TY  - JOUR
A1  - Carpi, Federico
A1  - Anderson, Iain
A1  - Bauer, Siegfried
A1  - Frediani, Gabriele
A1  - Gallone, Giuseppe
A1  - Gei, Massimiliano
A1  - Graaf, Christian
A1  - Jean-Mistral, Claire
A1  - Kaal, William
A1  - Kofod, Guggi
A1  - Kollosche, Matthias
A1  - Kornbluh, Roy
A1  - Lassen, Benny
A1  - Matysek, Marc
A1  - Michel, Silvain
A1  - Nowak, Stephan
A1  - Pei, Qibing
A1  - Pelrine, Ron
A1  - Rechenbach, Bjorn
A1  - Rosset, Samuel
A1  - Shea, Herbert
T1  - Standards for dielectric elastomer transducers
JF  - Smart materials and structures
N2  - Dielectric elastomer transducers consist of thin electrically insulating elastomeric membranes coated on both sides with compliant electrodes. They are a promising electromechanically active polymer technology that may be used for actuators, strain sensors, and electrical generators that harvest mechanical energy. The rapid development of this field calls for the first standards, collecting guidelines on how to assess and compare the performance of materials and devices. This paper addresses this need, presenting standardized methods for material characterisation, device testing and performance measurement. These proposed standards are intended to have a general scope and a broad applicability to different material types and device configurations. Nevertheless, they also intentionally exclude some aspects where knowledge and/or consensus in the literature were deemed to be insufficient. This is a sign of a young and vital field, whose research development is expected to benefit from this effort towards standardisation.
KW  - standard
KW  - dielectric elastomer
KW  - actuator
KW  - electromechanically active polymer
KW  - EAP
KW  - electroactive polymer
KW  - transducer
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/24/10/105025
SN  - 0964-1726
SN  - 1361-665X
VL  - 24
IS  - 10
PB  - IOP Publ. Ltd.
CY  - Bristol
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kofod, Guggi
A1  - Wirges, Werner
A1  - Paajanen, Mika
A1  - Bauer, Siegfried
T1  - Energy minimization for self-organized structure formation and actuation
N2  - An approach for creating complex structures with embedded actuation in planar manufacturing steps is presented. Self-organization and energy minimization are central to this approach, illustrated with a model based on minimization of the hyperelastic free energy strain function of a stretched elastomer and the bending elastic energy of a plastic frame. A tulip-shaped gripper structure illustrates the technological potential of the approach. Advantages are simplicity of manufacture, complexity of final structures, and the ease with which any electroactive material can be exploited as means of actuation. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics.
Y1  - 2007
UR  - http://apl.aip.org/
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2695785
SN  - 0003-6951
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kofod, Guggi
A1  - Paajanen, Mika
A1  - Bauer, Siegfried
T1  - Self-organized minimum-energy structures for dielectric elastomer actuators
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://www.springerlink.com/content/100501
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-006-3680-3
SN  - 0947-8396
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wegener, Michael
A1  - Tuncer, Enis
A1  - Gerhard, Reimund
A1  - Bauer, Siegfried
T1  - Elastic properties and electromechanical coupling factor of inflated polypropylene ferroelectrets
Y1  - 2006
SN  - 1-4244-0547-5
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bauer-Gogonea, Simona
A1  - Bauer, Siegfried
A1  - Wirges, Werner
A1  - Gerhard, Reimund
T1  - Dielectric investigation of photo-induced chromophore degradation in nonlinear optical side-chain polymer electrets
N2  - Organic materials with non-centrosymmetric chromophores are known to be susceptible to a number of photochemical processes, including reversible isomerization reactions as well as irreversible photo-oxidation or photo- reduction reactions. Reversible isomerization is the basis for a variety of applications, such as photo-induced poling, optical data storage and optical grating formation. The irreversible processes that involve the destruction of the chromophores have been found useful for the fabrication of optical waveguides, but they also limit the life times of polymeric photonic devices. In this paper, it is demonstrated that dielectric measurements allow for an in-depth investigation of non-reversible chromophore degradation processes in a typical side-chain polymer. The time- and temperature-dependent dielectric function of the polymer at 1 kHz enables us to follow the chromophore-degradation kinetics and to monitor the bleaching depth as a function of time at room and elevated temperatures
Y1  - 2004
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bauer, Siegfried
A1  - Gerhard, Reimund
A1  - Sessler, G. M.
T1  - Ferroelectrets : soft electroactive foams for transducers
Y1  - 2004
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wegener, Michael
A1  - Wirges, Werner
A1  - Gerhard, Reimund
A1  - Dansachmüller, M.
A1  - Schwödiauer, R.
A1  - Bauer-Gogonea, Simona
A1  - Bauer, Siegfried
A1  - Paajanen, Mika
A1  - Minkkinen, Hannu
A1  - Raukola, J.
T1  - Controlled inflation of voids in cellular polymer ferroelectrets : optimizing electromechanical transducer properties
N2  - When exposed to sufficiently high electric fields, polymer-foam electret materials with closed cells exhibit ferroelectric-like behavior and may therefore be called ferroelectrets. In cellular ferroelectrets, the influence of the cell size and shape distributions on the application-relevant properties is not yet understood. Therefore, controlled inflation experiments were carried out on cellular polypropylene films, and the resulting elastical and electromechanical parameters were determined. The elastic modulus in the thickness direction shows a minimum with a corresponding maximum in the electromechanical transducer coefficient. The resonance frequency shifts as a function of the elastic modulus and the relative density of the inflated cellular films. Therefore, the transducer properties of cellular ferroelectrets can be optimized by means of controlled inflation. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics
Y1  - 2004
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bauer-Gogonea, Simona
A1  - Bauer, Siegfried
A1  - Gerhard, Reimund
T1  - Monomorphs, bimorphs and multimorphs from polar polymer electrets
Y1  - 1999
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stracke, A.
A1  - Bayer, A.
A1  - Zimmermann, S.
A1  - Wendorff, Joachim Heinz
A1  - Wirges, Werner
A1  - Bauer-Gogonea, Simona
A1  - Bauer, Siegfried
A1  - Gerhard, Reimund
T1  - Relaxation behaviour of electrically induced polar orientation and of optically induced non-polar orientation in an azo-chromophore side group polymer
Y1  - 1999
SN  - 0022-3727
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Rollik, Denis
A1  - Künstler, Wolfgang
A1  - Bauer, Siegfried
A1  - Gerhard, Reimund
T1  - Pyroelectrical study of the polarization contributions from the amorphous and crystalline phases as well as from their interface in poly(vinylidene fluoride)
Y1  - 1999
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wegener, Michael
A1  - Bauer, Siegfried
A1  - Gerhard, Reimund
T1  - Apparent dielectric hysteresis without significant dipolar movement?
Y1  - 1999
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Rollik, Denis
A1  - Bauer, Siegfried
A1  - Gerhard, Reimund
T1  - Separate contributions to the pyroelectricity in polyvinylidene fluoride from the amorphous and crystalline phases as well as their interfaces
Y1  - 1999
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bauer-Gogonea, Simona
A1  - Cheng, Z. Y.
A1  - Wirges, Werner
A1  - Bauer, Siegfried
A1  - Gerhard, Reimund
A1  - Das-Gupta, D. K.
T1  - Dielectric investigation of thermally-induced chromophore degradation in nonlinear optical polymer electrets
Y1  - 1998
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Cheng, Z. Y.
A1  - Katiyar, R. S.
A1  - Bauer, Siegfried
A1  - Bauer-Gogonea, Simona
A1  - Gerhard, Reimund
T1  - Thermally stimulated depolarization current of a nonlinear optical side-chain polymer
Y1  - 1998
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Yilmaz, Sükrü
A1  - Wirges, Werner
A1  - Bauer-Gogonea, Simona
A1  - Bauer, Siegfried
A1  - Gerhard, Reimund
A1  - Michelotti, F.
A1  - Toussaere, E.
A1  - Levenson, R.
A1  - Liang, J.
A1  - Zyss, Joseph
T1  - Dielectric, pyroelectric and electro-optic monitoring of the cross-linking process and photo-induced poling of Red Acid Magly
Y1  - 1997
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Jäger, Matthias
A1  - Stegemann, George I.
A1  - Brinker, Walter
A1  - Yilmaz, Sükrü
A1  - Bauer, Siegfried
A1  - Horsthuis, W. H. G.
A1  - Moehlmann, Gustaaf R.
T1  - Comparison of quasi-phase-matching geometries for second-harmonic generation in poled polymer channel waveguides at 1.5 æm
Y1  - 1996
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Bauer, Siegfried
T1  - Gepolte Polymere für Anwendungen in der Sensorik und Photonik
Y1  - 1996
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bauer, Siegfried
T1  - Poled polymers for sensors and photonic applications
Y1  - 1996
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bauer, Siegfried
A1  - Lang, Sidney B.
T1  - Pyroelectric polymer electrets
Y1  - 1996
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Donval, Ariela
A1  - Berkovic, Garry
A1  - Yilmaz, Sükrü
A1  - Bauer-Gogonea, Simona
A1  - Brinker, Walter
A1  - Wirges, Werner
A1  - Bauer, Siegfried
A1  - Gerhard, Reimund
T1  - Spatial and thermal analysis of nonlinearity created by asymmetric charge injection
Y1  - 1996
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Dinger, Claudia
A1  - Yilmaz, Sükrü
A1  - Brinker, Walter
A1  - Wirges, Werner
A1  - Bauer, Siegfried
A1  - Gerhard, Reimund
T1  - Ellipsometry and Michelson interferometry for fixed- and variable- frequency electro-optical measurements on poled polymers
Y1  - 1996
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bauer-Gogonea, Simona
A1  - Wirges, Werner
A1  - Bauer, Siegfried
A1  - Gerhard, Reimund
A1  - Liang, J.
A1  - Zyss, Joseph
T1  - Electrical determination of the degree of cross-linking in a poled nonlinear optical polymer
Y1  - 1996
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bauer, Siegfried
T1  - The pyroelectric response of polymers and its applications
Y1  - 1995
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Brinker, Walter
A1  - Yilmaz, Sükrü
A1  - Wirges, Werner
A1  - Bauer, Siegfried
A1  - Gerhard, Reimund
T1  - Phase-shift interference microscope for the investigation of dipoleorientation distributions
Y1  - 1995
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bauer-Gogonea, Simona
A1  - Bauer, Siegfried
A1  - Wirges, Werner
A1  - Gerhard, Reimund
T1  - Preparation and pyroelectrical investigation of bimorph polymer layers
Y1  - 1995
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Gerhard, Reimund
A1  - Bauer, Siegfried
A1  - Bauer-Gogonea, Simona
A1  - Brinker, Walter
A1  - Dinger, Claudia
A1  - Molzow, Wolf-Dietrich
A1  - Wirges, Werner
A1  - Yilmaz, Sükrü
T1  - Electro-optical investigation of the dipole orientation in poled polymers
Y1  - 1995
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bauer, Siegfried
A1  - Bauer-Gogonea, Simona
A1  - Yilmaz, Sükrü
A1  - Dinger, Claudia
A1  - Wirges, Werner
A1  - Gerhard, Reimund
A1  - Michelotti, F.
A1  - Toussaere, E.
A1  - Levenson, R.
A1  - Liang, J.
A1  - Zyss, Joseph
T1  - Pyroelectric, dielectric and electro-optical investigation of crosslinking in Red Acid Magly
Y1  - 1995
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bauer-Gogonea, Simona
A1  - Bauer, Siegfried
A1  - Wirges, Werner
A1  - Gerhard, Reimund
A1  - Wintler, H. J.
T1  - Physical aging after photo-induced or thermally assisted poling for enhancing the stability of polymeric dipole glasses
Y1  - 1995
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Donval, Ariela
A1  - Berkovic, Garry
A1  - Bauer-Gogonea, Simona
A1  - Wirges, Werner
A1  - Bauer, Siegfried
A1  - Gerhard, Reimund
T1  - Pyroelectric depth profiling of the optical nonlinearity caused by charge injection
Y1  - 1995
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bauer, Siegfried
A1  - Bauer-Gogonea, Simona
A1  - Yilmaz, Sükrü
A1  - Wirges, Werner
A1  - Gerhard, Reimund
T1  - Pyroelectrical investigation of nonlinear optical polymers with uniform or patterned dipole orientation
Y1  - 1995
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bauer, Siegfried
A1  - Ren, W.
A1  - Yilmaz, Sükrü
A1  - Wirges, Werner
A1  - Gerhard, Reimund
T1  - Relaxation processes in poled nonlinear optical polymers
Y1  - 1995
ER  -