferred for a few genes/substitutiones. To study transcript levels, leaves were harvested throughout the light period. By quantifying the transcript levels and by analyzing the sequence of the respective accessions, we were able to estimate whether transcript levels are mainly determined by genetic (i.e., accession dependent) or physiological (i.e., time dependent) parameters. We also identified polymorphic sites that putatively affect pattern or the level of transcripts. KW - Arabidopsis thaliana KW - Divergent evolution KW - Intraspecific genetic variation KW - Positive selection KW - Starch metabolizing enzymes KW - Transcript levels Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-015-0293-2 SN - 0167-4412 SN - 1573-5028 VL - 87 IS - 4-5 SP - 489 EP - 519 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rading, M. Michael A1 - Sandmann, Michael A1 - Steup, Martin A1 - Chiarugi, Davide A1 - Valleriani, Angelo T1 - Weak correlation of starch and volume in synchronized photosynthetic cells JF - Physical review : E, Statistical, nonlinear and soft matter physics N2 - In cultures of unicellular algae, features of single cells, such as cellular volume and starch content, are thought to be the result of carefully balanced growth and division processes. Single-cell analyses of synchronized photoautotrophic cultures of the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii reveal, however, that the cellular volume and starch content are only weakly correlated. Likewise, other cell parameters, e.g., the chlorophyll content per cell, are only weakly correlated with cell size. We derive the cell size distributions at the beginning of each synchronization cycle considering growth, timing of cell division and daughter cell release, and the uneven division of cell volume. Furthermore, we investigate the link between cell volume growth and starch accumulation. This work presents evidence that, under the experimental conditions of light-dark synchronized cultures, the weak correlation between both cell features is a result of a cumulative process rather than due to asymmetric partition of biomolecules during cell division. This cumulative process necessarily limits cellular similarities within a synchronized cell population. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.91.012711 SN - 1539-3755 SN - 1550-2376 VL - 91 IS - 1 PB - American Physical Society CY - College Park ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cisek, Richard A1 - Tokarz, Danielle A1 - Steup, Martin A1 - Tetlow, Ian J. A1 - Emes, Michael J. A1 - Hebelstrup, Kim H. A1 - Blennow, Andreas A1 - Barzda, Virginijus T1 - Second harmonic generation microscopy investigation of the crystalline ultrastructure of three barley starch lines affected by hydration JF - Biomedical optics express N2 - Second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy is employed to study changes in crystalline organization due to altered gene expression and hydration in barley starch granules. SHG intensity and susceptibility ratio values (R'(SHG)) are obtained using reduced Stokes-Mueller polarimetric microscopy. The maximum R'(SHG) values occur at moderate moisture indicating the narrowest orientation distribution of nonlinear dipoles from the cylindrical axis of glucan helices. The maximum SHG intensity occurs at the highest moisture and amylopectin content. These results support the hypothesis that SHG is caused by ordered hydrogen and hydroxyl bond networks which increase with hydration of starch granules. (C) 2015 Optical Society of America Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.6.003694 SN - 2156-7085 VL - 6 IS - 10 SP - 3694 EP - 3700 PB - Optical Society of America CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ette, Ottmar T1 - Excellence(s), velociferina(s). On the bestiary of deceptive elites of Bologna JF - Literatura : teoría, historia, crítica ; revista del Departamento de Literatura Y1 - 2015 SN - 0123-5931 SN - 2256-5450 VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - 237 EP - 242 PB - Departamento de Literatura, Universidad Nacional de Colombia CY - Bogota ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wacker, Alexander A1 - Piepho, Maike A1 - Spijkerman, Elly T1 - Photosynthetic and fatty acid acclimation of four phytoplankton species in response to light intensity and phosphorus availability JF - European journal of phycology N2 - Photosynthetic acclimation of phytoplankton to lower irradiation can be met by several strategies such as increasing the affinity for light or increasing antenna size and stacking of the thylakoids. The latter is reflected by a higher proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Additionally, photosynthetic capacity (P-max), respiratory losses, and proton leakage can be reduced under low light. Here we consider the effect of light intensity and phosphorus availability simultaneously on the photosynthetic acclimation and fatty acid composition of four phytoplankters. We studied representatives of the Chlorophyceae, Cryptophyceae and Mediophyceae, all of which are important components of plankton communities in temperate lakes. In our analysis, excluding fatty acid composition, we found different acclimation strategies in the chlorophytes Scenedesmus quadricauda, Chlamydomonas globosa, cryptophyte Cryptomonas ovata and ochrophyte Cyclotella meneghiniana. We observed interactive effects of light and phosphorus conditions on photosynthetic capacity in S. quadricauda and Cry. ovata. Cry. ovata can be characterized as a low light-acclimated species, whereas S. quadricauda and Cyc. meneghiniana can cope best with a combination of high light intensities and low phosphorus supply. Principal component analyses (PCA), including fatty acid composition, showed further species-specific patterns in their regulation of P-max with PUFAs and light. In S. quadricauda and Cyc. meneghiniana, PUFAs negatively affected the relationship between P-max and light. In Chl. globosa, lower light coincided with higher PUFAs and lower P-max, but PCA also indicated that PUFAs had no direct influence on P-max. PUFAs and P-max were unaffected by light in Cry. ovata. We did not observe a general trend in the four species tested and concluded that, in particular, the interactive effects highlight the importance of taking into account more than one environmental factor when assessing photosynthetic acclimation to lower irradiation. KW - chlorophyll content KW - dark respiration KW - FAME KW - light acclimation KW - oxygen evolution KW - photosynthesis KW - phytoplankton KW - polyunsaturated fatty acids Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/09670262.2015.1050068 SN - 0967-0262 SN - 1469-4433 VL - 50 IS - 3 SP - 288 EP - 300 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sperfeld, Erik A1 - Wacker, Alexander T1 - Maternal diet of Daphnia magna affects offspring growth responses to supplementation with particular polyunsaturated fatty acids JF - Hydrobiologia : acta hydrobiologica, hydrographica, limnologica et protistologica N2 - Previous studies examining the effects of food quality on zooplankton often controlled for maternal effects of resource provisioning using standardized maternal diets. However, varying nutritional history of mothers may change resource provisioning to their progeny, especially regarding polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which may change the interpretation of previously observed fitness responses of offspring. To assess PUFA-mediated maternal provisioning effects on offspring, we raised females of the cladoceran Daphnia magna on diets differing considerably in PUFA composition and raised their offspring on a PUFA-lacking diet supplemented with the omega 3 PUFAs alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and/or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The mass-specific growth responses of offspring to their own diets were affected by the maternal diet regime, probably due to varying maternal PUFA provisioning. A low maternal provisioning of EPA or ALA was sufficient to prevent growth limitation of offspring by these PUFAs until reaching maturity. A comparison with results of published ALA and EPA supplementation experiments suggests that the previously observed limitation effects depended on the usage of a single algae genus as maternal diet. Therefore, we suggest that maternal diets should be deliberately varied in future studies assessing ecological relevant food quality effects on zooplankton, especially regarding PUFAs. KW - Food quality KW - Maternal effects KW - Nutritional ecology KW - Resource provisioning KW - Zooplankton Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-015-2244-y SN - 0018-8158 SN - 1573-5117 VL - 755 IS - 1 SP - 267 EP - 282 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wacker, Alexander A1 - Marzetz, Vanessa A1 - Spijkerman, Elly T1 - Interspecific competition in phytoplankton drives the availability of essential mineral and biochemical nutrients JF - Ecology : a publication of the Ecological Society of America N2 - The underlying mechanisms and consequences of competition and diversity are central themes in ecology. A higher diversity of primary producers often results in higher resource use efficiency in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. This may result in more food for consumers on one hand, while, on the other hand, it can also result in a decreased food quality for consumers; higher biomass combined with the same availability of the limiting compound directly reduces the dietary proportion of the limiting compound. Here we tested whether and how interspecific competition in phytoplankton communities leads to changes in resource use efficiency and cellular concentrations of nutrients and fatty acids. The measured particulate carbon : phosphorus ratios (C:P) and fatty acid concentrations in the communities were compared to the theoretically expected ratios and concentrations of measurements on simultaneously running monocultures. With interspecific competition, phytoplankton communities had higher concentrations of the monounsaturated fatty acid oleic acid and also much higher concentrations of the ecologically and physiologically relevant long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid than expected concentrations based on monocultures. Such higher availability of essential fatty acids may contribute to the positive relationship between phytoplankton diversity and zooplankton growth, and may compensate limitations by mineral nutrients in higher trophic levels. KW - biodiversity KW - C:P ratio KW - competition KW - eicosapentaenoic acid KW - elemental composition KW - EPA KW - food quality KW - minerals KW - phosphorus KW - polyunsaturated fatty acids KW - PUFA KW - resource use efficiency Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1890/14-1915.1 SN - 0012-9658 SN - 1939-9170 VL - 96 IS - 9 SP - 2467 EP - 2477 PB - Wiley CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarzenberger, Anke A1 - Wacker, Alexander T1 - Melatonin synthesis follows a daily cycle in Daphnia JF - Journal of plankton research N2 - In freshwater systems, Daphnia has been demonstrated to show adaptive responses following the light-dark cycle. The adjustment of these responses to the change of day and night is probably transmitted via the hormone melatonin. The rate-limiting enzyme in melatonin synthesis is the arylalkylamine N-transferase (AANAT). We identified three genes coding for insect-like AANATs in Daphnia, of which we measured the gene expression in an ecologically relevant light-dark cycle. We demonstrated that Daphnia's insect-like AANAT gene expression oscillated in a daily manner, and that the highest peak of expression after the onset of darkness was followed by a peak of melatonin production at midnight. Moreover, we could show an oscillation of endogenous melatonin synthesis in Daphnia. In most organisms, melatonin synthesis is due to rhythmic expression of genes of the circadian clock, since transcription of aanats is directly linked to a circadian transcription factor. We could demonstrate that putative clock genes and insect-like AANAT genes of Daphnia were equally expressed. Therefore, we propose that melatonin synthesis is coupled to the expression of Daphnia clock genes, and that insect-like AANATs of crustaceans have a similar function as AANATs of vertebrates: The initiation of melatonin synthesis. In future studies with Daphnia, it will be necessary to take the time of day into account since melatonin concentrations might influence stress responses. KW - arylalkylamine N-transferase KW - insect-like AANAT KW - qPCR KW - circadian clock KW - clock genes Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbv029 SN - 0142-7873 SN - 1464-3774 VL - 37 IS - 3 SP - 636 EP - 644 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas A1 - Ney, Martin T1 - Cyber-Security beyond the military perspective: International Law 'cyber space' and the concept of due diligence. JF - German Yearbook of International Law Y1 - 2015 VL - 58 SP - 51 EP - 66 PB - Duncker & Humblot CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas T1 - The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict: Developing International Law Without Solving the Conflict JF - Archiv des Völkerrechts N2 - The article analyses whether the Palestinian-Israeli conflict has served as a catalyst for the development of international law, as well as whether international law has been instrumental in attempting to find solutions for the said conflict. In several ways, this conflict has made a significant contribution to understanding and interpreting the UN Charter. It also brought along important developments about the role of third parties, both under the Geneva Conventions and under the law of state responsibility, which provides for an obligation of not recognizing as legal, or not rendering aid or assistance to situations caused by serious violations of jus cogens. International judicial institutions (and also domestic ones) play a rather limited role in this respect, due both to a lack of courage to address fundamental questions, and/or a disregard of the outcome of the proceedings by at least one of the parties to the conflict. Other reasons are Israel's reluctance of accepting the jurisdiction of either the ICJ or the ICC, and its view on the non-applicability of human rights treaties outside of its territory, as well as Palestine's uncertain status in the international community limiting its access to international courts. However, the ICJ's 2004 (formally non-binding) advisory opinion on the Israeli Wall provided answers to some of the most fundamental questions related to the conflict, unfortunately without having any immediate impact on the situation on the ground. Given Palestine's accession to the Rome Statute in early 2015, time has yet to show which role in the process will be played by the ICC. Other issues arising from the conflict, and examined by this article, are that of (Palestinian) statehood, going beyond the traditional concept of statehood and including the consequences of the jus cogens-character of the right of self-determination, as well as questions of treaty succession and succession in matters of State responsibility with regard to acts committed by the PLO. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1628/000389215X14412717564749 VL - 53 IS - 2 SP - 149 EP - 166 PB - Mohr Siebeck CY - Tübingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Megow, Jörg A1 - Körzdörfer, Thomas A1 - Renger, Thomas A1 - Sparenberg, Mino A1 - Blumstengel, Sylke A1 - Henneberger, Fritz A1 - May, Volkhard T1 - Calculating Optical Absorption Spectra of Thin Polycrystalline Organic Films: Structural Disorder and Site-Dependent van der Waals Interaction JF - The journal of physical chemistry : C, Nanomaterials and interfaces N2 - We propose a new approach for calculating the change of the absorption spectrum of a molecule when moved from the gas phase to a crystalline morphology. The so-called gas-to-crystal shift Delta epsilon(m) is mainly caused by dispersion effects and depends sensitively on the molecules specific position in the nanoscopic setting. Using an extended dipole approximation, we are able to divide Delta epsilon(m)= -QW(m) in two factors, where Q depends only on the molecular species and accounts for all nonresonant electronic transitions contributing to the dispersion while W-m is a geometry factor expressing the site dependence of the shift in a given molecular structure. The ability of our approach to predict absorption spectra is demonstrated using the example of polycrystalline films of 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic diimide (PTCDI). Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b01587 SN - 1932-7447 VL - 119 IS - 10 SP - 5747 EP - 5751 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Egbert, Björn A1 - Giest, Hartmut ED - Meier, Bernd ED - Banse, Gerhard T1 - Lernen ohne Anschluss BT - die Fächer Sachunterricht und Wirtschaft-Arbeit-Technik in der Anhörungsfassung des Rahmenlehrplanes für die Länder Berlin und Brandenburg JF - Allgemeinbildung und Curriculumentwicklung : Herrausforderung an das Fach Wirtschaft - Arbeit - Technik Y1 - 2015 SN - 978-3-631-66541-1 SP - 147 EP - 163 PB - Lang CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Renz, Marc A1 - Otten, Cecile A1 - Faurobert, Eva A1 - Rudolph, Franziska A1 - Zhu, Yuan A1 - Boulday, Gwenola A1 - Duchene, Johan A1 - Mickoleit, Michaela A1 - Dietrich, Ann-Christin A1 - Ramspacher, Caroline A1 - Steed, Emily A1 - Manet-Dupe, Sandra A1 - Benz, Alexander A1 - Hassel, David A1 - Vermot, Julien A1 - Huisken, Jan A1 - Tournier-Lasserve, Elisabeth A1 - Felbor, Ute A1 - Sure, Ulrich A1 - Albiges-Rizo, Corinne A1 - Abdelilah-Seyfried, Salim T1 - Regulation of beta 1 Integrin-Klf2-Mediated angiogenesis by CCM proteins JF - Developmental cell N2 - Mechanotransduction pathways are activated in response to biophysical stimuli during the development or homeostasis of organs and tissues. In zebrafish, the blood-flow-sensitive transcription factor Klf2a promotes VEGF-dependent angiogenesis. However, the means by which the Klf2a mechanotransduction pathway is regulated to prevent continuous angiogenesis remain unknown. Here we report that the upregulation of klf2 mRNA causes enhanced egfl7 expression and angiogenesis signaling, which underlies cardiovascular defects associated with the loss of cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) proteins in the zebrafish embryo. Using CCM-protein-depleted human umbilical vein endothelial cells, we show that the misexpression of KLF2 mRNA requires the extracellular matrix-binding receptor beta 1 integrin and occurs in the absence of blood flow. Downregulation of beta 1 integrin rescues ccm mutant cardiovascular malformations in zebrafish. Our work reveals a beta 1 integrin-Klf2-Egfl7-signaling pathway that is tightly regulated by CCM proteins. This regulation prevents angiogenic overgrowth and ensures the quiescence of endothelial cells. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2014.12.016 SN - 1534-5807 SN - 1878-1551 VL - 32 IS - 2 SP - 181 EP - 190 PB - Cell Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lombardo, Veronica A. A1 - Otten, Cecile A1 - Abdelilah-Seyfried, Salim T1 - Large-scale Zebrafish Embryonic Heart Dissection for Transcriptional Analysis JF - Journal of visualized experiments N2 - The zebrafish embryonic heart is composed of only a few hundred cells, representing only a small fraction of the entire embryo. Therefore, to prevent the cardiac transcriptome from being masked by the global embryonic transcriptome, it is necessary to collect sufficient numbers of hearts for further analyses. Furthermore, as zebrafish cardiac development proceeds rapidly, heart collection and RNA extraction methods need to be quick in order to ensure homogeneity of the samples. Here, we present a rapid manual dissection protocol for collecting functional/beating hearts from zebrafish embryos. This is an essential prerequisite for subsequent cardiac-specific RNA extraction to determine cardiac-specific gene expression levels by transcriptome analyses, such as quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The method is based on differential adhesive properties of the zebrafish embryonic heart compared with other tissues; this allows for the rapid physical separation of cardiac from extracardiac tissue by a combination of fluidic shear force disruption, stepwise filtration and manual collection of transgenic fluorescently labeled hearts. KW - Developmental Biology KW - Issue 95 KW - zebrafish KW - embryo KW - heart KW - dissection KW - RNA KW - RT-qPCR Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3791/52087 SN - 1940-087X IS - 95 PB - JoVE CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wessig, Pablo A1 - Budach, Dennis B. A1 - Thünemann, Andreas F. T1 - Dendrimers with Oligospiroketal (OSK) Building Blocks: Synthesis and Properties JF - Chemistry - a European journal N2 - The development of novel dendrimers containing oligospiroketal (OSK) rods as building blocks is described. The linkage between the core unit (CU), branching units (BU), and OSK rods relies on the CuAAC reaction between terminal alkynes and azides. Two different strategies of dendrimer synthesis were investigated and it was found that the convergent approach is clearly superior to the divergent one. SAXS measurements and MD simulations indicate that the obtained dendrimer features a globular structure with very low density. Obviously, the OSK rods stabilize a rather loose mass-fractal structure. KW - click chemistry KW - dendrimers KW - molecular rods KW - oxygen heterocycles KW - SAXS Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201501386 SN - 0947-6539 SN - 1521-3765 VL - 21 IS - 29 SP - 10466 EP - 10471 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gerya, Taras V. A1 - Stern, Robert J. A1 - Baes, Marzieh A1 - Sobolev, Stephan Vladimir A1 - Whattam, Scott A. T1 - Plate tectonics on the Earth triggered by plume-induced subduction initiation JF - Nature : the international weekly journal of science N2 - Scientific theories of how subduction and plate tectonics began on Earth-and what the tectonic structure of Earth was before this-remain enigmatic and contentious(1). Understanding viable scenarios for the onset of subduction and plate tectonics(2,3) is hampered by the fact that subduction initiation processes must have been markedly different before the onset of global plate tectonics because most present-day subduction initiation mechanisms require acting plate forces and existing zones of lithospheric weakness, which are both consequences of plate tectonics(4). However, plume-induced subduction initiation(5-9) could have started the first subduction zone without the help of plate tectonics. Here, we test this mechanism using high-resolution three-dimensional numerical thermomechanical modelling. We demonstrate that three key physical factors combine to trigger self-sustained subduction: (1) a strong, negatively buoyant oceanic lithosphere; (2) focused magmatic weakening and thinning of lithosphere above the plume; and (3) lubrication of the slab interface by hydrated crust. We also show that plume-induced subduction could only have been feasible in the hotter early Earth for old oceanic plates. In contrast, younger plates favoured episodic lithospheric drips rather than self-sustained subduction and global plate tectonics. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15752 SN - 0028-0836 SN - 1476-4687 VL - 527 IS - 7577 SP - 221 EP - + PB - Nature Publ. Group CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bösch, Frank T1 - Zwischen Schah und Khomeini BT - Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland und die islamische Revolution im Iran JF - Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte N2 - 1978/79 fegte eine Revolution das Regime von Schah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi im Iran hinweg - eine islamische Revolution, an deren Ende ein Gottesstaat unter Führung der Geistlichkeit stand, mit Ayatollah Khomeini an der Spitze. Die Bundesregierung unter Kanzler Helmut Schmidt und Außenminister Hans-Dietrich Genscher befand sich in einer Zwickmühle: Einerseits war der Iran ein wichtiger Erdöllieferant und Handelspartner, andererseits verstörte die Gewalt gegen politische Gegner und Vertreter der westlichen Staatengemeinschaft, die in der Besetzung der amerikanischen Botschaft in Teheran gipfelte. Frank Bösch zeigt auf der Basis neuer Quellen, wie die Bundesregierung auf die islamische Revolution reagierte, zwischen interessengeleitetem Pragmatismus und außenpolitisch gebotener Bündnistreue zu den USA lavierte und so hinter den Kulissen als Vermittler zwischen Teheran und Washington fungieren konnte. N2 - Even contemporaries saw the Iranian Revolution of 1979 as an important caesura which increased fears of radical Islamic violence worldwide. As the Federal Republic had maintained very close relations to Iran during the time of the Shah, a severance of relations with the Islamic Republic in similar fashion as the USA was to be expected. On the contrary this article, based on archival sources, shows that West German politicians and businesses engaged with the new clerical leadership and in so doing were relatively unaffected by the public human rights discourse despite mass executions. The previous economic and cultural connections to Iran facilitated the setting up of political bridges and resulted in the role of the Federal Republic as a pragmatic intermediary, also towards the USA. As hitherto classified files reveal in detail, the Germans were also able to play a key role during the secret negotiations regarding the hostage crisis in the American embassy in Tehran. Even though the protests against human rights violations increased in the autumn of 1981, politicians and businessmen, in principal, continued with these pragmatically maintained relations. KW - Khomeini KW - Schah KW - Bonn und die islamische Revolution Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/vfzg-2015-0020 SN - 2196-7121 SN - 0042-5702 VL - 63 IS - 3 SP - 319 EP - 350 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Musil, Andreas ED - Meier, Bernd ED - Banse, Gerhard T1 - Begrüßung durch den Vizepräsidenten der Universität Potsdam für Lehre und Studium der Universität Potsdam JF - Allgemeinbildung und Curriculumentwicklung : Herrausforderung an das Fach Wirtschaft - Arbeit - Technik Y1 - 2015 SN - 978-3-631-66541-1 SP - 13 EP - 14 PB - Lang CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Olejko, Lydia A1 - Cywinski, Piotr J. A1 - Bald, Ilko T1 - Ion-Selective formation of a guanine quadruplex on DNA origami structures JF - Angewandte Chemie : a journal of the Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker ; International edition N2 - DNA origami nanostructures are a versatile tool that can be used to arrange functionalities with high local control to study molecular processes at a single-molecule level. Here, we demonstrate that DNA origami substrates can be used to suppress the formation of specific guanine (G) quadruplex structures from telomeric DNA. The folding of telomeres into G-quadruplex structures in the presence of monovalent cations (e.g. Na+ and K+) is currently used for the detection of K+ ions, however, with insufficient selectivity towards Na+. By means of FRET between two suitable dyes attached to the 3- and 5-ends of telomeric DNA we demonstrate that the formation of G-quadruplexes on DNA origami templates in the presence of sodium ions is suppressed due to steric hindrance. Hence, telomeric DNA attached to DNA origami structures represents a highly sensitive and selective detection tool for potassium ions even in the presence of high concentrations of sodium ions. KW - DNA nanotechnology KW - FRET KW - G-quadruplexes KW - nanostructures KW - self-assembly Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201409278 SN - 1433-7851 SN - 1521-3773 VL - 54 IS - 2 SP - 673 EP - 677 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Guiet, Amandine A1 - Goebel, Caren A1 - Klingan, Katharina A1 - Lublow, Michael A1 - Reier, Tobias A1 - Vainio, Ulla A1 - Kraehnert, Ralph A1 - Schlaad, Helmut A1 - Strasser, Peter A1 - Zaharieva, Ivelina A1 - Dau, Holger A1 - Driess, Matthias A1 - Polte, Joerg A1 - Fischer, Anna T1 - Hydrophobic Nanoreactor Soft-Templating: A Supramolecular Approach to Yolk@Shell Materials JF - Advanced functional materials N2 - Due to their unique morphology-related properties, yolk@shell materials are promising materials for catalysis, drug delivery, energy conversion, and storage. Despite their proven potential, large-scale applications are however limited due to demanding synthesis protocols. Overcoming these limitations, a simple soft-templated approach for the one-pot synthesis of yolk@shell nanocomposites and in particular of multicore metal nanoparticle@metal oxide nanostructures (M-NP@MOx) is introduced. The approach here, as demonstrated for Au-NP@ITOTR (ITOTR standing for tin-rich ITO), relies on polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P4VP) inverse micelles as two compartment nanoreactor templates. While the hydrophilic P4VP core incorporates the hydrophilic metal precursor, the hydrophobic PS corona takes up the hydrophobic metal oxide precursor. As a result, interfacial reactions between the precursors can take place, leading to the formation of yolk@shell structures in solution. Once calcined these micelles yield Au-NP@ITOTR nanostructures, composed of multiple 6 nm sized Au NPs strongly anchored onto the inner surface of porous 35 nm sized ITOTR hollow spheres. Although of multicore nature, only limited sintering of the metal nanoparticles is observed at high temperatures (700 degrees C). In addition, the as-synthesized yolk@shell structures exhibit high and stable activity toward CO electrooxidation, thus demonstrating the applicability of our approach for the design of functional yolk@shell nanocatalysts. KW - inverse micelles KW - nanoreactor KW - polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) KW - soft-templating KW - tin-rich ITO KW - yolk@shell materials Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201502388 SN - 1616-301X SN - 1616-3028 VL - 25 IS - 39 SP - 6228 EP - 6240 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Stefanie A1 - Rackwitz, Jenny A1 - Schuerman, Robin A1 - Prinz, Julia A1 - Milosavljevic, Aleksandar R. A1 - Refregiers, Matthieu A1 - Giuliani, Alexandre A1 - Bald, Ilko T1 - Using DNA origami nanostructures to determine absolute cross sections for UV photon-induced DNA strand breakage JF - The journal of physical chemistry letters N2 - We have characterized ultraviolet (UV) photon-induced DNA strand break processes by determination of absolute cross sections for photoabsorption and for sequence-specific DNA single strand breakage induced by photons in an energy range from 6.50 to 8.94 eV. These represent the lowest-energy photons able to induce DNA strand breaks. Oligonudeotide targets are immobilized on a UV transparent substrate in controlled quantities through attachment to DNA origami templates. Photon-induced dissociation of single DNA strands is visualized and quantified using atomic force microscopy. The obtained quantum yields for strand breakage vary between 0.06 and 0.5, indicating highly efficient DNA strand breakage by UV photons, which is clearly dependent on the photon energy. Above the ionization threshold strand breakage becomes clearly the dominant form of DNA radiation damage, which is then also dependent on the nucleotide sequence. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02238 SN - 1948-7185 VL - 6 IS - 22 SP - 4589 EP - 4593 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Secker, Christian A1 - Brosnan, Sarah M. A1 - Limberg, Felix Rolf Paul A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Trunk, Matthias A1 - Strauch, Peter A1 - Schlaad, Helmut T1 - Thermally Induced Crosslinking of Poly(N-Propargyl Glycine) JF - Macromolecular chemistry and physics N2 - As polypeptoids become increasingly popular, they present a more soluble and processable alternative to natural and synthetic polypeptides; the breadth of their potential functionality slowly comes into focus. This report analyzes the ability of an alkyne-functionalized polypeptoid, poly(N-propargyl glycine), to crosslink upon heating. The crosslinking process is analyzed by thermal analysis (differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis), Fourier-transform infrared, electron paramagnetic resonance, and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. While a precise mechanism cannot be confidently assigned, it is clear that the reaction proceeds by a radical mechanism that exclusively involves the alkyne functionality, which, upon crosslinking, yields alkene and aromatic products. KW - Fourier-transform infrared KW - metal-free crosslinking KW - polypeptoid KW - propargyl KW - solid-state NMR Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.201500223 SN - 1022-1352 SN - 1521-3935 VL - 216 IS - 21 SP - 2080 EP - 2085 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Xu, Jingsan A1 - Cao, Shaowen A1 - Brenner, Thomas J. K. A1 - Yang, Xiaofei A1 - Yu, Jiaguo A1 - Antonietti, Markus A1 - Shalom, Menny T1 - Supramolecular Chemistry in Molten Sulfur: Preorganization Effects Leading to Marked Enhancement of Carbon Nitride Photoelectrochemistry JF - Advanced functional materials N2 - Here, a new method for enhancing the photoelectrochemical properties of carbon nitride thin films by in situ supramolecular-driven preorganization of phenyl-contained monomers in molten sulfur is reported. A detailed analysis of the chemical and photophysical properties suggests that the molten sulfur can texture the growth and induce more effective integration of phenyl groups into the carbon nitride electrodes, resulting in extended light absorption alongside with improved conductivity and better charge transfer. Furthermore, photophysical measurements indicate the formation of sub-bands in the optical bandgap which is beneficial for exciton splitting. Moreover, the new bands can mediate hole transfer to the electrolyte, thus improving the photooxidation activity. The utilization of high temperature solvent as the polymerization medium opens new opportunities for the significant improvement of carbon nitride films toward an efficient photoactive material for various applications. KW - carbon nitride thin film KW - charge transfer KW - molten sulfur KW - photoelectrochemistry Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201502843 SN - 1616-301X SN - 1616-3028 VL - 25 IS - 39 SP - 6265 EP - 6271 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jordan, Thomas A1 - Fechler, Nina A1 - Xu, Jingsan A1 - Brenner, Thomas J. K. A1 - Antonietti, Markus A1 - Shalom, Menny T1 - "Caffeine Doping" of Carbon/Nitrogen-Based Organic Catalysts: Caffeine as a Supramolecular Edge Modifier for the Synthesis of Photoactive Carbon Nitride Tubes JF - ChemCatChem : heterogeneous & homogeneous & bio- & nano-catalysis ; a journal of ChemPubSoc Europe N2 - An alternative method for the structure tuning of carbon nitride materials by using a supramolecular approach in combination with caffeine as lining-agent is described. The self-assembly of the precursor complex consisting of melamine and cyanuric acid can be controlled by this doping molecule in terms of morphology, electronic, and photophysical properties. Caffeine is proposed to insert as an edge-molecule eventually leading to hollow tube-like carbon nitride structures with improved efficiency of charge formation. Compared to the bulk carbon nitride, the caffeine-doped analogue possesses a higher photocatalytic activity for the degradation of rhodamineB dye. Furthermore, this approach is also shown to be suitable for the modification of carbon nitride electrodes. KW - caffeine KW - carbon nitride KW - films KW - photocatalysis KW - supramolecular chemistry Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201500343 SN - 1867-3880 SN - 1867-3899 VL - 7 IS - 18 SP - 2826 EP - 2830 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Madaan, Nitesh A1 - Romriell, Naomi A1 - Tuscano, Joshua A1 - Schlaad, Helmut A1 - Linford, Matthew R. T1 - Introduction of thiol moieties, including their thiol-ene reactions and air oxidation, onto polyelectrolyte multilayer substrates JF - Journal of colloid and interface science KW - Thiol-ene KW - Layer-by-layer KW - XPS KW - ToF-SIMS KW - Hydrophobic KW - AFM KW - Ellipsometry Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2015.08.017 SN - 0021-9797 SN - 1095-7103 VL - 459 SP - 199 EP - 205 PB - Elsevier CY - San Diego ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Koshkina, Olga A1 - Lang, Thomas A1 - Thiermann, Raphael A1 - Docter, Dominic A1 - Stauber, Roland H. A1 - Secker, Christian A1 - Schlaad, Helmut A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Mohr, Benjamin A1 - Maskos, Michael A1 - Bertin, Annabelle T1 - Temperature-Triggered Protein Adsorption on Polymer-Coated Nanoparticles in Serum JF - Langmuir N2 - The protein corona, which forms on the nanoparticle's surface in most biological media, determines the nanoparticle's physicochemical characteristics. The formation of the protein corona has a significant impact on the biodistribution and clearance of nanoparticles in vivo. Therefore, the ability to influence the formation of the protein corona is essential to most biomedical applications, including drug delivery and imaging. In this study, we investigate the protein adsorption on nanoparticles with a hydrodynamic radius of 30 nm and a coating of thermoresponsive poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline) in serum. Using multiangle dynamic light scattering (DLS) we demonstrate that heating of the nanoparticles above their phase separation temperature induces the formation of agglomerates, with a hydrodynamic radius of 1 mu m. In serum, noticeably stronger agglomeration occurs at lower temperatures compared to serum-free conditions. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) revealed a high packing density of agglomerates when serum was not present. In contrast, in the presence of serum, agglomerated nanoparticles were loosely packed, indicating that proteins are intercalated between them. Moreover, an increase in protein content is observed upon heating, confirming that protein adsorption is induced by the alteration of the surface during phase separation. After cooling and switching the surface back, most of the agglomerates were dissolved and the main fraction returned to the original size of approximately 30 nm as shown by asymmetrical flow-field flow fractionation (AF-FFF) and DLS. Furthermore, the amounts of adsorbed proteins are similar before and after heating the nanoparticles to above their phase-separation temperature. Overall, our results demonstrate that the thermoresponsivity of the polymer coating enables turning the corona formation on nanoparticles on and off in situ. As the local heating of body areas can be easily done in vivo, the thermoresponsive coating could potentially be used to induce the agglomeration of nanopartides and proteins and the accumulation of nanoparticles in a targeted body region. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00537 SN - 0743-7463 VL - 31 IS - 32 SP - 8873 EP - 8881 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Secker, Christian A1 - Brosnan, Sarah M. A1 - Luxenhofer, Robert A1 - Schlaad, Helmut T1 - Poly(alpha-Peptoid)s Revisited: Synthesis, Properties, and Use as Biomaterial JF - Macromolecular bioscience N2 - Polypeptoids have been of great interest in the polymer science community since the early half of the last century; however, they had been basically forgotten materials until the last decades in which they have enjoyed an exciting revival. In this mini-review, we focus on the recent developments in polypeptoid chemistry, with particular focus on polymers synthesized by the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides (NCAs). Specifically, we will review traditional monomer synthesis (such as Leuchs, Katchalski, and Kricheldorf) and recent advances in polymerization methods to yield both linear, cyclic, and functional polymers, solution and bulk thermal properties, and preliminary results on the use of polypeptoids as biomaterials (i.e immunogenicity, biodistribution, degradability, and drug delivery). KW - amino acid N-carboxyanhydride (NCA) KW - biomaterials KW - peptides KW - properties KW - ring-opening polymerization Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/mabi.201500023 SN - 1616-5187 SN - 1616-5195 VL - 15 IS - 7 SP - 881 EP - 891 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brosnan, Sarah M. A1 - Schlaad, Helmut A1 - Antonietti, Markus T1 - Aqueous Self-Assembly of Purely Hydrophilic Block Copolymers into Giant Vesicles JF - Angewandte Chemie : a journal of the Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker ; International edition N2 - Self-assembly of macromolecules is fundamental to life itself, and historically, these systems have been primitively mimicked by the development of amphiphilic systems, driven by the hydrophobic effect. Herein, we demonstrate that self-assembly of purely hydrophilic systems can be readily achieved with similar ease and success. We have synthesized double hydrophilic block copolymers from polysaccharides and poly(ethylene oxide) or poly(sarcosine) to yield high molar mass diblock copolymers through oxime chemistry. These hydrophilic materials can easily assemble into nanosized (<500nm) and microsized (>5m) polymeric vesicles depending on concentration and diblock composition. Because of the solely hydrophilic nature of these materials, we expect them to be extraordinarily water permeable systems that would be well suited for use as cellular mimics. KW - block copolymers KW - polymersomes KW - polysaccharides KW - self-assembly KW - vesicles Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201502100 SN - 1433-7851 SN - 1521-3773 VL - 54 IS - 33 SP - 9715 EP - 9718 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zou, Hua A1 - Schlaad, Helmut T1 - Thermoresponsive PNIPAM/Silica Nanoparticles by Direct Photopolymerization in Aqueous Media JF - Journal of polymer science : A, Polymer chemistry N2 - This article presents a simple and facile method to fabricate thermoresponsive polymer-grafted silica particles by direct surface-initiated photopolymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM). This method is based on silica particles bearing thiol functionalities, which are transformed into thiyl radicals by irradiation with UV light to initiate the polymerization of NIPAM in aqueous media at room temperature. The photopolymerization of NIPAM could be applied to smaller thiol-functionalized particles (approximate to 48 nm) as well as to larger particles (approximate to 692 nm). Hollow poly(NIPAM) capsules could be formed after etching away the silica cores from the composite particles. It is possible to produce tailor-made composite particles or capsules for particular applications by extending this approach to other vinyl monomers. (c) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 2015, 53, 1260-1267 KW - nanocomposites KW - nanoparticles KW - photopolymerization KW - silica nanoparticles KW - surface-initiated photopolymerization KW - thermoresponsive KW - thiol Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.27593 SN - 0887-624X SN - 1099-0518 VL - 53 IS - 10 SP - 1260 EP - 1267 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kedracki, Dawid A1 - Filippov, Sergey K. A1 - Gour, Nidhi A1 - Schlaad, Helmut A1 - Nardin, Corinne T1 - Formation of DNA-Copolymer Fibrils Through an Amyloid-Like Nucleation Polymerization Mechanism JF - Macromolecular rapid communications N2 - Conjugation of a hydrophobic poly(2-oxazoline) bearing tertiary amide groups along its backbone with a short single stranded nucleotide sequence results in an amphiphilic comb/graft copolymer, which organizes in fibrils upon direct dissolution in water. Supported by circular dichroism, atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scattering data, fibrils are formed through inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonding between hydrogen accepting amide groups along the polymer backbone and hydrogen donating nucleic acid grafts leading to the formation of hollow tubes. KW - DNA copolymers KW - fibers KW - hydrogen bonding KW - nucleation polymerization KW - self-assembly Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.201400728 SN - 1022-1336 SN - 1521-3927 VL - 36 IS - 8 SP - 768 EP - 773 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tasior, Mariusz A1 - Bald, Ilko A1 - Deperasinska, Irena A1 - Cywinski, Piotr J. A1 - Gryko, Daniel T. T1 - An internal charge transfer-dependent solvent effect in V-shaped azacyanines JF - Organic & biomolecular chemistry : an international journal of synthetic, physical and biomolecular organic chemistry Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ob01633a SN - 1477-0520 SN - 1477-0539 VL - 13 IS - 48 SP - 11714 EP - 11720 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vacogne, Charlotte D. A1 - Brosnan, Sarah M. A1 - Masic, Admir A1 - Schlaad, Helmut T1 - Fibrillar gels via the self-assembly of poly(L-glutamate)-based statistical copolymers JF - Polymer Chemistry N2 - Polypeptides having secondary structures often undergo self-assembly which can extend over multiple length scales. Poly(gamma-benzyl-L-glutamate) (PBLG), for example, folds into a-helices and forms physical organogels, whereas poly(L-glutamic acid) (PLGA at acidic pH) or poly(L-glutamate) (PLG at neutral/basic pH) do not form hydrogels. We explored the gelation of modified PBLG and investigated the deprotection of the carboxylic acid moieties in such gels to yield unique hydrogels. This was accomplished through photo-crosslinking gelation of poly(gamma-benzyl-L-glutamate-co-allylglycine) statistical copolymers in toluene, tetrahydrofuran, and 1,4-dioxane. Unlike most polymer-based chemical gels, our gels were prepared from dilute solutions (<20 g L-1, i.e., <2% w/v) of low molar mass polymers. Despite such low concentrations and molar masses, our dioxane gels showed high mechanical stability and little shrinkage; remarkably, they also exhibited a porous fibrillar network. Deprotection of the carboxylic acid moieties in dioxane gels yielded pH responsive and highly absorbent PLGA/PLG-based hydrogels (swelling ratio of up to 87), while preserving the network structure, which is an unprecedented feature in the context of crosslinked PLGA gels. These outstanding properties are highly attractive for biomedical materials. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/c5py00491h SN - 1759-9954 SN - 1759-9962 VL - 6 IS - 28 SP - 5040 EP - 5052 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tritschler, U. A1 - Beck, F. A1 - Schlaad, Helmut A1 - Cölfen, Helmut T1 - Electrochromic properties of self-organized multifunctional V2O5-polymer hybrid films JF - Journal of materials chemistry : C, Materials for optical and electronic devices N2 - Bio-inspired V2O5-polymer hybrid films were prepared following a one-step self-organization procedure based on liquid crystal formation of organic and inorganic components. These materials were previously reported to exhibit advantageous mechanical properties, comparable to biomaterials, such as human bone and dentin. Here, we show that these hybrid films prepared via a fast and simple synthesis procedure have an additional function as an electrochromic material, exhibiting a long-term cycle stability under alternating potentials. The structures were found to remain intact without visible changes after more than hundred switching cycles and storing the devices for several weeks. Consequently, this multifunctional V2O5-polymer hybrid system shows great promise for various technical applications. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/c4tc02138j SN - 2050-7526 SN - 2050-7534 VL - 3 IS - 5 SP - 950 EP - 954 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Secker, Christian A1 - Robinson, Joshua W. A1 - Schlaad, Helmut T1 - Alkyne-X modification of polypeptoids JF - European polymer journal N2 - Poly(N-propargyl glycine) (PNPG) can be readily prepared by ring-opening polymerization of N-propargyl glycine N-carboxyanhydride (NCA) and modified using various addition reactions such as copper catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition of azide, radical (photo-)addition of thiol, nucleophilic addition of ethylene oxide, and thermal induced cross-linking. It is demonstrated that PNPG can serve as a modular platform to produce a bibliography of novel functional polypeptoid or pseudopeptide materials, including polypeptoid ionic liquids and graft copolymers. KW - Polypeptoid KW - NCA KW - Post-polymerization modification KW - Click chemistry Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.08.028 SN - 0014-3057 SN - 1873-1945 VL - 62 SP - 394 EP - 399 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vacogne, Charlotte D. A1 - Schlaad, Helmut T1 - Primary ammonium/tertiary amine-mediated controlled ring opening polymerisation of amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides JF - Chemical communications N2 - Stable commercial primary ammonium chlorides were combined with tertiary amines to initiate the controlled ring opening polymerisation of amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides to yield polypeptides with defined end group structure, predetermined molar mass and narrow molar mass distribution. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/c5cc06905j SN - 1359-7345 SN - 1364-548X VL - 51 IS - 86 SP - 15645 EP - 15648 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tötzke, Christian A1 - Manke, Ingo A1 - Gaiselmann, Gerd A1 - Bohner, John A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Kupsch, Andreas A1 - Hentschel, Manfred P. A1 - Schmidt, Volker A1 - Banhart, Jens A1 - Lehnert, Werner T1 - A dedicated compression device for high resolution X-ray tomography of compressed gas diffusion layers JF - Review of scientific instruments : a monthly journal devoted to scientific instruments, apparatus, and techniques N2 - We present an experimental approach to study the three-dimensional microstructure of gas diffusion layer (GDL) materials under realistic compression conditions. A dedicated compression device was designed that allows for synchrotron-tomographic investigation of circular samples under well-defined compression conditions. The tomographic data provide the experimental basis for stochastic modeling of nonwoven GDL materials. A plain compression tool is used to study the fiber courses in the material at different compression stages. Transport relevant geometrical parameters, such as porosity, pore size, and tortuosity distributions, are exemplarily evaluated for a GDL sample in the uncompressed state and for a compression of 30 vol.%. To mimic the geometry of the flow-field, we employed a compression punch with an integrated channel-rib-profile. It turned out that the GDL material is homogeneously compressed under the ribs, however, much less compressed underneath the channel. GDL fibers extend far into the channel volume where they might interfere with the convective gas transport and the removal of liquid water from the cell. (C) 2015 AIP Publishing LLC. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4918291 SN - 0034-6748 SN - 1089-7623 VL - 86 IS - 4 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sagu Tchewonpi, Sorel A1 - Nso, Emmanuel Jong A1 - Homann, Thomas A1 - Kapseu, Cesar A1 - Rawel, Harshadrai Manilal T1 - Extraction and purification of beta-amylase from stems of Abrus precatorius by three phase partitioning JF - Food chemistry N2 - The stems of Abrus precatorius were used to extract a beta-amylase enriched fraction. A three phase partitioning method and a Doehlert design with 3 variables (ratio of crude extract/t-butanol, the ammonium sulphate saturation and pH) were used. The data was fitted in a second-order polynomial model and the parameters were optimized to enrich beta-amylase. Experimental responses for the modulation were recovery of activity and the purification factor. The optimal conditions were: a ratio of crude extract/t-butanol of 0.87 (v/v), saturation in ammonium sulphate of 49.46% (w/v) and a pH of 5.2. An activity recovery of 156.2% and a purification factor of 10.17 were found. The enriched enzyme was identified as a beta-amylase and its molecular weight was 60.1 kDa. K-m and V-max values were 79.37 mg/ml and 5.13 U/ml, respectively and the highest activity was registered at a temperature of 70 degrees C and a pH between 6 and 6.5. A significant stabilization of the beta-amylase was observed up to 65 degrees C. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - Purification KW - Beta-amylase KW - Abrus precatorius KW - Three phase partitioning KW - Doehlert design Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.03.028 SN - 0308-8146 SN - 1873-7072 VL - 183 SP - 144 EP - 153 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jones, Eppie R. A1 - González-Fortes, Gloria M. A1 - Connell, Sarah A1 - Siska, Veronika A1 - Eriksson, Anders A1 - Martiniano, Rui A1 - McLaughlin, Russell L. A1 - Llorente, Marcos Gallego A1 - Cassidy, Lara M. A1 - Gamba, Cristina A1 - Meshveliani, Tengiz A1 - Bar-Yosef, Ofer A1 - Mueller, Werner A1 - Belfer-Cohen, Anna A1 - Matskevich, Zinovi A1 - Jakeli, Nino A1 - Higham, Thomas F. G. A1 - Currat, Mathias A1 - Lordkipanidze, David A1 - Hofreiter, Michael A1 - Manica, Andrea A1 - Pinhasi, Ron A1 - Bradley, Daniel G. T1 - Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians JF - Nature Communications N2 - We extend the scope of European palaeogenomics by sequencing the genomes of Late Upper Palaeolithic (13,300 years old, 1.4-fold coverage) and Mesolithic (9,700 years old, 15.4-fold) males from western Georgia in the Caucasus and a Late Upper Palaeolithic (13,700 years old, 9.5-fold) male from Switzerland. While we detect Late Palaeolithic-Mesolithic genomic continuity in both regions, we find that Caucasus hunter-gatherers (CHG) belong to a distinct ancient clade that split from western hunter-gatherers similar to 45 kya, shortly after the expansion of anatomically modern humans into Europe and from the ancestors of Neolithic farmers similar to 25 kya, around the Last Glacial Maximum. CHG genomes significantly contributed to the Yamnaya steppe herders who migrated into Europe similar to 3,000 BC, supporting a formative Caucasus influence on this important Early Bronze age culture. CHG left their imprint on modern populations from the Caucasus and also central and south Asia possibly marking the arrival of Indo-Aryan languages. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9912 SN - 2041-1723 VL - 6 PB - Nature Publishing Group CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mackert, Jürgen T1 - The secret society of torturers BT - the social shaping of extremely violent behaviour JF - Internationale journal of conflict and violence N2 - The Secret Society of Torturers107How do normal people become able to torture others? In order to explain this puzzling social phenomenon, we have to take secrecy – the characteristic trait of modern torture – as the lynchpin of the analysis. Following Georg Simmel’s formal analysis of the “secret society”, the contribution reconstructs structural and cultural aspects of the secret society of torturers that generate social processes that allow its members to behave extremely violently, forcing individuals to turn into torturers. The contribution argues that the form of social behaviour that we call torture is socially shaped. It goes beyond social psychology to de-velop an explanation from the perspective of relational sociology Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0070-ijcv-2015130 SN - 1864–1385 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 106 EP - 120 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Küker, Manfred T1 - Magnetospheres of massive stars JF - Wolf-Rayet Stars : Proceedings of an International Workshop held in Potsdam, Germany, 1.–5. June 2015 N2 - We study the interaction of line-driven winds from massive stars with the magnetic field rooted in these stars by carrying out numerical simulations using the Nirvana MHD code in 2D in spherical polar coordinates. The code's adaptive mesh refinement feature allows high spatial resolution across the whole simulation box. We study both O and Wolf-Rayet stars for a range of magnetic field strengths from weak to strong as measured by the confinement parameter. For weak fields our simulations show that the initially dipolar field opens up far away from the star and a thin disk-like structure forms in the equatorial plane of the magnetic field. For stronger fields the disk is disrupted close to the stellar surface and closed field lines persist at low latitudes. For very strong fields a pronounced magnetosphere forms where the gas is forced to move along the field lines and eventually falls back to the stellar surface. Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-87864 SP - 143 EP - 146 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nöchel, Ulrich A1 - Reddy, Chaganti Srinivasa A1 - Wang, Ke A1 - Cui, Jing A1 - Zizak, Ivo A1 - Behl, Marc A1 - Kratz, Karl A1 - Lendlein, Andreas T1 - Nanostructural changes in crystallizable controlling units determine the temperature-memory of polymers JF - Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Materials for energy and sustainability N2 - Temperature-memory polymers remember the temperature, where they were deformed recently, enabled by broad thermal transitions. In this study, we explored a series of crosslinked poly[ethylene-co-(vinyl acetate)] networks (cPEVAs) comprising crystallizable polyethylene (PE) controlling units exhibiting a pronounced temperature-memory effect (TME) between 16 and 99 °C related to a broad melting transition (∼100 °C). The nanostructural changes in such cPEVAs during programming and activation of the TME were analyzed via in situ X-ray scattering and specific annealing experiments. Different contributions to the mechanism of memorizing high or low deformation temperatures (Tdeform) were observed in cPEVA, which can be associated to the average PE crystal sizes. At high deformation temperatures (>50 °C), newly formed PE crystals, which are established during cooling when fixing the temporary shape, dominated the TME mechanism. In contrast, at low Tdeform (<50 °C), corresponding to a cold drawing scenario, the deformation led preferably to a disruption of existing large crystals into smaller ones, which then fix the temporary shape upon cooling. The observed mechanism of memorizing a deformation temperature might enable the prediction of the TME behavior and the knowledge based design of other TMPs with crystallizable controlling units. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ta06586g SN - 2050-7488 SN - 2050-7496 VL - 16 IS - 3 SP - 8284 EP - 8293 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wang, Weiwei A1 - Kratz, Karl A1 - Behl, Marc A1 - Yan, Wan A1 - Liu, Yue A1 - Xu, Xun A1 - Baudis, Stefan A1 - Li, Zhengdong A1 - Kurtz, Andreas A1 - Lendlein, Andreas A1 - Ma, Nan T1 - The interaction of adipose-derived human mesenchymal stem cells and polyether ether ketone JF - Clinical hemorheology and microcirculation : blood flow and vessels N2 - Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) as a high-performance, thermoplastic implant material entered the field of medical applications due to its structural function and commercial availability. In bone tissue engineering, the combination of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with PEEK implants may accelerate the bone formation and promote the osseointegration between the implant and the adjacent bone tissue. In this concept the question how PEEK influences the behaviour and functions of MSCs is of great interest. Here the cellular response of human adipose-derived MSCs to PEEK was evaluated and compared to tissue culture plate (TCP) as the reference material. Viability and morphology of cells were not altered when cultured on the PEEK film. The cells on PEEK presented a high proliferation activity in spite of a relatively lower initial cell adhesion rate. There was no significant difference on cell apoptosis and senescence between the cells on PEEK and TCP. The inflammatory cytokines and VEGF secreted by the cells on these two surfaces were at similar levels. The cells on PEEK showed up-regulated BMP2 and down-regulated BMP4 and BMP6 gene expression, whereas no conspicuous differences were observed in the committed osteoblast markers (BGLAP, COL1A1 and Runx2). With osteoinduction the cells on PEEK and TCP exhibited a similar osteogenic differentiation potential. Our results demonstrate the biofunctionality of PEEK for human MSC cultivation and differentiation. Its clinical benefits in bone tissue engineering may be achieved by combining MSCs with PEEK implants. These data may also provide useful information for further modification of PEEK with chemical or physical methods to regulate the cellular processes of MSCs and to consequently improve the efficacy of MSC-PEEK based therapies. KW - Polyether ether ketone KW - mesenchymal stem cells KW - biocompatibility KW - cell-material interaction KW - osteogenic differentiation Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3233/CH-152001 SN - 1386-0291 SN - 1875-8622 VL - 61 IS - 2 SP - 301 EP - 321 PB - IOS Press CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nöchel, Ulrich A1 - Reddy, Chaganti Srinivasa A1 - Wang, Ke A1 - Cui, Jing A1 - Zizak, Ivo A1 - Behl, Marc A1 - Kratz, Karl A1 - Lendlein, Andreas T1 - Nanostructural changes in crystallizable controlling units determine the temperature-memory of polymers JF - Journal of materials chemistry : A, Materials for energy and sustainability N2 - Temperature-memory polymers remember the temperature, where they were deformed recently, enabled by broad thermal transitions. In this study, we explored a series of crosslinked poly[ethylene-co-(vinyl acetate)] networks (cPEVAs) comprising crystallizable polyethylene (PE) controlling units exhibiting a pronounced temperature-memory effect (TME) between 16 and 99 degrees C related to a broad melting transition (similar to 100 degrees C). The nanostructural changes in such cPEVAs during programming and activation of the TME were analyzed via in situ X-ray scattering and specific annealing experiments. Different contributions to the mechanism of memorizing high or low deformation temperatures (T-deform) were observed in cPEVA, which can be associated to the average PE crystal sizes. At high deformation temperatures (>50 degrees C), newly formed PE crystals, which are established during cooling when fixing the temporary shape, dominated the TME mechanism. In contrast, at low T-deform (<50 degrees C), corresponding to a cold drawing scenario, the deformation led preferably to a disruption of existing large crystals into smaller ones, which then fix the temporary shape upon cooling. The observed mechanism of memorizing a deformation temperature might enable the prediction of the TME behavior and the knowledge based design of other TMPs with crystallizable controlling units. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ta06586g SN - 2050-7488 SN - 2050-7496 VL - 3 IS - 16 SP - 8284 EP - 8293 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sauter, Tilman A1 - Geiger, Brett A1 - Kratz, Karl A1 - Lendlein, Andreas T1 - Encasement of metallic cardiovascular stents with endothelial cell-selective copolyetheresterurethane microfibers JF - Polymers for advanced technologies N2 - Cardiovascular metallic stents established in clinical application are typically coated by a thin polymeric layer on the stent struts to improve hemocompatibility, whereby often a drug is added to the coating to inhibit neointimal hyperplasia. Besides such thin film coatings recently nano/microfiber coated stents are investigated, whereby the fibrous coating was applied circumferential on stents. Here, we explored whether a thin fibrous encasement of metallic stents with preferentially longitudinal aligned fibers and different local fiber densities can be achieved by electrospinning. An elastic degradable copolyetheresterurethane, which is reported to selectively enhance the adhesion of endothelial cells, while simultaneously rejecting smooth muscle cells, was utilized for stent coating. The fibrous stent encasements were microscopically assessed regarding their single fiber diameters, fiber covered area and fiber alignment at three characteristic stent regions before and after stent expansion. Stent coatings with thicknesses in the range from 30 to 50 mu m were achieved via electrospinning with 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFP)-based polymer solution, while a mixture of HFP and formic acid as solvent resulted in encasements with a thickness below 5 mu m comprising submicron sized single fibers. All polymeric encasements were mechanically stable during expansion, whereby the fibers deposited on the struts remained their position. The observed changes in fiber density and diameter indicated diverse local deformation mechanisms of the microfibers at the different regions between the struts. Based on these results it can be anticipated that the presented fibrous encasement of stents might be a promising alternative to stents with polymeric strut coatings releasing anti-proliferative drugs. Copyright (c) 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. KW - multifunctional polymers KW - stent coatings KW - electrospinning KW - biomaterials KW - degradable polymers Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.3583 SN - 1042-7147 SN - 1099-1581 VL - 26 IS - 10 SP - 1209 EP - 1216 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhang, Quanchao A1 - Sauter, Tilman A1 - Fang, Liang A1 - Kratz, Karl A1 - Lendlein, Andreas T1 - Shape-Memory Capability of Copolyetheresterurethane Microparticles Prepared via Electrospraying JF - Macromolecular materials and engineering N2 - Multifunctional thermo-responsive and degradable microparticles exhibiting a shapememory effect (SME) have attracted widespread interest in biomedicine as switchable delivery vehicles or microactuators. In this work almost spherical solid microparticles with an average diameter of 3.9 +/- 0.9 mm are prepared via electrospraying of a copolyetheresterurethane named PDC, which is composed of crystallizable oligo(p-dioxanone) (OPDO) hard and oligo(e-caprolactone) (OCL) switching segments. The PDC microparticles are programmed via compression at different pressures and their shapememory capability is explored by off-line and online heating experiments. When a low programming pressure of 0.2 MPa is applied a pronounced thermally-induced shape-memory effect is achieved with a shape recovery ratio about 80%, while a high programming pressure of 100 MPa resulted in a weak shape-memory performance. Finally, it is demonstrated that an array of PDC microparticles deposited on a polypropylene (PP) substrate can be successfully programmed into a smart temporary film, which disintegrates upon heating to 60 degrees C. KW - biomaterials KW - microparticles KW - processing KW - stimuli-sensitive polymers KW - shape-memory effect Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.201400267 SN - 1438-7492 SN - 1439-2054 VL - 300 IS - 5 SP - 522 EP - 530 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mackert, Jürgen A1 - Hartmann, Eddie T1 - Violence JF - Oxford Bibliographies sociology Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199756384-0137 PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Saatchi, Mersa A1 - Behl, Marc A1 - Nöchel, Ulrich A1 - Lendlein, Andreas T1 - Copolymer Networks From Oligo(epsilon-caprolactone) and n-Butyl Acrylate Enable a Reversible Bidirectional Shape-Memory Effect at Human Body Temperature JF - Macromolecular rapid communications N2 - Exploiting the tremendous potential of the recently discovered reversible bidirectional shape-memory effect (rbSME) for biomedical applications requires switching temperatures in the physiological range. The recent strategy is based on the reduction of the melting temperature range (T-m) of the actuating oligo(epsilon-caprolactone) (OCL) domains in copolymer networks from OCL and n-butyl acrylate (BA), where the reversible effect can be adjusted to the human body temperature. In addition, it is investigated whether an rbSME in the temperature range close or even above T-m,T-offset (end of the melting transition) can be obtained. Two series of networks having mixtures of OCLs reveal broad T(m)s from 2 degrees C to 50 degrees C and from -10 degrees C to 37 degrees C, respectively. In cyclic, thermomechanical experiments the rbSME can be tailored to display pronounced actuation in a temperature interval between 20 degrees C and 37 degrees C. In this way, the application spectrum of the rbSME can be extended to biomedical applications. KW - body temperature KW - broad melting temperature range KW - orientational memory KW - reversible bidirectional shape-memory polymer KW - copolymer networks Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.201400729 SN - 1022-1336 SN - 1521-3927 VL - 36 IS - 10 SP - 880 EP - 884 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kwiatek, Grzegorz A1 - Martinez-Garzon, Patricia A1 - Dresen, Georg A1 - Bohnhoff, Marco A1 - Sone, Hiroki A1 - Hartline, Craig T1 - Effects of long-term fluid injection on induced seismicity parameters and maximum magnitude in northwestern part of The Geysers geothermal field JF - Journal of geophysical research : Solid earth N2 - The long-term temporal and spatial changes in statistical, source, and stress characteristics of one cluster of induced seismicity recorded at The Geysers geothermal field (U.S.) are analyzed in relation to the field operations, fluid migration, and constraints on the maximum likely magnitude. Two injection wells, Prati-9 and Prati-29, located in the northwestern part of the field and their associated seismicity composed of 1776 events recorded throughout a 7year period were analyzed. The seismicity catalog was relocated, and the source characteristics including focal mechanisms and static source parameters were refined using first-motion polarity, spectral fitting, and mesh spectral ratio analysis techniques. The source characteristics together with statistical parameters (b value) and cluster dynamics were used to investigate and understand the details of fluid migration scheme in the vicinity of injection wells. The observed temporal, spatial, and source characteristics were clearly attributed to fluid injection and fluid migration toward greater depths, involving increasing pore pressure in the reservoir. The seasonal changes of injection rates were found to directly impact the shape and spatial extent of the seismic cloud. A tendency of larger seismic events to occur closer to injection wells and a correlation between the spatial extent of the seismic cloud and source sizes of the largest events was observed suggesting geometrical constraints on the maximum likely magnitude and its correlation to the average injection rate and volume of fluids present in the reservoir. KW - fluid-induced seismicity KW - maximum magnitude KW - reservoir characterization KW - source parameters KW - passive seismic monitoring Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JB012362 SN - 2169-9313 SN - 2169-9356 VL - 120 IS - 10 SP - 7085 EP - 7101 PB - American Geophysical Union CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhou, Xiqiang A1 - Chen, Daizhao A1 - Dong, Shaofeng A1 - Zhang, Yanqiu A1 - Guo, Zenghui A1 - Wei, Hengye A1 - Yu, Hao T1 - Diagenetic barite deposits in the Yurtus Formation in Tarim Basin, NW China: Implications for barium and sulfur cycling in the earliest Cambrian JF - Precambrian research N2 - Barite concretions and bands are widely distributed in black shale-chert horizons in the Yurtus Formation of Lower Cambrian in Aksu area, northwestern Tarim Basin, NW China. They mainly consist of coarse-grained anhedral to euhedral barite crystals with minor dolomites and pyrites. Petrological features indicate these concretions grew from the porewater in unconsolidated sediments at shallow burial below sediment-water interface. The slight deviation of Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios (0.7083 to 0.7090) and significant elevated delta S-34 values (56.8-76.4 parts per thousand CDT) of barite samples with respect to those of the Early Cambrian seawater further support that barite deposits precipitated from the enclosed porewater in sediment column, which evolved from the penecontemporaneous seawater with weak interaction with the host fine-grained siliciclastic sediments and highly-depleted sulfate in response to prolonged strong bacterial sulfate reduction without necessary renewal. The abundant organic matters in the basal Yurtus Formation should have facilitated developing sulfate-depleted methanogenesis zone and sulfate-methane transition zone (SMTZ) slightly after deposition. Therefore, barite deposits in the Yurtus Formation most likely resulted from diagenetic barium cycling and persistently grew from the porewater in the static SMTZ with a low sedimentation rate in the Early Cambrian. In comparison with the distribution of sedimentary barites in geological records, we tentatively proposed that a transition in diagenetic barium cycling and associated mineralization may have occurred from the Precambrian to Cambrian periods; this scenario may be causally linked to the changes in marine ecology (the advent of mesozooplankton and associated faecal pellet) and geochemistry (the increase of seawater sulfate concentration). Thus, the occurrence of diagenetic barite deposits in the Yurtus Formation implies that diagenetic barium cycling and more effective scavenging of barium from CH4- and Ba-rich porewaters within sediments might have become an nonnegligible process in continental margin areas, at least, since the earliest Cambrian, which could have significantly impacted the marine barium cycling. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - Barite concretion KW - Diagenetic barium cycling KW - Earliest Cambrian KW - Yurtus Formation KW - Tarim Basin, NW China Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2015.03.006 SN - 0301-9268 SN - 1872-7433 VL - 263 SP - 79 EP - 87 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hahn, Simone A1 - Träger, Juliane A1 - Holdt, Hans-Jürgen T1 - Solid-Phase extraction of Pt(IV) with Dialkyl-(hexane-1,6-diyl) phosphate modified merrifield resins from aqueous chloride media in column operations JF - Separation and purification technology N2 - A series of three dialkyl phosphate resins with a Merrifield resin support was used to extract platinum from acidic media. In column operations total capacities of 85-130 mg/g were gained. The presence of palladium and rhodium results in the order: Pt(IV) > Pd(II) >> Rh(III). From a leach liquor gained from spent automotive catalysts metals forming anionic chloro complexes are co-extracted only to a small extent. However, in order to separate and enrich platinum a selective back-extraction can be done with a sodium thiocyanate solution. A second elution step with acidic thiourea leads to a mixed solution of palladium and rhodium. KW - platinum KW - column operation mode KW - phosphate KW - solid-phase extraction Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2014.968264 SN - 0149-6395 SN - 1520-5754 VL - 50 IS - 2 SP - 191 EP - 206 PB - Taylor & Francis Group CY - Philadelphia ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rosenwinkel, Swenja A1 - Korup, Oliver A1 - Landgraf, Angela A1 - Dzhumabaeva, Atyrgul T1 - Limits to lichenometry JF - Quaternary science reviews : the international multidisciplinary research and review journal N2 - Lichenometry is a straightforward and inexpensive method for dating Holocene rock surfaces. The rationale is that the diameter of the largest lichen scales with the age of the originally fresh rock surface that it colonised. The success of the method depends on finding the largest lichen diameters, a suitable lichen-growth model, and a robust calibration curve. Recent critique of the method motivates us to revisit the accuracy and uncertainties of lichenometry. Specifically, we test how well lichenometry is capable of resolving the ages of different lobes of large active rock glaciers in the Kyrgyz Tien Shan. We use a bootstrapped quantile regression to calibrate local growth curves of Xanthoria elegans, Aspicilia tianshanica, and Rhizocarpon geographicum, and report a nonlinear decrease in dating accuracy with increasing lichen diameter. A Bayesian type of an analysis of variance demonstrates that our calibration allows discriminating credibly between rock-glacier lobes of different ages despite the uncertainties tied to sample size and correctly identifying the largest lichen thalli. Our results also show that calibration error grows with lichen size, so that the separability of rock-glacier lobes of different ages decreases, while the tendency to assign coeval ages increases. The abundant young (<200 yr) specimen of fast-growing X elegans are in contrast with the fewer, slow-growing, but older (200-1500 yr) R. geographicum and A. tianshanica, and record either a regional reactivation of lobes in the past 200 years, or simply a censoring effect of lichen mortality during early phases of colonisation. The high variance of lichen sizes captures the activity of rock-glacier lobes, which is difficult to explain by regional climatic cooling or earthquake triggers alone. Therefore, we caution against inferring palaeoclimatic conditions from the topographic position of rock-glacier lobes. We conclude that lichenometry works better as a tool for establishing a relative, rather than an absolute, chronology of rock-glacier lobes in the northern Tien Shan. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - Lichenometry KW - Rock glacier KW - Absolute age dating KW - Kyrgyzstan KW - Tien Shan Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.10.031 SN - 0277-3791 VL - 129 SP - 229 EP - 238 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ulloa, Hector A1 - Irourne, Andres A1 - Picco, Lorenzo A1 - Korup, Oliver A1 - Lenzi, Mario Aristide A1 - Mao, Luca A1 - Ravazzolo, Diego T1 - Massive biomass flushing despite modest channel response in the Rayas River following the 2008 eruption of Chaiten volcano, Chile JF - Geomorphology : an international journal on pure and applied geomorphology N2 - The 2008 eruption of Chaiten volcano in southern Chile severely impacted several densely forested river catchments by supplying excess pyroclastic sediment to the channel networks. Our aim is to substantiate whether and how channel geometry and forest stands changed in the Rayas River following the sudden input of pyroclastic sediment. We measured the resulting changes to channel geometry and riparian forest stands along 17.6 km of the impacted gravel-bed Rayas River (294 km(2)) from multiple high-resolution satellite images, aerial photographs, and fieldwork to quantify yield volume characteristics of the forest stands. Limited channel changes during the last 60 years before the eruption reflect a dynamic equilibrium condition of the river corridor, despite the high annual precipitation and the sediment supply from Chaiten and Michinmahuida volcanoes in the headwaters. Images taken in 1945, 2004, and 2005 show that total size of the vegetated channel islands nearly doubled between 1945 and 2004 and remained unchanged between 2004 and 2005. Pyroclastic sediment entering the Rayas River after the 2008 eruption caused only minor average channel widening (7%), but killed all island vegetation in the study reach. Substantial shifts in the size distribution of in-channel vegetation patches reflect losses in total island area of 46% from 2005 to 2009 and an additional 34% from 2009 to 2012. The estimated pulsed release of organic carbon into the channel, mainly in the form of large wood from obliterated island and floodplain forests, was 78-400 tC/km/y and surpasses most documented yields from small mountainous catchments with similar rainfall, forest cover, and disturbance history, while making up between 20% and 60% of the annual carbon burial rate of fluvial sediments in the northern Patagonian fjords. We conclude that the carbon footprint of the 2008 Chaiten eruption on the Rayas River was more significant than the measured geomorphic impacts on channel geometry for the first five years following disturbance. The modest post-eruptive geomorphic response in this river is a poor indicator of its biogeochemical response. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - Chaiten volcano KW - Forest disturbance KW - Channel island KW - Organic carbon Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.09.019 SN - 0169-555X SN - 1872-695X VL - 250 SP - 397 EP - 406 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Blöthe, Jan Henrik A1 - Korup, Oliver A1 - Schwanghart, Wolfgang T1 - Large landslides lie low: Excess topography in the Himalaya-Karakoram ranges JF - Geology N2 - Mass wasting is an important process for denuding hillslopes and lowering ridge crests in active mountain belts such as the Himalaya-Karakoram ranges (HKR). Such a high-relief landscape is likely to be at its mechanical threshold, maintained by competing rapid rock uplift, river incision, and pervasive slope failure. We introduce excess topography, Z(E), for quantifying potentially unstable rock-mass volumes inclined at angles greater than a specified threshold angle. We find that Z(E) peaks along major fluvial and glacial inner gorges, which is also where the majority of 492 large (>0.1 km(2)) rock-slope failures occur in the Himalaya's largest cluster of documented Pleistocene to Holocene bedrock landslides. Our data reveal that bedrock landslides in the HKR chiefly detached from near or below the median elevation, whereas glaciers and rock glaciers occupy higher-elevation bands almost exclusively. Less than 10% of the area of the HKR is upslope of glaciers, such that possible censoring of evidence of large bedrock landslides above the permanent snow line barely affects this finding. Bedrock landslides appear to preferentially undermine topographic relief in response to fluvial and glacial incision along inner gorges, unless more frequent and smaller undetected failures, or rigorous (peri-)glacial erosion, compensate for this role at higher elevation. Either way, the distinct patterns of excess topography and large bedrock landsliding in the HKR juxtapose two stacked domains of landslide and (peri-)glacial erosion that may respond to different time scales of perturbation. Our findings call for more detailed analysis of vertical erosional domains and their geomorphic coupling in active mountain belts. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1130/G36527.1 SN - 0091-7613 SN - 1943-2682 VL - 43 IS - 6 SP - 523 EP - 526 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Boulder ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Philips, Andrea A1 - Walz, Ariane A1 - Bergner, Andreas G. N. A1 - Gräff, Thomas A1 - Heistermann, Maik A1 - Kienzler, Sarah A1 - Korup, Oliver A1 - Lipp, Torsten A1 - Schwanghart, Wolfgang A1 - Zeilinger, Gerold T1 - Immersive 3D geovisualization in higher education JF - Journal of geography in higher education N2 - In this study, we investigate how immersive 3D geovisualization can be used in higher education. Based on MacEachren and Kraak's geovisualization cube, we examine the usage of immersive 3D geovisualization and its usefulness in a research-based learning module on flood risk, called GEOSimulator. Results of a survey among participating students reveal benefits, such as better orientation in the study area, higher interactivity with the data, improved discourse among students and enhanced motivation through immersive 3D geovisualization. This suggests that immersive 3D visualization can effectively be used in higher education and that 3D CAVE settings enhance interactive learning between students. KW - immersive 3D geovisualization KW - 3D CAVE KW - higher education KW - learning success KW - student survey KW - flood risk Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/03098265.2015.1066314 SN - 0309-8265 SN - 1466-1845 VL - 39 IS - 3 SP - 437 EP - 449 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Aarts, Alexander A. A1 - Anderson, Joanna E. A1 - Anderson, Christopher J. A1 - Attridge, Peter R. A1 - Attwood, Angela A1 - Axt, Jordan A1 - Babel, Molly A1 - Bahnik, Stepan A1 - Baranski, Erica A1 - Barnett-Cowan, Michael A1 - Bartmess, Elizabeth A1 - Beer, Jennifer A1 - Bell, Raoul A1 - Bentley, Heather A1 - Beyan, Leah A1 - Binion, Grace A1 - Borsboom, Denny A1 - Bosch, Annick A1 - Bosco, Frank A. A1 - Bowman, Sara D. A1 - Brandt, Mark J. A1 - Braswell, Erin A1 - Brohmer, Hilmar A1 - Brown, Benjamin T. A1 - Brown, Kristina A1 - Bruening, Jovita A1 - Calhoun-Sauls, Ann A1 - Callahan, Shannon P. A1 - Chagnon, Elizabeth A1 - Chandler, Jesse A1 - Chartier, Christopher R. A1 - Cheung, Felix A1 - Christopherson, Cody D. A1 - Cillessen, Linda A1 - Clay, Russ A1 - Cleary, Hayley A1 - Cloud, Mark D. A1 - Cohn, Michael A1 - Cohoon, Johanna A1 - Columbus, Simon A1 - Cordes, Andreas A1 - Costantini, Giulio A1 - Alvarez, Leslie D. Cramblet A1 - Cremata, Ed A1 - Crusius, Jan A1 - DeCoster, Jamie A1 - DeGaetano, Michelle A. A1 - Della Penna, Nicolas A1 - den Bezemer, Bobby A1 - Deserno, Marie K. A1 - Devitt, Olivia A1 - Dewitte, Laura A1 - Dobolyi, David G. A1 - Dodson, Geneva T. A1 - Donnellan, M. Brent A1 - Donohue, Ryan A1 - Dore, Rebecca A. A1 - Dorrough, Angela A1 - Dreber, Anna A1 - Dugas, Michelle A1 - Dunn, Elizabeth W. A1 - Easey, Kayleigh A1 - Eboigbe, Sylvia A1 - Eggleston, Casey A1 - Embley, Jo A1 - Epskamp, Sacha A1 - Errington, Timothy M. A1 - Estel, Vivien A1 - Farach, Frank J. A1 - Feather, Jenelle A1 - Fedor, Anna A1 - Fernandez-Castilla, Belen A1 - Fiedler, Susann A1 - Field, James G. A1 - Fitneva, Stanka A. A1 - Flagan, Taru A1 - Forest, Amanda L. A1 - Forsell, Eskil A1 - Foster, Joshua D. A1 - Frank, Michael C. A1 - Frazier, Rebecca S. A1 - Fuchs, Heather A1 - Gable, Philip A1 - Galak, Jeff A1 - Galliani, Elisa Maria A1 - Gampa, Anup A1 - Garcia, Sara A1 - Gazarian, Douglas A1 - Gilbert, Elizabeth A1 - Giner-Sorolla, Roger A1 - Glöckner, Andreas A1 - Göllner, Lars A1 - Goh, Jin X. A1 - Goldberg, Rebecca A1 - Goodbourn, Patrick T. A1 - Gordon-McKeon, Shauna A1 - Gorges, Bryan A1 - Gorges, Jessie A1 - Goss, Justin A1 - Graham, Jesse A1 - Grange, James A. A1 - Gray, Jeremy A1 - Hartgerink, Chris A1 - Hartshorne, Joshua A1 - Hasselman, Fred A1 - Hayes, Timothy A1 - Heikensten, Emma A1 - Henninger, Felix A1 - Hodsoll, John A1 - Holubar, Taylor A1 - Hoogendoorn, Gea A1 - Humphries, Denise J. A1 - Hung, Cathy O. -Y. A1 - Immelman, Nathali A1 - Irsik, Vanessa C. A1 - Jahn, Georg A1 - Jaekel, Frank A1 - Jekel, Marc A1 - Johannesson, Magnus A1 - Johnson, Larissa G. A1 - Johnson, David J. A1 - Johnson, Kate M. A1 - Johnston, William J. A1 - Jonas, Kai A1 - Joy-Gaba, Jennifer A. A1 - Kappes, Heather Barry A1 - Kelso, Kim A1 - Kidwell, Mallory C. A1 - Kim, Seung Kyung A1 - Kirkhart, Matthew A1 - Kleinberg, Bennett A1 - Knezevic, Goran A1 - Kolorz, Franziska Maria A1 - Kossakowski, Jolanda J. A1 - Krause, Robert Wilhelm A1 - Krijnen, Job A1 - Kuhlmann, Tim A1 - Kunkels, Yoram K. A1 - Kyc, Megan M. A1 - Lai, Calvin K. A1 - Laique, Aamir A1 - Lakens, Daniel A1 - Lane, Kristin A. A1 - Lassetter, Bethany A1 - Lazarevic, Ljiljana B. A1 - LeBel, Etienne P. A1 - Lee, Key Jung A1 - Lee, Minha A1 - Lemm, Kristi A1 - Levitan, Carmel A. A1 - Lewis, Melissa A1 - Lin, Lin A1 - Lin, Stephanie A1 - Lippold, Matthias A1 - Loureiro, Darren A1 - Luteijn, Ilse A1 - Mackinnon, Sean A1 - Mainard, Heather N. A1 - Marigold, Denise C. A1 - Martin, Daniel P. A1 - Martinez, Tylar A1 - Masicampo, E. J. A1 - Matacotta, Josh A1 - Mathur, Maya A1 - May, Michael A1 - Mechin, Nicole A1 - Mehta, Pranjal A1 - Meixner, Johannes A1 - Melinger, Alissa A1 - Miller, Jeremy K. A1 - Miller, Mallorie A1 - Moore, Katherine A1 - Möschl, Marcus A1 - Motyl, Matt A1 - Müller, Stephanie M. A1 - Munafo, Marcus A1 - Neijenhuijs, Koen I. A1 - Nervi, Taylor A1 - Nicolas, Gandalf A1 - Nilsonne, Gustav A1 - Nosek, Brian A. A1 - Nuijten, Michele B. A1 - Olsson, Catherine A1 - Osborne, Colleen A1 - Ostkamp, Lutz A1 - Pavel, Misha A1 - Penton-Voak, Ian S. A1 - Perna, Olivia A1 - Pernet, Cyril A1 - Perugini, Marco A1 - Pipitone, R. Nathan A1 - Pitts, Michael A1 - Plessow, Franziska A1 - Prenoveau, Jason M. A1 - Rahal, Rima-Maria A1 - Ratliff, Kate A. A1 - Reinhard, David A1 - Renkewitz, Frank A1 - Ricker, Ashley A. A1 - Rigney, Anastasia A1 - Rivers, Andrew M. A1 - Roebke, Mark A1 - Rutchick, Abraham M. A1 - Ryan, Robert S. A1 - Sahin, Onur A1 - Saide, Anondah A1 - Sandstrom, Gillian M. A1 - Santos, David A1 - Saxe, Rebecca A1 - Schlegelmilch, Rene A1 - Schmidt, Kathleen A1 - Scholz, Sabine A1 - Seibel, Larissa A1 - Selterman, Dylan Faulkner A1 - Shaki, Samuel A1 - Simpson, William B. A1 - Sinclair, H. Colleen A1 - Skorinko, Jeanine L. M. A1 - Slowik, Agnieszka A1 - Snyder, Joel S. A1 - Soderberg, Courtney A1 - Sonnleitner, Carina A1 - Spencer, Nick A1 - Spies, Jeffrey R. A1 - Steegen, Sara A1 - Stieger, Stefan A1 - Strohminger, Nina A1 - Sullivan, Gavin B. A1 - Talhelm, Thomas A1 - Tapia, Megan A1 - te Dorsthorst, Anniek A1 - Thomae, Manuela A1 - Thomas, Sarah L. A1 - Tio, Pia A1 - Traets, Frits A1 - Tsang, Steve A1 - Tuerlinckx, Francis A1 - Turchan, Paul A1 - Valasek, Milan A1 - Van Aert, Robbie A1 - van Assen, Marcel A1 - van Bork, Riet A1 - van de Ven, Mathijs A1 - van den Bergh, Don A1 - van der Hulst, Marije A1 - van Dooren, Roel A1 - van Doorn, Johnny A1 - van Renswoude, Daan R. A1 - van Rijn, Hedderik A1 - Vanpaemel, Wolf A1 - Echeverria, Alejandro Vasquez A1 - Vazquez, Melissa A1 - Velez, Natalia A1 - Vermue, Marieke A1 - Verschoor, Mark A1 - Vianello, Michelangelo A1 - Voracek, Martin A1 - Vuu, Gina A1 - Wagenmakers, Eric-Jan A1 - Weerdmeester, Joanneke A1 - Welsh, Ashlee A1 - Westgate, Erin C. A1 - Wissink, Joeri A1 - Wood, Michael A1 - Woods, Andy A1 - Wright, Emily A1 - Wu, Sining A1 - Zeelenberg, Marcel A1 - Zuni, Kellylynn T1 - Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science JF - Science N2 - Reproducibility is a defining feature of science, but the extent to which it characterizes current research is unknown. We conducted replications of 100 experimental and correlational studies published in three psychology journals using high-powered designs and original materials when available. Replication effects were half the magnitude of original effects, representing a substantial decline. Ninety-seven percent of original studies had statistically significant results. Thirty-six percent of replications had statistically significant results; 47% of original effect sizes were in the 95% confidence interval of the replication effect size; 39% of effects were subjectively rated to have replicated the original result; and if no bias in original results is assumed, combining original and replication results left 68% with statistically significant effects. Correlational tests suggest that replication success was better predicted by the strength of original evidence than by characteristics of the original and replication teams. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4716 SN - 1095-9203 SN - 0036-8075 VL - 349 IS - 6251 PB - American Assoc. for the Advancement of Science CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meyer, Nele Kristin A1 - Schwanghart, Wolfgang A1 - Korup, Oliver A1 - Nadim, F. T1 - Roads at risk BT - traffic detours from debris flows in southern Norway JF - Natural hazards and earth system sciences N2 - Globalisation and interregional exchange of people, goods, and services has boosted the importance of and reliance on all kinds of transport networks. The linear structure of road networks is especially sensitive to natural hazards. In southern Norway, steep topography and extreme weather events promote frequent traffic disruption caused by debris flows. Topographic susceptibility and trigger frequency maps serve as input into a hazard appraisal at the scale of first-order catchments to quantify the impact of debris flows on the road network in terms of a failure likelihood of each link connecting two network vertices, e.g. road junctions. We compute total additional traffic loads as a function of traffic volume and excess distance, i.e. the extra length of an alternative path connecting two previously disrupted network vertices using a shortest-path algorithm. Our risk metric of link failure is the total additional annual traffic load, expressed as vehicle kilometres, because of debris-flow-related road closures. We present two scenarios demonstrating the impact of debris flows on the road network and quantify the associated path-failure likelihood between major cities in southern Norway. The scenarios indicate that major routes crossing the central and north-western part of the study area are associated with high link-failure risk. Yet options for detours on major routes are manifold and incur only little additional costs provided that drivers are sufficiently well informed about road closures. Our risk estimates may be of importance to road network managers and transport companies relying on speedy delivery of services and goods. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-985-2015 SN - 1561-8633 VL - 15 IS - 5 SP - 985 EP - 995 PB - Copernicus CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Riese, Josef A1 - Kulgemeyer, Christoph A1 - Zander, Simon A1 - Borowski, Andreas A1 - Fischer, Hans E. A1 - Gramzow, Yvonne A1 - Reinhold, Peter A1 - Schecker, Horst A1 - Tomczyszyn, Elisabeth T1 - Modeling and Measurement of Professional Knowledge in Physics Teacher Training JF - Zeitschrift für Pädagogik N2 - For improving teacher education, there has been an increasing interest in describing teachers' professional competencies and their development in the course of implementing educational programs. The focus of the present project is on modeling and measuring domain-specific and generic competencies that future physics teachers acquire during their university studies. The model comprises characteristics and relationships between physics content knowledge, pedagogical content knowledge, and skills for explaining physics phenomena. Based on the model, assessment instruments were developed and applied as paper-and-pencil-tests and videotaped expert-novice dialogues for measuring the competencies in a large sample of physics student teachers. Trials and validation suggest that our instruments are valid in terms of content and construct validities. KW - Professional Knowledge KW - Student Teachers KW - Physics KW - Competencies KW - Validity Y1 - 2015 SN - 0044-3247 SP - 55 EP - 79 PB - Beltz CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stolle, Amelie A1 - Langer, Maria A1 - Blöthe, Jan Henrik A1 - Korup, Oliver T1 - On predicting debris flows in arid mountain belts JF - Global and planetary change N2 - The use of topographic metrics for estimating the susceptibility to, and reconstructing the characteristics of, debris flows has a long research tradition, although largely devoted to humid mountainous terrain. The exceptional 2010 monsoonal rainstorms in the high-altitude mountain desert of Ladakh and Zanskar, NW India, were a painful reminder of how susceptible arid regions are to rainfall-triggered flash floods, landslides, and debris flows. The rainstorms of August 4-6 triggered numerous debris flows, killing 182 people, devastating 607 houses, and more than 10 bridges around Ladakh's capital of Leh. The lessons from this disaster motivated us to revisit methods of predicting (a) flow parameters such as peak discharge and maximum velocity from field and remote sensing data, and (b) the susceptibility to debris flows from catchment morphometry. We focus on quantifying uncertainties tied to these approaches. Comparison of high-resolution satellite images pre- and post-dating the 2010 rainstorm reveals the extent of damage and catastrophic channel widening. Computations based on these geomorphic markers indicate maximum flow velocities of 1.6-6.7 m s(-1) with runout of up to similar to 10 km on several alluvial fans that sustain most of the region's settlements. We estimate median peak discharges of 310-610 m(3) s(-1), which are largely consistent with previous estimates. Monte Carlo-based error propagation for a single given flow-reconstruction method returns a variance in discharge similar to one derived from juxtaposing several different flow reconstruction methods. We further compare discriminant analysis, classification tree modelling, and Bayesian logistic regression to predict debris-flow susceptibility from morphometric variables of 171 catchments in the Ladakh Range. These methods distinguish between fluvial and debris flow-prone catchments at similar success rates, but Bayesian logistic regression allows quantifying uncertainties and relationships between potential predictors. We conclude that, in order to be robust and reliable, morphometric reconstruction of debris-flow properties and susceptibility requires careful assessment and reporting of errors and uncertainties. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - debris flow KW - peak discharge KW - channel geometry KW - geomorphometry KW - Bayesian logistic regression KW - Transhimalaya Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.12.005 SN - 0921-8181 SN - 1872-6364 VL - 126 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Baier, Heiko A1 - Kelling, Alexandra A1 - Holdt, Hans-Jürgen T1 - PEPPSI-Effect on Suzuki-Miyaura Reactions Using 4,5-Dicyano-1,3-dimesitylimidazol-2-ylidene-Palladium Complexes: A Comparison between trans-Ligands JF - European journal of inorganic chemistry : a journal of ChemPubSoc Europe N2 - The PEPPSI (Pyridine Enhanced Precatalyst Preparation, Stabilization and Initiation) complexes 12-15 with the structure [PdCl2{(CN)(2)IMes}(3-R-py)] (12: R = H; 13: R = Cl; 14: R = Br; 15: R = CN) bearing the maleonitrile-based N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) (CN)(2)IMes ({(CN)(2)IMes}: 4,5-dicyano-1,3-dimesitylimidazol-2-ylidene) were prepared. Solid state structures of 14 and 15 were obtained. Complexes 14 and 15 adopt a slightly distorted square-planar coordination geometry in the solid state with the substituted pyridine ligand trans to the NHC. Catalytic activities of precatalysts 12-15 were studied and subsequently compared to complexes [PdCl2{(CN)(2)IMes}(PPh3)] (4) and [PdCl(dmba){(CN)(2)IMes}] (5) recently reported by our group in the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction of various aryl halides and phenylboronic acid. Reactions using previously reported [PdCl2(IMes)(py)] (IMes: 1,3-dimesitylimidazol-2-ylidene) (1) were also carried out and their results contrasted to those involving 12-15, 4 and 5. Differences in initiation rates and the catalytically active species related to the seven complexes in regards to the throw away ligand were investigated. Poisoning experiments with mercury show that palladium nanoparticles are responsible for the catalytic activity. KW - Carbene ligands KW - Palladium KW - Cross-coupling KW - Arenes Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/ejic.201500010 SN - 1434-1948 SN - 1099-0682 IS - 11 SP - 1950 EP - 1957 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Attenberger, Bianca A1 - Moussa, Mehdi El Sayed A1 - Brietzke, Thomas Martin A1 - Vreshch, Volodimir A1 - Holdt, Hans-Jürgen A1 - Lescop, Christophe A1 - Scheer, Manfred T1 - Discrete Polymetallic Arrangements of Ag-I and Cu-I Ions Based on Multiple Bridging Phosphane Ligands and pi-pi Interactions JF - European journal of inorganic chemistry : a journal of ChemPubSoc Europe N2 - A simple and straightforward approach to new polymetallic Ag-I and Cu-I supramolecules is presented. The reaction of N,P,N,P,N ligand 2 with Ag-I ions affords a trimetallic complex bearing a triangular Ag-3 core; metallophilic interactions are stabilized by ligands that display a multiple bridging coordination mode as 10-electron donors. Heteroleptic polymetallic Ag-I and Cu-I complexes based on ligand 2 and the 1,12-diazaperylene (dape) ligand are obtained by an alternative molecular organization of the polymetallic arrays compared to that in homoleptic complexes of ligand 2. KW - Heterocycles KW - N KW - P ligands KW - Pi interactions KW - Polyaromatic fragments KW - Supramolecular chemistry Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/ejic.201500445 SN - 1434-1948 SN - 1099-0682 IS - 18 SP - 2934 EP - 2938 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Trautmann, Michael A1 - Holdt, Hans-Jürgen T1 - Separation of platinum and ruthenium by a sulphoxide modified polystyrene resin in laboratory column systems JF - Separation and purification technology N2 - The present study deals with the adsorption performance of fixed bed columns using powdered sulphoxide modified poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) (d(10) < 13 mu m, d(50) < 30 mu m, d(90) < 50 mu m) for the separation of platinum and ruthenium from hydrochloric acidic solutions containing both metals (c(Pt) = 20 mg/L, c(Ru) = 10 mg/L). The influence of hydrochloric acid concentration, temperature, flow rate, flow direction, redox potential and bed height on the breakthrough characteristics was examined. Platinum was separately adsorbed mainly induced by hydrochloric acid concentration and redox potential keeping platinum as Pt-IV and ruthenium as Ru-III. Ruthenium was separately adsorbed to 90% essentially induced by hydrochloric acid concentration, temperature and redox potential keeping platinum as Pt-IV and ruthenium predominantly as Ru-IV. Experimental data at optimised separation conditions were fitted to different kinetic models (Thomas, Yoon-Nelson, Bohart-Adams, Wolborska) to characterise the fixed bed column behaviour. Adsorption of both metals was well described by Thomas and Yoon-Nelson model with correlation coefficients R-2 >= 0.95 whereas Bohart-Adams and Wolborska model were less suitable. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - Solid-phase extraction KW - Platinum group metals KW - Sulphoxide KW - Breakthrough curve KW - Kinetic model Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2015.05.013 SN - 1383-5866 SN - 1873-3794 VL - 149 SP - 279 EP - 287 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Senge, Mathias O. A1 - Dahms, Katja A1 - Holdt, Hans-Jürgen A1 - Kelling, Alexandra T1 - Porphyrin substituent regiochemistry, conformation and packing - the case of 5,10-diphenylporphyrin JF - Zeitschrift für Naturforschung : B, Chemical sciences N2 - 5,10-Disubstituted porphyrins are more recent additions to the family of meso-substituted porphyrins. A crystallographic comparison of 5,10-diphenylporphyrin with the regioisomeric 5,15-disubstituted system reveals striking differences in their conformation. In the free base porphyrins the former uses mainly out-of-plane distortion to alleviate steric strain while in-plane core elongation predominates in the latter. In contrast, the structure of the Cu(II) complex is planar and forms strong p-p aggregates with very small lateral shifts. Macroscopically, the packing is similar to that of porphyrin sponges of the 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin type. KW - conformational analysis KW - crystal structure KW - porphyrins KW - tetrapyrroles Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/znb-2014-0217 SN - 0932-0776 SN - 1865-7117 VL - 70 IS - 2 SP - 119 EP - 123 PB - De Gruyter CY - Tübingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarze, Thomas A1 - Riemer, Janine A1 - Eidner, Sascha A1 - Holdt, Hans-Jürgen T1 - A Highly K+-Selective Two-Photon Fluorescent Probe JF - Chemistry - a European journal N2 - A highly K+-selective two-photon fluorescent probe for the in vitro monitoring of physiological K+ levels in the range of 1-100 mM is reported. The two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) probe shows a fluorescence enhancement (FE) by a factor of about three in the presence of 160 mM K+, independently of one-photon (OP, 430 nm) or two-photon (TP, 860 nm) excitation and comparable K+-induced FEs in the presence of competitive Na+ ions. The estimated dissociation constant (K-d) values in Na+-free solutions (K-d(OP)=(28 +/- 5) mM and K-d(TP)=(36 +/- 6) mM) and in combined K+/Na+ solutions (K-d(OP)=(38 +/- 8) mM and K-d(TP)=(46 +/- 25) mM) reflecting the high K+/Na+ selectivity of the fluorescent probe. The TP absorption cross-section (sigma(2PA)) of the TPEF probe+160 mMK(+) is 26 GM at 860 nm. Therefore, the TPEF probe is a suitable tool for the in vitro determination of K+. KW - click chemistry KW - fluorescence KW - fluorescent probes KW - potassium KW - two-photon Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201501473 SN - 0947-6539 SN - 1521-3765 VL - 21 IS - 32 SP - 11306 EP - 11310 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Feudel, Fred A1 - Tuckerman, L. S. A1 - Gellert, Marcus A1 - Seehafer, Norbert T1 - Bifurcations of rotating waves in rotating spherical shell convection JF - Physical Review E N2 - The dynamics and bifurcations of convective waves in rotating and buoyancy-driven spherical Rayleigh-Benard convection are investigated numerically. The solution branches that arise as rotating waves (RWs) are traced by means of path-following methods, by varying the Rayleigh number as a control parameter for different rotation rates. The dependence of the azimuthal drift frequency of the RWs on the Ekman and Rayleigh numbers is determined and discussed. The influence of the rotation rate on the generation and stability of secondary branches is demonstrated. Multistability is typical in the parameter range considered. KW - nonsymmetric linear-systems KW - thermal-convection KW - fluid shells KW - hopf-bifurcation KW - onset KW - magnetoconvection KW - number KW - flow Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.92.053015 SN - 1539-3755 SN - 1550-2376 VL - 92 IS - 5 PB - American Physical Society CY - Woodbury ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Feudel, Fred A1 - Tuckerman, L. S. A1 - Gellert, M. A1 - Seehafer, Norbert T1 - Bifurcations of rotating waves in rotating spherical shell convection JF - Physical review : E, Statistical, nonlinear and soft matter physics N2 - The dynamics and bifurcations of convective waves in rotating and buoyancy-driven spherical Rayleigh-Benard convection are investigated numerically. The solution branches that arise as rotating waves (RWs) are traced by means of path-following methods, by varying the Rayleigh number as a control parameter for different rotation rates. The dependence of the azimuthal drift frequency of the RWs on the Ekman and Rayleigh numbers is determined and discussed. The influence of the rotation rate on the generation and stability of secondary branches is demonstrated. Multistability is typical in the parameter range considered. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.92.053015 SN - 1539-3755 SN - 1550-2376 VL - 92 IS - 5 PB - American Physical Society CY - College Park ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Häussler, Jana A1 - Grant, Margaret A1 - Fanselow, Gisbert A1 - Frazier, Lyn T1 - Superiority in English and German: Cross-Language Grammatical Differences? JF - Syntax : a journal of theoretical, experimental and interdisciplinary research N2 - Do the grammars of English and German contain a ban on moving the lower of two wh-phrases (Superiority), or is the lower acceptability due simply to the complexity of processing the longer dependency that results when the lower wh-phrase is moved? The results of four acceptability-judgment studies suggest that a pure processing account is inadequate. Crossing wh-dependencies lower the acceptability of both German and English questions but with a significantly larger penalty in English than in German (experiment 1). The larger penalty in English cannot be attributed to greater sensitivity to violations in English, because relative clause island violations result in similar effects in the two languages (experiment 2). A pure processing account might claim long dependencies are easier to process in German than in English because of richer case, but a control experiment did not support this possibility (experiment 4). We suggest that moving the lower of two wh-phrases is banned in the grammar of English but not in the grammar of German. This predicts that there should be a penalty for crossing dependencies in English even in helpful (Bolinger) contexts, as confirmed in experiment 3, and even in short easy-to-process sentences, as confirmed by simple six-word sentences in Clifton, Fanselow & Frazier 2006. Finally, if German grammar does not contain a ban on crossing, it is not surprising that the penalty in German is smaller than in English or that like animacy of the two wh-phrases plays a larger role in German than in English because feature similarity generally gives rise to difficulty in processing, whereas in English a grammatical ban on crossing will reduce acceptability regardless of whether there is processing difficulty. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/synt.12030 SN - 1368-0005 SN - 1467-9612 VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - 235 EP - 265 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Motuza, Gediminas A1 - Sliaupa, Saulius A1 - Timmerman, Martin Jan T1 - Geochemistry and Ar-40/Ar-39 age of Early Carboniferous dolerite sills in the southern Baltic Sea JF - Estonian journal of earth sciences N2 - The Early Carboniferous magmatic event in the southern Baltic Sea is manifested by dolerite intrusions. The presumable area in which the dolerite intrusions occur ranges from 30 to 60 km in east-west direction, and is about 100 km in north-south direction. The dolerites were sampled in well D1-1 and investigated by applying chemical analysis and Ar-40/Ar-39 step-heating dating. Dolerites are classified as alkali and sodic, characterized by high TiO2 (3.92, 3.99 wt%) and P2O5 (1.67, 1.77 wt%) and low MgO (4.89, 4.91 wt%) concentrations, enriched in light rare earth elements, originated from an enriched mantle magma source and emplaced in a continental rift tectonic setting. The 351 +/- 11 Ma Ar-40/Ar-39 plateau age for groundmass plagioclase indicates a considerable age gap with the 310-250 Ma magmatism in southern Scandinavia and northern Germany. The magmatic rocks in the Baltic Sedimentary Basin are coeval with alkaline intrusions of NE Poland. Both magmatic provinces lie in the northwestward prolongation of the Pripyat-Dnieper-Donetsk Rift (370-359 Ma) and may constitute a later phase of magmatic activity of this propagating rift system. KW - dolerite KW - rifting KW - Carboniferous KW - argon dating KW - Baltic Sea Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3176/earth.2015.30 SN - 1736-4728 SN - 1736-7557 VL - 64 IS - 3 SP - 233 EP - 248 PB - Estonian Academy Publ. CY - Tallinn ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreibich, Heidi A1 - Bubeck, Philip A1 - Van Vliet, Mathijs A1 - De Moel, Hans T1 - A review of damage-reducing measures to manage fluvial flood risks in a changing climate JF - Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change : an international journal devoted to scientific, engineering, socio-economic and policy responses to environmental change N2 - Damage due to floods has increased during the last few decades, and further increases are expected in several regions due to climate change and growing vulnerability. To address the projected increase in flood risk, a combination of structural and non-structural flood risk mitigation measures is considered as a promising adaptation strategy. Such a combination takes into account that flood defence systems may fail, and prepares for unexpected crisis situations via land-use planning and private damage reduction, e.g. via building precautionary measures, and disaster response. However, knowledge about damage-reducing measures is scarce and often fragmented since based on case studies. For instance, it is believed that private precautionary measures, like shielding with water shutters or building fortification, are especially effective in areas with frequent flood events and low flood water levels. However, some of these measures showed a significant damage-reducing effect also during the extreme flood event in 2002 in Germany. This review analyses potentials of land-use planning and private flood precautionary measures as components of adaptation strategies for global change. Focus is on their implementation, their damage-reducing effects and their potential contribution to address projected changes in flood risk, particularly in developed countries. KW - Climate adaptation KW - Land-use planning KW - Damage reduction KW - Precaution KW - Risk zoning KW - Flood Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-014-9629-5 SN - 1381-2386 SN - 1573-1596 VL - 20 IS - 6 SP - 967 EP - 989 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Falceta-Goncalves, D. T1 - Magnetic fields, non-thermal radiation and particle acceleration in colliding winds of WR-O stars JF - Wolf-Rayet Stars : Proceedings of an International Workshop held in Potsdam, Germany, 1.–5. June 2015 N2 - Non-thermal emission has been detected in WR-stars for many years at long wavelengths spectral range, in general attributed to synchrotron emission. Two key ingredients are needed to explain such emissions, namely magnetic fields and relativistic particles. Particles can be accelerated to relativistic speeds by Fermi processes at strong shocks. Therefore, strong synchrotron emission is usually attributed to WR binarity. The magnetic field may also be amplified at shocks, however the actual picture of the magnetic field geometry, intensity, and its role on the acceleration of particles at WR binary systems is still unclear. In this work we discuss the recent developments in MHD modelling of wind-wind collision regions by means of numerical simulations, and the coupled particle acceleration processes related. Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-88211 SP - 289 EP - 292 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ostrom, H. A1 - Oberg, H. A1 - Xin, H. A1 - Larue, J. A1 - Beye, Martin A1 - Gladh, J. A1 - Ng, M. L. A1 - Sellberg, J. A. A1 - Kaya, S. A1 - Mercurio, G. A1 - Nordlund, D. A1 - Hantschmann, Markus A1 - Hieke, F. A1 - Kuehn, D. A1 - Schlotter, W. F. A1 - Dakovski, G. L. A1 - Turner, J. J. A1 - Minitti, M. P. A1 - Mitra, A. A1 - Moeller, S. P. A1 - Föhlisch, Alexander A1 - Wolf, M. A1 - Wurth, W. A1 - Persson, Mats A1 - Norskov, J. K. A1 - Abild-Pedersen, Frank A1 - Ogasawara, Hirohito A1 - Pettersson, Lars G. M. A1 - Nilsson, A. T1 - Probing the transition state region in catalytic CO oxidation on Ru JF - Science N2 - Femtosecond x-ray laser pulses are used to probe the carbon monoxide (CO) oxidation reaction on ruthenium (Ru) initiated by an optical laser pulse. On a time scale of a few hundred femtoseconds, the optical laser pulse excites motions of CO and oxygen (O) on the surface, allowing the reactants to collide, and, with a transient close to a picosecond (ps), new electronic states appear in the OK-edge x-ray absorption spectrum. Density functional theory calculations indicate that these result from changes in the adsorption site and bond formation between CO and O with a distribution of OC-O bond lengths close to the transition state (TS). After 1 ps, 10% of the CO populate the TS region, which is consistent with predictions based on a quantum oscillator model. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1261747 SN - 0036-8075 SN - 1095-9203 VL - 347 IS - 6225 SP - 978 EP - 982 PB - American Assoc. for the Advancement of Science CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Warschburger, Petra A1 - Calvano, Claudia A1 - Richter, Eike M. A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - Analysis of Attentional Bias towards Attractive and Unattractive Body Regions among Overweight Males and Females BT - an Eye-Movement Study JF - PLoS one N2 - Background Body image distortion is highly prevalent among overweight individuals. Whilst there is evidence that body-dissatisfied women and those suffering from disordered eating show a negative attentional bias towards their own unattractive body parts and others’ attractive body parts, little is known about visual attention patterns in the area of obesity and with respect to males. Since eating disorders and obesity share common features in terms of distorted body image and body dissatisfaction, the aim of this study was to examine whether overweight men and women show a similar attentional bias. Methods/Design We analyzed eye movements in 30 overweight individuals (18 females) and 28 normalweight individuals (16 females) with respect to the participants’ own pictures as well as gender- and BMI-matched control pictures (front and back view). Additionally, we assessed body image and disordered eating using validated questionnaires. Discussion The overweight sample rated their own body as less attractive and showed a more disturbed body image. Contrary to our assumptions, they focused significantly longer on attractive compared to unattractive regions of both their own and the control body. For one’s own body, this was more pronounced for women. A higher weight status and more frequent body checking predicted attentional bias towards attractive body parts. We found that overweight adults exhibit an unexpected and stable pattern of selective attention, with a distinctive focus on their own attractive body regions despite higher levels of body dissatisfaction. This positive attentional bias may either be an indicator of a more pronounced pattern of attentional avoidance or a self-enhancing strategy. Further research is warranted to clarify these results. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140813 SN - 1932-6203 IS - 10 PB - Public Library of Science CY - Lawrence, Kan. ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Günther, Oliver T1 - Wir sind eine IdeenUni JF - Entrepreneurship education : das Potsdamer Modell der Gründungslehre und -beratung Y1 - 2015 SN - 978-3-7357-6095-1 SP - V EP - VI PB - BoD CY - Norderstedt ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Groppe, Karoline A1 - Elsner, Birgit T1 - The influence of hot and cool executive function on the development of eating styles related to overweight in children JF - Appetite : multidisciplinary research on eating and drinking N2 - Studies linking executive function (EF) and overweight suggest that a broad range of executive functions might influence weight via obesity-related behaviors, such as particular eating styles. Currently, however, longitudinal studies investigating this assumption in children are rare. We hypothesized that lower hot and cool EF predicts a stronger increase in eating styles related to greater weight gain (food approach) and a weaker increase in eating styles related to less weight gain (food avoidance) over a 1-year period. Hot (delay of gratification, affective decision-making) and cool (attention shifting, inhibition, working memory updating) EF was assessed experimentally in a sample of 1657 elementary-school children (German school classes 1-3) at two time points, approximately one year apart. The children's food-approach and food-avoidance behavior was rated mainly via parent questionnaires at both time points. As expected, lower levels of hot and cool EF predicted a stronger increase in several food-approach eating styles across a 1-year period, mainly in girls. Unexpectedly, poorer performance on the affective decision-making task also predicted an increase in certain food-avoidance styles, namely, slowness in eating and satiety responsiveness, in girls. Results implicate that lower EF is not only seen in eating-disordered or obese individuals but also acts as a risk factor for an increase in particular eating styles that play a role in the development of weight problems in children. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - Hot/cool executive function KW - Development of eating behavior KW - Food approach KW - Food avoidance KW - Overweight KW - Middle childhood Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.12.203 SN - 0195-6663 SN - 1095-8304 VL - 87 SP - 127 EP - 136 PB - Elsevier CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Warschburger, Petra A1 - Calvano, Claudia A1 - Richter, Eike M. A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - Analysis of Attentional Bias towards Attractive and Unattractive Body Regions among Overweight Males and Females: An Eye-Movement Study JF - PLoS one N2 - Background Body image distortion is highly prevalent among overweight individuals. Whilst there is evidence that body-dissatisfied women and those suffering from disordered eating show a negative attentional bias towards their own unattractive body parts and others' attractive body parts, little is known about visual attention patterns in the area of obesity and with respect to males. Since eating disorders and obesity share common features in terms of distorted body image and body dissatisfaction, the aim of this study was to examine whether overweight men and women show a similar attentional bias. Methods/Design We analyzed eye movements in 30 overweight individuals (18 females) and 28 normal-weight individuals (16 females) with respect to the participants' own pictures as well as gender- and BMI-matched control pictures (front and back view). Additionally, we assessed body image and disordered eating using validated questionnaires. Discussion The overweight sample rated their own body as less attractive and showed a more disturbed body image. Contrary to our assumptions, they focused significantly longer on attractive compared to unattractive regions of both their own and the control body. For one's own body, this was more pronounced for women. A higher weight status and more frequent body checking predicted attentional bias towards attractive body parts. We found that overweight adults exhibit an unexpected and stable pattern of selective attention, with a distinctive focus on their own attractive body regions despite higher levels of body dissatisfaction. This positive attentional bias may either be an indicator of a more pronounced pattern of attentional avoidance or a self-enhancing strategy. Further research is warranted to clarify these results. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140813 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 10 IS - 10 PB - PLoS CY - San Fransisco ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Trukenbrod, Hans Arne A1 - Barthelme, Simon A1 - Wichmann, Felix A. T1 - Spatial statistics and attentional dynamics in scene viewing JF - Journal of vision N2 - In humans and in foveated animals visual acuity is highly concentrated at the center of gaze, so that choosing where to look next is an important example of online, rapid decision-making. Computational neuroscientists have developed biologically-inspired models of visual attention, termed saliency maps, which successfully predict where people fixate on average. Using point process theory for spatial statistics, we show that scanpaths contain, however, important statistical structure, such as spatial clustering on top of distributions of gaze positions. Here, we develop a dynamical model of saccadic selection that accurately predicts the distribution of gaze positions as well as spatial clustering along individual scanpaths. Our model relies on activation dynamics via spatially-limited (foveated) access to saliency information, and, second, a leaky memory process controlling the re-inspection of target regions. This theoretical framework models a form of context-dependent decision-making, linking neural dynamics of attention to behavioral gaze data. KW - scene perception KW - eye movements KW - attention KW - saccades KW - modeling KW - spatial statistics Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1167/15.1.14 SN - 1534-7362 VL - 15 IS - 1 PB - Association for Research in Vision and Opthalmology CY - Rockville ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dwarkadas, Vikram V. A1 - Rosenberg, D. T1 - X-ray Emission from Ionized Wind-Bubbles around Wolf-Rayet Stars JF - Wolf-Rayet Stars : Proceedings of an International Workshop held in Potsdam, Germany, 1.–5. June 2015 N2 - Using a code that employs a self-consistent method for computing the effects of photoionization on circumstellar gas dynamics, we model the formation of wind-driven nebulae around massive Wolf-Rayet (W-R) stars. Our algorithm incorporates a simplified model of the photo-ionization source, computes the fractional ionization of hydrogen due to the photoionizing flux and recombination, and determines self-consistently the energy balance due to ionization, photo-heating and radiative cooling. We take into account changes in stellar properties and mass-loss over the star's evolution. Our multi-dimensional simulations clearly reveal the presence of strong ionization front instabilities. Using various X-ray emission models, and abundances consistent with those derived for W-R nebulae, we compute the X-ray flux and spectra from our wind bubble models. We show the evolution of the X-ray spectral features with time over the evolution of the star, taking the absorption of the X-rays by the ionized bubble into account. Our simulated X-ray spectra compare reasonably well with observed spectra of Wolf-Rayet bubbles. They suggest that X-ray nebulae around massive stars may not be easily detectable, consistent with observations.∗ Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-88301 SP - 329 EP - 332 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liang, Feng A1 - Liu, Yunzhen A1 - Liu, Hai A1 - Ma, Shilong A1 - Schnor, Bettina T1 - A Parallel Job Execution Time Estimation Approach Based on User Submission Patterns within Computational Grids JF - International journal of parallel programming N2 - Scheduling performance in computational grid can potentially benefit a lot from accurate execution time estimation for parallel jobs. Most existing approaches for the parallel job execution time estimation, however, require ample past job traces and the explicit correlations between the job execution time and the outer layout parameters such as the consumed processor numbers, the user-estimated execution time and the job ID, which are hard to obtain or reveal. This paper presents and evaluates a novel execution time estimation approach for parallel jobs, the user-behavior clustering for execution time estimation, which can give more accurate execution time estimation for parallel jobs through exploring the job similarity and revealing the user submission patterns. Experiment results show that compared to the state-of-art algorithms, our approach can improve the accuracy of the job execution time estimation up to 5.6 %, meanwhile the time that our approach spends on calculation can be reduced up to 3.8 %. KW - User submission pattern KW - Parallel job execution time estimation KW - Computational grid Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10766-013-0294-1 SN - 0885-7458 SN - 1573-7640 VL - 43 IS - 3 SP - 440 EP - 454 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jung, Jörg A1 - Kiertscher, Simon A1 - Menski, Sebastian A1 - Schnor, Bettina T1 - Self-Adapting Load Balancing for DNS JF - Journal of networks N2 - The Domain Name System belongs to the core services of the Internet infrastructure. Hence, DNS availability and performance is essential for the operation of the Internet and replication as well as load balancing are used for the root and top level name servers. This paper proposes an architecture for credit based server load balancing (SLB) for DNS. Compared to traditional load balancing algorithms like round robin or least connection, the benefit of credit based SLB is that the load balancer can adapt more easily to heterogeneous load requests and back end server capacities. The challenge of this approach is the definition of a suited credit metric. While this was done before for TCP based services like HTTP, the problem was not solved for UDP based services like DNS. In the following an approach is presented to define credits also for UDP based services. This UDP/DNS approach is implemented within the credit based SLB implementation salbnet. The presented measurements confirm the benefit of the self-adapting credit based SLB approach. In our experiments, the mean (first) response time dropped significantly compared to weighted round robin (WRR) (from over 4 ms to about 0.6 ms for dynamic pressure relieve (DPR)). KW - Load Balancing KW - Cluster Computing KW - Performance Evaluation Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/SPECTS.2014.6879994 VL - 10 IS - 4 SP - 222 EP - 231 PB - Kluwer Academic Publishers CY - Oulu ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pavlyukevich, Ilya A1 - Li, Yongge A1 - Xu, Yong A1 - Chechkin, Aleksei V. T1 - Directed transport induced by spatially modulated Levy flights JF - Journal of physics : A, Mathematical and theoretical N2 - In this paper we study the dynamics of a particle in a ratchet potential subject to multiplicative alpha-stable Levy noise, alpha is an element of(0, 2), in the limit of a noise amplitude epsilon -> 0. We compare the dynamics for Ito and Marcus multiplicative noises and obtain the explicit asymptotics of the escape time in the wells and transition probabilities between the wells. A detailed analysis of the noise-induced current is performed for the Seebeck ratchet with a weak multiplicative noise for alpha is an element of(0, 2]. KW - Levy flights KW - multiplicative noise KW - Seebeck ratchet KW - directed transport Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1751-8113/48/49/495004 SN - 1751-8113 SN - 1751-8121 VL - 48 IS - 49 PB - IOP Publ. Ltd. CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Intravaia, Francesco A1 - Mkrtchian, Vanik E. A1 - Buhmann, Stefan Yoshi A1 - Scheel, Stefan A1 - Dalvit, Diego A. R. A1 - Henkel, Carsten T1 - Friction forces on atoms after acceleration JF - Journal of physics : Condensed matter N2 - The aim of this paper is to revisit the calculation of atom-surface quantum friction in the quantum field theory formulation put forward by Barton (2010 New J. Phys. 12 113045). We show that the power dissipated into field excitations and the associated friction force depend on how the atom is boosted from being initially at rest to a configuration in which it is moving at constant velocity (nu) parallel to the planar interface. In addition, we point out that there is a subtle cancellation between the one-photon and part of the two-photon dissipating power, resulting in a leading order contribution to the frictional power which goes as nu(4). These results are also confirmed by an alternative calculation of the average radiation force, which scales as nu(3). KW - quantum friction KW - non-equilibrium KW - atom-surface interaction Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/27/21/214020 SN - 0953-8984 SN - 1361-648X VL - 27 IS - 21 PB - IOP Publ. Ltd. CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pieplow, Gregor A1 - Henkel, Carsten T1 - Cherenkov friction on a neutral particle moving parallel to a dielectric JF - Journal of physics : Condensed matter N2 - We describe a simple mechanism of quantum friction for a particle moving parallel to a dielectric, based on a fully relativistic framework and the assumption of local equilibrium. The Cherenkov effect explains how the bare ground state becomes globally unstable and how fluctuations of the electromagnetic field and the particle's dipole are converted into pairs of excitations. Modeling the particle as a silver nano-sphere, we investigate the spectrum of the force and its velocity dependence. We find that the damping of the plasmon resonance in the silver particle has a relatively strong impact near the Cherenkov threshold velocity. We also present an expansion of the friction force near the threshold velocity for both damped and undamped particles. KW - quantum friction KW - quantum electrodynamics KW - Cherenkov radiation KW - transition radiation KW - fluctuation forces Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/27/21/214001 SN - 0953-8984 SN - 1361-648X VL - 27 IS - 21 PB - IOP Publ. Ltd. CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Diallo, Abdoulaye A1 - Henkel, Carsten T1 - Excitations at the border of a condensate JF - Journal of physics : B, Atomic, molecular and optical physics N2 - We solve the Bogoliubov equations for an inhomogeneous condensate in the vicinity of a linear turning point. A stable integration scheme is developed using a transformation into an adiabatic basis. We identify boundary modes trapped in a potential whose shape is similar to a Hartree-Fock mean-field treatment. These modes are non-resonantly excited when bulk modes reflect at the turning point and contribute significantly to the spectrum of local density fluctuations. KW - Bose-Einstein condensate KW - quantum gas KW - elementary excitation KW - dynamic structure factor KW - Feshbach resonance Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/48/16/165302 SN - 0953-4075 SN - 1361-6455 VL - 48 IS - 16 PB - IOP Publ. Ltd. CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Caliendo, Marco A1 - Cobb-Clark, Deborah A. A1 - Uhlendorff, Arne T1 - Locus of control and job search strategies JF - The review of economics and statistics N2 - Standard job search theory assumes that unemployed individuals have perfect information about the effect of their search effort on the job offer arrival rate. We present an alternative model that assumes that each individual has a subjective belief about the impact of her search effort on the job arrival. These beliefs depend in part on an individual's locus of control. We estimate the impact of locus of control on job search behavior using a data set of newly unemployed individuals in Germany. Consistent with our theoretical predictions, we find evidence that individuals with an internal locus of control search more and that individuals who believe that their future outcomes are determined by external factors have lower reservation wages. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00459 SN - 0034-6535 SN - 1530-9142 VL - 97 IS - 1 SP - 88 EP - 103 PB - MIT Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krieger, Lars A1 - Grigoli, Francesco T1 - Optimal reorientation of geophysical sensors: A quaternion- based analytical solution JF - Geophysics N2 - One of the most critical problems affecting geophysical data acquisition procedures is related to the misorientation of multicomponent sensors with respect to a common reference system (e.g., geographic north). In many applications, misoriented sensors affect data analysis procedures, leading to errors in results and interpretations. These problems generally occur in applications where the orientation of the sensor cannot be actively controlled and is not known a priori, e.g., geophysical sensors deployed in borehole installations or on the seafloor. We have developed a quaternion-based method for the optimal reorientation of multicomponent geophysical sensors. In contrast to other approaches, we took into account the full time-series record from all sensor components. Therefore, our method could be applied to all time-series data and was not restricted to a certain type of geophysical sensor. Our method allows the robust calculation of relative reorientations between two-component or three-component sensors. By using a reference sensor in an iterative process, this result can be extended to the estimation of absolute sensor orientations. In addition to finding an optimal solution for a full 3D sensor rotation, we have established a rigorous scheme for the estimation of uncertainties of the resulting orientation parameters. We tested the feasibility and applicability of our method using synthetic data examples for a vertical seismic profile and an ocean bottom seismometer array. We noted that the quaternion-based reorientation method is superior to the standard approach of a single-parameter estimation of rotation angles. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1190/GEO2014-0095.1 SN - 0016-8033 SN - 1942-2156 VL - 80 IS - 2 SP - F19 EP - F30 PB - Society of Exploration Geophysicists CY - Tulsa ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hüttl, Christine A1 - Hettrich, Cornelia A1 - Riedel, Melanie A1 - Henklein, Petra A1 - Rawel, Harshadrai Manilal A1 - Bier, Frank Fabian T1 - Development of Peptidyl Lysine Dendrons: 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition for Peptide Coupling and Antibody Recognition JF - Chemical biology & drug design N2 - A straightforward synthesis strategy to multimerize a peptide mimotopes for antibody B13-DE1 recognition is described based on lysine dendrons as multivalent scaffolds. Lysine dendrons that possess N-terminal alkyne residues at the periphery were quantitative functionalized with azido peptides using click chemistry. The solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) allows preparing the peptide dendron in high purity and establishing the possibility of automation. The presented peptide dendron is a promising candidate as multivalent ligand and was used for antibody B13-DE1 recognition. The binding affinity increases with higher dendron generation without loss of specificity. The analysis of biospecific interaction between the synthesized peptide dendron and the antibody was done via surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique. The presented results show a promising tool for investigations of antigen-antibody reactions. KW - click chemistry KW - lysine dendron KW - peptide mimotopes KW - solid-phase peptide synthesis KW - surface plasmon resonance Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/cbdd.12444 SN - 1747-0277 SN - 1747-0285 VL - 85 IS - 5 SP - 565 EP - 573 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Springer, Mark S. A1 - Signore, Anthony V. A1 - Paijmans, Johanna L. A. A1 - Velez-Juarbe, Jorge A1 - Domning, Daryl P. A1 - Bauer, Cameron E. A1 - He, Kai A1 - Crerar, Lorelei A1 - Campos, Paula F. A1 - Murphy, William J. A1 - Meredith, Robert W. A1 - Gatesy, John A1 - Willerslev, Eske A1 - MacPhee, Ross D. E. A1 - Hofreiter, Michael A1 - Campbell, Kevin L. T1 - Interordinal gene capture, the phylogenetic position of Steller's sea cow based on molecular and morphological data, and the macroevolutionary history of Sirenia JF - Molecular phylogenetics and evolution N2 - The recently extinct (ca. 1768) Steller's sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas) was a large, edentulous North Pacific sirenian. The phylogenetic affinities of this taxon to other members of this clade, living and extinct, are uncertain based on previous morphological and molecular studies. We employed hybridization capture methods and second generation sequencing technology to obtain >30 kb of exon sequences from 26 nuclear genes for both H. gigas and Dugong dugon. We also obtained complete coding sequences for the tooth-related enamelin (ENAM) gene. Hybridization probes designed using dugong and manatee sequences were both highly effective in retrieving sequences from H. gigas (mean = 98.8% coverage), as were more divergent probes for regions of ENAM (99.0% coverage) that were designed exclusively from a proboscidean (African elephant) and a hyracoid (Cape hyrax). New sequences were combined with available sequences for representatives of all other afrotherian orders. We also expanded a previously published morphological matrix for living and fossil Sirenia by adding both new taxa and nine new postcranial characters. Maximum likelihood and parsimony analyses of the molecular data provide robust support for an association of H. gigas and D. dugon to the exclusion of living trichechids (manatees). Parsimony analyses of the morphological data also support the inclusion of H. gigas in Dugongidae with D. dugon and fossil dugongids. Timetree analyses based on calibration density approaches with hard- and soft-bounded constraints suggest that H. gigas and D. dugon diverged in the Oligocene and that crown sirenians last shared a common ancestor in the Eocene. The coding sequence for the ENAM gene in H. gigas does not contain frameshift mutations or stop codons, but there is a transversion mutation (AG to CG) in the acceptor splice site of intron 2. This disruption in the edentulous Steller's sea cow is consistent with previous studies that have documented inactivating mutations in tooth-specific loci of a variety of edentulous and enamelless vertebrates including birds, turtles, aardvarks, pangolins, xenarthrans, and baleen whales. Further, branch-site dN/dS analyses provide evidence for positive selection in ENAM on the stem dugongid branch where extensive tooth reduction occurred, followed by neutral evolution on the Hydrodamalis branch. Finally, we present a synthetic evolutionary tree for living and fossil sirenians showing several key innovations in the history of this clade including character state changes that parallel those that occurred in the evolutionary history of cetaceans. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.05.022 SN - 1055-7903 SN - 1095-9513 VL - 91 SP - 178 EP - 193 PB - Elsevier CY - San Diego ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hofreiter, Michael A1 - Paijmans, Johanna L. A. A1 - Goodchild, Helen A1 - Speller, Camilla F. A1 - Barlow, Axel A1 - González-Fortes, Gloria M. A1 - Thomas, Jessica A. A1 - Ludwig, Arne A1 - Collins, Matthew J. T1 - The future of ancient DNA: Technical advances and conceptual shifts JF - Bioessays : ideas that push the boundaries N2 - Technological innovations such as next generation sequencing and DNA hybridisation enrichment have resulted in multi-fold increases in both the quantity of ancient DNA sequence data and the time depth for DNA retrieval. To date, over 30 ancient genomes have been sequenced, moving from 0.7x coverage (mammoth) in 2008 to more than 50x coverage (Neanderthal) in 2014. Studies of rapid evolutionary changes, such as the evolution and spread of pathogens and the genetic responses of hosts, or the genetics of domestication and climatic adaptation, are developing swiftly and the importance of palaeogenomics for investigating evolutionary processes during the last million years is likely to increase considerably. However, these new datasets require new methods of data processing and analysis, as well as conceptual changes in interpreting the results. In this review we highlight important areas of future technical and conceptual progress and discuss research topics in the rapidly growing field of palaeogenomics. KW - ancient DNA KW - hybridisation capture KW - multi-locus data KW - next generation sequencing (NGS) KW - palaeogenomics KW - population genomics Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.201400160 SN - 0265-9247 SN - 1521-1878 VL - 37 IS - 3 SP - 284 EP - 293 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pablo Alarcon, Pedro A1 - Arroyo, Fernando A1 - Bordihn, Henning A1 - Mitrana, Victor A1 - Mueller, Mike T1 - Ambiguity of the multiple interpretations on regular languages JF - Fundamenta informaticae N2 - A multiple interpretation scheme is an ordered sequence of morphisms. The ordered multiple interpretation of a word is obtained by concatenating the images of that word in the given order of morphisms. The arbitrary multiple interpretation of a word is the semigroup generated by the images of that word. These interpretations are naturally extended to languages. Four types of ambiguity of multiple interpretation schemata on a language are defined: o-ambiguity, internal ambiguity, weakly external ambiguity and strongly external ambiguity. We investigate the problem of deciding whether a multiple interpretation scheme is ambiguous on regular languages. KW - Multiple interpretation scheme KW - regular language KW - o-ambiguity KW - internal ambiguity KW - external ambiguity Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3233/FI-2015-1200 SN - 0169-2968 SN - 1875-8681 VL - 138 IS - 1-2 SP - 85 EP - 95 PB - IOS Press CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Coelho, Catarina A1 - Foti, Alessandro A1 - Hartmann, Tobias A1 - Santos-Silva, Teresa A1 - Leimkühler, Silke A1 - Romao, Maria Joao T1 - Structural insights into xenobiotic and inhibitor binding to human aldehyde oxidase JF - Nature chemical biology N2 - Aldehyde oxidase (AOX) is a xanthine oxidase (XO)-related enzyme with emerging importance due to its role in the metabolism of drugs and xenobiotics. We report the first crystal structures of human AOX1, substrate free (2.6-angstrom resolution) and in complex with the substrate phthalazine and the inhibitor thioridazine (2.7-angstrom resolution). Analysis of the protein active site combined with steady-state kinetic studies highlight the unique features, including binding and substrate orientation at the active site, that characterize human AOX1 as an important drug-metabolizing enzyme. Structural analysis of the complex with the noncompetitive inhibitor thioridazine revealed a new, unexpected and fully occupied inhibitor-binding site that is structurally conserved among mammalian AOXs and XO. The new structural insights into the catalytic and inhibition mechanisms of human AOX that we now report will be of great value for the rational analysis of clinical drug interactions involving inhibition of AOX1 and for the prediction and design of AOX-stable putative drugs. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/NCHEMBIO.1895 SN - 1552-4450 SN - 1552-4469 VL - 11 IS - 10 SP - 779 EP - + PB - Nature Publ. Group CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hüfner, Klaus ED - Zimmermann, Andreas T1 - Konzepte für die Neustrukturierung des Systems der Vereinten Nationen JF - Konzepte für die Reform der Vereinten Nationen : 12. Potsdamer UNO-Konferenz am 28.Juni 2014 N2 - I. Einleitung II. Zum Ergebnisdokument des Weltgipfels vom September 2005 III. Alle 10 Jahre ein neuer Vorschlag zur Charta-Revision? IV. Schlussbemerkungen V Literatur Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-80147 VL - 2015 IS - 11 SP - 9 EP - 28 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Baeriswyl, Pascale ED - Zimmermann, Andreas T1 - Moderne Arbeitsmethoden für einen wirksameren UNO-Sicherheitsrat JF - Konzepte für die Reform der Vereinten Nationen : 12. Potsdamer UNO-Konferenz am 28.Juni 2014 N2 - I. Der UNO-Sicherheitsrat: Work in Progress or in Regress? II. Geschichte der Arbeitsmethoden: Szenen und Akteure III. Arbeitsmechanik im Alltag: Mut zur Innovation! IV. Schlussfolgerung: Vom Kulturwandel zur Strukturreform? Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-80159 VL - 2015 IS - 11 SP - 29 EP - 47 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Martens, Jens ED - Zimmermann, Andreas T1 - Vom Konsultativstatus zu Stakeholder-Partnerschaften BT - Zum Wandel der Beziehungen zwischen den Vereinten Nationen und nichtstaatlichen Akteuren JF - Konzepte für die Reform der Vereinten Nationen : 12. Potsdamer UNO-Konferenz am 28.Juni 2014 N2 - Die Beziehungen zwischen den Vereinten Nationen und nichtstaatlichen Akteuren haben seit den 1990er Jahren einen radikalen Wandel erlebt. Nach der Rio-Konferenz über Umwelt und Entwicklung 1992 stand in den Vereinten Nationen zunächst die Frage im Vordergrund, wie der gewachsenen Bedeutung der Nichtregierungsorganisationen (NGOs) in der Arbeit und den Strukturen der Weltorganisation Rechnung getragen werden könnte. Seit Ende der 1990er Jahre dominierten innerhalb der Vereinten Nationen und einiger ihrer Spezialorgane und Sonderorganisationen zunehmend die Bemühungen, Privatunternehmen und ihre Interessenvertreter aktiver in die Arbeit der Vereinten Nationen zu integrieren. Dies geschah zum einen in Form unterschiedlichster bilateraler Kontakte und Kooperationsvorhaben zwischen Unternehmen und UN-Akteuren, zum anderen im Rahmen von Dialogveranstaltungen und gemeinsamen Initiativen von Regierungen, zwischenstaatlichen Gremien, Wirtschaftsvertretern und NGOs, für die im Folgeprozess der Rio-Konferenz der Begriff der Multistakeholder-Partnerschaften geprägt wurde. Der folgende Beitrag nimmt diese Entwicklung kritisch unter die Lupe. Er zeichnet im Zeitraffer nach, wie sich die Beziehungen zwischen den Vereinten Nationen und nichtstaatlichen Akteuren gewandelt haben, beschreibt das Ausmaß und die Bandbreite der neuen Partnerschaftsansätze, erörtert Risiken und Nebenwirkungen dieses Paradigmenwechsels in der internationalen Politik und skizziert zum Schluss, welche Konsequenzen sich daraus für die Vereinten Nationen abzeichnen. Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-80163 VL - 2015 IS - 11 SP - 49 EP - 67 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heinz, Wolfgang S. A1 - Homburger, Zine ED - Zimmermann, Andreas T1 - Die Rolle des UN-Hochkommissariats für Menschenrechte (OHCHR) im UN-Menschenrechtsschutz BT - Entwicklungen, Probleme und Perspektiven JF - Konzepte für die Reform der Vereinten Nationen : 12. Potsdamer UNO-Konferenz am 28.Juni 2014 N2 - I. Gründung, Aufgaben und Struktur des Hochkommissariats II. Zur Rolle des OHCHR im und gegenüber dem Menschenrechtsrat III. Zu Erfolgschancen von Feldmissionen in eher schwierigen Ländern: China, Russische Föderation, Afghanistan, Sudan und Kolumbien IV. Zur Frage der politischen Unabhängigkeit des OHCHR V. Schlussfolgerungen und Ausblick Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-80177 VL - 2015 IS - 11 SP - 69 EP - 98 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Borck, Rainald A1 - Fossen, Frank M. A1 - Freier, Ronny A1 - Martin, Thorsten T1 - Race to the debt trap? - Spatial econometric evidence on debt in German municipalities JF - Regional science and urban economics N2 - Through an intertemporal budget constraint, jurisdictions may gain advantages in tax and spending competition by 'competing' on debt. While the existing spatial econometric literature focuses on tax and spending competition, very little is known about spatial interaction via public debt. If jurisdictions compete for mobile capital to finance public spending, they may compete in debt levels as well as taxes. We use a theoretical model to derive the reaction of jurisdictions' debt levels to their neighbors' debts. We then estimate the spatial interdependence of public debt among German municipalities using a panel on municipalities in the two largest German states from 1999 to 2006. We find significant and robust interaction effects between debt levels of neighboring municipalities, which we compare to spatial tax and spending interactions. The results indicate that a municipality increases its per capita debt by 16-33 Euro as a reaction to an increase of 100 Euro in neighboring municipalities. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - Public debt KW - Tax and spending competition KW - Municipality data KW - Spatial interactions KW - Spatial panel estimation Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2015.04.003 SN - 0166-0462 SN - 1879-2308 VL - 53 SP - 20 EP - 37 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER -