TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Knappert, Lena T1 - A group-randomized evaluation of a theatre-based sexual abuse prevention programme for primary school children in Germany N2 - The study reports a group-randomized trial of a theatre-based intervention to prevent sexual abuse targeting first and second grade primary school children in Germany. A sample of 148 first and second graders saw a live performance of a play designed to promote skills in dealing with abuse-prone interactions with adults, watched a recording of the play on DVD or were assigned to a no intervention control group. Both the live performance and the DVD groups showed significant increases in the target variables (distinguishing good/bad touch and secrets, getting help, rejecting unwanted touch) from baseline to post-intervention and a follow-up after 2 weeks, while the control group did not show changes. The live performance and DVD groups participated in a further follow-up 30 weeks post-intervention, which showed sustained effects of the intervention. The findings indicate that with appropriately culture-sensitive measures, Sexual abuse prevention programmes can have Sustainable effects with young primary school children. Y1 - 2009 UR - http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jhome/5625 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/Casp.1009 SN - 1052-9284 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schuster, Isabell A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Abuse of Elders Living at Home: A Review of Recent Prevalence Studies JF - International Journal of Behavioral Science N2 - This article presents evidence from recent studies on the prevalence of different forms of elder abuse. After a review of definitions and measures of elder abuse, the findings of 20 original studies containing 26 samples from 17 countries published since 2010 are summarized. Overall prevalence rates showed a high variability across studies, ranging from 2.2% in a study from Ireland to 43.7% in a study from Egypt. Evidence on gender differences in the vulnerability for abuse and the predominant relationship constellations between abusers and victims did not yield a consistent picture across studies. Conceptual and methodological reasons for the variability in prevalence rates are discussed, and an outlook for future research is presented. In particular, consistent definitions and measures are needed to facilitate the comparative analysis of elder abuse in different studies and cultural contexts. KW - elder abuse KW - neglect KW - prevalence KW - family KW - violence KW - review Y1 - 2016 SN - 1906-4675 VL - 11 SP - 93 EP - 108 PB - Behavioral Science Research Institute, Srinakharinwirot University CY - Bangkok ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bonache, Helena A1 - Gonzalez-Mendez, Rosaura A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Adult attachment styles, destructive conflict resolution, and the experience of intimate partner violence T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Although there is ample evidence linking insecure attachment styles and intimate partner violence (IPV), little is known about the psychological processes underlying this association, especially from the victim’s perspective. The present study examined how attachment styles relate to the experience of sexual and psychological abuse, directly or indirectly through destructive conflict resolution strategies, both self-reported and attributed to their opposite-sex romantic partner. In an online survey, 216 Spanish undergraduates completed measures of adult attachment style, engagement and withdrawal conflict resolution styles shown by self and partner, and victimization by an intimate partner in the form of sexual coercion and psychological abuse. As predicted, anxious and avoidant attachment styles were directly related to both forms of victimization. Also, an indirect path from anxious attachment to IPV victimization was detected via destructive conflict resolution strategies. Specifically, anxiously attached participants reported a higher use of conflict engagement by themselves and by their partners. In addition, engagement reported by the self and perceived in the partner was linked to an increased probability of experiencing sexual coercion and psychological abuse. Avoidant attachment was linked to higher withdrawal in conflict situations, but the paths from withdrawal to perceived partner engagement, sexual coercion, and psychological abuse were non-significant. No gender differences in the associations were found. The discussion highlights the role of anxious attachment in understanding escalating patterns of destructive conflict resolution strategies, which may increase the vulnerability to IPV victimization. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 405 KW - attachment styles KW - conflict resolution KW - intimate partner violence KW - psychological abuse KW - sexual coercion Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-405132 IS - 405 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Aggression and violence in society Y1 - 1996 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Aggression in den Beziehungen von Mädchen Y1 - 2000 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Greve, Werner T1 - Aggression und Gewalt : Aktueller Erkenntnisstand und Perspektiven künftiger Forschung Y1 - 2002 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Aggression von Männern und Frauen in Partnerschaften : Unterschiede und Parallelen Y1 - 2003 SN - 3- 8100-3949-7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Scheinberger-Olwig, Renate A1 - Kolpin, S. T1 - Ambiguous communication of sexual intentions as a risk marker of sexual aggression Y1 - 2000 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Rohlf, Helena L. A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Assessing anger regulation in middle childhood BT - development and validation of a behavioral observation measure T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - An observational measure of anger regulation in middle childhood was developed that facilitated the in situ assessment of five maladaptive regulation strategies in response to an anger-eliciting task. 599 children aged 6-10 years (M = 8.12, SD = 0.92) participated in the study. Construct validity of the measure was examined through correlations with parent- and self-reports of anger regulation and anger reactivity. Criterion validity was established through links with teacher-rated aggression and social rejection measured by parent-, teacher-, and self-reports. The observational measure correlated significantly with parent- and self-reports of anger reactivity, whereas it was unrelated to parent- and self-reports of anger regulation. It also made a unique contribution to predicting aggression and social rejection. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 407 KW - anger regulation KW - middle childhood KW - behavioral observation KW - aggression KW - social rejection Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-406241 IS - 407 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rohlf, Helena L. A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Assessing anger regulation in middle childhood: development and validation of a behavioral observation measure JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - An observational measure of anger regulation in middle childhood was developed that facilitated the in situ assessment of five maladaptive regulation strategies in response to an anger-eliciting task. 599 children aged 6-10 years (M = 8.12, SD = 0.92) participated in the study. Construct validity of the measure was examined through correlations with parent- and self-reports of anger regulation and anger reactivity. Criterion validity was established through links with teacher-rated aggression and social rejection measured by parent-, teacher-, and self-reports. The observational measure correlated significantly with parent- and self-reports of anger reactivity, whereas it was unrelated to parent- and self-reports of anger regulation. It also made a unique contribution to predicting aggression and social rejection. KW - anger regulation KW - middle childhood KW - behavioral observation KW - aggression KW - social rejection Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00453 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 6 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - GEN A1 - Tomaszewska, Paulina A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Attitudes towards sexual coercion by Polish high school students BT - links with risky sexual scripts, pornography use, and religiosity N2 - The link between cognitive scripts for consensual sexual interactions and attitudes towards sexual coercion was studied in 524 Polish high school students. We proposed that risky sexual scripts, containing risk elements linked to sexual aggression, would be associated with attitudes condoning sexual coercion. Pornography use and religiosity were included as predictors of participants’ risky sexual scripts and attitudes towards sexual coercion. Risky sexual scripts were linked to attitudes condoning sexual coercion. Pornography use was indirectly linked to attitudes condoning sexual coercion via risky sexual scripts. Religiosity showed a positive direct link with attitudes towards sexual coercion, but a negative indirect link through risky sexual scripts. The results are discussed regarding the significance of risky sexual scripts, pornography use, and religiosity in understanding attitudes towards sexual coercion as well as their implications for preventing sexually aggressive behaviour. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 296 KW - Sexual scripts KW - attitudes towards sexual coercion KW - pornography KW - religiosity KW - Poland Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-93450 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tomaszewska, Paulina A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Attitudes towards sexual coercion by Polish high school students: links with risky sexual scripts, pornography use, and religiosity JF - Journal of sexual aggression N2 - The link between cognitive scripts for consensual sexual interactions and attitudes towards sexual coercion was studied in 524 Polish high school students. We proposed that risky sexual scripts, containing risk elements linked to sexual aggression, would be associated with attitudes condoning sexual coercion. Pornography use and religiosity were included as predictors of participants’ risky sexual scripts and attitudes towards sexual coercion. Risky sexual scripts were linked to attitudes condoning sexual coercion. Pornography use was indirectly linked to attitudes condoning sexual coercion via risky sexual scripts. Religiosity showed a positive direct link with attitudes towards sexual coercion, but a negative indirect link through risky sexual scripts. The results are discussed regarding the significance of risky sexual scripts, pornography use, and religiosity in understanding attitudes towards sexual coercion as well as their implications for preventing sexually aggressive behaviour. KW - Sexual scripts KW - attitudes towards sexual coercion KW - pornography KW - religiosity KW - Poland Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2016.1195892 SN - 1355-2600 SN - 1742-6545 VL - 22 SP - 291 EP - 307 PB - Société pour le Progrès des Etudes Philologiques et Historiques CY - Abingdon ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Attributionsstrategien und Identitätsdynamik N2 - Inhalt: 1 Selbstwertdienliche Attributionen von Erfolg und Mißerfolg 2 „Selbstbehinderung" zur Vorbeugung gegen Verantwortlichkeit für Mißerfolg 3 Attributionen in der Öffentlichkeit: Identitätsbehauptung durch Selbstdarstellung? 4 Personale Kontrolle und Attribution 5 Geschlechtsrollen-Identität und Attributionen für Erfolg und Mißerfolg 6 Zusammenfassung T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 082 Y1 - 1987 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-34460 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jung, Janis Moritz A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Busching, Robert T1 - Beyond the positive reinforcement of aggression BT - Peers’ acceptance of aggression promotes aggression via external control beliefs JF - International Journal of Behavioral Development N2 - Being surrounded by peers who are accepting of aggression is a significant predictor of the development and persistence of aggression in childhood and adolescence. Whereas past research has focused on social reinforcement mechanisms as the underlying processes, the present longitudinal study analysed the role of external control beliefs as an additional mediator explaining the link between peers’ acceptance of aggression and the development of aggressive behaviour. Drawing on a large community sample of N = 1,466 male and female children and adolescents from Germany aged between 10 and 18 years, results of latent structural equation modeling were consistent with the hypotheses that peer acceptance of aggression would predict external control beliefs in the social domain, which in turn, should predict aggressive behaviour over time. Additional multigroup analyses showed that the predicted pathways were consistent across gender and age groups. KW - adolescence KW - aggression KW - aggressive peers KW - childhood KW - control beliefs KW - Germany KW - longitudinal Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025416671613 SN - 0165-0254 SN - 1464-0651 VL - 42 IS - 1 SP - 73 EP - 82 PB - Sage Publ. CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bieneck, Steffen A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Blaming the victim and exonerating the perpetrator in cases of rape and robbery is there a double standard? JF - Journal of interpersonal violence : concerned with the study and treatment of victims and perpetrators of physical and sexual violence N2 - Research in legal decision making has demonstrated the tendency to blame the victim and exonerate the perpetrator of sexual assault. This study examined the hypothesis of a special leniency bias in rape cases by comparing them to cases of robbery. N = 288 participants received descriptions of rape and robbery of a female victim by a male perpetrator and made ratings of victim and perpetrator blame. Case scenarios varied with respect to the prior relationship (strangers, acquaintances, ex-partners) and coercive strategy (force vs. exploiting victim intoxication). More blame was attributed to the victim and less blame was attributed to the perpetrator for rape than for robbery. Information about a prior relationship between victim and perpetrator increased ratings of victim blame and decreased perceptions of perpetrator blame in the rape cases, but not in the robbery cases. The findings support the notion of a special leniency bias in sexual assault cases. KW - criminology KW - leniency bias KW - rape KW - robbery KW - victim blame Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260510372945 SN - 0886-2605 VL - 26 IS - 9 SP - 1785 EP - 1797 PB - Sage Publ. CY - Thousand Oaks ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bieneck, Steffen A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Blaming the victim and exonerating the perpetrator in cases of rape and robbery: is there a double standard? N2 - Research in legal decision making has demonstrated the tendency to blame the victim and exonerate the perpetrator of sexual assault. This study examined the hypothesis of a special leniency bias in rape cases by comparing them to cases of robbery. N = 288 participants received descriptions of rape and robbery of a female victim by a male perpetrator and made ratings of victim and perpetrator blame. Case scenarios varied with respect to the prior relationship (strangers, acquaintances, ex-partners) and coercive strategy (force vs. exploiting victim intoxication). More blame was attributed to the victim and less blame was attributed to the perpetrator for rape than for robbery. Information about a prior relationship between victim and perpetrator increased ratings of victim blame and decreased perceptions of perpetrator blame in the rape cases, but not in the robbery cases. The findings support the notion of a special leniency bias in sexual assault cases. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 365 KW - criminology KW - leniency bias KW - rape KW - robbery KW - victim blame Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-402907 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Busching, Robert T1 - Breaking the Vicious Cycle of Media Violence Use and Aggression: A Test of Intervention Effects Over 30 Months JF - Psychology of violence N2 - Objective: This study examined the sustained efficacy of a media violence intervention in reducing media violence use, normative acceptance of aggression, and aggressive behavior in adolescents. It used an experimental design to evaluate the effects of the intervention over a period of 30 months. Method: N = 627 German 7th and 8th graders were assigned to a 5-week school-based intervention to reduce media violence use or to a no-intervention control group. Media violence use, normative acceptance of aggression, and aggressive behavior were measured 3 months before the intervention (T1), 7 months post intervention (T2), and at 2 follow-ups 18 (T3) and 30 (T4) months after the intervention. This article focuses on the findings from the 2 follow-ups. Results: Controlling for baseline levels and various demographic covariates, media violence use at T2, T3, and T4 and self-reported physical aggression at T3 were significantly lower in the intervention group, and the indirect path from the intervention to T3 aggression via T2 media violence use was significant. Lower T2 media violence use predicted lower T3 normative acceptance of aggression among participants with lower initial aggression. No effects on nonviolent media use and relational aggression were observed. Conclusion: The findings show that a short class-based intervention can produce lasting changes in media violence use that are linked to a decrease in aggression. KW - aggression KW - experimental evaluation KW - intervention KW - longitudinal study KW - media violence Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036627 SN - 2152-0828 SN - 2152-081X VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - 217 EP - 226 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Abraham, Charles A1 - Scheinberger-Olwig, Renate T1 - Can safer-sex promotion leaflets change cognitive antecedents of condom use? : an experimental evaluation N2 - An experimental evaluation of a safer sex promotion leaflet was undertaken to assess its capacity to change antecedent cognitions of condom use. The leaflet was identified in a previous study as addressing research-based cognitive antecedents of condom use. A pre-post-test experimental study including three conditions was conducted: (a) presentation of the leaflet; (b) presentation of the leaflet plus incentive for systematic processing; (c) no-leaflet control. The leaflet was evaluated in terms of its capacity to change eight cognitive correlates of condom use identified in a recent meta-analysis. The sample consisted of 230 tenth-grade students. Following baseline assessments, leaflet-induced change was measured immediately following the intervention and at a follow up 4 weeks post-intervention. The target leaflet alone did not result in significant changes in the cognitive antecedents of condom use compared with the control condition. However, in combination with an incentive for systematic processing, the target leaflet had a greater impact on cognitive antecedents than the no-leaflet control condition. The findings are discussed with regard to the development and evaluation of research-based health-promotion materials Y1 - 2006 SN - 1359-107X ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schuster, Isabell A1 - Tomaszewska, Paulina A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Changing cognitive risk factors for sexual aggression BT - Risky sexual scripts, low sexual self-esteem, perception of pornography, and acceptance of sexual coercion T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Sexual aggression is a problem among college students worldwide, and a growing body of research has identified variables associated with an increased risk of victimization and perpetration. Among these, sexuality-related cognitions, such as sexual scripts, sexual self-esteem, perceived realism of pornography, and acceptance of sexual coercion, play a major role. The current experimental study aimed to show that these cognitive risk factors of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration are amenable to change, which is a critical condition for evidence-based intervention efforts. College students in Germany (N = 324) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: a treatment group designed to change participants' sexual scripts for consensual sex with regard to the role of alcohol consumption, casual sex, and ambiguous communication of sexual intentions as risk factors for sexual aggression (EG1), a treatment group designed to promote sexual self-esteem, challenge the perceived realism of pornography, and reduce the acceptance of sexual coercion (EG2), and a non-treatment control group (CG). Baseline (T1), post-experimental (T2), and follow-up (T3) measures were taken across an eight-week period. Sexual scripts contained fewer risk factors for sexual aggression in EG1 than in EG2 and CG at T3. Sexual self-esteem was enhanced in EG2 at T2 relative to the other two groups. Acceptance of sexual coercion was lower in EG2 than in EG1 and CG at T2 and T3. No effect was found for perceived realism of pornography. The findings are discussed in terms of targeting cognitive risk factors as a basis for intervention programs. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 859 KW - sexual aggression KW - sexual scripts KW - sexual self-esteem KW - sexual coercion KW - college students Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-549072 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 3-4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schuster, Isabell A1 - Tomaszewska, Paulina A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Changing cognitive risk factors for sexual aggression BT - Risky sexual scripts, low sexual self-esteem, perception of pornography, and acceptance of sexual coercion JF - Journal of interpersonal violence N2 - Sexual aggression is a problem among college students worldwide, and a growing body of research has identified variables associated with an increased risk of victimization and perpetration. Among these, sexuality-related cognitions, such as sexual scripts, sexual self-esteem, perceived realism of pornography, and acceptance of sexual coercion, play a major role. The current experimental study aimed to show that these cognitive risk factors of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration are amenable to change, which is a critical condition for evidence-based intervention efforts. College students in Germany (N = 324) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: a treatment group designed to change participants' sexual scripts for consensual sex with regard to the role of alcohol consumption, casual sex, and ambiguous communication of sexual intentions as risk factors for sexual aggression (EG1), a treatment group designed to promote sexual self-esteem, challenge the perceived realism of pornography, and reduce the acceptance of sexual coercion (EG2), and a non-treatment control group (CG). Baseline (T1), post-experimental (T2), and follow-up (T3) measures were taken across an eight-week period. Sexual scripts contained fewer risk factors for sexual aggression in EG1 than in EG2 and CG at T3. Sexual self-esteem was enhanced in EG2 at T2 relative to the other two groups. Acceptance of sexual coercion was lower in EG2 than in EG1 and CG at T2 and T3. No effect was found for perceived realism of pornography. The findings are discussed in terms of targeting cognitive risk factors as a basis for intervention programs. KW - sexual aggression KW - sexual scripts KW - sexual self-esteem KW - sexual coercion KW - college students Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520922341 SN - 0886-2605 SN - 1552-6518 VL - 37 IS - 3-4 SP - NP1377 EP - NP1400 PB - Sage Publ. CY - Thousand Oaks ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Altwasser, Colette T1 - Changing negative attitudes towards persons with physical disabilities: an experimental intervention N2 - An experimental study was designed and tested to change negative attitudes towards the physically disabled. A pre-post-test intervention was conducted including three conditions: (a) cognitive intervention; (b) cognitive and behavioural intervention involving equal-status contact with the target group; (c) no-intervention control. The sample consisted of 70 ninth grade students. Following baseline assessments of attitudes, attitude change was measured immediately following the intervention and at a follow-up three months post-intervention. The cognitive intervention provided information about physical disability and challenged stereotypic conceptions about the physically disabled. The behavioural intervention consisted of engaging in three paralympic disciplines under the instruction of a group of disabled athletes. The cognitive intervention alone did not result in significant changes in attitudes towards the physically disabled. However, the combined cognitive-behavioural intervention resulted in greater attitude change than the no-intervention condition, both immediately post-intervention and at a three months follow-up. The findings are discussed with regard to models of attitude change through equal-status contact. Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jhome/5625 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.849 SN - 1052-9284 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Busching, Robert A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Charging neutral cues with aggressive meaning through violent video game play JF - Societies N2 - When playing violent video games, aggressive actions are performed against the background of an originally neutral environment, and associations are formed between cues related to violence and contextual features. This experiment examined the hypothesis that neutral contextual features of a virtual environment become associated with aggressive meaning and acquire the function of primes for aggressive cognitions. Seventy-six participants were assigned to one of two violent video game conditions that varied in context (ship vs. city environment) or a control condition. Afterwards, they completed a Lexical Decision Task to measure the accessibility of aggressive cognitions in which they were primed either with ship-related or city-related words. As predicted, participants who had played the violent game in the ship environment had shorter reaction times for aggressive words following the ship primes than the city primes, whereas participants in the city condition responded faster to the aggressive words following the city primes compared to the ship primes. No parallel effect was observed for the non-aggressive targets. The findings indicate that the associations between violent and neutral cognitions learned during violent game play facilitate the accessibility of aggressive cognitions. KW - media violence KW - aggressive cognitions KW - associative networks KW - learning Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/soc3040445 SN - 2075-4698 VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - 445 EP - 456 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - GEN A1 - Busching, Robert A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Charging neutral cues with aggressive meaning through violent video game play T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - When playing violent video games, aggressive actions are performed against the background of an originally neutral environment, and associations are formed between cues related to violence and contextual features. This experiment examined the hypothesis that neutral contextual features of a virtual environment become associated with aggressive meaning and acquire the function of primes for aggressive cognitions. Seventy-six participants were assigned to one of two violent video game conditions that varied in context (ship vs. city environment) or a control condition. Afterwards, they completed a Lexical Decision Task to measure the accessibility of aggressive cognitions in which they were primed either with ship-related or city-related words. As predicted, participants who had played the violent game in the ship environment had shorter reaction times for aggressive words following the ship primes than the city primes, whereas participants in the city condition responded faster to the aggressive words following the city primes compared to the ship primes. No parallel effect was observed for the non-aggressive targets. The findings indicate that the associations between violent and neutral cognitions learned during violent game play facilitate the accessibility of aggressive cognitions. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 678 KW - media violence KW - aggressive cognitions KW - associative networks KW - learning Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-476181 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 678 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Bondü, Rebecca A1 - Höse, Anna A1 - Esser, Günter T1 - Child Aggression as a Source and a Consequence of Parenting Stress: A Three-Wave Longitudinal Study JF - Journal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence N2 - This longitudinal study examined the links between child aggression and parenting stress over 4years. Child aggression was hypothesized to contribute to parenting stress, which should increase aggression. Parents and teachers of 239 German children aged between 6 and 15years completed measures of child aggression at Time 1 and Time 3, complemented by children's self-reports of aggression at Time 3. Parents rated their child-focused and parent-focused stress at an intermediate measurement Time 2. Child-focused stress mediated the path from Time 1 to Time 3 aggression in boys and girls, whereas parent-focused stress was unrelated to Time 3 aggression. The findings help to understand the continuity of aggressive behavior in childhood and adolescence and highlight the need to intervene early with families susceptible to parenting stress. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12115 SN - 1050-8392 SN - 1532-7795 VL - 25 IS - 2 SP - 328 EP - 339 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Childhood sexual abuse and revictimization in adolescence Y1 - 2000 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Scheinberger-Olwig, Renate A1 - Waizenhöfer, Eva A1 - Kolpin, S. T1 - Childhood sexual abuse and revictimization in adolescence Y1 - 1999 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Cognitive coping with the threat of rape : Vigilance and cognitive avoidance N2 - Individual differences in women's avoidant and vigilant style in coping with the threat of rape were explored in four studies. In the first study, 97 women read a rape scenario and completed measures of cognitive vigilance and avoidance. They also provided ratings of fear of rape and anticipated coping problems in case of sexual assault. Vigilance was associated with significantly higher levels of fear of rape and anticipation of more severe coping problems. No effects were found for cognitive avoidance. Study 2 replicated these findings with a sample of 275 women. In addition, it showed that high vigilance was associated with significantly more rape-preventive behaviors. Study 3, including 172 women, was an online study on the effect of cognitive coping style on fear of rape, anticipated coping problems, and two behavioral measures of rape avoidance. High vigilance was related to higher levels of fear of rape, anticipation of more severe coping problems, and more rape-preventive behaviors. Finally, Study 4 (N = 2 10) showed that individual differences in cognitive coping style affected rape-related affect and behavior in the absence of a rape scenario, underlining the chronic salience of the threat of rape for women. Vigilance was positively related to fear of rape, rape-avoidance behavior, and anticipated coping problems. In contrast, a negative relationship was found between cognitive avoidance and fear of rape, rape-avoidance strategies, and anticipated coping problems. Across the four studies, no evidence was found for an interactive effect of cognitive avoidance and vigilance, as suggested by the construct of repression versus sensitization. The findings are discussed in the light of previous research on repression- sensitization in coping with threatening information Y1 - 2005 SN - 0022-3506 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Möller, Ingrid A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Busching, Robert T1 - Consumption of media violence and aggressive behavior a longitudinal study of German adolescents with and without migration background JF - Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und pädagogische Psychologie N2 - The consumption of media violence and aggressive behavior were assessed three times in a sample of N=1,052 German adolescents with and without migration background over a period of two years with 12-month intervals. The adolescents in the two groups, who were in grades 7 and 8 at T1, were matched by gender, age, type of school, and academic achievement. Students in the migrant group reported higher consumption of violent media. At T3, they showed more physical but less relational aggression than their peers of German background. Cross-lagged panel analyses showed parallel associations between media violence use and aggression in both groups: Media violence consumption at T1 and T2 predicted physical aggression at T2 and T3 independent of ethnic background. The reverse path from physical aggression to media violence consumption was nonsignificant. No link was found between media violence use and relational aggression over time. KW - media violence KW - aggression KW - migration KW - adolescence KW - longitudinal study Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1026/0049-8637/a000086 SN - 0049-8637 VL - 45 IS - 3 SP - 121 EP - 130 PB - Hogrefe CY - Göttingen ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Coping with rape : a social psychological perspective N2 - Content Social stereotypes and responsibility attributions to victims of rape Atributing responsibillty to rape victims: a German study Rape myth acceptance and responsibility judgments: a British study Police officers' definitions of rape A study on cognitive prototypes of rape Conclusion References T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 075 Y1 - 1992 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33973 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Berger, Anja T1 - Correlates of victim-perpetrator overlap in sexual aggression among men and women BT - a conceptual replication and extension JF - Psychology of violence N2 - Objective: The study replicated and extended a study by Peterson, Beagley, McCallum, and Artime (2019), who studied differences in sexual attitudes and behaviors in men who were both victims and perpetrators of sexual assault, only victims, only perpetrators, or neither. They found a heightened rate of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and some evidence of greater traumatic sexualization in men who were both victims and perpetrators. Method: Our sample consisted of 2,149 college students (39.6% male) in Germany. We measured sexual aggression perpetration and victimization, CSA, sexual self-esteem, depressive symptoms, risky sexual scripts, and risky sexual behavior. Results: Perpetration rates were significantly higher among victims than among nonvictims, and the victim-perpetrator group scored highest on CSA. A significant effect of group membership was found on measures of depressive symptoms, risky sexual scripts, and risky sexual behavior in both sex groups, mainly due to differences of the victim-only, perpetrator-only, and victim-perpetrator groups from the nonvictim-nonperpetrator group. The effect on sexual self-esteem was found for women only. Few differences emerged between the victim-only, perpetrator-only, and victim-perpetrator groups. Most associations remained significant when controlling for CSA. Conclusion: We found a substantial overlap between victimization and perpetration but no evidence for a special vulnerability of the victim-perpetrator group. Instead, experiences of victimization, perpetration, or both were linked to more negative correlates compared with individuals who were neither victims nor perpetrators. The findings need to be interpreted with caution due to the small number of individuals in the perpetrator-only and victim-perpetrator groups. KW - victim-perpetrator overlap KW - childhood sexual abuse KW - sexual aggression KW - sexual scripts KW - depressive symptoms Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000282 SN - 2152-0828 SN - 2152-081X VL - 10 IS - 5 SP - 564 EP - 574 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Ketz, Brigitta A1 - Möller, Ingrid T1 - Das Deutschlandbild von AsylbewerberInnen im Landkreis Potsdam Mittelmark : Ergebnisse einer Interviewstudie Y1 - 1999 PB - Landratsamt Potsdam-Mittelmark CY - Belzig ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Das Trauma der Verfolgung : zur psychologischen Analyse von Videointerviews mit Überlebenden des Holocaust Y1 - 1998 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Six, Bernd A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Defensiv-externe Kontrollüberzeugungen bei der Attribution von Leistungs- und Sozialverhalten N2 - The traditional dichotomy of internal vs. external locus of control is substituted by the more recent distinction between internals, congruent externals, and defensive externals. While internals and congruent externals are predicted to make causal attributions of other persons' performance in accordance with their locus of control irrespective of the nature of the outcome (success vs. failure in achievement situations, positive vs. negative experience in social contacts), defensive externals are expected to vary their causal attributions as a function of outcome. Personal relevance attached to achievement and social contact is included as an additional variable. The presumed correspondence between locus of control and causal attribution - as derived from the conceptualization of locus of control as a personality variable - is not confirmed by our data. The differences expected between the three groups are demonstrated only for achievement-related items. Personal relevance does not significantly modify the relationship between locus of control and causal attribution. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 184 Y1 - 1980 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-45292 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Der "self-serving bias" in der Attributionsforschung : theoretische Grundlagen und empirische Befunde N2 - Inhalt: 1. Zur Konzeptualisierung des bias in der Attributionstheorie 2. Self-serving bias-Hypothese und informationstheoretische Alternativerklärung:Theoretische Kontroverse und empirische Befunde - Selbstwertbezogene Attributionen eigener Handlungsergebnisse - Kausalattributionen von Erfolg und Mißerfolg bei Wettbewerb und Kooperation - Kausalattributionen für Erfolg und Mißerfolg aus der Beobachterperspektive - Kontradefensive Attributionen und Selbstdarstellungsbedürfnisse - Zum Stand der Kognitions-Motivations-Debatte im Lichte der neueren Ergebnisse 3. Ansätze zum Abbau des gegenwärtigen Theoriedefizits der self-serving bias-Forschung N2 - It is proposed that the introduction of the concept of self-serving bias marks a shift in the predominantly cognitive orientation of attribution theory towards greater attention to motivational variables. The "fact or fiction" controversy about self-serving attributional biases is discussed under three aspects: 1) The lack of a clear conceptual definition of "bias" referring to cognitive models of causal attribution which specify unbiased, rational modes of causal inference. 2) The more recent empirical evidence with regard to the decision whether attributional distortions are due to self-protective and self-enhancing motives rather than errors and biases in Information processing. 3) The need for a theoretical specification of the motivational concepts inherent in the self-serving bias hypothesis such as self-esteem relevance, ego-enhancement, and egodefense and the functional properties of attributional differences as a function of success and failure. It is concluded that progress in self-serving bias research is conditional upon a theoretical clarification and operational definition of self-serving biases explicitly derived from a rational Standard of causal inference and based on a motivational analysis of the functions of causal attributions. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 185 Y1 - 1984 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-44220 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Moeller, Ingrid A1 - Kirwil, Lucyna A1 - Huesmann, L. Rowell A1 - Felber, Juliane A1 - Berger, Anja T1 - Desensitization to media violence links with habitual media violence exposure, aggressive cognitions, and aggressive behavior JF - Journal of personality and social psychology N2 - This study examined the links between desensitization to violent media stimuli and habitual media violence exposure as a predictor and aggressive cognitions and behavior as outcome variables. Two weeks after completing measures of habitual media violence exposure, trait aggression, trait arousability, and normative beliefs about aggression, undergraduates (N = 303) saw a violent film clip and a sad or a funny comparison clip. Skin conductance level (SCL) was measured continuously, and ratings of anxious and pleasant arousal were obtained after each clip. Following the clips, participants completed a lexical decision task to measure accessibility of aggressive cognitions and a competitive reaction time task to measure aggressive behavior. Habitual media violence exposure correlated negatively with SCL during violent clips and positively with pleasant arousal, response times for aggressive words, and trait aggression, but it was unrelated to anxious arousal and aggressive responding during the reaction time task. In path analyses controlling for trait aggression, normative beliefs, and trait arousability, habitual media violence exposure predicted faster accessibility of aggressive cognitions, partly mediated by higher pleasant arousal. Unprovoked aggression during the reaction time task was predicted by lower anxious arousal. Neither habitual media violence usage nor anxious or pleasant arousal predicted provoked aggression during the laboratory task, and SCL was unrelated to aggressive cognitions and behavior. No relations were found between habitual media violence viewing and arousal in response to the sad and funny film clips, and arousal in response to the sad and funny clips did not predict aggressive cognitions or aggressive behavior on the laboratory task. This suggests that the observed desensitization effects are specific to violent content. KW - media violence KW - desensitization KW - physiological arousal KW - aggressive cognitions KW - aggressive behavior Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021711 SN - 0022-3514 VL - 100 IS - 4 SP - 630 EP - 646 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tetzner, Julia A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Busching, Robert A1 - Esser, Günter T1 - Developmental problems in adolescence BT - a person-centered analysis across time and domains JF - Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology N2 - This longitudinal study investigated patterns of developmental problems across depression, aggression, and academic achievement during adolescence, using two measurement points two years apart (N = 1665; age T1: M = 13.14; female = 49.6%). Latent Profile Analyses and Latent Transition Analyses yielded four main findings: A three-type solution provided the best fit to the data: an asymptomatic type (i.e., low problem scores in all three domains), a depressed type (i.e., high scores in depression), an aggressive type (i.e., high scores in aggression). Profile types were invariant over the two data waves but differed between girls and boys, revealing gender specific patterns of comorbidity. Stabilities over time were high for the asymptomatic type and for types that represented problems in one domain, but moderate for comorbid types. Differences in demographic variables (i.e., age, socio-economic status) and individual characteristics (i.e., self-esteem, dysfunctional cognitions, cognitive capabilities) predicted profile type memberships and longitudinal transitions between types. KW - Adolescence KW - Person-centered approach KW - Depression KW - Aggression KW - Academic achievement Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2017.08.003 SN - 0193-3973 SN - 1873-7900 VL - 53 SP - 40 EP - 53 PB - Elsevier CY - New York ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Die Zuschreibung von Verantwortlichkeit nach Vergewaltigung : Opfer und Täter im Dickicht der attributionstheoretischen Forschung N2 - Die Zuschreibung von Verantwortlichkeit an Vergewaltigungsopfer und -täter in sozialen Urteilsprozessen hat sich im Zuge einer stärkeren Anwendungsorientierung der attributionstheoretischen Forschung zu einem eigenständigen Themenschwerpunkt entwickelt. Vor dem Hintergrund eines zunehmenden öffentlichen Problembewußtseins ist zu fragen, welchen Beitrag die Attributionsforschung aktuell undpotentiell zur Klärung der Bedingungen und Konsequenzen von Verantwortungsurteilen über Opfer und Täter von Vergewaltigungsdelikten leisten kann. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 081 Y1 - 1985 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-34454 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Jung, Janis Moritz A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Busching, Robert T1 - Differential risk profiles for reactive and proactive aggression BT - a longitudinal latent profile analysis T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - This two-wave longitudinal study identified configurations of social rejection, affiliation with aggressive peers, and academic failure and examined their predictivity for reactive and proactive aggression in a sample of 1,479 children and adolescents aged between 9 and 19 years. Latent profile analysis yielded three configurations of risk factors, made up of a non-risk group, a risk group scoring high on measures of social rejection (SR), and a risk group scoring high on measures of affiliation with aggressive peers and academic failure (APAF). Latent path analysis revealed that, as predicted, only membership in the SR group at T1 predicted reactive aggression at T2 17 months later. By contrast, only membership in the APAF group at T1 predicted proactive aggression at T2. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 588 KW - reactive/proactive aggression KW - social rejection KW - aggressive peers KW - academic failure KW - childhood KW - adolescence KW - Germany Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-433229 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 588 SP - 71 EP - 84 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Günzel, Stephan A1 - Liebe, Michael A1 - Mersch, Dieter A1 - Castendyk, Oliver A1 - Lange, Andreas A1 - Möller, Ingrid A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Tobias, James A1 - Spieler, Klaus A1 - Böhme, Stefan A1 - Glashüttner, Robert A1 - Jöckel, Sven A1 - Dogruel, Leyla A1 - Mosel, Michael A1 - Quack, Sebastian A1 - Rumbke, Leif A1 - Walz, Steffen P. ED - Günzel, Stephan ED - Liebe, Michael ED - Mersch, Dieter T1 - DIGAREC Lectures 2008/09 : Vorträge am Zentrum für Computerspielforschung mit Wissenschaftsforum der Deutschen Gamestage ; Quo Vadis 2008 und 2009 N2 - Der zweite Band der DIGAREC Series beinhaltet Beiträge der DIGAREC Lectures 2008/09 sowie des Wissenschaftsforums der Deutschen Gamestage 2008 und 2009. Mit Beiträgen von Oliver Castendyk (Erich Pommer Institut), Stephan Günzel mit Michael Liebe und Dieter Mersch (Universität Potsdam), Andreas Lange (Computerspielemuseum Berlin), Ingrid Möller mit Barbara Krahé (Universität Potsdam), Klaus Spieler (Institut für digitale interaktive Kultur Berlin), James Tobias (University of California, Riverside), Stefan Böhme (HBK Braunschweig), Robert Glashüttner (Wien), Sven Jöckel (Universität Erfurt) mit Leyla Dogruel (FU Berlin), Michael Mosel (Universität Marburg), Sebastian Quack (HTW Berlin), Leif Rumbke (Hamburg) und Steffen P. Walz (ETH Zürich). T3 - DIGAREC Series - 02 Y1 - 2009 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33324 SN - 978-3-86956-004-5 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Abraham, Charles A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Dominic, Robert A1 - Fritsche, Immo T1 - Do health promotion messages target cognitive and behavioural correlates of condom use? : a content analysis of safer sex promotion leaflets in two countries Y1 - 2002 SN - 1359-107X ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schuster, Isabell A1 - Tomaszewska, Paulina A1 - Marchewka, Juliette A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Does question format matter in assessing the prevalence of sexual aggression? BT - A methodological study JF - The journal of sex research N2 - As research on sexual aggression has been growing, methodological issues in assessing prevalence rates have received increased attention. Building on work by Abbey and colleagues about effects of question format, participants in this study (1,253; 621 female; 632 male) were randomly assigned to one of two versions of the Sexual Aggression and Victimization Scale (SAV-S). In Version 1, the coercive tactic (use/threat of physical force, exploitation of the inability to resist, verbal pressure) was presented first, and sexual acts (sexual touch, attempted and completed sexual intercourse, other sexual acts) were presented as subsequent questions. In Version 2, sexual acts were presented first, and coercive tactics as subsequent questions. No version effects emerged for overall perpetration rates reported by men and women. The overall victimization rate across all items was significantly higher in the tactic-first than in the sexual-act-first conditions for women, but not for men. Classifying participants by their most severe experience of sexual victimization showed that fewer women were in the nonvictim category and more men were in the nonconsensual sexual contact category when the coercive tactic was presented first. Sexual experience background did not moderate the findings. The implications for the measurement of self-reported sexual aggression victimization and perpetration are discussed. KW - self-report measures KW - experiences survey KW - risk-factors KW - victimization KW - rape KW - assault KW - women KW - perpetration KW - reliability KW - responses Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2020.1777927 SN - 0022-4499 SN - 1559-8519 VL - 58 IS - 4 SP - 502 EP - 511 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schuster, Isabell A1 - Tomaszewska, Paulina A1 - Marchewka, Juliette A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Does question format matter in assessing the prevalence of sexual aggression? BT - A methodological study T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - As research on sexual aggression has been growing, methodological issues in assessing prevalence rates have received increased attention. Building on work by Abbey and colleagues about effects of question format, participants in this study (1,253; 621 female; 632 male) were randomly assigned to one of two versions of the Sexual Aggression and Victimization Scale (SAV-S). In Version 1, the coercive tactic (use/threat of physical force, exploitation of the inability to resist, verbal pressure) was presented first, and sexual acts (sexual touch, attempted and completed sexual intercourse, other sexual acts) were presented as subsequent questions. In Version 2, sexual acts were presented first, and coercive tactics as subsequent questions. No version effects emerged for overall perpetration rates reported by men and women. The overall victimization rate across all items was significantly higher in the tactic-first than in the sexual-act-first conditions for women, but not for men. Classifying participants by their most severe experience of sexual victimization showed that fewer women were in the nonvictim category and more men were in the nonconsensual sexual contact category when the coercive tactic was presented first. Sexual experience background did not moderate the findings. The implications for the measurement of self-reported sexual aggression victimization and perpetration are discussed. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 844 KW - self-report measures KW - experiences survey KW - risk-factors KW - victimization KW - rape KW - assault KW - women KW - perpetration KW - reliability KW - responses Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-546632 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jung, Janis Moritz A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Bondue, Rebecca A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Wyschkon, Anne T1 - Dynamic progression of antisocial behavior in childhood and adolescence BT - a three-wave longitudinal study from Germany JF - Applied Developmental Science N2 - This longitudinal study from Germany examined the dynamic progression of antisocial behavior in childhood and adolescence based on the social interactional model by Patterson, DeBaryshe, and Ramsey. It examined the link between antisocial behavior, social rejection, academic failure, and affiliation with deviant peers in a sample of 1,657 children and youths aged between 6 and 15 years who were studied at three measurement waves (T1 to T3) over a time period of about 5 years. Teachers rated the children on all variables, parents additionally provided ratings of antisocial behavior and social rejection. Latent structural equation modeling yielded the predicted positive paths from antisocial behavior at T1 to social rejection and academic failure at T2. As predicted, affiliation with deviant peers at T2 was positively associated with social rejection and academic failure at the same measurement point. Finally, affiliation with deviant peers at T2 significantly predicted antisocial behavior at T3. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2016.1219228 SN - 1088-8691 SN - 1532-480X VL - 22 IS - 1 SP - 74 EP - 88 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vollrath, M. A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Hampson, S. T1 - Editorial : Personality and social relations Y1 - 2004 SN - 0890-2070 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Effects of violent pornography Y1 - 2006 SN - 0952-8229 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Moeller, Ingrid A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Busching, Robert A1 - Krause, Christina T1 - Efficacy of an intervention to reduce the use of media violence and aggression an experimental evaluation with adolescents in Germany JF - Journal of youth and adolescence : a multidisciplinary research publication N2 - Several longitudinal studies and meta-analytic reviews have demonstrated that exposure to violent media is linked to aggression over time. However, evidence on effective interventions to reduce the use of violent media and promote critical viewing skills is limited. The current study examined the efficacy of an intervention designed to reduce the use of media violence and aggression in adolescence, covering a total period of about 12 months. A sample of 683 7th and 8th graders in Germany (50.1% girls) were assigned to two conditions: a 5-week intervention and a no-intervention control group. Measures of exposure to media violence and aggressive behavior were obtained about 3 months prior to the intervention (T1) and about 7 months post-intervention (T2). The intervention group showed a significantly larger decrease in the use of violent media from T1 to T2 than the control group. Participants in the intervention group also scored significantly lower on self-reported aggressive behavior (physical aggression and relational aggression) at T2 than those in the control group, but the effect was limited to those with high levels of initial aggression. This effect was mediated by an intervention-induced decrease in the normative acceptance of aggression. No gender differences in program efficacy were found. The results show that a 5-week school-based intervention can produce changes in the use of media violence, aggressive norms, and behaviors sustained over several months. KW - Media violence KW - Intervention KW - Experimental evaluation KW - Longitudinal study Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-011-9654-6 SN - 0047-2891 VL - 41 IS - 2 SP - 105 EP - 120 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ensafdaran, Faride A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Njad, Soodabe Bassak A1 - Arshadi, Nasrin T1 - Efficacy of different versions of Aggression Replacement Training (ART) BT - A review JF - Aggression and violent behavior : a review journal N2 - Aggression Replacement Training (ART) is a multimodal intervention for chronically aggressive youth. The program has been frequently administered in a variety of samples in the original form or in modified versions. This review examines evaluations of the efficacy of ART on aggressive behavior and secondary outcomes in children and youth, including modifications of ART and evaluations of the original version not covered by earlier reviews. Method: Scholarly databases were searched to identify 10 articles reporting 11 independent studies evaluating the efficacy ART in reducing aggressive behavior and improving anger control, social skills, and moral reasoning in children and youth. Results: The majority of studies found positive effects of ART on aggression and other outcomes related to anger control, social skills, and moral reasoning. However, most studies were based on small samples, and few included a control group to evaluate intervention success. Conclusions: The studies reviewed in this paper tentatively suggest that ART is an efficacious intervention to reduce aggressive behavior and improve anger control, social skills, and moral reasoning in at-risk children and youth. However, this conclusion is qualified by a number of methodological limitations that highlight the need for further, more rigorous evaluation studies. KW - Aggression Replacement Training KW - Review KW - Social skills KW - Anger control KW - Moral reasoning Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2019.02.006 SN - 1359-1789 SN - 1873-6335 VL - 47 SP - 230 EP - 237 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Berger, Anja A1 - Moeller, Ingrid T1 - Entwicklung und Validierung eines Inventars zur Erfassung des Geschlechtsrollenselbstkonzepts im Jugendalter Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schiefer, David A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Ethnic identity and orientation to white American culture are linked to well-being among american indians-but in different ways JF - Social psychology N2 - This study examined the relationship between ethnic identity, orientation toward the White mainstream culture, and psychological well-being among American Indians. In the light of the unique history of American Indians, we investigated the relationship between identification with the American Indian ingroup, orientation toward the dominant White American culture ( in terms of showing behavior typical for White mainstream culture as well as positive attitudes and feelings of belonging to White American culture), and self-efficacy and learned helplessness as indicators of psychological well-being. Structural equation analyses with an adolescent and an adult sample revealed a positive relationship between ethnic identity and self-efficacy but no link with learned helplessness. The tendency to show behavior typical for White mainstream culture was associated with higher self-efficacy in both samples and with lower helplessness in the adult subsample. White American orientation in the form of positive attitudes and sense of belonging were associated with higher helplessness in both samples and with lower self-efficacy among adults. The findings are discussed in terms of the role of both ethnic identity and the orientation toward the mainstream culture for well-being among American Indians, focusing on the distinct relations of White American behavior versus White American affiliation with well-being in American Indians. KW - American Indians KW - ethnic identity KW - acculturation KW - well-being Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000155 SN - 1864-9335 SN - 2151-2590 VL - 45 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Hogrefe CY - Göttingen ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Semin, Gün R. T1 - Explaining perceived cross-situational consistency : intuitive psychometrics or semantic mediation? N2 - Recent studies at the interface of social cognition and personality theory have stressed lay persons' ability to 'function as intuitive psychometricians' (Epstein and Teraspulsky, 1986). This research argues that lay persons not only show a substantial degree of accuracy in estimating cross-situational generality of behaviour, but also take into account principles of aggregation over time. In contrast, it is argued here that lay persons' perceptions of the degree of relatedness of different behaviours are mediated largely by the decontextualized semantic relationships between behavioural descriptions. This argument finds support in two experimental studies which demonstrate that the main source for subjects' judgments of 'cross-situational consistency' can be found in an abstracted knowledge base which is represented and mediated through language. The implications of the findings are drawn out for personality research. in particular with reference to domain and item selection in questionnaires for research. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 070 Y1 - 1988 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33847 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Möller, Ingrid A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Exposure to violent video games and aggression in German adolescents : a longitudinal analysis N2 - The relationship between exposure to violent electronic games and aggressive cognitions and behavior was examined in a longitudinal study. A total of 295 German adolescents completed the measures of violent video game usage, endorsement of aggressive norms, hostile attribution bias, and physical as well as indirect/relational aggression cross- sectionally, and a subsample of N = 143 was measured again 30 months later. Cross-sectional results at T1 showed a direct relationship between violent game usage and aggressive norms, and an indirect link to hostile attribution bias through aggressive norms. In combination, exposure to game violence, normative beliefs, and hostile attribution bias predicted physical and indirect/relational aggression. Longitudinal analyses using path analysis showed that violence exposure at T1 predicted physical (but not indirect/relational) aggression 30 months later, whereas aggression at T1 was unrelated to later video game use. Exposure to violent games at T1 influenced physical (but not indirect/relational) aggression at T2 via an increase of aggressive norms and hostile attribution bias. The findings are discussed in relation to social-cognitive explanations of long-term effects of media violence on aggression. Y1 - 2009 UR - http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jhome/32356 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/Ab.20290 SN - 0096-140X ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Faking personality profiles on a standard personality inventory N2 - A study is reported which investigates the fakeability of personality profiles as measured by a standard personality inventory, the Freiburger Persönlichkeitsinventar (FPI). Unlike previous studies investigating laypersons' ability to fake a global good or bad impression, the present study examined individuals' ability to fake a specific personality profile. Four groups of subjects were instructed to fake their FPI scores so as to present themselves as high vs low scorers on the "social orientation" dimension or high vs low scorers on the "achievement orientation" dimension. The results clearly demonstrate that subjects are successful in manipulating their scores on the critical dimensions according to instruction. Moreover, they also fake related scales in a way that corroborates the intended image of a person with a high (or low) achievement (or social) orientation. The overall pattern of results reveals that subjects were able to distort their responses in a way that reflects their intuitive understanding of the dimensional structure of the FPI. The implications of the present findings for the use of personality inventories as valid diagnostic instruments are discussed. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 084 Y1 - 1989 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-34486 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tetzner, Julia A1 - Bondue, Rebecca A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Family risk factors and buffering factors for child internalizing and externalizing problems JF - Journal of applied developmental psychology N2 - Detrimental effects of adverse family conditions for children's wellbeing are well-documented, but little is known about the impact of specific risk factors, or about potential protective factors that buffer the effects of family risk factors on negative development. We investigated the impact of five important family risk factors (e.g., parental conflict) on internalizing and externalizing problems and the potential buffering effects of peer acceptance and academic skills at two measurement points two years apart in 1195 7-to 10-year-olds (T1: M-Age = 8.54). Latent change models showed that increases in risk factors over the two years predicted increasing internalizing and externalizing problems. Parental conflict was the most impactful risk factor, although peer acceptance and academic skills showed some buffering effects. The results highlight the necessity of investigating cumulative and single risk factors, specifically interparental conflict, and emphasize the need to strengthen children's internal and social resources to buffer the effects of adverse family conditions. KW - psychological problems KW - family risk factors KW - protective factors KW - parental conflict KW - academic skills KW - peer acceptance Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2022.101395 SN - 0193-3973 SN - 1873-7900 VL - 80 PB - Elsevier CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Möller, Ingrid A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Fördern gewalthaltige Bildschirmspiele die Aggressionsbereitschaft? JF - DIGAREC Lectures 2008/09 : Vorträge am Zentrum für Computerspielforschung mit Wissenschaftsforum der Deutschen Gamestage ; Quo Vadis 2008 und 2009 N2 - Die Frage, ob gewalthaltige Bildschirmspiele die Aggressionsbereitschaft der SpielerInnen erhöht, wird in der Öffentlichkeit kontrovers diskutiert. Demgegenüber spricht die vorliegende Forschung mehrheitlich für die Annahme eines aggressionsfördernden Effekts, auch wenn die Größenordnung und praktische Bedeutung der gefundenen Zusammenhänge unterschiedlich beurteilt wird. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt den aktuellen wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisstand zum Zusammenhang zwischen Gewaltspielkonsum und Aggression dar, präsentiert Ansätze zur Erklärung der Wirkmechanismen von Mediengewalt und stellt zwei eigene Untersuchungen vor, die den Zusammenhang für das Medium der gewalthaltigen Bildschirmspiele im Quer- und Längsschnitt analysieren. N2 - The potential impact of violent electronic games on players’ aggression is a highly controversial issue in public debate. In contrast, scientific research has provided clear evidence that exposure to in-game violence can enhance aggressive cognitions, affect, and behavioral tendencies in players, both temporarily and in the long run, even if there is some disagreement about the strength of the evidence and the practical implications of the findings. The chapter reviews the current state of knowledge about the empirical evidence and theoretical explanations concerning the relationship between exposure to video game violence and aggression. It also presents a cross-sectional and a longitudinal study on the link between usage of violent electronic games and aggression in German adolescents. Y1 - 2009 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33196 SN - 978-3-86956-004-5 SN - 1867-6219 IS - 2 SP - 60 EP - 83 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Kundrotas, Silvia T1 - Glaubwürdigkeitsbeurteilung bei Vergewaltigungsanzeigen : ein aussagenanalytisches Feldexperiment N2 - Die Studie untersucht die Frage, ob sich anhand eines bereits bei kindlichen Zeugenaussagen bewährten Katalogs von Glaubhaftigkeitskriterien zwischen wahren und falschen Vergewaltigungsanzeigen unterscheiden läßt. Das Fallmaterial bestand aus dreißig authentischen Vernehmungsprotokollen, von denen je die Hälfte eingestandene Falschaussagen bzw. anhand von Tätergeständnissen oder Indizien als wahr klassifizierte Aussagen waren. Erfahrene Polizeibeamte aus dem Bereich Sexualstraftaten (N = 30) beurteilten diese Fälle anhand des Kriterienkatalogs von Steiler und Köhnken (1989) und gaben ein abschließendes Urteil über die Glaubwürdigkeit jedes Falles ab. Eine zweite Gruppe von Polizeibeamten (N=22) beurteilte die Fälle ohne Rückgriff auf Realkennzeichen als wahr bzw, falsch. Die diskriminanzanalytische Auswertung der Ergebnisse zeigt, daß der Kriterienkatalog insgesamt gut dazu geeignet ist, zwischen wahren und falschen Vergewaltigungsanzeigen zu differenzieren. Die Ergebnisse der schrittweisen Diskriminanzanalyse zeigen darüber hinaus, welche Glaubhaftigkeitskriterien im einzelnen einen signifikanten Beitrag zur Trennung zwischen Wahr- und Falschaussagen leisten. Der höhere Prozentsatz korrekter Klassifikationen in der Gruppe, die die Realkennzeichen verwendete, erreichte allerdings nur knapp statistische Signifikanz. Insgesamt stützt die vorliegende Studie die Grundannahme der Aussagenanalyse, daß die Analyse der sprachlichen Merkmale einer Aussage einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Beurteilung des Wahrheitsgehalts einer Anzeige leisten kann. N2 - This study explores the issue of whether allegations of rape can be correctly identified as true or false on the basis of a set of content criteria used successfully in previous studies with respect to children's accounts of sexual abuse. A sample of 30 authentic protocols of police interrogations of women reporting rape were selected for the study. Fifteen cases were classified as false accounts because the complainants eventually confessed to having fabricated their allegations. The remaining cases were classified as true rapes on the basis of medical and other corroborating evidence. A group of experienced police officers (N = 30) judged these cases in terms of their credibility on the basis of the 19 content criteria suggested by Steller & Köhnken (1989) and gave an overall judgment of the true vs. false nature of each statement. A second group of police officers (N= 22) judged the credibility of the statements without reference to these criteria. The findings from a series of discriminant function analyses showed that the set of criteria as a whole is successful in distinguishing between true and false rape allegations. The results of the stepwise discriminant function analyses reveal which criteria in particular contribute to the correct identification of true and false cases. However, the higher percentage of correct classifications in the group using the content criteria was only marginally significant compared to the second group judging the cases without reference to the criteria. Altogerher, the findings of this study support the basic tenet of statement analysis that the linguistic features of a staternent contain essential clues for assessing its credibility. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 077 Y1 - 1992 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-34300 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - How human beings develop in social contexts and how social contexts are affected by human development : commentary for the special issue "Entwicklungs- und sozialpsychologische Perspektiven der Selbstforschung" Y1 - 1997 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Six, Bernd A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Implicit psychologists' estimates of attitude-behaviour consistencies N2 - To investigate the relationship between implicit psychological hypotheses and explicit empirical findings, summaries of twenty published studies on attitude-behaviour consistency were presented to a sample of forty-eight psychology undergraduates. Subjects were asked to estimate the percentage of agreement between attitudes and behaviour obtained by each study. Correlations between subjects' covariation judgements and empirically obtained attitude-behaviour consistencies were minimal and nonsignificant. Results are discussed in the light of more recent research on attitudebehaviour relationship. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 078 Y1 - 1984 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-34427 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Semin, Gün R. T1 - In search of explanations : a rejoinder to Borkenau N2 - The main points raised by Borkenau against our challenge of the 'intuitive psychometrics' view of personality judgements are discussed, in particular his example of the link between school grades and intelligence. It is argued that the semantic similarity interpretation advanced in our paper is more adequate and more parsimonious than explanations in terms of psychometric reasoning. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 071 Y1 - 1989 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33859 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Reimer, Torsten T1 - Indirekte Vorurteilsmessung : die Beurteilung von Straftaten als Indikator vorteilshafter Einstellungen Y1 - 1998 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Busching, Robert T1 - Interplay of normative beliefs and behavior in developmental patterns of physical and relational aggression in adolescence: a four-wave longitudinal study JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - In a longitudinal study with N = 1,854 adolescents from Germany, we investigated patterns of change and gender differences in physical and relational aggression in relation to normative beliefs about these two forms of aggression. Participants, whose mean age was 13 years at T1, completed self-report measures of physically and relationally aggressive behavior and indicated their normative approval of both forms of aggression at four data waves separated by 12-month intervals. Boys scored higher than did girls on both forms of aggression, but the gender difference was more pronounced for physical aggression. Physical aggression decreased and relational aggression increased over the four data waves in both gender groups. The normative acceptance of both forms of aggression decreased over time, with a greater decrease for the approval of physical aggression. In both gender groups, normative approval of relational aggression prospectively predicted relational aggression across all data waves, and the normative approval of physical aggression predicted physically aggressive behavior at the second and third data waves. A reciprocal reinforcement of aggressive norms and behavior was found for both forms of aggression. The findings are discussed as supporting a social information processing perspective on developmental patterns of change in physical and relational aggression in adolescence. KW - physical aggression KW - relational aggression KW - aggressive norms KW - adolescence KW - gender KW - longitudinal study KW - Germany Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01146 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 5 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - INPR A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Abbey, Antonia T1 - Intimate partner violence as a global problem - international and interdisciplinary perspectives T2 - International journal of conflict and violence N2 - This editorial introduces the Focus Section on Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) as a worldwide problem, which brings together six papers that are truly international and interdisciplinary. They provide insights into IPV from nine different cultures - China, Germany, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Northern Ireland, Sweden, Turkey, and the United States - from scholars in the fields of psychology, gender studies, political science, and economics. The first three papers look at how widespread the experience of IPV is among different groups of women, examine selected risk factors associated with heightened vulnerability to victimization, and discuss consequences of intimate partner victimization. Another two papers place the problem of IPV in the wider context of societal perceptions and attitudes about victims and perpetrators of IPV in different countries, whereas the last paper examines the role of individual differences in the management of emotions in the escalation or de-escalation of relationship conflict. In combination, the papers highlight the interplay between the macro level of social and cultural norms condoning the use of violence, the micro level of family relations and construction of couple relationships, and the individual level of attitudes and behaviors that precipitate IPV. Y1 - 2013 SN - 1864-1385 VL - 7 IS - 2 SP - 198 EP - 202 PB - Inst. for Interdisciplinary Conflict and Violence Research, Univ. of Bielefeld CY - Bielefeld ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Semin, Gün R. T1 - Lay conceptions of personality : eliciting tiers of a scientific conception of personality N2 - Two studies are reported which examine the availability of scientific propositions of personality in lay conceptions of personality. It is argued from a social constructivist perspective that models of personality must derive from and refer to lay conceptions of persons. Eysenck's trait-type model of introversion-extroversion, containing specific propositions about phenotypic and genotypic differences between extraverts and introverts, was utilized as the scientific model of personality and its availability in lay conceptions of personality was examined in two studies. In the first study, subjects were presented with a genotypic characterization of either an introvert or an extravert target person and asked to infer corresponding phenotypic differences. In the second study, the inference process was reversed with subjects being asked to infer genotypic characteristics of introverts versus extraverts on the basis of phenotypic target person descriptions of the two types. Results from both studies show a high degree of accuracy in subjects' inferences, suggesting that laypersons have well-formed conceptions about personality containing 'higher-order' psychogenetic propositions corresponding to Eysenck's trait-type model. The implications of the findings for theory construction are discussed. N2 - Es wird über zwei Untersuchungen berichtet, in denen die Verfügbarkeit von Wissenschaftlichen Aussagen zur Persönlichkeit in Laienkonzeptionen der Persönlichkeit geprüft wird. Es wird behauptet, daß von einem sozial-konstruktivistischen Standpunkt Modelle der Persönlichkeit aus Laienkonzeptionen über Personen abgeleitet werden und sich darauf beziehen müssen. Eysenck's Eigenschaftsmodell von Intraversión — Extraversion, das spezifische Aussagen über phänotypische und genotypische Unterschiede von Extravertierten und Intravertierten macht, wurde als wissenschaftliches Modell der Persönlichkeit genutzt und seine Verfügbarkeit in Laienkonzeptionen der Persönlichkeit in zwei Untersuchungen geprüft. In der ersten Untersuchung wurde den Vpn eine genotypische Charakterisierung entweder einer extravertierten oder intravertierten Person dargeboten. Sie wurden aufgefordert, entsprechende phänotypische Unterschiede daraus abzuleiten. In der zweiten Untersuchung wurde der Infcrcnzprozcß umgekehrt, indem die Vpn aufgefordert wurden, genolypische Charakteristika von Intravertierten vs. Extravertierten aus phänotypischen Beschreibungen der beiden Typen herzuleiten. Die Ergebnisse beider Untersuchungen zeigten einen hohen Grad an Genauigkeit in den Schlußfolgerungen der Vpn. Dies legt nahe, daß Laienpersonen eine gut ausgearbeitete Konzeption der Persönlichkeit besitzen, die psychogenetische Aussagen höherer Ordnung entsprechend dem Eigenschaftsmodell von Eyscnck einschließt. Die Folgerungen daraus für die Konstruktion von Theorien werden diskutiert. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 068 Y1 - 1987 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33827 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Skowronski, Marika A1 - Busching, Robert A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Links between exposure to sexualized Instagram images and body image concerns in girls and boys JF - Journal of media psychology N2 - The current study examined the links between viewing female and male sexualized Instagram images (SII) and body image concerns within the three-step process of self-objectification among adolescents aged 13-18 years from Germany (N = 300, 61% female). Participants completed measures of SII use, thin- and muscular-ideal internalization, valuing appearance over competence, and body surveillance. Structural equation modeling revealed that SII use was associated with body image concerns for boys and girls via different routes. Specifically, female SII use was indirectly associated with higher body surveillance via thin-ideal internalization and subsequent valuing appearance over competence for girls. For both girls and boys, male SII use was indirectly linked to higher body surveillance via muscular-ideal internalization. Implications for the three-step model of self-objectification by sexualized social media are discussed. KW - social media KW - sexualization KW - body image concerns KW - self-objectification; KW - body surveillance Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000296 SN - 1864-1105 SN - 2151-2388 VL - 34 IS - 1 SP - 55 EP - 62 PB - Hogrefe & Huber Publ. [u.a.] CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Möller, Ingrid T1 - Links between self-reported media violence exposure and teacher ratings of aggression and prosocial behavior among German adolescents JF - Journal of adolescence N2 - The relations between adolescents' habitual usage of media violence and their tendency to engage in aggressive and prosocial behavior in a school setting were examined in a cross-sectional study with 1688 7th and 8th graders in Germany who completed measures of violent media exposure and normative acceptance of aggression. For each participant, ratings of prosocial and aggressive behavior were obtained from their class teacher. Media violence exposure was a unique predictor of teacher-rated aggression even when relevant covariates were considered, and it predicted prosocial behavior over and above gender. Path analyses confirmed a direct positive link from media violence usage to teacher-rated aggression for girls and boys, but no direct negative link to prosocial behavior was found. Indirect pathways were identified to higher aggressive and lower prosocial behavior via the acceptance of aggression as normative. Although there were significant gender differences in media violence exposure, aggression, and prosocial behavior, similar path models were identified for boys and girls. KW - Media violence KW - Aggressive behavior KW - Prosocial behavior KW - Aggressive norms KW - Teacher ratings Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.05.003 SN - 0140-1971 VL - 34 IS - 2 SP - 279 EP - 287 PB - Elsevier CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bondü, Rebecca A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Links of justice and rejection sensitivity with aggression in childhood and adolescence JF - Aggressive behavior : a multidisciplinary journal devoted to the experimental and observational analysis of conflict in humans and animals N2 - Individual differences in justice sensitivity and rejection sensitivity have been linked to differences in aggressive behavior in adults. However, there is little research studying this association in children and adolescents and considering the two constructs in combination. We assessed justice sensitivity from the victim, observer, and perpetrator perspective as well as anxious and angry rejection sensitivity and linked both constructs to different forms (physical, relational), and functions (proactive, reactive) of self-reported aggression and to teacher- and parent-rated aggression in N=1,489 9- to 19-year olds in Germany. Victim sensitivity and both angry and anxious rejection sensitivity showed positive correlations with all forms and functions of aggression. Angry rejection sensitivity also correlated positively with teacher-rated aggression. Perpetrator sensitivity was negatively correlated with all aggression measures, and observer sensitivity also correlated negatively with all aggression measures except for a positive correlation with reactive aggression. Path models considering the sensitivity facets in combination and controlling for age and gender showed that higher victim justice sensitivity predicted higher aggression on all measures. Higher perpetrator sensitivity predicted lower physical, relational, proactive, and reactive aggression. Higher observer sensitivity predicted lower teacher-rated aggression. Angry rejection sensitivity predicted higher proactive and reactive aggression, whereas anxious rejection sensitivity did not make an additional contribution to the prediction of aggression. The findings are discussed in terms of social information processing models of aggression in childhood and adolescence. Aggr. Behav. 41:353-368, 2015. (c) 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. KW - proactive aggression KW - reactive aggression KW - relational aggression KW - justice sensitivity KW - rejection sensitivity Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21556 SN - 0096-140X SN - 1098-2337 VL - 41 IS - 4 SP - 353 EP - 368 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Prot, Sara A1 - Gentile, Douglas A. A1 - Anderson, Craig A. A1 - Suzuki, Kanae A1 - Swing, Edward A1 - Lim, Kam Ming A1 - Horiuchi, Yukiko A1 - Jelic, Margareta A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Wei Liuqing, A1 - Liau, Albert K. A1 - Khoo, Angeline A1 - Petrescu, Poesis Diana A1 - Sakamoto, Akira A1 - Tajima, Sachi A1 - Toma, Roxana Andreea A1 - Warburton, Wayne A1 - Zhang, Xuemin A1 - Lam, Ben Chun Pan T1 - Long-term relations among prosocial-media use, empathy, and prosocial behavior JF - Psychological science : research, theory, & application in psychology and related sciences N2 - Despite recent growth of research on the effects of prosocial media, processes underlying these effects are not well understood. Two studies explored theoretically relevant mediators and moderators of the effects of prosocial media on helping. Study 1 examined associations among prosocial- and violent-media use, empathy, and helping in samples from seven countries. Prosocial-media use was positively associated with helping. This effect was mediated by empathy and was similar across cultures. Study 2 explored longitudinal relations among prosocial-video-game use, violent-video-game use, empathy, and helping in a large sample of Singaporean children and adolescents measured three times across 2 years. Path analyses showed significant longitudinal effects of prosocial- and violent-video-game use on prosocial behavior through empathy. Latent-growth-curve modeling for the 2-year period revealed that change in video-game use significantly affected change in helping, and that this relationship was mediated by change in empathy. KW - mass media KW - cross-cultural differences KW - social behavior KW - prosocial media KW - violent media KW - prosocial behavior KW - empathy KW - helping KW - general learning model KW - prediction Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613503854 SN - 0956-7976 SN - 1467-9280 VL - 25 IS - 2 SP - 358 EP - 368 PB - Sage Publ. CY - Thousand Oaks ER - TY - GEN A1 - Prot, Sara A1 - Gentile, Douglas A. A1 - Anderson, Craig A. A1 - Suzuki, Kanae A1 - Swing, Edward A1 - Lim, Kam Ming A1 - Horiuchi, Yukiko A1 - Jelic, Margareta A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Liuqing, Wei A1 - Liau, Albert K. A1 - Khoo, Angeline A1 - Petrescu, Poesis Diana A1 - Sakamoto, Akira A1 - Tajima, Sachi A1 - Toma, Roxana Andreea A1 - Warburton, Wayne A1 - Zhang, Xuemin A1 - Lam, Ben Chun Pan T1 - Long-term relations among prosocial-media use, empathy, and prosocial behavior T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Despite recent growth of research on the effects of prosocial media, processes underlying these effects are not well understood. Two studies explored theoretically relevant mediators and moderators of the effects of prosocial media on helping. Study 1 examined associations among prosocial- and violent-media use, empathy, and helping in samples from seven countries. Prosocial-media use was positively associated with helping. This effect was mediated by empathy and was similar across cultures. Study 2 explored longitudinal relations among prosocial-video-game use, violent-video-game use, empathy, and helping in a large sample of Singaporean children and adolescents measured three times across 2 years. Path analyses showed significant longitudinal effects of prosocial- and violent-video-game use on prosocial behavior through empathy. Latent-growth-curve modeling for the 2-year period revealed that change in video-game use significantly affected change in helping, and that this relationship was mediated by change in empathy. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 389 KW - mass media KW - cross-cultural differences KW - social behavior KW - prosocial media KW - violent media KW - prosocial behavior KW - empathy KW - helping KW - general learning model KW - prediction Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-404136 IS - 389 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Rohlf, Helena L. A1 - Holl, Anna K. A1 - Kirsch, Fabian A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Elsner, Birgit T1 - Longitudinal Links between Executive Function, Anger, and Aggression in Middle Childhood T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Previous research has indicated that executive function (EF) is negatively associated with aggressive behavior in childhood. However, there is a lack of longitudinal studies that have examined the effect of deficits in EF on aggression over time and taken into account different forms and functions of aggression at the same time. Furthermore, only few studies have analyzed the role of underlying variables that may explain the association between EF and aggression. The present study examined the prospective paths between EF and different forms (physical and relational) and functions (reactive and proactive) of aggression. The habitual experience of anger was examined as a potential underlying mechanism of the link between EF and aggression, because the tendency to get angry easily has been found to be both a consequence of deficits in EF and a predictor of aggression. The study included 1,652 children (between 6 and 11 years old at the first time point), who were followed over three time points (T1, T2, and T3) covering 3 years. At T1, a latent factor of EF comprised measures of planning, rated via teacher reports, as well as inhibition, set shifting, and working-memory updating, assessed experimentally. Habitual anger experience was assessed via parent reports at T1 and T2. The forms and functions of aggression were measured via teacher reports at all three time points. Structural equation modeling revealed that EF at T1 predicted physical, relational, and reactive aggression at T3, but was unrelated to proactive aggression at T3. Furthermore, EF at T1 was indirectly linked to physical aggression at T3, mediated through habitual anger experience at T2. The results indicate that deficits in EF influence the later occurrence of aggression in middle childhood, and the tendency to get angry easily mediates this relation. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 382 KW - executive function KW - anger KW - relational aggression KW - reactive aggression KW - proactive aggression KW - childhood KW - longitudinal study Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-409471 IS - 382 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rohlf, Helena L. A1 - Holl, Anna K. A1 - Kirsch, Fabian A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Elsner, Birgit T1 - Longitudinal Links between Executive Function, Anger, and Aggression in Middle Childhood JF - Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience N2 - Previous research has indicated that executive function (EF) is negatively associated with aggressive behavior in childhood. However, there is a lack of longitudinal studies that have examined the effect of deficits in EF on aggression over time and taken into account different forms and functions of aggression at the same time. Furthermore, only few studies have analyzed the role of underlying variables that may explain the association between EF and aggression. The present study examined the prospective paths between EF and different forms (physical and relational) and functions (reactive and proactive) of aggression. The habitual experience of anger was examined as a potential underlying mechanism of the link between EF and aggression, because the tendency to get angry easily has been found to be both a consequence of deficits in EF and a predictor of aggression. The study included 1,652 children (between 6 and 11 years old at the first time point), who were followed over three time points (T1, T2, and T3) covering 3 years. At T1, a latent factor of EF comprised measures of planning, rated via teacher reports, as well as inhibition, set shifting, and working-memory updating, assessed experimentally. Habitual anger experience was assessed via parent reports at T1 and T2. The forms and functions of aggression were measured via teacher reports at all three time points. Structural equation modeling revealed that EF at T1 predicted physical, relational, and reactive aggression at T3, but was unrelated to proactive aggression at T3. Furthermore, EF at T1 was indirectly linked to physical aggression at T3, mediated through habitual anger experience at T2. The results indicate that deficits in EF influence the later occurrence of aggression in middle childhood, and the tendency to get angry easily mediates this relation. KW - executive function KW - anger KW - relational aggression KW - reactive aggression KW - proactive aggression KW - childhood KW - longitudinal study Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00027 SN - 1662-5153 VL - 12 IS - 27 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Berger, Anja T1 - Longitudinal pathways of sexual victimization, sexual self-esteem, and depression in women and men JF - Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy N2 - Objective: This article presents a longitudinal analysis of the links between sexual assault victimization, depression, and sexual self-esteem by examining their cross-lagged paths among both men and women. Method: Male and female college students (N = 2,425) in Germany participated in the study that comprised 3 data waves in their first, second, and third year of university, separated by 12-month intervals. Sexual assault victimization was assessed at Time 1 (T1) since the age of 14 and at Time 2 (T2) and Time 3 (T3) for the last 12 months. Depression and sexual self-esteem were measured at each wave. Results: Random-intercept cross-lagged panel analyses, controlling for individual differences in depression and sexual self-esteem, showed that sexual assault at T1 predicted depression and lower sexual self-esteem at T2, and depression and lower self-esteem at T2 predicted sexual assault victimization at T3. In addition, significant paths were found from T1 depression to T2 sexual assault victimization and from T2 sexual assault victimization to depression at T3. Sexual victimization at T1 was indirectly linked to sexual victimization at T3 via depression at T2. Both depression and sexual self-esteem at T1 were indirectly linked to sexual victimization at T3. The paths did not differ significantly between men and women. Conclusion: Sexual assault victimization was shown to be a risk factor for both depression as a general mental health indicator and lowered sexual self-esteem as a specific outcome in the domain of sexuality. Moreover, depression and sexual self-esteem increased the vulnerability for sexual assault victimization, which has implications for prevention and intervention efforts. This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers. This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly. KW - sexual assault victimization KW - depression KW - sexual self-esteem KW - longitudinal study KW - Germany Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000198 SN - 1942-9681 SN - 1942-969X VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - 147 EP - 155 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Vanwesenbeeck, Ine T1 - Mapping an agenda for the study of youth sexual aggression in Europe: assessment, principles of good practice, and the multilevel analysis of risk factors JF - Journal of sexual aggression N2 - Sexual aggression is a serious threat to young people's sexual health in Europe, but establishing the exact scale of the problem has been hampered by a variety of conceptual and methodological problems. This article presents a framework for studying youth sexual aggression that addresses both prevalence and risk factors of victimisation and perpetration. It proposes a research tool to comprehensively assess the perpetration of, and victimisation by, sexual aggression that captures different coercive strategies, sexual acts, victim–perpetrator relations, and gender constellations. The instrument is rooted in a clear conceptual definition of sexual aggression and was pilot-tested in 10 countries of the European Union (EU). Furthermore, a list of good practice criteria is proposed to promote the quality and comparability of research on youth sexual aggression in Europe. A multilevel approach combining individual-level and country-level predictors of sexual aggression is outlined and illustrated with data from the pilot study in 10 countries. KW - Sexual aggression KW - sexual victimisation KW - youth KW - measurement KW - risk factors KW - Europe Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2015.1066885 SN - 1355-2600 SN - 1742-6545 VL - 22 SP - 161 EP - 174 PB - Karger CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kirsch, Fabian A1 - Rohlf, Helena L. A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Measuring anger regulation in middle childhood through behavioural observation: a longitudinal validation JF - European journal of developmental psychology N2 - Learning to regulate anger is an important task in childhood development, as maladaptive anger regulation has been linked to a variety of problems, including aggression and social rejection. To assess anger regulation in situ, in a previous study we developed a behavioural observation measure and demonstrated its cross-sectional construct and criterion validity in a sample of 599 children with a mean age of 8.1years. The present study further validated the measure by demonstrating its predictive validity. About 10months after the behavioural observation, participants were asked to imagine two anger-eliciting situations and report what they would do to get rid of their anger. Observed anger regulation strategies at T1 correlated significantly with self-reported regulatory behaviour at T2, suggesting that the behavioural observation measure is an ecologically valid approach for assessing anger regulation in middle childhood. KW - Anger regulation KW - observation KW - childhood KW - validation KW - longitudinal study Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2015.1101375 SN - 1740-5629 SN - 1740-5610 VL - 12 IS - 6 SP - 718 EP - 727 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Reimer, Torsten A1 - Fritsche, Immo A1 - Scheinberger-Olwig, Renate T1 - Measuring sexual aggression : the reliability of the Sexual Experiences Survey in a German sample Y1 - 1999 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anderson, Craig A. A1 - Suzuki, Kanae A1 - Swing, Edward L. A1 - Groves, Christopher L. A1 - Gentile, Douglas A. A1 - Prot, Sara A1 - Lam, Chun Pan A1 - Sakamoto, Akira A1 - Horiuchi, Yukiko A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Jelic, Margareta A1 - Wei Liuqing, A1 - Toma, Roxana A1 - Warburton, Wayne A. A1 - Zhang, Xue-Min A1 - Tajima, Sachi A1 - Qing, Feng A1 - Petrescu, Poesis T1 - Media Violence and Other Aggression Risk Factors in Seven Nations JF - Personality and social psychology bulletin N2 - Cultural generality versus specificity of media violence effects on aggression was examined in seven countries (Australia, China, Croatia, Germany, Japan, Romania, the United States). Participants reported aggressive behaviors, media use habits, and several other known risk and protective factors for aggression. Across nations, exposure to violent screen media was positively associated with aggression. This effect was partially mediated by aggressive cognitions and empathy. The media violence effect on aggression remained significant even after statistically controlling a number of relevant risk and protective factors (e.g., abusive parenting, peer delinquency), and was similar in magnitude to effects of other risk factors. In support of the cumulative risk model, joint effects of different risk factors on aggressive behavior in each culture were larger than effects of any individual risk factor. KW - mass media KW - aggression KW - culture KW - ethnicity Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167217703064 SN - 0146-1672 SN - 1552-7433 VL - 43 SP - 986 EP - 998 PB - Sage Publ. CY - Thousand Oaks ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Media violence use as a risk factor for aggressive behaviour in adolescence JF - European review of social psychology KW - Media violence KW - Aggression KW - Adolescence KW - Intervention KW - Prosocial behaviour Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2014.923177 SN - 1046-3283 SN - 1479-277X VL - 25 IS - 1 SP - 71 EP - 106 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Möller, Ingrid A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Mediengewaltkonsum und Aggression im Jugendalter : ein Forschungsüberblick Y1 - 2009 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Berger, Anja T1 - Men and women as perpetrators and victims of sexual aggression in heterosexual and same-sex encounters : a study of first-year college students in Germany JF - Aggressive behavior : a multidisciplinary journal devoted to the experimental and observational analysis of conflict in humans and animals N2 - This study examined the prevalence of sexual aggression and victimization in a large convenience sample of N=2,149 first-year college students from different universities in Germany. Participants were asked about both victimization by, and perpetration of, sexual aggression since the age of 14. Both same-sex and heterosexual victim-perpetrator constellations were examined. Prevalence rates were established for different victim-perpetrator relationships (partners, acquaintances, strangers) and for incidents involving alcohol consumption by one or both partners. The overall perpetration rate was 13.2%, for men and 7.6% for women. The overall victimization rate was 35.9% for women and 19.4% for men. A disparity between victimization and perpetration reports was found for both men and women. Perpetration and victimization rates were highest among participants who had sexual contacts with both opposite-sex and same-sex partners. Sexual aggression and victimization rates were higher between current or former partners and acquaintances than between strangers. Alcohol consumption by one or both partners was involved in almost 75% of all victimization and almost 70% of all perpetration incidents. The findings portray a comprehensive picture of the scale of sexual aggression and victimization in college students with different sexual lifestyles. KW - sexual aggression KW - sexual victimization KW - male victims KW - female perpetrators KW - same-sex contacts Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21482 SN - 0096-140X VL - 39 IS - 5 SP - 391 EP - 404 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Scheinberger-Olwig, Renate A1 - Bieneck, Steffen T1 - Men's reports of nonconsensual sexual interactions with women Y1 - 2003 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Motivationseinflüsse im Attributionsprozess : zur Diskussion um den "self-serving bias" in der Attributionsforschung N2 - Inhalt: 1 Zur alltagspsychologischen Bedeutung von Kausalinterpretationen 2 Theoretischer und empirischer Bezugsrahmen 2.1 Grundlegende Konzepte der Attributionstheorie - 2.1.1 Die klassischen Modelle der Attributionsforschung - 2.1.2 Neuere kognitive Erklärungsansätze der Kausalattribution 2.2 Empirische Befunde zum Problem der selbstwertbezogenen Attribution - 2.2.1 Selbstwertbezogene Attributionen eigener Handlungsergebnisse - 2.2.2 Das Wettbewerbsparadigma - 2.2.3 Selbstwertbezogene Voreingenommenheiten aus der Beobachter-Perspektive - 2.2.4 Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede bei der Kausalattribution von Erfolg und Mißerfolg - 2.2.5 Zusammenfassende Bewertung der Untersuchungsergebnisse 2.3 Zum Stand der Theorie - und Methodendiskussion im Rahmen selbstwertbezogener Voreingenommenheiten - 2.3.1 Ich-Beteiligung und Zentralität - 2.3.2 Der informationstheoretische Erklärungsansatz - 2.3.3 Zur Methodik der Erfassung selbstwertbezogener Attributionen - 2.3.4 Die Bedeutung sozialer Vergleichsprozesse für die Kausalattribution 3 Empirische Untersuchung zur Erfassung von kausalattributionen für Verhaltensergebnisse anderer Personen 3.1 Darstellung des Untersuchungsansatzes 3.2 Fragestellung und Hypothesen 3.3 Ablauf der Untersuchung - 3.3.1 Aufgaben der Voruntersuchung - 3.3.2 Durchführung der Hauptuntersuchung 3.4 Schritte der Datenanalyse - 3.4.1 Auswertung der Attributionsskala - 3.4.2 Uberprüfung der Untersuchungshypothesen 3.5 Diskussion und Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 117 KW - Attribution KW - Motivation Y1 - 1982 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-37666 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Berger, Anja A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Negative attributes are gendered too - conceptualizing and measuring positive and negative facets of sex-role identity JF - European journal of social psychology N2 - Measures of gender identity have almost exclusively relied on positive aspects of masculinity and femininity, although conceptually the self-concept is not limited to positive attributes. A theoretical argument is made for considering negative attributes of gender identity, followed by five studies developing the Positive-Negative Sex-Role Inventory (PN-SRI) as a new measure of gender identity. Study 1 demonstrated that many of the attributes of a German version of the Bem Sex-Role Inventory are no longer considered to differ in desirability for men and women. For the PN-SRI, Study 2 elicited attributes characterizing men and women in today's society, for which ratings of typicality and desirability as well as self-ratings by men and women were obtained in Study 3. Study 4 examined the reliability and factorial structure of the four subscales of positive and negative masculinity and femininity and demonstrated the construct and discriminant validity of the PN-SRI by showing that the negative masculinity and femininity scales were unique predictors of select validation constructs. Study 5 showed that the new instrument explained variance in the validation constructs beyond earlier measures of gender identity. Key message: Even in the construction of negative aspects of gender identity, individuals prefer gender-congruent attributes. Negative masculinity and femininity make a unique contribution to understanding gender-related differences in psychological outcome variables. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.1970 SN - 0046-2772 VL - 43 IS - 6 SP - 516 EP - 531 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Berger, Anja T1 - Pathways from college students’ cognitive scripts for consensual sex to sexual victimization BT - a three-wave longitudinal study JF - The journal of sex research : the publication of the Society for the Scientific Study of Sex N2 - Sexual scripts serve as cognitive representations of typical elements of sexual interactions that guide sexual behavior. To the extent that cognitive scripts for consensual sex comprise elements associated with a risk of experiencing nonconsensual sex, they may be indirectly linked to sexual victimization via risky sexual behavior. A longitudinal study with 2,425 college students in Germany (58% female) examined pathways from sexual scripts for consensual sex, sexual behavior, and sexual victimization over three data waves separated by 12-month intervals. Sexual scripts and behavior were defined as risky to the extent that they include known vulnerability factors for sexual victimization (casual sex, alcohol consumption, ambiguous communication of sexual intentions). Path analyses confirmed that more risky sexual scripts prospectively predicted more risky sexual behavior, which predicted higher odds of sexual victimization. The findings held for men and women and participants with exclusively opposite-sex and both same- and opposite-sex contacts. Moreover, reciprocal influences between risky scripts and risky sexual behavior were found over time, confirming the proposed mutual reinforcement of scripts and behavior. The findings have implications for conceptualizing the role of scripts for consensual sex as vulnerability factors for sexual victimization among women and men and may inform intervention efforts. KW - sexual scripts KW - sexual victimization KW - sexual behavior KW - college students KW - Germany Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2021.1972922 SN - 0022-4499 SN - 1559-8519 VL - 58 IS - 9 SP - 1130 EP - 1139 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Abraham, Charles A1 - Felber, Juliane A1 - Helbig, M. K. T1 - Perceived discrimination of international visitors to universities in Germany and the UK N2 - The extent to which international students and academics feel discriminated against in the host country was explored in three samples from two countries: students in Germany (N = 161), students in the UK (N = 139), and academics in Germany (N = 79). Respondents completed a measure of perceived discrimination of increasing severity, comprising antilocution (verbal derogation), avoidance, behavioural discrimination, and physical assault. Physical discernibility as foreigner, quality of private contacts with host nationals, and language proficiency were explored as predictors of perceived discrimination. Across the three samples, respondents who were identifiable as foreigners by their appearance reported more discrimination. Positive contacts with host nationals were associated with lower levels of perceived discrimination. Language proficiency predicted perceived antilocution in the two German samples. All samples perceived their personal level of discrimination to be lower than that of their respective in-groups (international students/ academics), but the tendency was moderated by visibility and contact quality Y1 - 2005 SN - 0007-1269 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Personality and language N2 - Content Introduction Towards a framework for personality and language Personality and language Personal pronouns Adjectives as disposilional markers Cognitive properties of trait terms Everyday language and personality Speech end personality Conclusions and directions References T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 076 Y1 - 1992 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-34073 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Personality and Social Psychology Y1 - 1994 PB - Guerini CY - Mailand ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Personality and Social Psychology Y1 - 1996 PB - Shobo CY - Kyoto ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Personality and social psychology : towards a synthesis N2 - Content: 1 Persons and Situations: Cornerstones of Modern Personality Psychology 2 The Issue of Consistency in Personality:Sixty Years of Controversy 3 In Defence of Traits: New (and Revived) Perspectives 4 Modern Interactionism: An Alternative Framework for Personality Research 5 Implementing the Interactionist Programme:Three Exemplary Areas of Research 6 Improving Personality Measurement:The Nomothetic Road to the Study of Consistency 7 Personality Psychology is about Individuals:Rediscovering the Idiographic Legacy 8 The Role of the Situation in Personality Research 9 Personality Psychology in the Nineties: An Outlook T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 121 Y1 - 1992 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-38306 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Möller, Ingrid T1 - Playing violent electronic games, hostile attributional style, and aggression-related norms in German adolescents N2 - The relationship was examined between exposure to and preference for violent electronic games and aggressive norms as well as hostile attributional style. Following a pilot study to sample widely used electronic games varying in violent content, 231 eighth-grade adolescents in Germany reported their use of and attraction to violent electronic games. They also completed measures of hostile attributional style and endorsement of aggressive norms. There were significant gender differences in usage and attraction to violent electronic games, with boys scoring higher than girls. Significant relationships were found between attraction to violent electronic games and the acceptance of norms condoning physical aggression. Violent electronic games were linked indirectly to hostile attributional style through aggressive norms. The findings are discussed with respect to North American research on the aggression-enhancing effect of violent electronic games. (C) 2003 The Association for Professionals in Services for Adolescents. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved Y1 - 2004 SN - 0140-1971 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Police officers' definitions of rape : a prototype study N2 - The study investigates police officers' definitions of different rape situations. On the basis of the concept of 'cognitive prototypes' a methodology is developed which elicits consensual feature lists describing six rape situations: the typical, i.e. most common rape, the credible, dubious, and false rape complaints as weil as the rape experiences that are particularly hard vs. relatively easy for the victim to cope with. Qualitative analysis of the data allows the identification of the characteristic features defining the prototype of each rape situation, as weil as comparisons between the situations in terms of their common and distinctive features. It is shown that police officers, while sharing some of the widely held stereotypes about rape, generally perceive rape as a serious crime with long-term negative consequences for the victim. The quantitative analysis of prototype similarity between the six situations corroborates this conclusion by demonstrating a high similarity between the prototypes of the typical and the credible rape situation: In addition, subjects' general attitude towards rape victims is measured to compare the prototypes provided by respondents holding a positive vs. negative attitude towards rape victims. Findings for the two groups, however, reveal more similarities than differences in their descriptions of rape prototypes. The paper concludes with a discussion of the feasibility of the prototype approach presented in this study as a strategy for investigating implicit or common-sense theories of rape. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 074 Y1 - 1991 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33922 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Pornography use, sexual scripts, and sexual aggression in adolescence JF - Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und pädagogische Psychologie N2 - The link between pornography use, normative acceptance of sexual aggression, and the presence of risk factors of sexual aggression in sexual scripts for consensual sexual interactions was studied in a sample of 197 adolescents in Germany. Risk factors included sex after only a short acquaintanceship, alcohol and drug use in sexual interactions, and ambiguous communication of sexual intentions. In addition to a measure of overall pornography use, exposure to portrayals of consensual sex, coerced sex and degrading sex was measured. Almost all participants had seen pornografic material at least once, just under half had seen depictions of coerced sex. Significant correlations were found between all measures of pornography use and the presence of risk factors of sexual aggression in consensual sexual scripts. Violent pornography usage showed a positive correlation with the normative acceptance of sexual aggression that was partly accounted for by sexual scripts. The findings are discussed with regard to the significance of pornografic media contents in the process of adolescents' sexual socialization. KW - pornography KW - violent pornography KW - sexual scripts KW - adolescent sexuality Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1026/0049-8637/a000044 SN - 0049-8637 VL - 43 IS - 3 SP - 133 EP - 141 PB - Hogrefe CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Skowronski, Marika A1 - Busching, Robert A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Predicting adolescents’ self-objectification from sexualized video game and Instagram use BT - A longitudinal study JF - Sex roles : a journal of research N2 - A growing body of research has demonstrated negative effects of sexualization in the media on adolescents' body image, but longitudinal studies and research including interactive and social media are scarce. The current study explored the longitudinal associations of adolescents' use of sexualized video games (SVG) and sexualized Instagram images (SII) with body image concerns. Specifically, our study examined relations between adolescents' SVG and SII use and appearance comparisons, thin- and muscular-ideal internalization, valuing appearance over competence, and body surveillance. A sample of 660 German adolescents (327 female, 333 male;M-age = 15.09 years) participated in two waves with an interval of 6 months. A structural equation model showed that SVG and SII use at Time 1 predicted body surveillance indirectly via valuing appearance over competence at Time 2. Furthermore, SVG and SII use indirectly predicted both thin- and muscular-ideal internalization through appearance comparisons at Time 1. In turn, thin-ideal internalization at Time 1 predicted body surveillance indirectly via valuing appearance over competence at Time 2. The results indicate that sexualization in video games and on Instagram can play an important role in increasing body image concerns among adolescents. We discuss the findings with respect to objectification theory and the predictive value of including appearance comparisons in models explaining the relation between sexualized media and self-objectification. KW - social media KW - computer games KW - sexualization KW - body image KW - self-objectification Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-020-01187-1 SN - 0360-0025 SN - 1573-2762 VL - 84 IS - 9-10 SP - 584 EP - 598 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - GEN A1 - Skowronski, Marika A1 - Busching, Robert A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Predicting adolescents’ self-objectification from sexualized video game and Instagram use BT - A longitudinal study T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - A growing body of research has demonstrated negative effects of sexualization in the media on adolescents' body image, but longitudinal studies and research including interactive and social media are scarce. The current study explored the longitudinal associations of adolescents' use of sexualized video games (SVG) and sexualized Instagram images (SII) with body image concerns. Specifically, our study examined relations between adolescents' SVG and SII use and appearance comparisons, thin- and muscular-ideal internalization, valuing appearance over competence, and body surveillance. A sample of 660 German adolescents (327 female, 333 male;M-age = 15.09 years) participated in two waves with an interval of 6 months. A structural equation model showed that SVG and SII use at Time 1 predicted body surveillance indirectly via valuing appearance over competence at Time 2. Furthermore, SVG and SII use indirectly predicted both thin- and muscular-ideal internalization through appearance comparisons at Time 1. In turn, thin-ideal internalization at Time 1 predicted body surveillance indirectly via valuing appearance over competence at Time 2. The results indicate that sexualization in video games and on Instagram can play an important role in increasing body image concerns among adolescents. We discuss the findings with respect to objectification theory and the predictive value of including appearance comparisons in models explaining the relation between sexualized media and self-objectification. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 845 KW - social media KW - computer games KW - Sexualization KW - body image KW - self-objectification Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-541992 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 9-10 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Predicting aggressive driving behavior : the role of macho personality, age and power of car Y1 - 2002 SN - 0096-140x ER - TY - GEN A1 - Eckes, Thomas A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Six, Bernd T1 - Predicting behavior in natural settings : four field studies N2 - Content Basic Concepts and Applied Perspectives in Attitude-Behavior Research Searching for Medium-Range Models of Behavior Prediction Putting the Models to Test General Discussion References T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 072 Y1 - 1989 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-33862 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Reiss, C. T1 - Predicting intentions of AIDS-preventive behavior among adolescents Y1 - 1995 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Predicting sexual aggression in male college students in Brazil JF - Psychology of men & masculinity N2 - The study is the first to provide data on risk factors for sexual aggression in male college students in Brazil. A total of N = 286 participants took part in the study, of whom a subsample of n = 120 participated in two measurements separated by a 6-month interval. Cognitive (i.e., risky sexual scripts, normative beliefs), behavioral (i.e., pornography use, sexual behavior patterns), and biographical (i.e., childhood abuse) risk factors were linked to sexual aggression both cross-sectionally and longitudinally, with the path models for the cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses demonstrating good fit with the data consistent with the hypotheses. The extent to which risk factors for sexual aggression (alcohol consumption, casual sex, and ambiguous communication) were included and normatively accepted in participants' cognitive scripts for consensual sex was linked to sexual aggression through risky sexual behavior. Risky sexual behavior was further predicted by childhood abuse, and pornography use was linked to sexual aggression via risky sexual scripts. The findings contribute evidence from Brazil to the international database on risk factors for sexual aggression in male college students. KW - sexual aggression KW - sexual scripts KW - pornography KW - childhood abuse KW - Brazil Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032789 SN - 1524-9220 SN - 1939-151X VL - 15 IS - 2 SP - 152 EP - 162 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Predictors of women's aggressive driving behavior N2 - Predictors of women's aggressive driving behavior were explored in a study involving 256 female motorists. Sex role orientation, dispositional aggressiveness, age, and annual mileage were measured as independent variables, and aggressive driving behavior was included as the dependent variable. Stepwise hierarchical regression analysis showed that age was negatively related to driving aggression, whereas annual mileage had a positive relationship with driving aggression. Dispositional aggressiveness was a significant predictor of driving aggression. Of the two components of sex role orientation, only femininity was associated with driving aggression, with higher femininity scores predicting lower aggressive driving scores. Masculinity failed to predict aggressive driving, as did the interaction of masculinity and femininity. In combination, the predictors explained 29% of the variance in women's aggressive driving. The results are discussed with respect to the role of dispositional variables as predictors of driving aggression in women. Aggr. Behav. 31:537-546, 2005. (c) 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc Y1 - 2005 SN - 0096-140X ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Berger, Anja A1 - Vanwesenbeeck, Ine A1 - Bianchi, Gabriel A1 - Chliaoutakis, Joannes A1 - Fernandez-Fuertes, Andres A. A1 - Fuertes, Antonio A1 - de Matos, Margarida Gaspar A1 - Hadjigeorgiou, Eleni A1 - Haller, Birgitt A1 - Hellemans, Sabine A1 - Izdebski, Zbigniew A1 - Kouta, Christiana A1 - Meijnckens, Dwayne A1 - Murauskiene, Liubove A1 - Papadakaki, Maria A1 - Ramiro, Lucia A1 - Reis, Marta A1 - Symons, Katrien A1 - Tomaszewska, Paulina A1 - Vicario-Molina, Isabel A1 - Zygadlo, Andrzej T1 - Prevalence and correlates of young people's sexual aggression perpetration and victimisation in 10 European countries: a multi-level analysis JF - Culture, health & sexuality : a journal for research, intervention and care N2 - Data are presented on young people's sexual victimisation and perpetration from 10 European countries (Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Greece, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia and Spain) using a shared measurement tool (N = 3480 participants, aged between 18 and 27 years). Between 19.7 and 52.2% of female and between 10.1 and 55.8% of male respondents reported having experienced at least one incident of sexual victimisation since the age of consent. In two countries, victimisation rates were significantly higher for men than for women. Between 5.5 and 48.7% of male and 2.6 and 14.8% of female participants reported having engaged in a least one act of sexual aggression perpetration, with higher rates for men than for women in all countries. Victimisation rates correlated negatively with sexual assertiveness and positively with alcohol use in sexual encounters. Perpetration rates correlated positively with attitudes condoning physical dating violence and with alcohol use in men, and negatively with sexual assertiveness in women. At the country level, lower gender equality in economic power and in the work domain was related to higher male perpetration rates. Lower gender equality in political power and higher sexual assertiveness in women relative to men were linked to higher male victimisation rates. KW - young people KW - sexual aggression KW - multi-level correlates KW - European Union KW - sexual victimisation Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2014.989265 SN - 1369-1058 SN - 1464-5351 VL - 17 IS - 6 SP - 682 EP - 699 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Tomaszewska, Paulina A1 - Kuyper, Lisette A1 - Vanwesenbeeck, Ine T1 - Prevalence of sexual aggression among young people in Europe: a review of the evidence from 27 EU countries JF - Aggression and violent behavior : a review journa N2 - Sexual aggression poses a serious threat to the sexual well-being of young people. This paper documents the available evidence on the prevalence of sexual aggression perpetration and victimization from 27 EU countries, established as part of the Youth Sexual Aggression and Victimization (Y-SAV) project. A total of N = 113 studies were identified through a systematic review of the literature and consultations with experts in each country. Despite differences in the number of available studies, methodology, and sample composition, the review shows substantial prevalence rates of sexual aggression perpetration and victimization across Europe. A wide variation was found, both within and between countries. The lifetime prevalence rates of female sexual victimization, excluding childhood sexual abuse, ranged from 9 to 83%, the rates of male sexual victimization ranged from 2 to 66%, the rates of male sexual aggression ranged from 0 to 80%, and the range of female sexual aggression ranged from 0.8 to 40%. One-year prevalence rates showed a similar variability. Conceptual and methodological problems in the database are discussed, and an outline is presented for a more harmonized approach to studying the scale of sexual aggression among young people in Europe. (c) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - Sexual aggression KW - Sexual victimization KW - Adolescence KW - European Union Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2014.07.005 SN - 1359-1789 SN - 1873-6335 VL - 19 IS - 5 SP - 545 EP - 558 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Schuster, Isabell A1 - Tomaszewska, Paulina T1 - Prevalence of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration in a German university student sample JF - Archives of sexual behavior : the official publication of the International Academy of Sex Research N2 - This study examined the prevalence of sexual aggression perpetration and victimization in a sample of 1,172 students (755 female, 417 male) from four universities in Germany. All participants were asked about both victimization by, and perpetration of, sexual aggression since the age of 14 years, using the Sexual Aggression and Victimization Scale (SAV-S). Prevalence rates were established for different coercive strategies, sexual acts, and victim-perpetrator relationships. Both same-sex and opposite-sex victim-perpetrator constellations were examined. The overall victimization rate was 62.1% for women and 37.5% for men. The overall perpetration rate was 17.7% for men and 9.4% for women. Prevalence rates of both victimization and perpetration were higher for participants who had sexual contacts with both opposite-sex and same-sex partners than for participants with exclusively opposite-sex partners. Significant overlap was found between victim and perpetrator status for men and women as well as for participants with only opposite-sex and both opposite-sex and same-sex partners. A disparity between (higher) victimization and (lower) perpetration reports was found for both men and women, suggesting a general underreporting of perpetration rather than a gendered explanation in terms of social desirability or the perception of consent cues. The findings are placed in the international research literature on the prevalence of sexual aggression before and after the #metoo campaign, and their implications for prevention efforts are discussed. KW - Sexual aggression KW - Sexual victimization KW - Male victims KW - Female perpetrators KW - Same-sex relationships Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-01963-4 SN - 0004-0002 SN - 1573-2800 VL - 50 IS - 5 SP - 2109 EP - 2121 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schuster, Isabell A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Toplu-Demirtaş, Ezgi T1 - Prevalence of Sexual Aggression Victimization and Perpetration in a Sample of Female and Male College Students in Turkey N2 - In Turkey, there is a shortage of studies on the prevalence of sexual aggression among young adults. The present study examined sexual aggression victimization and perpetration since the age of 15 in a convenience sample of N = 1,376 college students (886 women) from four public universities in Ankara, Turkey. Prevalence rates for different coercive strategies, victim-perpetrator constellations, and sexual acts were measured with a Turkish version of the Sexual Aggression and Victimization Scale (SAV-S). Overall, 77.6% of women and 65.5% of men reported at least one instance of sexual aggression victimization, and 28.9% of men and 14.2% of women reported at least one instance of sexual aggression perpetration. Prevalence rates of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration were highest for current or former partners, followed by acquaintances/friends and strangers. Alcohol was involved in a substantial proportion of the reported incidents. The findings are the first to provide systematic evidence on sexual aggression perpetration and victimization among college students in Turkey, including both women and men. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 301 Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-96357 SP - 1 EP - 14 ER -