TY  - JOUR
A1  - Engels, Stefan
A1  - Medeiros, Andrew S.
A1  - Axford, Yarrow
A1  - Brooks, Steve
A1  - Heiri, Oliver
A1  - Luoto, Tomi P.
A1  - Nazarova, Larisa B.
A1  - Porinchu, David F.
A1  - Quinlan, Roberto
A1  - Self, Angela E.
T1  - Temperature change as a driver of spatial patterns and long-term trends in chironomid (Insecta: Diptera) diversity
JF  - Global change biology
N2  - Anthropogenic activities have led to a global decline in biodiversity, and monitoring studies indicate that both insect communities and wetland ecosystems are particularly affected. However, there is a need for long-term data (over centennial or millennial timescales) to better understand natural community dynamics and the processes that govern the observed trends. Chironomids (Insecta: Diptera: Chironomidae) are often the most abundant insects in lake ecosystems, sensitive to environmental change, and, because their larval exoskeleton head capsules preserve well in lake sediments, they provide a unique record of insect community dynamics through time. Here, we provide the results of a metadata analysis of chironomid diversity across a range of spatial and temporal scales. First, we analyse spatial trends in chironomid diversity using Northern Hemispheric data sets overall consisting of 837 lakes. Our results indicate that in most of our data sets, summer temperature (T-jul) is strongly associated with spatial trends in modern-day chironomid diversity. We observe a strong increase in chironomid alpha diversity with increasing T-jul in regions with present-day T-jul between 2.5 and 14 degrees C. In some areas with T-jul > 14 degrees C, chironomid diversity stabilizes or declines. Second, we demonstrate that the direction and amplitude of change in alpha diversity in a compilation of subfossil chironomid records spanning the last glacial-interglacial transition (similar to 15,000-11,000 years ago) are similar to those observed in our modern data. A compilation of Holocene records shows that during phases when the amplitude of temperature change was small, site-specific factors had a greater influence on the chironomid fauna obscuring the chironomid diversity-temperature relationship. Our results imply expected overall chironomid diversity increases in colder regions such as the Arctic under sustained global warming, but with complex and not necessarily predictable responses for individual sites.
KW  - Arctic
KW  - biodiversity
KW  - climate warming
KW  - freshwater ecosystems
KW  - insects
KW  - palaeoecology
KW  - Quaternary
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14862
SN  - 1354-1013
SN  - 1365-2486
VL  - 26
IS  - 3
SP  - 1155
EP  - 1169
PB  - Wiley
CY  - Hoboken
ER  - 
TY  - BOOK
A1  - Rahmstorf, Stefan
A1  - Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim
T1  - Der Klimawandel
T3  - Schriftenreihe / Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung ; Band 10520
Y1  - 2020
SN  - 978-3-7425-0520-0
PB  - Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung
CY  - Bonn
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Runge, Alexandra
A1  - Grosse, Guido
T1  - Mosaicking Landsat and Sentinel-2 Data to Enhance LandTrendr Time Series Analysis in Northern High Latitude Permafrost Regions
JF  - Remote Sensing
N2  - Permafrost is warming in the northern high latitudes, inducing highly dynamic thaw-related permafrost disturbances across the terrestrial Arctic. Monitoring and tracking of permafrost disturbances is important as they impact surrounding landscapes, ecosystems and infrastructure. Remote sensing provides the means to detect, map, and quantify these changes homogeneously across large regions and time scales. Existing Landsat-based algorithms assess different types of disturbances with similar spatiotemporal requirements. However, Landsat-based analyses are restricted in northern high latitudes due to the long repeat interval and frequent clouds, in particular at Arctic coastal sites. We therefore propose to combine Landsat and Sentinel-2 data for enhanced data coverage and present a combined annual mosaic workflow, expanding currently available algorithms, such as LandTrendr, to achieve more reliable time series analysis. We exemplary test the workflow for twelve sites across the northern high latitudes in Siberia. We assessed the number of images and cloud-free pixels, the spatial mosaic coverage and the mosaic quality with spectral comparisons. The number of available images increased steadily from 1999 to 2019 but especially from 2016 onward with the addition of Sentinel-2 images. Consequently, we have an increased number of cloud-free pixels even under challenging environmental conditions, which then serve as the input to the mosaicking process. In a comparison of annual mosaics, the Landsat+Sentinel-2 mosaics always fully covered the study areas (99.9–100 %), while Landsat-only mosaics contained data-gaps in the same years, only reaching coverage percentages of 27.2 %, 58.1 %, and 69.7 % for Sobo Sise, East Taymyr, and Kurungnakh in 2017, respectively. The spectral comparison of Landsat image, Sentinel-2 image, and Landsat+Sentinel-2 mosaic showed high correlation between the input images and mosaic bands (e.g., for Kurungnakh 0.91–0.97 between Landsat and Landsat+Sentinel-2 mosaic and 0.92–0.98 between Sentinel-2 and Landsat+Sentinel-2 mosaic) across all twelve study sites, testifying good quality mosaic results. Our results show that especially the results for northern, coastal areas was substantially improved with the Landsat+Sentinel-2 mosaics. By combining Landsat and Sentinel-2 data we accomplished to create reliably high spatial resolution input mosaics for time series analyses. Our approach allows to apply a high temporal continuous time series analysis to northern high latitude permafrost regions for the first time, overcoming substantial data gaps, and assess permafrost disturbance dynamics on an annual scale across large regions with algorithms such as LandTrendr by deriving the location, timing and progression of permafrost thaw disturbances
KW  - time series analysis
KW  - data fusion
KW  - disturbance tracking
KW  - permafrost
KW  - permafrost thaw
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12152471
SN  - 2072-4292
VL  - 12
IS  - 15
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Schimpf, Stefan
T1  - Herkunft und Ablagerungsmilieu quartärer Sedimente im Einzugsgebiet des Heihe, NW China
N2  - Der zentralasiatische Naturraum, wie er sich uns heute präsentiert, ist das Ergebnis eines Zusammenwirkens vieler verschiedener Faktoren über Jahrmillionen hinweg. Im aktuellen Kontext des Klimawandels zeigt sich jedoch, wie stark sich Stoffflüsse auch kurzfristig ändern und dabei das Gesicht der Landschaft verwandeln können. Die Gobi-Wüste in der Inneren Mongolei (China), als Teil der gleichnamigen Trockenregionen Nordwestchinas, ist aufgrund der Ausgestaltung ihrer landschaftsprägenden Elemente sowie ihrer Landschaftsdynamik, im Zusammenhang mit der Lage zum Tibet-Plateau, in den Fokus der klimageschichtlichen Grundlagenforschung gerückt. Als großes Langzeitarchiv unterschiedlichster fluvialer, lakustriner und äolischer Sedimente stellt sie eine bedeutende Lokalität zur Rekonstruktion von lokalen und regionalen Stoffflüssen dar.. Andererseits ist die Gobi-Wüste zugleich auch eine bedeutende Quelle für den überregionalen Staubtransport, da sie aufgrund der klimatischen Bedingungen insbesondere der Erosion durch Ausblasung preisgegeben wird. Vor diesem Hintergrund erfolgten zwischen 2011 und 2014, im Rahmen des BMBF-Verbundprogramms WTZ Zentralasien – Monsundynamik & Geoökosysteme (Förderkennzeichen 03G0814), mehrere deutsch-chinesische Expeditionen in das Ejina-Becken (Innere Mongolei) und das Qilian Shan-Vorland. Im Zuge dieser Expeditionen wurden für eine Bestimmung potenzieller Sedimentquellen erstmals zahlreiche Oberflächenproben aus dem gesamten Einzugsgebiet des Heihe (schwarzer Fluss) gesammelt. Zudem wurden mit zwei Bohrungen im inneren des Ejina-Beckens, ergänzende Sedimentbohrkerne zum bestehenden Bohrkern D100 (siehe Wünnemann (2005)) abgeteuft, um weit reichende, ergänzende Informationen zur Landschaftsgeschichte und zum überregionalen Sedimenttransfer zu erhalten. Gegenstand und Ziel der vorliegenden Doktorarbeit ist die sedimentologisch-mineralogische Charakterisierung des Untersuchungsgebietes in Bezug auf potenzielle Sedimentquellen und Stoffflüsse des Ejina-Beckens sowie die Rekonstruktion der Ablagerungsgeschichte eines dort erbohrten, 19m langen Sedimentbohrkerns (GN100). Schwerpunkt ist hierbei die Klärung der Sedimentherkunft innerhalb des Bohrkerns sowie die Ausweisung von Herkunftssignalen und möglichen Sedimentquellen bzw. Sedimenttransportpfaden. Die methodische Herangehensweise basiert auf einem Multi-Proxy-Ansatz zur Charakterisierung der klastischen Sedimentfazies anhand von Geländebeobachtungen, lithologisch-granulometrischen und mineralogisch-geochemischen Analysen sowie statistischen Verfahren. Für die mineralogischen Untersuchungen der Sedimente wurde eine neue, rasterelektronenmikroskopische Methode zur automatisierten Partikelanalyse genutzt und den traditionellen Methoden gegenübergestellt. Die synoptische Betrachtung der granulometrischen, geochemischen und mineralogischen Befunde der Oberflächensedimente ergibt für das Untersuchungsgebiet ein logisches Kaskadenmodell mit immer wiederkehrenden Prozessbereichen und ähnlichen Prozesssignalen. Die umfangreichen granulometrischen Analysen deuten dabei auf abnehmende Korngrößen mit zunehmender Entfernung vom Qilian Shan hin und ermöglichen die Identifizierung von vier texturellen Signalen: den fluvialen Sanden, den Dünensanden, den Stillwassersedimenten und Stäuben. Diese Ergebnisse können als Interpretationsgrundlage für die Korngrößenanalysen des Bohrkerns genutzt werden. Somit ist es möglich, die Ablagerungsgeschichte der Bohrkernsedimente zu rekonstruieren und in Verbindung mit eigenen und literaturbasierten Datierungen in einen Gesamtkontext einzuhängen. Für das Untersuchungsgebiet werden somit vier Ablagerungsphasen ausgewiesen, die bis in die Zeit des letzten glazialen Maximums (LGM) zurückreichen. Während dieser Ablagerungsphasen kam es im Zuge unterschiedlicher Aktivitäts- und Stabilitätsphasen zu einer kontinuierlichen Progradation und Überprägung des Schwemmfächers. Eine besonders aktive Phase kann zwischen 8 ka und 4 ka BP festgestellt werden, während der es aufgrund zunehmender fluvialer Aktivitäten zu einer deutlich verstärkten Schwemmfächerdynamik gekommen zu sein scheint. In den Abschnitten davor und danach waren es vor allem äolische Prozesse, die zu einer Überprägung des Schwemmfächers geführt haben. Hinsichtlich der mineralogischen Herkunftssignale gibt es eine große Variabilität. Dies spiegelt die enorme Heterogenität der Geologie des Untersuchungsgebietes wider, wodurch die räumlichen Signale nicht sehr stark ausgeprägt sind. Dennoch, können für das Einzugsgebiet drei größere Bereiche deklariert werden, die als Herkunftsgebiet in Frage kommen. Das östliche Qilian Shan Vorland zeichnet sich dabei durch deutlich höhere Chloritgehalte als primäre Quelle für die Sedimente im Ejina-Becken aus. Sie unterscheiden sich insbesondere durch stark divergierende Chloritgehalte in der Tonmineral- und Gesamtmineralfraktion, was das östliche Qilian Shan Vorland als primäre Quelle für die Sedimente im Ejina-Becken auszeichnet. Dies steht in Zusammenhang mit den Grünschiefern, Ophioliten und Serpentiniten in diesem Bereich. Geochemisch deutet vor allem das Cr/Rb-Verhältnis eine große Variabilität innerhalb des Einzugsgebietes an. Auch hier ist es das östliche Vorland, welches aufgrund seines hohen Anteils an mafischen Gesteinen reich an Chromiten und Spinellen ist und sich somit vom restlichen Untersuchungsgebiet abhebt. Die zeitliche aber auch die generelle Variabilität der Sedimentherkunft lässt sich in den Bohrkernsedimenten nicht so deutlich nachzeichnen. Die mineralogisch-sedimentologischen Eigenschaften der erbohrten klastischen Sedimente zeugen zwar von zwischenzeitlichen Änderungen bei der Sedimentherkunft, diese sind jedoch nicht so deutlich ausgeprägt, wie es die Quellsignale in den Oberflächensedimenten vermuten lassen. Ein Grund dafür scheint die starke Vermischung unterschiedlichster Sedimente während des Transportes zu sein. Die Kombination der Korngrößenergebnisse mit den Befunden der Gesamt- und Schwermineralogie deuten darauf hin, dass es zwischenzeitlich eine Phase mit überwiegend äolischen Prozessen gegeben hat, die mit einem Sedimenteintrag aus dem westlichen Bei Shan in Verbindung stehen. Neben der Zunahme ultrastabiler Schwerminerale wie Zirkon und Granat und der Abnahme opaker Schwerminerale, weisen vor allem die heutigen Verhältnisse darauf hin. Der Vergleich der traditionellen Schwermineralanalyse mit der Computer-Controlled-Scanning-Electron-Microscopy (kurz: CCSEM), die eine automatisierte Partikelauswertung der Proben ermöglicht, zeigt den deutlichen Vorteil der modernen Analysemethode. Neben einem zeitlichen Vorteil, den man durch die automatisierte Abarbeitung der vorbereiteten Proben erlangen kann, steht vor allem die deutlich größere statistische Signifikanz des Ergebnisses im Vordergrund. Zudem können mit dieser Methode auch chemische Varietäten einiger Schwerminerale bestimmt werden, die eine noch feinere Klassifizierung und sicherere Aussagen zu einer möglichen Sedimentherkunft ermöglichen. Damit ergeben sich außerdem verbesserte Aussagen zu Zusammensetzungen und Entstehungsprozessen der abgelagerten Sedimente. Die Studie verdeutlicht, dass die Sedimentherkunft innerhalb des Untersuchungsgebietes sowie die ablaufenden Prozesse zum Teil stark von lokalen Gegebenheiten abhängen. Die Heterogenität der Geologie und die Größe des Einzugsgebietes sowie die daraus resultierende Komplexität der Sedimentgenese, machen exakte Zuordnungen zu klar definierten Sedimentquellen sehr schwer. Dennoch zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass die Sedimentzufuhr in das Ejina-Becken in erster Linie durch fluviale klastische Sedimente des Heihe aus dem Qilian Shan erfolgt sein muss. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse zeigen jedoch ebenso die Notwendigkeit einer ergänzenden Bearbeitung angrenzender Untersuchungsgebiete, wie beispielsweise den Gobi-Altai im Norden oder den Beishan im Westen, sowie die Verdichtung der Oberflächenbeprobung zur feineren Auflösung von lokalen Sedimentquellen.
N2  - The Central Asian natural space, as it presents itself today, is the result of a combination of many different factors over millions of years. However, in the current context of climate change it becoming obvious how strongly material fluxes can change in the short-term and thereby transform the face of the landscape. As a large long-term archive of different fluvial, lacustrine and aeolian sediments, the Gobi Desert in Inner Mongolia (China) represents a significant locality for the reconstruction of local and regional material flows as well as an important source for supra-regional dust transport due to erosion by aeolian processes. This, in connection with its location to the Tibetan Plateau, has moved the Gobi Desert into the focus of climate-historical basic research. Against this background, several German-Chinese expeditions to Ejina Basin (Inner Mongolia) and the Qilian Shan foreland were accomplished between 2011 and 2014. They were part of the BMBF joint program WTZ Central Asia - Monsoon Dynamics & Geo-Ecosystems (Grant No. 03G0814). In the course of these expeditions numerous surface samples from the entire catchment area of the Heihe (Black River) were collected for the determination of potential sediment sources. Additionally, two drillings in the interior of the Ejina Basin were conducted as a continuation of the existing drill-core D100 (see Wünnemann (2005)) and for gathering complementary information on landscape history and supra-regional sediment transfer. The goals of this doctoral thesis are a sedimentological-mineralogical characterization of the study area with regard to potential sediment sources and material fluxes of the Ejina Basin as well as the reconstruction of the sedimentation history of a 19 m sediment drill-core (GN100) drilled in the northern part of the basin. The main focus is on the clarification of the sediment provenance within the drill core as well as the designation of provenance signals and possible sediment sources or sediment transport paths. The methodological approach is based on a multi-proxy approach to characterize the clastic sedimentary facies using field observations, lithological-granulometric and mineralogical-geochemical analyses as well as statistical methods. For the mineralogical investigations of the sediments, a new scanning electron microscopic method for automated particle analysis was used and compared with traditional methods. The synoptic analysis of the granulometric, geochemical and mineralogical findings of the surface sediments result in a logical cascade model with recurring process areas and similar process signals. The results of the extensive granulometric analyses indicate decreasing grain sizes as the distance from the Qilian Shan increases and allow the identification of four textural signals: fluvial sands, dune sands, still water sediments and dusts. They can be used as the basis of interpretation for the grain size analyses of the drill core. This makes it possible to reconstruct the depositional history of the core sediments and to put them in an overall context in conjunction with own and literature-based datings. For the study area four depositional phases can be identified which date back until the time of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). During these depositional phases, various phases of activity and stability led to a continuous progradation and overprinting of the alluvial fan. A particularly active phase can be observed between 8 ka and 4 ka BP. During this period there seems to have been a significant increase in alluvial fan dynamics due to increasing fluvial activity. In the periods before and after mainly aeolian processes have led to an overprinting of the alluvial fan. Regarding the mineralogical provenance signals there is a great variability. This reflects the enormous geological heterogeneity of the study area, by which the spatial signals are not very pronounced. Nonetheless, within the catchment three larger areas can be declared which can be considered as possible sediment sources. These are the eastern and western foreland of the Qilian Shan mountains as wells as the Bei Shan in the west of the Ejina basin. They differ, in particular, from strongly diverging chlorite contents in the clay mineral and total mineral fraction. The eastern Qilian Shan foreland is characterized by significantly higher chlorite contents as the primary source for the sediments in the Ejina Basin. This is related to the greenschists, ophiolites and serpentinites in this area. Geochemically, the Cr/Rb-ratio in particular indicates a large variability within the catchment area. In this case its again the eastern Qilian Shan foreland which stands out from the rest of the study area with high values due to its high proportion of mafic rocks which are rich in chromites and spinels. Within the drill core sediments of GN100 the temporal but also the general variability of the sediment provenance according to the surface sediment results cannot be clearly traced. The mineralogical-sedimentological characteristics of the drilled clastic sediments exhibit meantime changes in sediment provenance. However, they are not as pronounced as the source signals within the surface sediments suggest. One reason seems to be the strong mixing of different sediments during transport. The combination of the particle size results with the results of the total and heavy mineralogy indicate that there must have been a phase in the meantime with predominantly aeolian processes.. These processes were connected with a sediment input from the Bei Shan mountains in the west. In addition to the increase in ultrastable heavy minerals such as zirconium and garnet and the decline of opaque heavy minerals, mainly present conditions point to this. The comparison of the traditional heavy mineral analysis (polarized light microscopy) with computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy (short: CCSEM) shows the clear advantage of the modern analysis method. Above all is the significant greater statistical significance of the counting results. In addition, this method can also be used to determine chemical varieties of some heavy minerals, which allows an even finer classification and more reliable conclusions about a possible sediment provenance. Furthermore, better statements can be made about the composition and the development process of the deposited sediments. This thesis shows that the sediment provenance within the study area as well as the ongoing processes partly depend strongly on local conditions. Therefore, the heterogeneity of the geology and the size of the catchment as well as the resulting complexity of the sediment genesis makes it very difficult to make exact assignments to clearly defined sediment sources. Nevertheless, the results indicate a primary input of fluvial clastic sediments of the Heihe coming from the Qilian Shan mountains. However, the findings also indicate the need to complement the study with adjacent study areas such as the Gobi Altai in the north or the Beishan in the west as well as a densification of the surface sampling for a better resolution of possible local sediment sources.
KW  - Heihe
KW  - Ejina Becken
KW  - Gaxun Nur
KW  - Schwerminerale
KW  - China
KW  - CCSEM
KW  - Herkunftsanalyse
KW  - Tonminerale
KW  - Heihe
KW  - Ejina Basin
KW  - Gaxun Nur
KW  - Heavy Minerals
KW  - China
KW  - CCSEM
KW  - Provenance Analysis
KW  - Clay Minerals
Y1  - 2020
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Coesfeld, Jacqueline
A1  - Kuester, Theres
A1  - Kuechly, Helga U.
A1  - Kyba, Christopher C. M.
T1  - Reducing variability and removing natural light from nighttime satellite imagery: A case study using the VIIRS DNB
JF  - Sensors
N2  - Temporal variation of natural light sources such as airglow limits the ability of night light sensors to detect changes in small sources of artificial light (such as villages). This study presents a method for correcting for this effect globally, using the satellite radiance detected from regions without artificial light emissions. We developed a routine to define an approximate grid of locations worldwide that do not have regular light emission. We apply this method with a 5 degree equally spaced global grid (total of 2016 individual locations), using data from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Day-Night Band (DNB). This code could easily be adapted for other future global sensors. The correction reduces the standard deviation of data in the Earth Observation Group monthly DNB composites by almost a factor of two. The code and datasets presented here are available under an open license by GFZ Data Services, and are implemented in the Radiance Light Trends web application.
KW  - airglow
KW  - artificial light
KW  - calibration
KW  - VIIRS DNB
KW  - nightlights
KW  - remote sensing
Y1  - 2020
VL  - 20
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Zeeden, Christian
A1  - Obreht, Igor
A1  - Veres, Daniel
A1  - Kaboth-Bahr, Stefanie
A1  - Hošek, Jan
A1  - Marković, Slobodan B.
A1  - Bösken, Janina
A1  - Lehmkuhl, Frank
A1  - Rolf, Christian
A1  - Hambach, Ulrich
T1  - Smoothed millennial-scale palaeoclimatic reference data as unconventional comparison targets: Application to European loess records
JF  - Scientific Reports
N2  - Millennial-scale palaeoclimate variability has been documented in various terrestrial and marine palaeoclimate proxy records throughout the Northern Hemisphere for the last glacial cycle. Its clear expression and rapid shifts between different states of climate (Greenland Interstadials and Stadials) represents a correlation tool beyond the resolution of e.g. luminescence dating, especially relevant for terrestrial deposits. Usually, comparison of terrestrial proxy datasets and the Greenland ice cores indicates a complex expression of millennial-scale climate variability as recorded in terrestrial geoarchives including loess. Loess is the most widespread terrestrial geoarchive of the Quaternary and especially widespread over Eurasia. However, loess often records a smoothed representation of millennial-scale variability without all fidelity when compared to the Greenland data, this being a relevant limiting feature in integrating loess with other palaeoclimate records. To better understand the loess proxy-response to millennial-scale climate variability, we simulate a proxy signal smoothing by natural processes through application of low-pass filters of delta O-18 data from Greenland, a high-resolution palaeoclimate reference record, alongside speleothem isotope records from the Black Sea-Mediterranean region. We show that low-pass filters represent rather simple models for better constraining the expression of millennial-scale climate variability in low sedimentation environments, and in sediments where proxy-response signals are most likely affected by natural smoothing (by e.g. bioturbation). Interestingly, smoothed datasets from Greenland and the Black Sea-Mediterranean region are most similar in the last similar to 15 ka and between similar to 50-30 ka. Between similar to 30-15 ka, roughly corresponding to the Last Glacial Maximum and the deglaciation, the records show dissimilarities, challenging the construction of robust correlative time-scales in this age range. From our analysis it becomes apparent that patterns of palaeoclimate signals in loess-palaeosol sequences often might be better explained by smoothed Greenland reference data than the original high-resolution Greenland dataset, or other reference data. This opens the possibility to better assess the temporal resolution and palaeoclimate potential of loess-palaeosol sequences in recording supra-regional climate patterns, as well as to securely integrate loess with other chronologically better-resolved palaeoclimate records.
KW  - last glacial period
KW  - Western Interior Basin
KW  - high-resolution record
KW  - Greenland ice cores
KW  - paleosol sequence
KW  - time-scale
KW  - Chinese loess
KW  - astronomical calibration
KW  - chronology (AICC2012)
KW  - Antarctic ice
Y1  - 2020
VL  - 10
IS  - 1
PB  - Springer Nature
CY  - Berlin
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Naliboff, John B.
A1  - Glerum, Anne
A1  - Brune, Sascha
A1  - Péron-Pinvidic, G.
A1  - Wrona, Thilo
T1  - Development of 3-D rift heterogeneity through fault network evolution
JF  - Geophysical Research Letters
N2  - Observations of rift and rifted margin architecture suggest that significant spatial and temporal structural heterogeneity develops during the multiphase evolution of continental rifting. Inheritance is often invoked to explain this heterogeneity, such as preexisting anisotropies in rock composition, rheology, and deformation. Here, we use high-resolution 3-D thermal-mechanical numerical models of continental extension to demonstrate that rift-parallel heterogeneity may develop solely through fault network evolution during the transition from distributed to localized deformation. In our models, the initial phase of distributed normal faulting is seeded through randomized initial strength perturbations in an otherwise laterally homogeneous lithosphere extending at a constant rate. Continued extension localizes deformation onto lithosphere-scale faults, which are laterally offset by tens of km and discontinuous along-strike. These results demonstrate that rift- and margin-parallel heterogeneity of large-scale fault patterns may in-part be a natural byproduct of fault network coalescence.
KW  - magma-poor
KW  - continental lithosphere
KW  - extension
KW  - insights
KW  - margins
KW  - architecture
KW  - systems
KW  - models
KW  - sea
KW  - reactivation
Y1  - 2019
VL  - 47
IS  - 13
PB  - John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
CY  - New Jersey
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Oberhänsli, Roland
T1  - Deep-time Digital Earth (DDE) the first IUGS big science program
JF  - Journal of the Geological Society of India
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-020-1420-5
SN  - 0016-7622
SN  - 0974-6889
VL  - 95
IS  - 3
SP  - 223
EP  - 226
PB  - Springer India
CY  - New Delhi
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - León, Ena Mercedes Matienzo
T1  - Observaciones sobre el clima de Lima y sus influencias en los seres   organizados, en especial el hombre
JF  - Iberoamericana
N2  - Una extraordinaria edición actualizada de Observaciones sobre el clima de Lima y sus influencias en los seres organizados, en especial el hombre de José Hipólito Unanue y Pavón ha sido publicado en el 2018  y merece ser anunciado a la comunidad académica peruana e internacional. Este libro incluye un exhaustivo estudio in troductorio del destacado historiador Lizardo Seiner Lizárraga. Esta introducción está conformada de tres partes encabezadas por los siguientes títulos: a) Unanue: una historiografía de amplio espectro b) Textos, registros y referencias: una indagación en la biblioteca de Unanue y c) Observaciones sobre el clima de Lima: una obra en dos tiempos.
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.18441/ibam.20.2020.74.279-394
SN  - 1577-3388
SN  - 2255-520X
VL  - 20
IS  - 74
SP  - 305
EP  - 308
PB  - Vervuert
CY  - Frankfurt, Main
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Marcisz, Katarzyna
A1  - Jassey, Vincent E. J.
A1  - Kosakyan, Anush
A1  - Krashevska, Valentyna
A1  - Lahr, Daniel J. G.
A1  - Lara, Enrique
A1  - Lamentowicz, Lukasz
A1  - Lamentowicz, Mariusz
A1  - Macumber, Andrew
A1  - Mazei, Yuri
A1  - Mitchell, Edward A. D.
A1  - Nasser, Nawaf A.
A1  - Patterson, R. Timothy
A1  - Roe, Helen M.
A1  - Singer, David
A1  - Tsyganov, Andrey N.
A1  - Fournier, Bertrand
T1  - Testate amoeba functional traits and their use in paleoecology
JF  - Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
N2  - This review provides a synthesis of current knowledge on the morphological and functional traits of testate amoebae, a polyphyletic group of protists commonly used as proxies of past hydrological changes in paleoecological investigations from peatland, lake sediment and soil archives. A trait-based approach to understanding testate amoebae ecology and paleoecology has gained in popularity in recent years, with research showing that morphological characteristics provide complementary information to the commonly used environmental inferences based on testate amoeba (morpho-)species data. We provide a broad overview of testate amoeba morphological and functional traits and trait-environment relationships in the context of ecology, evolution, genetics, biogeography, and paleoecology. As examples we report upon previous ecological and paleoecological studies that used trait-based approaches, and describe key testate amoebae traits that can be used to improve the interpretation of environmental studies. We also highlight knowledge gaps and speculate on potential future directions for the application of trait-based approaches in testate amoeba research.
KW  - protists
KW  - functional traits
KW  - morphological traits
KW  - ecology
KW  - peatlands
KW  - lakes
KW  - soils
KW  - trait-based approaches
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2020.575966
SN  - 2296-701X
VL  - 8
PB  - Frontiers Media
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Soares, Gabriel Brando
A1  - Yamazaki, Yosuke
A1  - Cnossen, Ingrid
A1  - Matzka, Jürgen
A1  - Pinheiro, Katia J.
A1  - Morschhauser, Achim
A1  - Alken, Patrick
A1  - Stolle, Claudia
T1  - Evolution of the geomagnetic daily variation at Tatuoca, Brazil, From 1957 to 2019
BT  - a transition from Sq to EEJ
JF  - Journal of geophysical research : Space physics
N2  - The magnetic equator in the Brazilian region has moved over 1,100 km northward since 1957, passing the geomagnetic observatory Tatuoca (TTB), in northern Brazil, around 2013. We recovered and processed TTB hourly mean values of the geomagnetic field horizontal (H) component from 1957 until 2019, allowing the investigation of long-term changes in the daily variation due to the influence of secular variation, solar activity, season, and lunar phase. The H day-to-day variability and the occurrence of the counter electrojet at TTB were also investigated. Until the 1990s, ionospheric solar quiet currents dominated the quiet-time daily variation at TTB. After 2000, the magnitude of the daily variation became appreciably greater due to the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) contribution. The H seasonal and day-to-day variability increased as the magnetic equator approached, but their amplitudes normalized to the average daily variation remained at similar levels. Meanwhile, the amplitude of the lunar variation, normalized in the same way, increased from 5% to 12%. Within the EEJ region, the occurrence rate of the morning counter electrojet (MCEJ) increased with proximity to the magnetic equator, while the afternoon counter electrojet (ACEJ) did not. EEJ currents derived from CHAMP and Swarm satellite data revealed that the MCEJ rate varies with magnetic latitude within the EEJ region while the ACEJ rate is largely constant. Simulations with the Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Electrodynamics General Circulation Model based on different geomagnetic main field configurations suggest that long-term changes in the geomagnetic daily variation at TTB can be attributed to the main field secular variation.
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JA028109
SN  - 2169-9380
SN  - 2169-9402
VL  - 125
IS  - 9
PB  - American Geophysical Union
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Muldashev, Iskander A.
A1  - Sobolev, Stephan
T1  - What controls maximum magnitudes of giant subduction earthquakes?
JF  - Geochemistry, geophysics, geosystems
N2  - Giant earthquakes with magnitudes above 8.5 occur only in subduction zones. Despite the developments made in observing large subduction zone earthquakes with geophysical instruments, the factors controlling the maximum size of these earthquakes are still poorly understood. Previous studies have suggested the importance of slab shape, roughness of the plate interface contact, state of the strain in the upper plate, thickness of sediments filling the trenches, and subduction rate. Here, we present 2-D cross-scale numerical models of seismic cycles for subduction zones with various geometries, subduction channel friction configurations, and subduction rates. We found that low-angle subduction and thick sediments in the subduction channel are the necessary conditions for generating giant earthquakes, while the subduction rate has a negligible effect. We suggest that these key parameters determine the maximum magnitude of a subduction earthquake by controlling the seismogenic zone width and smoothness of the subduction interface. This interpretation supports previous studies that are based upon observations and scaling laws. Our modeling results also suggest that low static friction in the sediment-filled subduction channel results in neutral or moderate compressive deformation in the overriding plate for low-angle subduction zones hosting giant earthquakes. These modeling results agree well with observations for the largest earthquakes. Based on our models we predict maximum magnitudes of subduction earthquakes worldwide, demonstrating the fit to magnitudes of all giant earthquakes of the 20th and 21st centuries and good agreement with the predictions based on statistical analyses of observations.
KW  - giant earthquakes
KW  - earthquake modeling
KW  - subduction
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GC009145
SN  - 1525-2027
VL  - 21
IS  - 9
PB  - American Geophysical Union
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Ziemann, Martin Andreas
A1  - Madariaga, Juan Manuel
T1  - Applications of Raman spectroscopy in art and archaeology
JF  - Journal of Raman spectroscopy
N2  - The 10th edition of the International Congress on the Application of Raman Spectroscopy in Art and Archaeology (RAA2019) was held in Potsdam (Germany) from 3 to 7 September 2019, with eight keynote lectures, 35 oral presentations and 18 Poster Presentations. The number of active participants was 68 delegates from 20 countries among the 236 authors that presented at least one work.
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.6054
SN  - 0377-0486
SN  - 1097-4555
VL  - 52
IS  - 1
SP  - 8
EP  - 14
PB  - Wiley
CY  - Hoboken
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Crisologo, Irene
A1  - Heistermann, Maik
T1  - Using ground radar overlaps to verify the retrieval of calibration bias estimates from spaceborne platforms
T2  - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2  - Many institutions struggle to tap into the potential of their large archives of radar reflectivity: these data are often affected by miscalibration, yet the bias is typically unknown and temporally volatile. Still, relative calibration techniques can be used to correct the measurements a posteriori. For that purpose, the usage of spaceborne reflectivity observations from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) platforms has become increasingly popular: the calibration bias of a ground radar (GR) is estimated from its average reflectivity difference to the spaceborne radar (SR). Recently, Crisologo et al. (2018) introduced a formal procedure to enhance the reliability of such estimates: each match between SR and GR observations is assigned a quality index, and the calibration bias is inferred as a quality-weighted average of the differences between SR and GR. The relevance of quality was exemplified for the Subic S-band radar in the Philippines, which is greatly affected by partial beam blockage.

The present study extends the concept of quality-weighted averaging by accounting for path-integrated attenuation (PIA) in addition to beam blockage. This extension becomes vital for radars that operate at the C or X band. Correspondingly, the study setup includes a C-band radar that substantially overlaps with the S-band radar. Based on the extended quality-weighting approach, we retrieve, for each of the two ground radars, a time series of calibration bias estimates from suitable SR overpasses. As a result of applying these estimates to correct the ground radar observations, the consistency between the ground radars in the region of overlap increased substantially. Furthermore, we investigated if the bias estimates can be interpolated in time, so that ground radar observations can be corrected even in the absence of prompt SR overpasses. We found that a moving average approach was most suitable for that purpose, although limited by the absence of explicit records of radar maintenance operations.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 863 
KW  - Weather
KW  - Band
KW  - Reflectivity
KW  - Algorithm
KW  - Uncertainties
KW  - Methodology
KW  - Kwajalein
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-459630
SN  - 1866-8372
IS  - 863
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Dommain, René
A1  - Andama, Morgan
A1  - McDonough, Molly M.
A1  - Prado, Natalia A.
A1  - Goldhammer, Tobias
A1  - Potts, Richard
A1  - Maldonado, Jesús E.
A1  - Nkurunungi, John Bosco
A1  - Campana, Michael G.
T1  - The Challenges of Reconstructing Tropical Biodiversity With Sedimentary Ancient DNA
BT  - A 2200-Year-Long Metagenomic Record From Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, Uganda
T2  - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2  - Sedimentary ancient DNA has been proposed as a key methodology for reconstructing biodiversity over time. Yet, despite the concentration of Earth’s biodiversity in the tropics, this method has rarely been applied in this region. Moreover, the taphonomy of sedimentary DNA, especially in tropical environments, is poorly understood. This study elucidates challenges and opportunities of sedimentary ancient DNA approaches for reconstructing tropical biodiversity. We present shotgun-sequenced metagenomic profiles and DNA degradation patterns from multiple sediment cores from Mubwindi Swamp, located in Bwindi Impenetrable Forest (Uganda), one of the most diverse forests in Africa. We describe the taxonomic composition of the sediments covering the past 2200 years and compare the sedimentary DNA data with a comprehensive set of environmental and sedimentological parameters to unravel the conditions of DNA degradation. Consistent with the preservation of authentic ancient DNA in tropical swamp sediments, DNA concentration and mean fragment length declined exponentially with age and depth, while terminal deamination increased with age. DNA preservation patterns cannot be explained by any environmental parameter alone, but age seems to be the primary driver of DNA degradation in the swamp. Besides degradation, the presence of living microbial communities in the sediment also affects DNA quantity. Critically, 92.3% of our metagenomic data of a total 81.8 million unique, merged reads cannot be taxonomically identified due to the absence of genomic references in public databases. Of the remaining 7.7%, most of the data (93.0%) derive from Bacteria and Archaea, whereas only 0–5.8% are from Metazoa and 0–6.9% from Viridiplantae, in part due to unbalanced taxa representation in the reference data. The plant DNA record at ordinal level agrees well with local pollen data but resolves less diversity. Our animal DNA record reveals the presence of 41 native taxa (16 orders) including Afrotheria, Carnivora, and Ruminantia at Bwindi during the past 2200 years. Overall, we observe no decline in taxonomic richness with increasing age suggesting that several-thousand-year-old information on past biodiversity can be retrieved from tropical sediments. However, comprehensive genomic surveys of tropical biota need prioritization for sedimentary DNA to be a viable methodology for future tropical biodiversity studies.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 970 
KW  - sedimentary ancient DNA
KW  - tropical biodiversity
KW  - DNA preservation
KW  - sediment
KW  - tropical swamp
KW  - shotgun sequencing
KW  - metagenomic analysis
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-474305
SN  - 1866-8372
IS  - 970
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Borghini, Alessia
T1  - Melt inclusions in mafic rocks as witnesses of metasomatism in the Bohemian Massif
N2  - Orogenic peridotites represent portions of upper subcontinental mantle now incorporated in mountain belts. They often contain layers, lenses and irregular bodies of pyroxenite and eclogite. The origin of this heterogeneity and the nature of these layers is still debated but it is likely to involve processes such as transient melts coming from the crust or the mantle and segregating in magma conduits, crust-mantle interaction, upwelling of the asthenosphere and metasomatism. All these processes occur in the lithospheric mantle and are often related with the subduction of crustal rocks to mantle depths. In fact, during subduction, fluids and melts are released from the slab and can interact with the overlying mantle, making the study of deep melts in this environment crucial to understand mantle heterogeneity and crust-mantle interaction. The aim of this thesis is precisely to better constrain how such processes take place studying directly the melt trapped as primary inclusions in pyroxenites and eclogites. The Bohemian Massif, crystalline core of the Variscan belt, is targeted for these purposes because it contains orogenic peridotites with layers of pyroxenite and eclogite and other mafic rocks enclosed in felsic high pressure and ultra-high pressure crustal rocks. Within this Massif mafic rocks from two areas have been selected: the garnet clinopyroxenite in orogenic peridotite of the Granulitgebirge and the ultra-high pressure eclogite in the diamond-bearing gneisses of the Erzgebirge. In both areas primary melt inclusions were recognized in the garnet, ranging in size between 2-25 µm and with different degrees of crystallization, from glassy to polycrystalline. They have been investigated with Micro Raman spectroscopy and EDS mapping and the mineral assemblage is kumdykolite, phlogopite, quartz, kokchetavite, phase with a main Raman peak at 430 cm-1, phase with a main Raman peak at 412 cm-1, white mica and calcite with some variability in relative abundance depending on the case study. In the Granulitgebirge osumilite and pyroxene are also present, whereas calcite is one of the main phases in the Erzgebirge. The presence of glass and the mineral assemblage in the nanogranitoids suggest that they were former droplets of melt trapped in the garnet while it was growing. Glassy inclusions and re-homogenized nanogranitoids show a silicate melt that is granitic, hydrous, high in alkalis and weakly peraluminous. The melt is also enriched in both case studies in Cs, Pb, Rb, U, Th, Li and B suggesting the involvement of crustal component, i.e. white mica (main carrier of Cs, Pb, Rb, Li and B), and a fluid (Cs, Th and U) in the melt producing reaction. The whole rock in both cases mainly consists of garnet and clinopyroxene with, in Erzgebirge samples, the additional presence of quartz both in the matrix and as a polycrystalline inclusion in the garnet. The latter is interpreted as a quartz pseudomorph after coesite and occurs in the same microstructural position as the melt inclusions. Both rock types show a crustal and subduction zone signature with garnet and clinopyroxene in equilibrium. Melt was likely present during the metamorphic peak of the rock, as it occurs in garnet. 
Our data suggest that the processes most likely responsible for the formation of the investigated rocks in both areas is a metasomatic reaction between a melt produced in the crust and mafic layers formerly located in the mantle wedge for the Granulitgebirge and in the subducted continental crust itself in the Erzgebirge. Thus metasomatism in the first case took place in the mantle overlying the slab, whereas in the second case metasomatism took place in the continental crust that already contained, before subduction, mafic layers. Moreover, the presence of former coesite in the same microstructural position of the melt inclusions in the Erzgebirge garnets suggest that metasomatism took place at ultra-high pressure conditions.
Summarizing, in this thesis we provide new insights into the geodynamic evolution of the Bohemian Massif based on the study of melt inclusions in garnet in two different mafic rock types, combining the direct microstructural and geochemical investigation of the inclusions with the whole-rock and mineral geochemistry. We report for the first time data, directly extracted from natural rocks, on the metasomatic melt responsible for the metasomatism of several areas of the Bohemian Massif. Besides the two locations here investigated, belonging to the Saxothuringian Zone, a signature similar to the investigated melt is clearly visible in pyroxenite and peridotite of the T-7 borehole (again Saxothuringian Zone) and the durbachite suite located in the Moldanubian Zone.
N2  - Die Präsenz orogener Peridotite - metamorphosierte Bestanteile des Mantels -, die in Gebirgen auftreten, belegt, dass der Erdmantel an Kontinent-Kontinent-Kollisionen beteiligt sein kann. Solche orogenen Peridotite sind häufig heterogen, da sie Pyroxenit- und Eklogitlagen und Linsen enthalten, d.h. Hochdruckgesteine, die aus Granat und Klinopyroxen bestehen. Die meisten Prozesse, die für diese Heterogenität verantwortlich sind, involvieren Schmelzen, die durch den Mantel migrieren und dabei zu dessen Metasomatose oder zu der Anreicherung von Granat und Klinopyroxen in Adern und Kanälen führen. Ein weiterer Prozess kann auch das Recyceln subduzierter ozeanischer Kruste im Erdmantel sein. Im Allgemeinen finden all diese Prozesse während der Subduktion der Kruste in Manteltiefe statt. Unter diesen Bedingungen stehen die Krustengesteine im direkten Kontakt mit den Mantelgesteinen und die dabei freigesetzten Fluide oder Schmelzen können mit den Peridotiten wechselwirken. Letztere können anschließend von den Krustengesteinen aufgenommen und zur Erdoberfläche exhumiert werden, wo sie untersucht werden können. Diese Arbeit fokussiert sich vor allem auf die Untersuchung der Pyroxenit- und Eklogitbildung sowie auf die Wechselwirkung zwischen Schmelze und Gestein während der Subduktion der Kontinentalkruste in Manteltiefe. Dafür ist das Böhmische Massiv die ideale geologische Umgebung, da es erhebliche Mengen an Pyroxeniten und Eklogiten enthält, die sich in einigen Fällen in orogenen Peridotiten befinden, und die alle in einer ehemals tief subduziertern kontinentalern Kruste eingegliedert wurden. Um die Zielstellung zu erreichen, wurde die Schmelze mit einem neuartigen Ansatz untersucht, wobei diese hier direkt in primären Schmelzeinschlüssen, die im Granat eingeschlossenen sind, untersucht wird. Es wurden zwei Gebiete mit Pyroxeniten und Eklogiten, die Schmelzeinschlüsse enthalten, ausgewählt, ein Pyroxenit aus dem Granulitgebirge und ein Ultrahochdruck-Eklogit aus dem Erzgebirge (Sachsen, Deutschland). Die Einschlüsse bestehen aus einer granitischen, wasserhaltigen Schmelze krustaler Herkunft. Das Auftreten der im Granat unregelmäßig verteilten Einschlüsse bestätigt das Vorhandensein von Schmelze während der Peakmetamorphose. Da die Schmelzen in beiden Fällen ähnlich sind, schlussfolgern wir daraus, dass beide Gesteinsarten durch metasomatische Prozesse infolge der Wechselwirkung von silikatreicher Schmelze und mafischen Lagen gebildete wurden. Im Granulitgebirge ging die Schmelze eine Wechselwirkung mit mafischen Lagen im Mantel ein und erst später wurde der Wirtsperidotit einschließlich der neugebildeten Pyroxenit- und Eklogitlagen in die subduzierte Kruste eingebaut. Im Fall der Pyroxenite und Eklogite des Erzgebirges fand die Metasomatose stattdessen in der kontinentalen Kruste statt. Hier ging die Schmelze eine Wechselwirkung mit mafischen Lagen ein, die sich bereits vor der Subduktion in der Kruste befunden hatten. Im letzteren Fall belegt der Hinweis auf ehemaligen Coesit , d. h. auf ein Mineral, das Tiefen >95 km anzeigt, welches anwesend war während der Metasomatose, dass die Prozesse in größeren Tiefen stattfanden als im Granulitgebirge.
T2  - Schmelzeinschlüsse in mafischen Gesteinen als Zeugen von Metasomatose im Böhmischen Massiv
KW  - Petrology
KW  - Petrologie
KW  - Metamorphism
KW  - Melt inclusions
KW  - Metasomatism
KW  - Metamorphose
KW  - Schmelzeinschlüsse
KW  - Metasomatose
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-473639
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Senftleben, Robin
T1  - Earth's magnetic field over the last 1000 years
N2  - To investigate the reliability and stability of spherical harmonic models based on archeo/-paleomagnetic data, 2000 Geomagnetic models were calculated. All models are based on the same data set but with randomized uncertainties. Comparison of these models to the geomagnetic field model gufm1 showed that large scale magnetic field structures up to spherical harmonic degree 4 are stable throughout all models. Through a ranking of all models by comparing the dipole coefficients to gufm1 more realistic uncertainty estimates were derived than the authors of the data provide.

The derived uncertainty estimates were used in further modelling, which combines archeo/-paleomagnetic and historical data. The huge difference in data count, accuracy and coverage of these two very different data sources made it necessary to introduce a time dependent spatial damping, which was constructed to constrain the spatial complexity of the model. Finally 501 models were calculated by considering that each data point is a Gaussian random variable, whose mean is the original value and whose standard deviation is its uncertainty. The final model arhimag1k is calculated by taking the mean of the 501 sets of Gauss coefficients. arhimag1k fits different dependent and independent data sets well. It shows an early reverse flux patch at the core-mantle boundary between 1000 AD and 1200 AD at the location of the South Atlantic Anomaly today. Another interesting feature is a high latitude flux patch over Greenland between 1200 and 1400 AD. The dipole moment shows a constant behaviour between 1600 and 1840 AD.

In the second part of the thesis 4 new paleointensities from 4 different flows of the island Fogo, which is part of Cape Verde, are presented. The data is fitted well by arhimag1k with the exception of the value at 1663 of 28.3 microtesla, which is approximately 10 microtesla lower than the model suggest.
N2  - Um die Stabilität und Zuverlässigkeit von sphärisch harmonischen Erdmagnetfeldmodellen, die auf paleomagnetischen und archeomagnetischen Daten basieren zu untersuchen wurden 2000 Erdmagnetfeldmodelle berechnet. Jedes dieser Modelle berechnet sich aus Daten, die mit zufälligen Unsicherheiten in die Inversion eingehen. Ein Vergleich dieser Modelle zum historischen Erdmagnetfeldmodell gufm1 zeigt, dass großflächige magnetische Strukturen bis zum sphärischen harmonischen Grad 4 stabil in allen Modellen sind. Ein Ranking der 2000 Modelle wurde verwendet, um realistischere Fehlerabschätzungen der Daten zu bekommen, als die, die von den Autoren angebeben werden.

Diese Fehlerabschätzungen werden für die weitere Modellierung benutzt, welche historische und paleo-/archeomagnetiche Daten kombiniert. Der große Unterschied in der Anzahl der Daten und der räumlichen Verteilung dieser sehr verschiedenen Datenquellen machte es notwendig, eine zeitabhängige räumliche Dämpfung einzuführen. Diese ist so konstruiert, dass die räumlich Komplexität des Modelles in einem bestimmten Zeitintervall festgelegt wird. 501 Modelle wurde berechnet, indem jeder Datenpunkt als gaußsche Zufallsvariable gesehen wird mit dem Originalwert als Mittelwert und die Fehlerabschätzung als Standardabweichung. Das finale Modell arhimag1k berechnet sich aus dem Mittelwert der Gaußkoeffizienten aller 501 Modelle. arhimag1k fittet verschiedene abhängige und unabhängige Datensätze gut. Es zeigt eine frühe Anomaly an der Kern-Mantel Grenze zwischen 1000 und 1200 AD an der Lokation, wo auch die heutige Südatlantische Anomaly liegt. Eine andere interessante Auffälligkeit ist eine starke radiale Magnetfeldkomponente an der Kern-Mantel Grenze zwischen 1200 und 1400 AD über Grönland. Das Dipolmoment zeigt ein konstantes Verhalten von 1600 bis 1840 AD.

Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit werden 4 neue Paleointensitäten der Insel Fogo, welches Teil von Kap Verde ist, presentiert. Diese neuen Daten werden gut von dem Modell arhimag1k gefittet, außer der Wert von 1663 AD mit 28.3 mikrotesla , welcher etwa 10 mikrotesla niedriger ist, als das Modell zeigt.
T2  - Erdmagnetfeld der letzten 1000 Jahre
KW  - Earth's magnetic field
KW  - archeomagnetism
KW  - paleomagnetism
KW  - modelling
KW  - spherical harmonics
KW  - Erdmagnetfeld
KW  - Archäomagnetismus
KW  - Paläomagnetismus
KW  - Modellierung
KW  - Kugelflächenfunktionen
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-473150
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Ayzel, Georgy
A1  - Scheffer, Tobias
A1  - Heistermann, Maik
T1  - RainNet v1.0
BT  - a convolutional neural network for radar-based precipitation nowcasting
T2  - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2  - In this study, we present RainNet, a deep convolutional neural network for radar-based precipitation nowcasting. Its design was inspired by the U-Net and SegNet families of deep learning models, which were originally designed for binary segmentation tasks. RainNet was trained to predict continuous precipitation intensities at a lead time of 5min, using several years of quality-controlled weather radar composites provided by the German Weather Service (DWD). That data set covers Germany with a spatial domain of 900km × 900km and has a resolution of 1km in space and 5min in time. Independent verification experiments were carried out on 11 summer precipitation events from 2016 to 2017. In order to achieve a lead time of 1h, a recursive approach was implemented by using RainNet predictions at 5min lead times as model inputs for longer lead times. In the verification experiments, trivial Eulerian persistence and a conventional model based on optical flow served as benchmarks. The latter is available in the rainymotion library and had previously been shown to outperform DWD's operational nowcasting model for the same set of verification events.

RainNet significantly outperforms the benchmark models at all lead times up to 60min for the routine verification metrics mean absolute error (MAE) and the critical success index (CSI) at intensity thresholds of 0.125, 1, and 5mm h⁻¹. However, rainymotion turned out to be superior in predicting the exceedance of higher intensity thresholds (here 10 and 15mm h⁻¹). The limited ability of RainNet to predict heavy rainfall intensities is an undesirable property which we attribute to a high level of spatial smoothing introduced by the model. At a lead time of 5min, an analysis of power spectral density confirmed a significant loss of spectral power at length scales of 16km and below. Obviously, RainNet had learned an optimal level of smoothing to produce a nowcast at 5min lead time. In that sense, the loss of spectral power at small scales is informative, too, as it reflects the limits of predictability as a function of spatial scale. Beyond the lead time of 5min, however, the increasing level of smoothing is a mere artifact – an analogue to numerical diffusion – that is not a property of RainNet itself but of its recursive application. In the context of early warning, the smoothing is particularly unfavorable since pronounced features of intense precipitation tend to get lost over longer lead times. Hence, we propose several options to address this issue in prospective research, including an adjustment of the loss function for model training, model training for longer lead times, and the prediction of threshold exceedance in terms of a binary segmentation task. Furthermore, we suggest additional input data that could help to better identify situations with imminent precipitation dynamics. The model code, pretrained weights, and training data are provided in open repositories as an input for such future studies.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 964 
KW  - weather
KW  - models
KW  - skill
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-472942
SN  - 1866-8372
IS  - 964
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lu, Yin
A1  - Dewald, Nico
A1  - Koutsodendris, Andreas
A1  - Kaboth-Bahr, Stefanie
A1  - Rösler, Wolfgang
A1  - Fang, Xiaomin
A1  - Pross, Jörg
A1  - Appel, Erwin
A1  - Friedrich, Oliver
T1  - Sedimentological evidence for pronounced glacial-interglacial climate fluctuations in NE Tibet in the latest Pliocene to early Pleistocene
JF  - Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology
N2  - The intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation (iNHG) and uplift of the Tibetan Plateau have been argued to be among the main drivers of climate change in midlatitude Central Asia during the Pliocene/Pleistocene. While most proxy records that support this hypothesis are from regions outside the Tibetan Plateau (such as from the Chinese Loess Plateau), detailed paleoclimatic information for the plateau itself during that time has yet remained elusive. Here we present a temporally highly resolved (similar to 500 years) sedimentological record from the Qaidam Basin situated on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau that shows pronounced glacial-interglacial climate variability during the interval from 2.7 to 2.1 Ma. Glacial (interglacial) intervals are generally characterized by coarser (finer) grain size, minima (maxima) in organic matter content, and maxima (minima) in carbonate content. Comparison of our results with Earth's orbital parameters and proxy records from the Chinese Loess Plateau suggests that the observed climate fluctuations were mainly driven by changes in the Siberian High/East Asian winter monsoon system as a response to the iNHG. They are further proposed to be enhanced by the topography of the Tibetan Plateau and its impact on the position and intensity of the westerlies.
KW  - Western Qaidam Basin
KW  - grain-size distribution
KW  - lake Donggi Cona
KW  - Chinese loess
KW  - Central-Asia
KW  - transport processes
KW  - Qilian mountains
KW  - dust sources
KW  - plateau
KW  - record
Y1  - 2020
VL  - 35
IS  - 5
PB  - John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
CY  - New Jersey
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Angelopoulos, Michael
T1  - Mechanisms of sub-aquatic permafrost evolution in Arctic coastal environments
BT  - field observations and modelling of submerged ice-rich permafrost deposits and thermokarst lagoons in northeastern Siberia
N2  - Subsea permafrost is perennially cryotic earth material that lies offshore. Most submarine permafrost is relict terrestrial permafrost beneath the Arctic shelf seas, was inundated after the last glaciation, and has been warming and thawing ever since. It is a reservoir and confining layer for gas hydrates and has the potential to release greenhouse gases and affect global climate change. Furthermore, subsea permafrost thaw destabilizes coastal infrastructure. While numerous studies focus on its distribution and rate of thaw over glacial timescales, these studies have not been brought together and examined in their entirety to assess rates of thaw beneath the Arctic Ocean. In addition, there is still a large gap in our understanding of sub-aquatic permafrost processes on finer spatial and temporal scales. The degradation rate of subsea permafrost is influenced by the initial conditions upon submergence. Terrestrial permafrost that has already undergone warming, partial thawing or loss of ground ice may react differently to inundation by seawater compared to previously undisturbed ice-rich permafrost. Heat conduction models are sufficient to model the thaw of thick subsea permafrost from the bottom, but few studies have included salt diffusion for top-down chemical degradation in shallow waters characterized by mean annual cryotic conditions on the seabed. Simulating salt transport is critical for assessing degradation rates for recently inundated permafrost, which may accelerate in response to warming shelf waters, a lengthening open water season, and faster coastal erosion rates. In the nearshore zone, degradation rates are also controlled by seasonal processes like bedfast ice, brine injection, seasonal freezing under floating ice conditions and warm freshwater discharge from large rivers. The interplay of all these variables is complex and needs further research. To fill this knowledge gap, this thesis investigates sub-aquatic permafrost along the southern coast of the Bykovsky Peninsula in eastern Siberia. Sediment cores and ground temperature profiles were collected at a freshwater thermokarst lake and two thermokarst lagoons in 2017. At this site, the coastline is retreating, and seawater is inundating various types of permafrost: sections of ice-rich Pleistocene permafrost (Yedoma) cliffs at the coastline alternate with lagoons and lower elevation previously thawed and refrozen permafrost basins (Alases). Electrical resistivity surveys with floating electrodes were carried out to map ice-bearing permafrost and taliks (unfrozen zones in the permafrost, usually formed beneath lakes) along the diverse coastline and in the lagoons. Combined with the borehole data, the electrical resistivity results permit estimation of contemporary ice-bearing permafrost characteristics, distribution, and occasionally, thickness. To conceptualize possible geomorphological and marine evolutionary pathways to the formation of the observed layering, numerical models were applied. The developed model incorporates salt diffusion and seasonal dynamics at the seabed, including bedfast ice. Even along coastlines with mean annual non-cryotic boundary conditions like the Bykovsky Peninsula, the modelling results show that salt diffusion minimizes seasonal freezing of the seabed, leading to faster degradation rates compared to models without salt diffusion. Seasonal processes are also important for thermokarst lake to lagoon transitions because lagoons can generate cold hypersaline conditions underneath the ice cover. My research suggests that ice-bearing permafrost can form in a coastal lagoon environment, even under floating ice. Alas basins, however, may degrade more than twice as fast as Yedoma permafrost in the first several decades of inundation. In addition to a lower ice content compared to Yedoma permafrost, Alas basins may be pre-conditioned with salt from adjacent lagoons. Considering the widespread distribution of thermokarst in the Arctic, its integration into geophysical models and offshore surveys is important to quantify and understand subsea permafrost degradation and aggradation. Through numerical modelling, fieldwork, and a circum-Arctic review of subsea permafrost literature, this thesis provides new insights into sub-aquatic permafrost evolution in saline coastal environments.
KW  - permafrost
KW  - subsea
KW  - submarine
KW  - thermokarst
KW  - lagoons
KW  - salt diffusion
KW  - electrical resistivity
Y1  - 2020
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Braun, Jean
T1  - Response to comment by Japsen et al. on "A review of numerical modeling studies of passive margin escarpments leading to a new analytical expression for the rate of escarpment migration velocity"
T2  - Gondwana research : international geoscience journal ; official journal of the International Association for Gondwana Research
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2018.10.003
SN  - 1342-937X
SN  - 1878-0571
VL  - 65
SP  - 174
EP  - 176
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Ayzel, Georgy
A1  - Scheffer, Tobias
A1  - Heistermann, Maik
T1  - RainNet v1.0
BT  - a convolutional neural network for radar-based precipitation nowcasting
JF  - Geoscientific Model Development
N2  - In this study, we present RainNet, a deep convolutional neural network for radar-based precipitation nowcasting. Its design was inspired by the U-Net and SegNet families of deep learning models, which were originally designed for binary segmentation tasks. RainNet was trained to predict continuous precipitation intensities at a lead time of 5min, using several years of quality-controlled weather radar composites provided by the German Weather Service (DWD). That data set covers Germany with a spatial domain of 900km × 900km and has a resolution of 1km in space and 5min in time. Independent verification experiments were carried out on 11 summer precipitation events from 2016 to 2017. In order to achieve a lead time of 1h, a recursive approach was implemented by using RainNet predictions at 5min lead times as model inputs for longer lead times. In the verification experiments, trivial Eulerian persistence and a conventional model based on optical flow served as benchmarks. The latter is available in the rainymotion library and had previously been shown to outperform DWD's operational nowcasting model for the same set of verification events.

RainNet significantly outperforms the benchmark models at all lead times up to 60min for the routine verification metrics mean absolute error (MAE) and the critical success index (CSI) at intensity thresholds of 0.125, 1, and 5mm h⁻¹. However, rainymotion turned out to be superior in predicting the exceedance of higher intensity thresholds (here 10 and 15mm h⁻¹). The limited ability of RainNet to predict heavy rainfall intensities is an undesirable property which we attribute to a high level of spatial smoothing introduced by the model. At a lead time of 5min, an analysis of power spectral density confirmed a significant loss of spectral power at length scales of 16km and below. Obviously, RainNet had learned an optimal level of smoothing to produce a nowcast at 5min lead time. In that sense, the loss of spectral power at small scales is informative, too, as it reflects the limits of predictability as a function of spatial scale. Beyond the lead time of 5min, however, the increasing level of smoothing is a mere artifact – an analogue to numerical diffusion – that is not a property of RainNet itself but of its recursive application. In the context of early warning, the smoothing is particularly unfavorable since pronounced features of intense precipitation tend to get lost over longer lead times. Hence, we propose several options to address this issue in prospective research, including an adjustment of the loss function for model training, model training for longer lead times, and the prediction of threshold exceedance in terms of a binary segmentation task. Furthermore, we suggest additional input data that could help to better identify situations with imminent precipitation dynamics. The model code, pretrained weights, and training data are provided in open repositories as an input for such future studies.
KW  - weather
KW  - models
KW  - skill
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2631-2020
SN  - 1991-959X
SN  - 1991-9603
VL  - 13
IS  - 6
SP  - 2631
EP  - 2644
PB  - Copernicus Publ.
CY  - Göttingen
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Rajaonarison, Tahiry A.
A1  - Stamps, D. Sarah
A1  - Fishwick, Stewart
A1  - Brune, Sascha
A1  - Glerum, Anne
A1  - Hu, Jiashun
T1  - Numerical modeling of mantle flow beneath Madagascar to constrain upper mantle rheology beneath continental regions
JF  - Journal of geophysical research : Solid earth
N2  - Over the past few decades, azimuthal seismic anisotropy measurements have been widely used proxy to study past and present-day deformation of the lithosphere and to characterize convection in the mantle. Beneath continental regions, distinguishing between shallow and deep sources of anisotropy remains difficult due to poor depth constraints of measurements and a lack of regional-scale geodynamic modeling. Here, we constrain the sources of seismic anisotropy beneath Madagascar where a complex pattern cannot be explained by a single process such as absolute plate motion, global mantle flow, or geology. We test the hypotheses that either Edge-Driven Convection (EDC) or mantle flow derived from mantle wind interactions with lithospheric topography is the dominant source of anisotropy beneath Madagascar. We, therefore, simulate two sets of mantle convection models using regional-scale 3-D computational modeling. We then calculate Lattice Preferred Orientation that develops along pathlines of the mantle flow models and use them to calculate synthetic splitting parameters. Comparison of predicted with observed seismic anisotropy shows a good fit in northern and southern Madagascar for the EDC model, but the mantle wind case only fits well in northern Madagascar. This result suggests the dominant control of the measured anisotropy may be from EDC, but the role of localized fossil anisotropy in narrow shear zones cannot be ruled out in southern Madagascar. Our results suggest that the asthenosphere beneath northern and southern Madagascar is dominated by dislocation creep. Dislocation creep rheology may be dominant in the upper asthenosphere beneath other regions of continental lithosphere.
KW  - seismic anisotropy
KW  - edge-driven convection
KW  - mantle flow modeling
KW  - lattice preferred orientations
KW  - lithosphere-mantle wind interactions
KW  - splitting parameters
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JB018560
SN  - 2169-9313
SN  - 2169-9356
VL  - 125
IS  - 2
PB  - American Geophysical Union
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stich, Daniel
A1  - Martin, Rosa
A1  - Morales, Jose
A1  - Lopez-Comino, Jose Angel
A1  - Mancilla, Flor de Lis
T1  - Slip partitioning in the 2016 Alboran Sea earthquake sequence (western Mediterranean)
JF  - Frontiers in Earth Science
N2  - AM(W)= 5.1 earthquake on January 21st, 2016 marked the beginning of a significant seismic sequence in the southern Alboran Sea, culminating in aM(W)= 6.3 earthquake on January 25th, and continuing with further moderate magnitude earthquakes until March. We use data from 35 seismic broadband stations in Spain, Morocco and Portugal to relocate the seismicity, estimate seismic moment tensors, and isolate regional apparent source time functions for the main earthquake. Relocation and regional moment tensor inversion consistently yield very shallow depths for the majority of events. We obtain 50 moment tensors for the sequence, showing a mixture of strike-slip faulting for the foreshock and the main event and reverse faulting for the major aftershocks. The leading role of reverse focal mechanisms among the aftershocks may be explained by the geometry of the fault network. The mainshock nucleates at a bend along the left-lateral Al-Idrisi fault, introducing local transpression within the transtensional Alboran Basin. The shallow depths of the 2016 Alboran Sea earthquakes may favor slip-partitioning on the involved faults. Apparent source durations for the main event suggest a similar to 21 km long, asymmetric rupture that propagates primarily toward NE into the restraining fault segment, with fast rupture speed of similar to 3.0 km/s. Consistently, the inversion for laterally variable fault displacement situates the main slip in the restraining segment. The partitioning into strike-slip rupture and dip-slip aftershocks confirms a non-optimal orientation of this segment, and suggests that the 2016 event settled a slip deficit from previous ruptures that could not propagate into the stronger restraining segment.
KW  - slip partitioning
KW  - fault bend
KW  - moment tensor
KW  - source time function
KW  - shallow earthquakes
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.587356
SN  - 2296-6463
VL  - 8
PB  - Frontiers Media
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Giarolla, Emanuel
A1  - Veiga, Sandro F.
A1  - Nobre, Paulo
A1  - Silva, Manoel B.
A1  - Capistrano, Vinicius B.
A1  - Callegare, Andyara O.
T1  - Sea surface height trends in the southern hemisphere oceans simulated by the Brazilian Earth System Model under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios
JF  - Journal of southern hemisphere earth systems science
N2  - The Brazilian Earth System Model (BESM-OA2.5), while simulating the historical period proposed by the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), detects an increasing trend in the sea surface height (SSH) on the southern hemisphere oceans relative to that of the pre-industrial era. The increasing trend is accentuated in the CMIP5 RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 future scenarios with higher concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This study sheds light on the sources of such trends in these regions. The results suggest an association with the thermal expansion of the oceans in the upper 700 m due to a gradual warming inflicted by those future scenarios. BESM-OA2.5 presents a surface height increase of 0.11 m in the historical period of 1850-2005. Concerning future projections, BESM-OA2.5 projects SSH increases of 0.14 and 0.23 m (relative to the historical 2005 value) for RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively, by the end of 2100. These increases are predominantly in a band of latitude within 35-60 degrees S in the Atlantic and Indian oceans. The reproducibility of the trend signal detected in the BESM-OA2.5 simulations is confirmed by the results of three other CMIP5 models.
KW  - Brazilian Earth System Model
KW  - CMIP5
KW  - IPCC AR5 scenarios
KW  - RCP4.5
KW  - RCP8.5
KW  - sea level trends
KW  - sea surface height
KW  - southern hemisphere oceans
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1071/ES19042
SN  - 2206-5865
VL  - 70
IS  - 1
SP  - 280
EP  - 289
PB  - CSIRO
CY  - Clayton
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Ou, Qi
A1  - Kulikova, Galina
A1  - Yu, Jingxing
A1  - Elliott, Austin
A1  - Parsons, Bethany
A1  - Walker, Richard
T1  - Magnitude of the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake reestimated using seismological and geomorphological methods
JF  - Journal of geophysical research : Solid earth
N2  - Reported magnitudes ranging between 7.8 and 8.7 highlight a confusion about the true size of the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake, the largest earthquake recorded in the northeast Tibetan Plateau. We compiled a global data set of previously unlooked-at historical seismograms and performed modern computational analyses on the digitized seismic records. We found the epicenter to be near Haiyuan town and obtained a moment magnitude of M-W=7.90.2. Following traditional approaches, we obtained m(B)=7.90.3 with data from 21 stations and M-S(20)=8.10.2 with data from three stations. Geomorphologically, we mapped the surface rupture and horizontal offsets on high-resolution Pleiades satellite and drone imagery that covered the entire western and middle sections of the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake rupture and compiled offsets reported on the eastern section from field measurements in the 1980s. Careful discrimination between single-event and cumulative offsets suggests average horizontal slips of 3.01.0m on the western section, 4.51.5m on the middle section, and 3.5 +/- 0.5m on the eastern section, indicating a total moment magnitude of M-W=7.8 +/- 0.1. Thus, the seismological and geomorphological results agree within the uncertainties, a weighted average giving a moment magnitude of M-W=7.9 +/- 0.2 for the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake. It is likely that earthquake magnitudes based on the historical M were systematically overestimated. <br /> Plain Language Summary Earthquakes are the main mechanism by which elastic energy accumulating due to tectonic motion is released. As the earthquake magnitude scale is logarithmic, major earthquakes control the bulk of this energy budget and are often the most destructive, like the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake with similar to 230,000 casualties. However, major earthquakes tend to have recurrence periods of several hundred years, longer than our instrumental records. To obtain knowledge of historic major earthquakes, paleoseismologists measure geomorphic offsets and map surface ruptures left by past events and estimate the shaking intensity from historical writings. However, in the case of the Haiyuan earthquake, which happened in the late historic, early instrumental period, the magnitudes reported from these two communities differed significantly. In order to constrain the magnitude of this earthquake for seismic hazard assessment and to reconcile the differences between published magnitudes, we reestimated its magnitude from both newly compiled and digitized seismological records and modern satellite and drone imagery. The results show that the early seismological magnitudes were overestimated, which may affect historical magnitudes systematically. The 1920 Haiyuan earthquake was of a similar magnitude to the 2001 Kokoxili and 2008 Wenchuan earthquakes that also occurred in and around the Tibetan Plateau, instead of more than half a magnitude larger.
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JB019244
SN  - 2169-9313
SN  - 2169-9356
VL  - 125
IS  - 8
PB  - American Geophysical Union
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Cheng, Chaojie
A1  - Milsch, Harald
T1  - Permeability variations in illite-bearing sandstone
BT  - effects of temperature and NaCl fluid salinity
JF  - Journal of geophysical research : Solid earth
N2  - Temperature changes and variations in pore fluid salinity may negatively affect the permeability of clay-bearing sandstones with implications for natural fluid flow and geotechnical applications alike. In this study these factors are investigated for a sandstone dominated by illite as the clay phase. Systematic long-term flow-through experiments were conducted and complemented with comprehensive microstructural investigations and the application of Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory to explain mechanistically the observed permeability changes. Initially, sample permeability was not affected by low pore fluid salinity indicating strong attraction of the illite particles to the pore walls as supported by electron microprobe analysis (EMPA). Increasing temperature up to 145 degrees C resulted in an irreversible permeability decrease by 1.5 orders of magnitude regardless of the pore fluid composition (i.e., deionized water and 2 M NaCl solution). Subsequently diluting the high salinity pore fluid to below 0.5 M yielded an additional permeability decline by 1.5 orders of magnitude, both at 145 degrees C and after cooling to room temperature. By applying scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) thermo-mechanical pore throat closure and illite particle migration were identified as independently operating mechanisms responsible for observed permeability changes during heating and dilution, respectively. These observations indicate that permeability of illite-bearing sandstones will be impaired by heating and exposure to low salinity pore fluids. In addition, chemically induced permeability variations proved to be path dependent with respect to the applied succession of fluid salinity changes.
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JB020122
SN  - 2169-9313
SN  - 2169-9356
VL  - 125
IS  - 9
PB  - American Geophysical Union
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Crisologo, Irene
A1  - Heistermann, Maik
T1  - Using ground radar overlaps to verify the retrieval of calibration bias estimates from spaceborne platforms
JF  - Atmospheric measurement techniques : an interactive open access journal of the European Geosciences Union
N2  - Many institutions struggle to tap into the potential of their large archives of radar reflectivity: these data are often affected by miscalibration, yet the bias is typically unknown and temporally volatile. Still, relative calibration techniques can be used to correct the measurements a posteriori. For that purpose, the usage of spaceborne reflectivity observations from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) platforms has become increasingly popular: the calibration bias of a ground radar (GR) is estimated from its average reflectivity difference to the spaceborne radar (SR). Recently, Crisologo et al. (2018) introduced a formal procedure to enhance the reliability of such estimates: each match between SR and GR observations is assigned a quality index, and the calibration bias is inferred as a quality-weighted average of the differences between SR and GR. The relevance of quality was exemplified for the Subic S-band radar in the Philippines, which is greatly affected by partial beam blockage. The present study extends the concept of quality-weighted averaging by accounting for path-integrated attenuation (PIA) in addition to beam blockage. This extension becomes vital for radars that operate at the C or X band. Correspondingly, the study setup includes a C-band radar that substantially overlaps with the S-band radar. Based on the extended quality-weighting approach, we retrieve, for each of the two ground radars, a time series of calibration bias estimates from suitable SR overpasses. As a result of applying these estimates to correct the ground radar observations, the consistency between the ground radars in the region of overlap increased substantially. Furthermore, we investigated if the bias estimates can be interpolated in time, so that ground radar observations can be corrected even in the absence of prompt SR overpasses. We found that a moving average approach was most suitable for that purpose, although limited by the absence of explicit records of radar maintenance operations.
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-645-2020
SN  - 1867-1381
SN  - 1867-8548
VL  - 13
IS  - 2
SP  - 645
EP  - 659
PB  - Copernicus
CY  - Göttingen
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Hudson, Paul
T1  - The affordability of flood risk property-level adaptation measures
JF  - Risk Analysis
N2  - The affordability of property-level adaptation measures against flooding is crucial due to the movement toward integrated flood risk management, which requires the individuals threatened by flooding to actively manage flooding. It is surprising to find that affordability is not often discussed, given the important roles that affordability and social justice play regarding flood risk management. This article provides a starting point for investigating the potential rate of unaffordability of flood risk property-level adaptation measures across Europe using two definitions of affordability, which are combined with two different affordability thresholds from within flood risk research. It uses concepts of investment and payment affordability, with affordability thresholds based on residual income and expenditure definitions of unaffordability. These concepts, in turn, are linked with social justice through fairness concerns, in that, all should have equal capability to act, of which affordability is one avenue. In doing so, it was found that, for a large proportion of Europe, property owners generally cannot afford to make one-time payment of the cost of protective measures. These can be made affordable with installment payment mechanisms or similar mechanisms that spread costs over time. Therefore, the movement toward greater obligations for flood-prone residents to actively adapt to flooding should be accompanied by socially accessible financing mechanisms.
KW  - Affordability
KW  - flood risk
KW  - social justice
KW  - risk reduction
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13465
SN  - 0272-4332
SN  - 1539-6924
VL  - 40
IS  - 6
SP  - 1151
EP  - 1167
PB  - Wiley
CY  - Hoboken
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Streck, Charlotte
T1  - Filling in for Governments?
BT  - the role of the private actors in the International Climate Regime
JF  - Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law
N2  - The 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change abandons the Kyoto Protocol's paradigm of binding emissions targets and relies instead on countries' voluntary contributions. However, the Paris Agreement encourages not only governments but also sub-national governments, corporations and civil society to contribute to reaching ambitious climate goals. In a transition from the regulated architecture of the Kyoto Protocol to the open system of the Paris Agreement, the Agreement seeks to integrate non-state actors into the treaty-based climate regime. In 2014 the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Peru and France created the Non-State Actor Zone for Climate Action (and launched the Global Climate Action portal). In December 2019, this portal recorded more than twenty thousand climate-commitments of private and public non-state entities, making the non-state venues of international climate meetings decisively more exciting than the formal negotiation space. This level engagement and governments' response to it raises a flurry of questions in relation to the evolving nature of the climate regime and climate change governance, including the role of private actors as standard setters and the lack of accountability mechanisms for non-state actions. This paper takes these developments as occasion to discuss the changing role of private actors in the climate regime.
KW  - climate action
KW  - Paris Agreement
KW  - non-state actors
KW  - soft law
KW  - accountability
KW  - private governance
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1163/18760104-01701003
SN  - 1613-7272
SN  - 1876-0104
VL  - 17
IS  - 1
SP  - 5
EP  - 28
PB  - Martinus Nijhoff Pub
CY  - Leiden
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Kaya, Mustafa
T1  - Cretaceous-Paleogene evolution of the proto-Paratethys Sea in Central Asia
BT  - mechanisms and paleoenvironmental impacts
BT  - Mechanismen und paläoökologische Auswirkungen
N2  - Unlike today’s prevailing terrestrial features, the geologic past of Central Asia witnessed marine environments and conditions as well. A vast, shallow sea, known as proto-Paratethys, extended across Eurasia from the Mediterranean Tethys to the Tarim Basin in western China during Cretaceous to Paleogene times. This sea formed about 160 million years ago (during Jurassic times) when the waters of the Tethys Ocean flooded into Eurasia. It drastically retreated to the west and became isolated as the Paratethys during the Late Eocene-Oligocene (ca. 34 Ma). 
Having well-constrained timing and paleogeography for the Cretaceous-Paleogene proto-Paratethys sea incursions in Central Asia is essential to properly understand and distinguish the controlling mechanisms and their link to Asian paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic change. The Cretaceous-Paleogene tectonic evolution of the Pamir and Tibet and their far-field effects play a significant role on the sedimentological and structural evolution of the Central Asian basins and on the evolution of the proto-Paratethys sea fluctuations as well. Comparing the records of the sea incursions to the tectonic and eustatic events has paramount importance to reveal the controlling mechanisms behind the sea incursions. However, due to inaccuracies in the dating of rocks (mostly continental rocks and marine rocks with benthic microfossils providing low-resolution biostratigraphic constraints) and conflicting results, there has been no consensus on the timing of the sea incursions and interpretation of their records has been in question. Here, we present a new chronostratigraphic framework based on biostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy as well as a detailed paleoenvironmental analysis for the Cretaceous and Paleogene proto-Paratethys Sea incursions in the Tajik and Tarim basins, in Central Asia. This enables us to identify the major drivers of marine fluctuations and their potential consequences on regional and global climate, particularly Asian aridification and the global carbon cycle perturbations such as the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). To estimate the paleogeographic evolution of the proto-Paratethys Sea, the refined age constraints and detailed paleoenvironmental interpretations are combined with successive paleogeographic maps. Regional coastlines and depositional environments during the Cretaceous-Paleogene sea advances and retreats were drawn based on the results of this thesis and integrated with existing literature to generate new paleogeographic maps. 
Before its final westward retreat in the Eocene, a total of six Cretaceous and Paleogene major sea incursions have been distinguished from the sedimentary records of the Tajik and Tarim basins in Central Asia. All have been studied and documented here. 
We identify the presence of marine conditions already in the Early Cretaceous in the western Tajik Basin, followed by the Cenomanian (ca. 100 Ma) and Santonian (ca. 86 Ma) major marine incursions far into the eastern Tajik and Tarim basins separated by a Turonian-Coniacian (ca. 92-86 Ma) regression. Basin-wide tectonic subsidence analyses imply that the Early Cretaceous invasion of the sea into the Tajik Basin is related to increased Pamir tectonism (at ca. 130 – 90 Ma) in a retro-arc basin setting inferred to be linked to collision and subduction. This tectonic event mainly governed the Cenomanian (ca. 100 Ma) sea incursion in conjunction with a coeval global eustatic high resulting in the maximum geographic extent of the sea. The following Turonian-Coniacian (ca. 92-86 Ma) major regression, driven by eustasy, coincides with a sharp slowdown in tectonic subsidence related to a regime change in Pamir tectonism from compression to extension. The Santonian (ca. 86 Ma) major sea incursion was more likely controlled dominantly by eustasy as also evidenced by the coeval fluctuations in the west Siberian Basin. During the early Maastrichtian, the global Late Cretaceous cooling is inferred from the disappearance of mollusk-rich limestones and the dominance of bryozoan-rich and echinoderm-rich limestones in the Tajik Basin documenting the first evidence for the Late Cretaceous cooling event in Central Asia.   
Following the last Cretaceous sea incursion, a major regional restriction event, marked by the exceptionally thick (≤ 400 m) shelf evaporites is assigned a Danian-Selandian age (ca. 63-59 Ma). This is followed by the largest recorded proto-Paratethys sea incursion with a transgression estimated as early Thanetian (ca. 59-57 Ma) and a regression within the Ypresian (ca. 53-52 Ma). The transgression of the next incursion is now constrained as early Lutetian (ca. 47-46 Ma), whereas its regression is constrained as late Lutetian (ca. 41 Ma) and is associated with a drastic increase in both tectonic subsidence and basin infilling. The age of the final and least pronounced sea incursion restricted to the westernmost margin of the Tarim Basin is assigned as Bartonian–Priabonian (ca. 39.7-36.7 Ma). We interpret the long-term westward retreat of the proto-Paratethys Sea starting at ca. 41 Ma to be associated with far-field tectonic effects of the Indo-Asia collision and Pamir/Tibetan plateau uplift. Short-term eustatic sea level transgressions are superimposed on this long-term regression and seem coeval with the transgression events in the other northern Peri-Tethyan sedimentary provinces for the 1st and 2nd Paleogene sea incursions. However, the last Paleogene sea incursion is interpreted as related to tectonism. The transgressive and regressive intervals of the proto-Paratethys Sea correlate well with the reported humid and arid phases, respectively in the Qaidam and Xining basins, thus demonstrating the role of the proto-Paratethys Sea as an important moisture source for the Asian interior and its regression as a contributor to Asian aridification.  
We lastly study the mechanics, relative contribution and preservation efficiency of ancient epicontinental seas as carbon sinks with new and existing data, using organic rich (sapropel) deposits dated to the PETM from the extensive epicontinental proto-Paratethys and West Siberian seas.  We estimate ca. 1390±230 Gt organic C burial, a substantial amount compared to previously estimated global total excess organic C burial (ca. 1700-2900 Gt) is focused in the proto-Paratethys and West Siberian seas alone. We also speculate that enhanced organic carbon burial later over much of the proto-Paratethys (and later Paratethys) basin (during the deposition of the Kuma Formation and Maikop series, repectively) may have majorly contributed to drawdown of atmospheric carbon dioxide before and during the EOT cooling and glaciation of Antarctica. For past periods with smaller epicontinental seas, the effectiveness of this negative carbon cycle feedback was arguably diminished, and the same likely applies to the present-day.
N2  - Im Gegensatz zu den heute vorherrschenden kontinentalen Bedingungen war die geologische Vergangenheit Zentralasiens auch Zeuge marin dominierter Phasen. Ein riesiges Schelfmeer, bekannt als Proto-Paratethys, erstreckte sich während der Kreidezeit bis zum Paläogen über Eurasien - von der Tethys im Mittelmeer bis zum Tarimbecken im Westen Chinas. Dieses Meer bildete sich vor etwa 160 Millionen Jahren während der Jurazeit, als das Wasser des Tethys-Ozeans nach Eurasien strömte. Es zog sich drastisch nach Westen zurück und wurde während des späten Eozän-Oligozäns (ca. 34 Ma) als Paratethys isoliert. 
Eine gut eingegrenzte zeitliche Einordnung und Paläogeographische Charakterisierung für die kretazisch-paläogenen proto-Paratethys-Meerestransgressionen in Zentralasien ist unerlässlich, um die Kontrollmechanismen und ihre Verbindung mit den paläoökologischen und paläoklimatischen Veränderungen in Asien richtig zu verstehen und zu unterscheiden. Die kreidezeitlich-paläogene tektonische Entwicklung des Pamir und Tibets und ihre Fernfeldeffekte spielen eine bedeutende Rolle für die Entwicklung der zentralasiatischen Becken und der proto-paläozoischen Meeresschwankungen. Aufgrund von Ungenauigkeiten bei der Datierung der Gesteine und widersprüchlichen Ergebnissen gab es jedoch bislang keinen Konsens über den Zeitpunkt der Meerestransgressionen. Die Interpretation der dabei abgelagerten Sedimentfolgen wurde in Frage gestellt. Hier präsentieren wir eine neue, zeitliche Einordung auf Grundlage von Biostratigraphie und Magnetostratigraphie sowie eine detaillierte Paläoumweltanalyse für die Transgressionen des kreidezeitlichen und paläogenen proto-Paratethys-Meeres im tadschikischen und Tarimbecken in Zentralasien. Dies ermöglicht es uns, die wichtigsten Triebkräfte der marinen Fluktuationen und ihre möglichen Auswirkungen auf das regionale und globale Klima zu identifizieren - insbesondere die asiatische Aridifizierung und die Störungen des globalen Kohlenstoffkreislaufs etwa während des paläozän-eozänen thermischen Maximums (PETM). 
Beckenweite tektonische Senkungsanalysen deuten darauf hin, dass die frühkretazische Transgressionsphase im Tadschikischen Becken mit einer Intensivierung der Kollisionstektonik im Pamir (zwischen ca. 130 und 90 Ma) und der damit verbundenen Bildung eines Retro-Arc-Beckens in Zusammenhang stehen. Die globale Abkühlung der Spätkreide wird aus dem Verschwinden von molluskenreichen Kalksteinen und der Dominanz von bryozoen- und echinodermenreichen Kalksteinen im Tadschikischen Becken abgeleitet. Dies liefert den ersten Nachweis für das Abkühlungsereignis der Spätkreide in Zentralasien.
Wir interpretieren die langfristige paläogene Regression des Proto-Paratethys-Meeres Richtung Westen ab ca. 41 Ma mit den tektonischen Fernfeldeffekten der indo-asiatischen Kollision und der Hebung des Pamir/Tibetischen Plateaus. Die transgressiven und regressiven Intervalle der proto-Paratethys-See korrelieren gut mit den bekannten feuchten und ariden Phasen im Qaidam- bzw. Xining-Becken, was die Rolle der proto-Paratethys-See als wichtige Feuchtigkeitsquelle für das asiatische Binnenland und ihren Rückzug als Mitverursacher der asiatischen Aridifizierung verdeutlicht. 
Schließlich untersuchen wir die Wirkungsfaktoren, den relativen Beitrag und die Erhaltungseffizienz alter epikontinentaler Meere als Kohlenstoffsenken mit neuen und bestehenden Daten. Dabei verwenden wir organik-reiche Ablagerungen aus den ausgedehnten epikontinentalen Proto-Paratethys- und westsibirischen Meeren, die auf das PETM datiert sind. Wir schätzen eine Einlagerung von ca. 1390±230 Gt organischer Kohlenstoffverbindungen. Das stellt eine beachtliche Menge, verglichen mit der zuvor geschätzten globalen Gesamtmenge an überschüssiger organischer Kohlenstoffeinlagerung (ca. 1700-2900 Gt) dar, welche sich allein auf die Proto-Paratethys und die westsibirischen Meere konzentriert. Für vergangene und zukünftige Perioden mit kleineren epikontinentalen Meeren würde die Wirksamkeit dieser negativen Rückkopplung des Kohlenstoffkreislaufs wohl abnehmen.
T2  - Kreidezeit - Paläogene Entwicklung des Proto-Paratethys-Meeres in Zentralasien
KW  - Geology
KW  - Paleoclimatology
KW  - Sedimentology
KW  - Stratigraphy
KW  - Paleogeography
KW  - Geologie
KW  - Paläoklimatologie
KW  - Sedimentologie
KW  - Stratigraphie
KW  - Paläogeographie
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-483295
ER  - 
TY  - BOOK
A1  - Scherbaum, Frank
A1  - Mzhavanadze, Nana
A1  - Arom, Simha
A1  - Rosenzweig, Sebastian
A1  - Müller, Meinard
ED  - Scherbaum, Frank
T1  - Tonal Organization of the Erkomaishvili Dataset: Pitches, Scales, Melodies and Harmonies
T3  - Computational Analysis Of Traditional Georgian Vocal Music
N2  - In this study we examine the tonal organization of a series of recordings of liturgical chants, sung in 1966 by the Georgian master singer Artem Erkomaishvili. This dataset is the oldest corpus of Georgian chants from which the time synchronous F0-trajectories for all three voices have been reliably determined (Müller et al. 2017).  It is therefore of outstanding importance for the understanding of the tuning principles of traditional Georgian vocal music. 
The aim of the present study is to use various computational methods to analyze what these recordings can contribute to the ongoing scientific dispute about traditional Georgian tuning systems. Starting point for the present analysis is the re-release of the original audio data together with estimated fundamental frequency (F0) trajectories for each of the three voices, beat annotations, and digital scores (Rosenzweig et al. 2020). We  present  synoptic models for the pitch and the harmonic interval distributions, which are the first of such models for which the complete Erkomaishvili dataset was used. We show that these distributions can be very compactly be expressed as Gaussian mixture models, anchored on discrete sets of pitch or interval values for the pitch and interval distributions, respectively. As part of our study we demonstrate that these pitch values, which we refer to as scale pitches, and which are determined as the mean values of the Gaussian mixture elements, define the scale degrees of the melodic sound scales which build the skeleton of Artem Erkomaishvili’s intonation. The observation of consistent pitch bending of notes in melodic phrases, which appear in identical form in a group of chants, as well as the observation of harmonically driven intonation adjustments, which are clearly documented for all pure harmonic intervals, demonstrate that Artem Erkomaishvili intentionally deviates from the scale pitch skeleton quite freely. As a central result of our study, we proof that this melodic freedom is always constrained by the attracting influence of the scale pitches. Deviations of the F0-values of individual note events from the scale pitches at one instance of time are compensated for in the subsequent melodic steps. This suggests a  deviation-compensation mechanism at the core of Artem Erkomaishvili’s melody generation, which clearly honors the scales but still allows for a large degree of melodic flexibility. This model, which summarizes all partial aspects of our analysis, is consistent with the melodic scale models derived from the observed pitch distributions, as well as with the melodic and harmonic interval distributions. In addition to the tangible results  of our work, we believe that our work has general implications for the determination of tuning models from audio data, in particular for non-tempered music.
T3  - Computational Analysis Of Traditional Georgian Vocal Music - 1 
KW  - computational ethnomusicology
KW  - traditional Georgian music
KW  - Georgian chant
KW  - Artem Erkomaishvili
KW  - musical scales
KW  - computergestützte Musikethnologie
KW  - traditionelle Georgische Musik
KW  - Georgische liturgische Gesänge
KW  - Artem Erkomaishvili
KW  - musikalische Tonleitern
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-476141
SN  - 2702-2641
IS  - 1
PB  - Universitätsverlag Potsdam
CY  - Potsdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wolf, Sabina
A1  - Pham, My
A1  - Matthews, Nathanial
A1  - Bubeck, Philip
T1  - Understanding the implementation gap
BT  - policy-makers’ perceptions of ecosystem-based adaptation in Central Vietnam
JF  - Climate & development
N2  - In recent years, nature-based solutions are receiving increasing attention in the field of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation as inclusive, no regret approaches. Ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) can mitigate the impacts of climate change, build resilience and tackle environmental degradation thereby supporting the targets set by the 2030 Agenda, the Paris Agreement and the Sendai Framework. Despite these benefits, EbA is still rarely implemented in practice. To better understand the barriers to implementation, this research examines policy-makers' perceptions of EbA, using an extended version of Protection Motivation Theory as an analytical framework. Through semi-structured interviews with policy-makers at regional and provincial level in Central Vietnam, it was found that EbA is generally considered a promising response option, mainly due to its multiple ecosystem-service benefits. The demand for EbA measures was largely driven by the perceived consequences of natural hazards and climate change. Insufficient perceived response efficacy and time-lags in effectiveness for disaster risk reduction were identified as key impediments for implementation. Pilot projects and capacity building on EbA are important means to overcome these perceptual barriers. This paper contributes to bridging the knowledge-gap on political decision-making regarding EbA and can, thereby, promote its mainstreaming into policy plans.
KW  - climate change
KW  - ecosystem-based adaptation
KW  - risk perception
KW  - protection
KW  - motivation theory
KW  - decision making
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2020.1724068
SN  - 1756-5529
SN  - 1756-5537
VL  - 13
IS  - 1
SP  - 81
EP  - 94
PB  - Taylor & Francis LTD
CY  - Abingdon
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wieczorek, Mareike
A1  - Herzschuh, Ulrike
T1  - Compilation of relative pollen productivity (RPP) estimates and taxonomically harmonised RPP datasets for single continents and Northern Hemisphere extratropics
JF  - Earth system science data : ESSD
N2  - Relative pollen productivity (RPP) estimates are fractionate values, often in relation to Poaceae, that allow vegetation cover to be estimated from pollen counts with the help of models. RPP estimates are especially used in the scientific community in Europe and China, with a few studies in North America. Here we present a comprehensive compilation of available northern hemispheric RPP studies and their results arising from 51 publications with 60 sites and 131 taxa. This compilation allows scientists to identify data gaps in need of further RPP analyses but can also aid them in finding an RPP set for their study region. We also present a taxonomically harmonised, unified RPP dataset for the Northern Hemisphere and subsets for North America (including Greenland), Europe (including arctic Russia), and China, which we generated from the available studies. The unified dataset gives the mean RPP for 55 harmonised taxa as well as fall speeds, which are necessary to reconstruct vegetation cover from pollen counts and RPP values. Data are openly available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.922661 (Wieczorek and Herzschuh, 2020).
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3515-2020
SN  - 1866-3508
SN  - 1866-3516
VL  - 12
IS  - 4
SP  - 3515
EP  - 3528
PB  - Copernicus
CY  - Göttingen
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Heeschen, Katja U.
A1  - Janocha, Julian
A1  - Spangenberg, Erik
A1  - Schicks, Judith Maria
A1  - Giese, Ronny
T1  - The impact of ice on the tensile strength of unconsolidated sand
BT  - a model for gas hydrate-bearing sands?
JF  - Marine and petroleum geology
N2  - Tensile strength is an important parameter when it comes to predictions of potential fracturing of sediments by natural processes such as the emplacement of ice or gas hydrate lenses, as well as anthropogenic fracturing or else the stability of engineering constructions such as boreholes. Yet, tensile strength (sigma(tau)) measurements of unconsolidated ice-bearing or gas hydrate-bearing sands are scarce and affected by a large variability. <br /> In the course of the SUGAR project we successfully used ice as a model for pore-filling and "load-bearing" gas hydrate in sand to determine compressional wave velocity. We were thus able to verify comparable formation characteristics and morphologies of ice and gas hydrate within the pore space. As these are important values for the tensile strength of ice/hydrate-bearing sands, ice was also used as a model for hydrate-bearing sands, despite differences in the mechanical behavior and strength of pure ice and gas hydrate. Water-saturated sand cores with ice saturations (S-ice) between 0 and 100% were tested at -6.8 degrees C. The varying S-ice were a result of the freezing point depression caused by saline solutions of different concentrations. The sigma(tau) was directly determined using a sleeve-fracturing test with an internal pressure that was created within the frozen samples. The setup was also adapted to fit a pressure vessel for tests using confining pressure. <br /> The correlation of S-ice - sigma(tau) shows an exponential increase of sigma(tau) with S-ice. Whereas at S-ice < 60% the increase is small, it is large at S-ice > 80%. In conjunction with the change in strength, the viscoelastic behavior changes. A clear peak strength occurs at S-ice > 80%. We conclude that given 60% < S-ice < 80% the pore-filling morphology of the ice converts into a frame-building habitus and at S-ice > 80% the frame gains strength while the amount of residual water decreases. Tensile failure and cracking now exceed grain boundary sliding as the prevailing failure mode. The ice morphology in the sand is non-cementing and comparable to a gas hydrate-sand mixture.
KW  - tensile strength
KW  - ice-grain mixture
KW  - gas hydrate
KW  - saline permafrost
KW  - ice
KW  - frozen soil
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2020.104607
SN  - 0264-8172
SN  - 1873-4073
VL  - 122
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wetzel, Maria
A1  - Kempka, Thomas
A1  - Kühn, Michael
T1  - Hydraulic and mechanical impacts of pore space alterations within a sandstone quantified by a flow velocity-dependent precipitation approach
JF  - Materials
N2  - Geochemical processes change the microstructure of rocks and thereby affect their physical behaviour at the macro scale. A micro-computer tomography (micro-CT) scan of a typical reservoir sandstone is used to numerically examine the impact of three spatial alteration patterns on pore morphology, permeability and elastic moduli by correlating precipitation with the local flow velocity magnitude. The results demonstrate that the location of mineral growth strongly affects the permeability decrease with variations by up to four orders in magnitude. Precipitation in regions of high flow velocities is characterised by a predominant clogging of pore throats and a drastic permeability reduction, which can be roughly described by the power law relation with an exponent of 20. A continuous alteration of the pore structure by uniform mineral growth reduces the permeability comparable to the power law with an exponent of four or the Kozeny-Carman relation. Preferential precipitation in regions of low flow velocities predominantly affects smaller throats and pores with a minor impact on the flow regime, where the permeability decrease is considerably below that calculated by the power law with an exponent of two. Despite their complete distinctive impact on hydraulics, the spatial precipitation patterns only slightly affect the increase in elastic rock properties with differences by up to 6.3% between the investigated scenarios. Hence, an adequate characterisation of the spatial precipitation pattern is crucial to quantify changes in hydraulic rock properties, whereas the present study shows that its impact on elastic rock parameters is limited. The calculated relations between porosity and permeability, as well as elastic moduli can be applied for upscaling micro-scale findings to reservoir-scale models to improve their predictive capabilities, what is of paramount importance for a sustainable utilisation of the geological subsurface.
KW  - Bentheim sandstone
KW  - digital rock physics
KW  - micro-CT
KW  - elastic properties
KW  - permeability
KW  - precipitation
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143100
SN  - 1996-1944
VL  - 13
IS  - 14
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Cheng, Chaojie
A1  - Milsch, Harald
T1  - Evolution of fracture aperture in quartz sandstone under hydrothermal conditions
BT  - mechanical and chemical effects
JF  - Minerals
N2  - Fractures efficiently affect fluid flow in geological formations, and thereby determine mass and energy transport in reservoirs, which are not least exploited for economic resources. In this context, their response to mechanical and thermal changes, as well as fluid-rock interactions, is of paramount importance. In this study, a two-stage flow-through experiment was conducted on a pure quartz sandstone core of low matrix permeability, containing one single macroscopic tensile fracture. In the first short-term stage, the effects of mechanical and hydraulic aperture on pressure and temperature cycles were investigated. The purpose of the subsequent intermittent-flow long-term (140 days) stage was to constrain the evolution of the geometrical and hydraulic fracture properties resulting from pressure solution. Deionized water was used as the pore fluid, and permeability, as well as the effluent Si concentrations, were systematically measured. Overall, hydraulic aperture was shown to be significantly less affected by pressure, temperature and time, in comparison to mechanical aperture. During the long-term part of the experiment at 140 degrees C, the effluent Si concentrations likely reached a chemical equilibrium state within less than 8 days of stagnant flow, and exceeded the corresponding hydrostatic quartz solubility at this temperature. This implies that the pressure solution was active at the contacting fracture asperities, both at 140 degrees C and after cooling to 33 degrees C. The higher temperature yielded a higher dissolution rate and, consequently, a faster attainment of chemical equilibrium within the contact fluid. X-ray mu CT observations evidenced a noticeable increase in fracture contact area ratio, which, in combination with theoretical considerations, implies a significant decrease in mechanical aperture. In contrast, the sample permeability, and thus the hydraulic fracture aperture, virtually did not vary. In conclusion, pressure solution-induced fracture aperture changes are affected by the degree of time-dependent variations in pore fluid composition. In contrast to the present case of a quasi-closed system with mostly stagnant flow, in an open system with continuous once-through fluid flow, the activity of the pressure solution may be amplified due to the persistent fluid-chemical nonequilibrium state, thus possibly enhancing aperture and fracture permeability changes.
KW  - flow-through experiment
KW  - fracture aperture
KW  - pressure solution
KW  - mass
KW  - transfer
KW  - silica concentration
KW  - permeability
KW  - quartz sandstone
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3390/min10080657
SN  - 2075-163X
VL  - 10
IS  - 8
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Friese, André
T1  - Biogeochemistry of ferruginous sediments of Lake Towuti, Sulawesi, Indonesia
N2  - Ferruginous conditions were a prominent feature of the oceans throughout the Precambrian Eons and thus throughout much of Earth’s history. Organic matter mineralization and diagenesis within the ferruginous sediments that deposited from Earth’s early oceans likely played a key role in global biogeochemical cycling. Knowledge of organic matter mineralization in ferruginous sediments, however, remains almost entirely conceptual, as modern analogue environments are extremely rare and largely unstudied, to date. Lake Towuti on the island of Sulawesi, Indonesia is such an analogue environment and the purpose of this PhD project was to investigate the rates and pathways of organic matter mineralization in its ferruginous sediments.
Lake Towuti is the largest tectonic lake in Southeast Asia and is hosted in the mafic and ultramafic rocks of the East Sulawesi Ophiolite. It has a maximum water depth of 203 m and is weakly thermally stratified. A well-oygenated surface layer extends to 70 m depth, while waters below 130 m are persistently anoxic. Intensive weathering of the ultramafic catchment feeds the lake with large amounts of iron(oxy)hydroxides while the runoff contains only little sulfate, leading to sulfate-poor (< 20 µM) lake water and anoxic ferruginous conditions below 130 m. Such conditions are analogous to the ferruginous water columns that persisted throughout much of the Archean and Proterozoic eons. Short (< 35 cm) sediment cores were collected from different water depths corresponding to different bottom water redox conditions. Also, a drilling campaign of the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) retrieved a 114 m long sediment core dedicated for geomicrobiological investigations from a water depth of 153 m, well below the depth of oxygen penetration at the time of sampling. Samples collected from these sediment cores form the fundament of this thesis and were used to perform a suite of biogeochemical and microbiological analyses. 
Geomirobiological investigations depend on uncontaminated samples. However, exploration of subsurface environments relies on drilling, which requires the use of a drilling fluid. Drilling fluid infiltration during drilling can not be avoided. Thus, in order to trace contamination of the sediment core and to identify uncontaminated samples for further analyses a simple and inexpensive technique for assessing contamination during drilling operations was developed and applied during the ICDP drilling campaign. This approach uses an aqeous fluorescent pigment dispersion commonly used in the paint industry as a particulate tracer. It has the same physical properties as conventionally used particulate tracers. However, the price is nearly four orders of magnitude lower solving the main problem of particulate tracer approaches.  The approach requires only a minimum of equipment and allows for a rapid contamination assessment potentially even directly on site, while the senstitivity is in the range of already established approaches. Contaminated samples in the drill core were identified and not included for further geomicrobiological investigations.
Biogeochemical analyses of short sediment cores showed that Lake Towutis sediments are strongly depleted in electron acceptors commonly used in microbial organic matter mineralization (i.e. oxygen, nitrate, sulfate). Still, the sediments harbor high microbial cell densities, which are a function of redox conditions of Lake Towuti’s bottom water. In shallow water depths bottom water oxygenation leads to a higher input of labile organic matter and electron acceptors like sulfate and iron, which promotes a higher microbial abundance. Microbial analyses showed that a versatile microbial community with a potential to perform metabolisms related to iron and sulfate reduction, fermentation as well as methanogenesis inhabits Lake Towuti’s surface sediments. 
Biogeochemical investigations of the upper 12 m of the 114 m sediment core showed that Lake Towuti’s sediment is extremely rich in iron with total concentrations up to 2500 µmol cm-3 (20 wt. %), which makes it the natural sedimentary environment with the highest total iron concentrations studied to date. In the complete or near absence of oxygen, nitrate and sulfate, organic matter mineralization in ferruginous sediments would be expected to proceed anaerobically via the energetically most favorable terminal electron acceptors available - in this case ferric iron. Astonishingly, however, methanogenesis is the dominant (>85 %) organic matter mineralization process in Lake Towuti’s sediment. Reactive ferric iron known to be available for microbial iron reduction is highly abundant throughout the upper 12 m and thus remained stable for at least 60.000 years. The produced methane is not oxidized anaerobically and diffuses out of the sediment into the water column. The proclivity towards methanogenesis, in these very iron-rich modern sediments, implies that methanogenesis may have played a more important role in organic matter mineralization thoughout the Precambrian than previously thought and thus could have been a key contributor to Earth’s early climate dynamics. 
Over the whole sequence of the 114 m long sediment core siderites were identified and characterized using high-resolution microscopic and spectroscopic imaging together with microchemical and geochemical analyses. The data show early diagenetic growth of siderite crystals as a response to sedimentary organic matter mineralization. Microchemical zoning was identified in all siderite crystals. Siderite thus likely forms during diagenesis through growth on primary existing phases and the mineralogical and chemical features of these siderites are a function of changes in redox conditions of the pore water and sediment over time. Identification of microchemical zoning in ancient siderites deposited in the Precambrian may thus also be used to infer siderite growth histories in ancient sedimentary rocks including sedimentary iron formations.
N2  - Während des Präkambriums und damit während des Großteils der Erdgeschichte, zeichneten sich die Ozeane durch ihren hohen Eisengehalt aus. Sowohl die Remineralisierung von organischem Material, als auch die Diagenese in den Sedimenten, die in den frühen Ozeanen der Erde abgelagert wurden, hatte höchstwahrscheinlich bedeutende Auswirkungen auf die globalen biogeochemischen Stoffkreisläufe. Unser Verständnis des Abbaus von organischem Material in eisenhaltigen Sedimenten ist jedoch sehr begrenzt, da moderne Analogsysteme extrem selten sind und bis heute nicht erforscht wurden. Der Towutisee auf der Insel Sulawesi in Indonesien ist ein solches modernes Analogsystem und Ziel dieser Doktorarbeit war es, die Raten und Pfade des Abbaus von organischem Material in den modernen eisenhaltigen Sedimenten des Towutisees zu erforschen.
Der Towutisee ist der größte tektonische See in Südostasien und ist von mafischen und ultramafischen Gesteinen des Ost-Sulawesi-Ophioliten umgeben. Er hat eine maximale Wassertiefe von 203 m und ist schwach thermisch stratifiziert. Bis zu einer Tiefe von 70 m herrschen oxische Bedingungen, während die Wassersäule unterhalb von 130 m permanent anoxisch ist. Intensive Verwitterungsprozesse des ultramafischen Einzugsgebietes führen zu einem hohen Eintrag von Eisen(oxy)hydroxiden, während der Oberflächenabfluss nur wenig Sulfat enthält. Die Konzentrationen von Sulfat in der Wassersäule sind daher außergewöhnlich gering (< 20µM). Diese physikochemischen Verhältnisse sind analog zu denen der Ozeane des Archaikums und des Proterozoikums. Kurze (< 35 cm) Sedimentkerne wurden von verschiedenen Wassertiefen und unterschiedlichen Redox-Bedingungen des Bodenwassers entnommen. Darüber hinaus, wurde, im Zuge einer Bohrkampagne des International Continental Scientific Drilling Programs (ICDP) am Towutisee, ein 114 m langer Sedimentkern aus einer Wassertiefe von 153m, also deutlich unterhalb des Sauerstoffgradienten, erbohrt. Dieser war ausschließlich für geomikrobiologische Probenahmen und Untersuchungen vorgesehen. Die Proben, die aus diesen Sedimentkernen entnommen wurden, bilden das Fundament dieser Doktorarbeit und wurden für biogeochemische und mikrobiologische Untersuchungen verwendet. 
Unkontaminierte Proben sind für geomikrobiologische Untersuchungen unabdingbar. Das Erforschen von Gebieten unterhalb der Oberfläche ist jedoch auf Bohrungen angewiesen, welche wiederum den Einsatz einer Bohrspülung erfordern. Leider ist es unvermeidlich, dass diese im Zuge des Bohrprozesses in den erbohrten Sedimentkern eindringen. Die einzige Möglichkeit unkontaminierte Proben zu gewinnen ist es daher, den Grad der Kontamination des Bohrkerns nachzuverfolgen und unkontaminierte Proben für weitere Analysen zu identifizieren. Dazu wurde im Zuge dieser Doktorarbeit eine einfache und kostengünstige Methode zur Kontaminationskontrolle während Bohroperationen entwickelt  und während der ICDP Bohrkampagne auf dem Towutisee angewandt. Als Tracer kam eine Farbe zum Einsatz, deren physikalische Eigenschaften denen von partikulären Tracern ähnelt. Der Preis dieser Farbe ist im Vergleich zu bisher verwendeten partikulären Tracern, jedoch vier Größenordnungen geringer und löst damit das Hauptproblem dieser Tracer. Die Methode benötigt nur ein Mindestmaß an Equipment und ermöglicht eine schnelle Identifizierung von Kontaminationen, möglicherweise sogar vor Ort. Die Sensitivität der Methode ist im Bereich von etablierten Kontaminationskontrollen. Kontaminierte Proben des erbohrten Sedimentkerns wurden mit dieser Methode identifiziert und nicht für weitere geomikrobiologische Untersuchungen verwendet.
Biogeochemische Analysen der Kurzkerne zeigen, dass die Sedimente des Towutisees sehr arm an Elektronenakzeptoren sind, die für den mikrobiellen Abbau von organischem Material verwendet werden (d.h. Sauerstoff, Nitrat und Sulfat). Nichtsdestotrotz zeichnen sich die Sedimente des Towutisees durch hohe Zellzahlen aus, die von den Redox-Bedingungen des Bodenwassers abhängig sind. In niedrigen Wassertiefen führt oxygeniertes Bodenwasser zu einem erhöhten Eintrag von labilem organischen Material sowie Elektronenakzeptoren wie Eisen und Sulfat, wodurch hohe Zellzahlen resultieren. Mikrobiologische Analysen zeigen, dass die Sedimente des Towutisees durch eine vielseitige, mikrobielle Gemeinschaft bevölkert werden, die in der Lage ist, Stoffwechsel, wie Eisenreduktion, Sulfatreduktion, Fermentation sowie Methanogenese auszuführen.
Biogeochemische Untersuchungen der oberen 12 m des 114 m langen Sedimentkerns zeigen, dass die Sedimente des Towutisees mit 2500 µM cm-3 extrem hohe Eisengehalte (20 Gew. %) aufweisen und damit das eisenreichste natürliche sedimentäre System sind, welches bisher erforscht wurde. Nach unserem bisherigen Verständnis über biogeochemische Stoffkreisläufe sollte, in Abwesenheit von Sauerstoff, Nitrat oder Sulfat, organisches Material über den energetisch günstigsten verfügbaren Elektronenakzeptoren abgebaut werden – in dem Fall Eisen (III). Erstaunlicherweise jedoch, ist Methanogenese der dominante (> 85 %) Remineralisierungsprozess in den Sedimenten des Towutisees. Mikrobiell theoretisch verfügbares reaktives Eisen (III) hingegen bleibt stabil über die oberen 12 m des Sedimentkerns und damit über mehr als 60.000 Jahre. Produziertes Methan wird nicht anaerob oxidiert und diffundiert aus dem Sediment in die Wassersäule. Die Dominanz von Methanogenese in diesen eisenreichen Sedimenten impliziert, dass dieser Prozess im Präkambrium vermutlich eine viel bedeutendere Rolle in der Remineralisierung von organischem Material eingenommen hat, als bisher angenommen. Methan, als bedeutendes Treibhausgas, war demnach möglicherweise ein wichtiger Regulator des Klimas in der frühen Erdgeschichte.
T2  - Biogeochemie eisenreicher Sedimente des Lake Towuti, Sulawesi, Indonesien
KW  - Geomicrobiology
KW  - Biogeochemistry
KW  - Organic matter mineralization
KW  - Early Earth
KW  - Contamination Control
KW  - Biogeochemie
KW  - Kontaminationskontrolle
KW  - Frühe Erdgeschichte
KW  - Geomikrobiologie
KW  - Mikrobieller Abbau von organischen Material
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-475355
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Meijer, Niels
T1  - Asian dust, monsoons and westerlies during the Eocene
N2  - The East Asian monsoons characterize the modern-day Asian climate, yet their geological history and driving mechanisms remain controversial. The southeasterly summer monsoon provides moisture, whereas the northwesterly winter monsoon sweeps up dust from the arid Asian interior to form the Chinese Loess Plateau. The onset of this loess accumulation, and therefore of the monsoons, was thought to be 8 million years ago (Ma). However, in recent years these loess records have been extended further back in time to the Eocene (56-34 Ma), a period characterized by significant changes in both the regional geography and global climate. Yet the extent to which these reconfigurations drive atmospheric circulation and whether the loess-like deposits are monsoonal remains debated. In this thesis, I study the terrestrial deposits of the Xining Basin previously identified as Eocene loess, to derive the paleoenvironmental evolution of the region and identify the geological processes that have shaped the Asian climate.
 
I review dust deposits in the geological record and conclude that these are commonly represented by a mix of both windblown and water-laid sediments, in contrast to the pure windblown material known as loess. Yet by using a combination of quartz surface morphologies, provenance characteristics and distinguishing grain-size distributions, windblown dust can be identified and quantified in a variety of settings. This has important implications for tracking aridification and dust-fluxes throughout the geological record.
 
Past reversals of Earth’s magnetic field are recorded in the deposits of the Xining Basin and I use these together with a dated volcanic ash layer to accurately constrain the age to the Eocene period. A combination of pollen assemblages, low dust abundances and other geochemical data indicates that the early Eocene was relatively humid suggesting an intensified summer monsoon due to the warmer greenhouse climate at this time. A subsequent shift from predominantly freshwater to salt lakes reflects a long-term aridification trend possibly driven by global cooling and the continuous uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. Superimposed on this aridification are wetter intervals reflected in more abundant lake deposits which correlate with highstands of the inland proto-Paratethys Sea. This sea covered the Eurasian continent and thereby provided additional moisture to the winter-time westerlies during the middle to late Eocene.
 
The long-term aridification culminated in an abrupt shift at 40 Ma reflected by the onset of windblown dust, an increase in steppe-desert pollen, the occurrence of high-latitude orbital cycles and northwesterly winds identified in deflated salt deposits. Together, these indicate the onset of a Siberian high atmospheric pressure system driving the East Asian winter monsoon as well as dust storms and was triggered by a major sea retreat from the Asian interior. These results therefore show that the proto-Paratethys Sea, though less well recognized than the Tibetan Plateau and global climate, has been a major driver in setting up the modern-day climate in Asia.
N2  - Die ostasiatischen Monsune prägen das heutige asiatische Klima, doch ihr geologischer Ursprung und ihre Antriebsmechanismen sind nach wie vor umstritten. Der südöstliche Sommermonsun bringt Feuchtigkeit, während der nordwestliche Wintermonsun Staub aus dem trockenen asiatischen Inland aufwirbelt und das chinesische
Lössplateau bildet. Der Ursprung dieses Lösses und damit des Monsuns wurde vor 8 Millionen Jahren vermutet (Ma). In den letzten Jahren sind diese Lößablagerungen jedoch weiter in das Eozän (56-34 Ma) zurückverlegt worden, einer Periode, die durch bedeutende Änderungen sowohl in der regionalen Geographie als auch
im globalen Klima gekennzeichnet ist. Inwieweit diese Rekonfigurationen die atmosphärische Zirkulation antrieben und ob es sich bei den lößartigen Sedimenten um monsunartige Ablagerungen handelt, bleibt jedoch umstritten. In dieser Dissertation untersuche ich die terrestrischen Ablagerungen des Xining-Beckens, die zuvor als Löss aus dem Eozän identifiziert wurden, um die paläo-umweltbedingte Entwicklung der Region abzuleiten und die geologischen Prozesse zu identifizieren, die das asiatische Klima geprägt haben.

Ich überprüfe die Staubablagerungen im geologischen Archiv und komme zu dem Schluss, dass diese durch eine Mischung aus windgetriebenen und wassergelagerten Sedimenten dargestellt werden, im Gegensatz zu dem rein windgetriebenen Material, das als Löß bekannt ist. Doch durch die Verwendung einer Kombination der oberflächenmorphologien von Quartz, Herkunftsmerkmalen und unterscheidenden Korngrößenverteilungen kann windgetriebener Staub in einer Vielzahl von Umgebungen identifiziert und quantifiziert werden. Dies hat wichtige Auswirkungen auf die Nachverfolgung der Aridifizierung und der Staubflüsse in dem gesamten geologischen
Archiv.

Frühere Umkehrungen des Erdmagnetfeldes werden in den Ablagerungen des Xining-Beckens aufgezeichnet und ich verwende diese zusammen mit einer datierten vulkanischen Ascheschicht, um das Alter genau auf die Eozän-Periode einzugrenzen. Eine Kombination aus Pollenansammlungen, geringen Staubhäufigkeiten und anderen geochemischen Daten deutet darauf hin, dass das frühe Eozän relativ feucht war, was auf einen verstärkten Sommermonsun aufgrund des wärmeren Treibhausklimas zu dieser Zeit hinweist. Eine anschließende Verschiebung von überwiegend Süßwasser zu Salzseen spiegelt einen langfristigen Aridifizierungstrend wider, der möglicherweise durch die globale Abkühlung und die kontinuierliche Hebung des Tibetischen Plateaus angetrieben wurde. Überlagert wird diese Aridifizierung von feuchteren Intervallen, die durch eine Zunahme in Seeablagerungen gekennzeichnet werden und mit den Hochständen des inländischen proto-Paratethys-Meeres korrelieren. Dieses Meer bedeckte den eurasischen Kontinent und versorgte dadurch die winterlichen Westwinde mit zusätzlicher Feuchtigkeit im mittleren bis späten Eozän.
T2  - Asiatischer Staub, Monsune und Westwind während
des Eozäns
KW  - Paleoclimatology
KW  - Asia
KW  - Eocene
KW  - Stratigraphy
KW  - Asien
KW  - Stratigrafie
KW  - Monsoon
KW  - Monsun
KW  - Paläoklimatologie
KW  - Eozän
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-488687
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schoppa, Lukas
A1  - Sieg, Tobias
A1  - Vogel, Kristin
A1  - Zöller, Gert
A1  - Kreibich, Heidi
T1  - Probabilistic flood loss models for companies
JF  - Water resources research
N2  - Flood loss modeling is a central component of flood risk analysis. Conventionally, this involves univariable and deterministic stage-damage functions. Recent advancements in the field promote the use of multivariable and probabilistic loss models, which consider variables beyond inundation depth and account for prediction uncertainty. Although companies contribute significantly to total loss figures, novel modeling approaches for companies are lacking. Scarce data and the heterogeneity among companies impede the development of company flood loss models. We present three multivariable flood loss models for companies from the manufacturing, commercial, financial, and service sector that intrinsically quantify prediction uncertainty. Based on object-level loss data (n = 1,306), we comparatively evaluate the predictive capacity of Bayesian networks, Bayesian regression, and random forest in relation to deterministic and probabilistic stage-damage functions, serving as benchmarks. The company loss data stem from four postevent surveys in Germany between 2002 and 2013 and include information on flood intensity, company characteristics, emergency response, private precaution, and resulting loss to building, equipment, and goods and stock. We find that the multivariable probabilistic models successfully identify and reproduce essential relationships of flood damage processes in the data. The assessment of model skill focuses on the precision of the probabilistic predictions and reveals that the candidate models outperform the stage-damage functions, while differences among the proposed models are negligible. Although the combination of multivariable and probabilistic loss estimation improves predictive accuracy over the entire data set, wide predictive distributions stress the necessity for the quantification of uncertainty.
KW  - flood loss estimation
KW  - probabilistic modeling
KW  - companies
KW  - multivariable
KW  - models
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1029/2020WR027649
SN  - 0043-1397
SN  - 1944-7973
VL  - 56
IS  - 9
PB  - American Geophysical Union
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Nardini, Livia
T1  - Influence of heterogeneities on the initiation of shear zones in the ductile regime
N2  - The current thesis contains the results from two experimental and one modelling study focused on the topic of ductile strain localization in the presence of material heterogeneities. Localization of strain in the high temperature regime is a well known feature of rock deformation occurring in nature at different scales and in a variety of lithologies. Large scale shear zones at the roots of major crustal fault zones are considered responsible for the activity of plate tectonics on our planet. A large number of mechanisms are suggested to be associated with strain softening and nucleation of localization. Among these, the presence of material heterogeneities within homogeneous host rocks is frequently observed in field examples to trigger shear zone development. Despite a number of studies conducted on the topic, the mechanisms controlling initiation and evolution of localization are not fully understood yet. We investigated, experimentally and by means of numerical modelling, phenomenological and microphysical aspects of high temperature strain localization in a homogeneous body containing single and paired inclusions of weaker material. A monomineralic carbonate system composed of Carrara marble (homogeneous, strong matrix) and Solnhofen limestone (weak planar inclusions) is selected for our studies based on its versatility as an experimental material and on the frequent occurrence of carbonate rocks at the core of natural shear zones.
To explore the influence of different loading conditions on heterogeneity-induced high temperature shear zones we conducted torsion experiments under constant twist (deformation) rate and constant torque (stress) conditions in a Paterson-type deformation apparatus on hollow cylinders of marble containing single planar inclusions of limestone. At the imposed experimental conditions (900 ◦C temperature and 400 MPa confining pressure) both materials deform plastically and the marble is ≈ 9 times stronger than the limestone. The viscosity contrast between the two materials induces a perturbation of the stress field within the marble matrix at the tip of the planar inclusion. Early on along the deformation path (at bulk shear strains ≈ 0.3), heterogeneous distribution of strain can be observed under both loading conditions and a small area of incipient strain localization is formed at the tip of the weak limestone inclusion. Strongly deformed grains, incipient dynamic recrystallization and a weak crystallographic preferred orientation characterize the marble within an area a few mm in front of the inclusion. As the bulk strain is increased (up to γ ≈ 1), the area of microstructural modification is expanded along the inclusion plane, the texture strengthens and grain size refinement by dynamic recrystallization becomes pervasive. Locally, evidences for coexisting brittle deformation are also observed regardless of the imposed loading conditions. A shear zone is effectively formed within the deforming Carrara marble, its geometry controlled by the plane containing the thin plate of limestone. Thorough microstructural and textural analysis, however, do not reveal substantial differences in the mechanisms or magnitude of strain localization at the different loading conditions. We conclude that, in the presence of material heterogeneities capable of inducing strain softening, the imposed loading conditions do not affect ductile localization in its nucleating and transient stages.
As the ultimate goal of experimental rock deformation is the extrapolation of results to geologically relevant time and space scales, we developed 2D numerical models reproducing (and benchmarked to) our experimental results. Our cm-scaled models have been implemented with a first-order strain-dependent softening law to reproduce the effect of rheological weakening in the deforming material. We successfully reproduced the local stress concentration at the inclusion tips and the strain localization initiated in the marble matrix. The heterogeneous distribution of strain and its evolution with imposed bulk deformation (i.e. the shape and extent of the nucleating shear zone) are observed to depend on the degree of softening imposed to the deforming matrix. When a second (artificial) softening step is introduced at elevated bulk strains in the model, the formation of a secondary high strain layer is observed at the core of the initial shear zone, analogous to the development of ultramylonite bands in high strain natural shear zones. Our results do not only reproduce the nucleation and transient evolution of a heterogeneity-induced high temperature shear zone with high accuracy, but also confirm the importance of introducing reliable softening laws capable of mimicking strain weakening to numerical models of crustal scale ductile processes.
Material heterogeneities inducing strain localization in the field are often consisting of brittle precursors (joints and fractures). More generally, the interaction of brittle and ductile deformation mechanisms and its effect on the localization of strain have been a key topic in the structural geology community for a long time. The positive feedback between (micro)fracturing and ductile strain localization is a well recognized effect in a number of field examples. We experimentally investigated the influence of brittle deformation on the initiation and evolution of high temperature shear zones in a strong matrix containing pairs of weak material heterogeneities. Our Carrara marble-Solnhofen limestone inclusions system was tested in triaxial compression under constant strain rate and high temperature (900 ◦C) conditions in a Paterson deformation apparatus. The inclusion pairs were arranged in non-overlapping step-over geometries of either compressional or extensional nature. Experimental runs were conducted at different confining pressures (30, 50, 100 and 300 MPa) to induce various amounts of brittle deformation within the marble matrix. At low confinement (30 and 50 MPa) abundant brittle deformation is observed in all configurations, but the spatial distribution of cracks is dependent on the kinematics of the step-over region: concentrated along the shearing plane between the inclusions in the extensional samples, or broadly distributed around the inclusions but outside the step-over region in the compressional configuration. Accordingly, brittle-assisted ductile processes tend to localize deformation along the inclusions plane in the extensional geometry or to distribute widely across large areas of the matrix in the compressional step-over. At pressures of 100 and 300 MPa fracturing is mostly suppressed in both configurations and strain is accommodated almost entirely by viscous creep. In extensional samples this leads to progressive de-localization with increasing confinement. Our results show that, while ductile localization of strain is indeed more efficient where assisted by brittle processes, these latter are only  effective if themselves heterogeneously distributed, ultimately a function of the local stress perturbations.
N2  - Die vorliegende Doktorarbeit umfasst Ergebnisse von zwei experimentellen und einer Modellierungsstudie. Diese befassen sich mit der Lokalisierung von duktilen Verformungen, hervorgerufen durch unterschiedliche Materialeigenschaften.
Die Lokalisierung von Verformungen im Hochtemperaturbereich in unterschiedlichen Maßstäben und in einer Vielzahl von Lithologien ist ein bekanntes Merkmal der natürlichen Gesteinsdeformationen. So wird beispielsweise die Aktivität der Plattentektonik unseres Planeten durch weiträumige Scherzonen am Grund dieser Plattengrenzen verantwortlich gemacht. Dabei wird eine große Anzahl von Mechanismen mit der durch die Verformung hervorgerufenen Materialermüdung und der Ausbildung der Lokalisierung in Verbindung gebracht. Dabei wird unter diesen Mechanismen das Vorhandensein von Materialheterogenitäten innerhalb eines Gesteins häufig als Auslöser für die Ausbildung von Scherzonen beobachtet. Obwohl bereits Studien zu diesem Thema durchgeführt wurden, sind die kontrollierenden Mechanismen, die für die Initiierung und Entwicklung der Lokalisierung zuständig sind, bis heute nicht vollumfänglich verstanden. Aus diesem Grund wurden im Rahmen der vorgelegten Dissertation phänomenologische und mikrophysikalische Aspekte der Lokalisierung von Verformungen im Hochtemperaturbereich in einem homogenen Gesteinskörper, der mit einfachen und gepaarten Inklusionen aus weicheren Material versehen wurde, experimentell und unter Hilfenahme von numerischen Modellen untersucht. Da Karbonatgesteine häufig am Ursprung natürlicher Scherzonen auftreten und diese für ihre Vielseitigkeit als Experimentiermaterial bekannt sind, wurde ein monomineralisches Karbonatsystem, bestehend aus Carrara Marmor (homogene, starke Matrix) und Solnhofen Kalkstein (schwache Inklusionen) als zu untersuchendes Probenmaterial für diese Studie gewählt.
Um den Einfluss unterschiedlicher Deformationsbedingungen auf die, durch die Materialheterogenität hervorgerufenen Scherzonen im Hochtemperaturbereich zu untersuchen, wurden Torsionsexperimente bei konstanter Torsionsrate und konstantem Drehmoment in einer Paterson-Deformationsapparatur an hohlen Carrara Marmorzylindern mit einer ebenen Inklusion bestehend aus Kalkstein durchgeführt. Unter den vorgegebenen Randbedingungen (Temperatur = 900 ◦C, Manteldruck = 400 MPa) verformten sich beide Materialien plastisch, wobei die Festigkeit des Marmors in etwa dem neunfachen der Kalksteinfestigkeit entspricht. An der Spitze der ebenen Kalksteininklusion wird durch den Viskositätskontrast der beiden Materialien dadurch eine Störung des Spannungsfeldes in der Marmormatrix hervorgerufen. In der frühen Phase der Deformation (Scherverformung γ ≈ 0.3) kann eine heterogene Verteilung der Verformungen in der gesamten Probe bei beiden Experimenttypen beobachtet werden. Zusätzlich beginnt sich an der Spitze der schwächeren Kalksteininklusion ein Bereich mit lokaler Verformung in der Marmormatrix auszubilden. Dieser ist durch stark deformierte Mineralkörner, beginnende dynamische Rekristallisation und einer schwach ausgeprägten kristallographisch bevorzugten Ausrichtung innerhalb einer Fläche weniger Millimeter charakterisiert. Mit ansteigender Gesamtverformung (γ ≈ 1) erweitert sich die Fläche der mikrostrukturellen Modifikationen entlang der Inklusionsebene. Zusätzlich konnten eine verfestigte Textur und eine Verfeinerung der Korngröße aufgrund dynamischer Rekristallisation beobachtet werden. Lokale Anzeichen für eine gleichzeitige spröde Verformung konnten, unabhängig von den Deformationsbedingungen, ebenfalls festgestellt werden. Innerhalb des deformierten Marmors bildete sich eine Scherzone aus, deren Geometrie maßgeblich durch die Ebene der Kalksteininklusion kontrolliert wird. Sorgfältig durchgeführte mikrostrukturelle Analysen zeigten jedoch keine wesentlichen Unterschiede der Mechanismen oder dem Ausmaß der Lokalisierung der Verformung bei unterschiedlichen Deformationsbedingungen. Daraus lässt sich schließen, dass bei dem Vorhandensein von Materialheterogenitäten, welche eine verformungsbedingte Materialermüdung hervorrufen können, die verwendeten Deformationsbedingungen keinen Einfluss auf die Lokalisierung duktiler Deformation in ihrer Entstehung und übergangsphasen haben.
Da für gewöhnlich die Durchführung von Deformationsexperimenten auf die Extrapolation der gewonnenen Ergebnisse auf geologische Zeiträume abzielt, wurden zwei- dimensionale numerische Modelle entwickelt, welche in der Lage sind die aufgenommenen experimentellen Daten zu reproduzieren und zu bewerten. Diese, auf dem Zentimetermaßstab skalierten Modelle wurden mit einem verformungsbasierten Ermüdungsgesetz erster Ordnung umgesetzt, um den Effekt der rheologischen Materialermüdung nachzubilden. Die lokale Spannungskonzentration an der Spitze der Inklusionen und die in der Marmormatrix initiierten Lokalisierung der Verformung konnten mit diesen Modellen erfolgreich reproduziert werden. Dabei wurde festgestellt, dass die heterogene Verteilung der Verformung und deren Entwicklung mit zunehmender Gesamtverformung (z.B. Form und Umfang der sich ausbildenden Scherzone) abhängig vom Grad der Ermüdung der deformierten Matrix ist. Analog zu der Entwicklung von Ultramylonitbändern in natürlichen Scherzonen mit hoher Verformung, konnte bei der Einführung eines zweites (künstlichen) Ermüdungsschritts bei erhöhter Gesamtverformung, die Ausbildung einer zweiten Schicht mit großer Verformung am Kern der initialen Scherzone beobachtet werden. Mit den gewonnenen Ergebnissen der numerischen Simulationen wurde nicht nur die Ausbildung und transiente Entwicklung, der durch die Materialheterogenität hervorgerufenen Scherzone im Hochtemperaturbereich mit großer Genauigkeit reproduziert. Auch wurde die Wichtigkeit verlässliche Ermüdungsgesetze aufzustellen, die in der Lage sind die durch die Verformung hervorgerufenen Materialermüdung im geologischen Maßstab unter Hinzunahme von numerischen Modellen nachzuahmen, bestätigt.
Die durch Materialheterogenitäten hervorgerufene Lokalisierung von Verformungen in der Natur bestehen häufig aus spröden Vorläufern, wie beispielsweise Klüften und Rissen. Die Interaktion von spröden und duktilen Deformationsmechanismen im Allgemeinen und ihr Effekt auf die Lokalisierung von Verformungen sind seit langem Schlüsselthema auf dem Gebiet der Strukturgeologie. Die Kopplung von spröden Bruchprozessen mit der Lokalisierung duktiler Verformungen ist oft Gegenstand der Untersuchung in einer Vielzahl von Feldstudien. Daher wurde experimentell der Einfluss von spröder Deformation auf die Initiierung und Entwicklung von Hochtemperatur Scherzonen in einer starken Matrix mit schwächeren Materialheterogenitäten untersucht. Dafür wurden Carrara Marmor-Solnhofen Kalksteininklusions-Systeme unter triaxialen Bedingungen bei konstanter axialer Verformungsrate und hoher Temperatur (T = 900 ◦C) in einer PatersonApparatur deformiert. Dabei wurden die Inklusionen in einer übereinander liegenden, aber nicht überlappenden Geometrie so angeordnet, dass sich bei axialer Probendeformation entweder Kompression oder Dehnung in der Fläche zwischen den Inklusionen einstellt. Die Versuche wurden bei verschiedenen Manteldrücken (P = 30, 50, 100 und 300 MPa) durchgeführt, um unterschiedliche Beträge an spröder Deformation in der Marmormatrix hervorzurufen. Bei geringen Manteldrücken (P = 30 und 50 MPa) kann ein hoher Anteil an spröder Deformation in allen Probenkonfigurationen beobachtet werden. Allerdings ist die räumliche Verteilung der Risse abhängig von der Kinematik der sich übereinanderliegenden Inklusionen. Bei der Dehnungskonfiguration sind die Risse entlang der Scherfläche zwischen den Inklusionen konzentriert, während sie bei der Kompressionskonfiguration außer halb der Inklusionen weit verteilt sind. Dementsprechend neigen duktile, durch spröde unterstützte Prozesse Deformationen entlang der Inklusionsebene bei Dehnung zu lokalisieren oder sich über weite Fläche der Matrix bei Kompression zu verteilen. Bei Manteldrücken von 100 und 300 MPa ist die Risserzeugung in beiden Konfigurationen weitestgehend unterdrückt und die Verformung wird fast ausschließlich durch viskoses Kriechen akkommodiert. Mit ansteigendem Manteldruck führt das bei Proben der Dehnungskonfiguration zu fortschreitender De-Lokalisierung. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Lokalisierung von duktilen Verformungen effizienter ist, wenn diese durch spröde Bruchprozesse assistiert werden. Allerdings sind diese spröden Prozesse nur dann effektiv, wenn sie heterogen verteilt sind, was letztendlich eine Funktion der lokalen Spannungsstörungen ist.
KW  - localized deformation
KW  - shear zones
KW  - Carrara marble
KW  - high temperature rock deformation
KW  - brittle precursors
KW  - Carrara-marmor
KW  - Spröde Vorläufer
KW  - Hochtemperatur Gesteinsdeformtion
KW  - Lokalisierte Deformation
KW  - Scherzonen
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-446165
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Schuck, Bernhard
T1  - Geomechanical and petrological characterisation of exposed slip zones, Alpine Fault, New Zealand
T1  - Geomechanische und petrologische Charakterisierung aufgeschlossener Gleithorizonte, Alpine Fault, Neuseeland
N2  - The Alpine Fault is a large, plate-bounding, strike-slip fault extending along the north-western edge of the Southern Alps, South Island, New Zealand. It regularly accommodates large (MW > 8) earthquakes and has a high statistical probability of failure in the near future, i.e., is late in its seismic cycle. This pending earthquake and associated co-seismic landslides are expected to cause severe infrastructural damage that would affect thousands of people, so it presents a substantial geohazard. The interdisciplinary study presented here aims to characterise the fault zone’s 4D (space and time) architecture, because this provides information about its rheological properties that will enable better assessment of the hazard
the fault poses.
The studies undertaken include field investigations of principal slip zone fault gouges exposed
along strike of the fault, and subsequent laboratory analyses of these outcrop and additional borehole samples. These observations have provided new information on (I) characteristic microstructures down to the nanoscale that indicate which deformation mechanisms operated within the rocks, (II) mineralogical information that constrains the fault’s geomechanical behaviour and (III) geochemical compositional information that allows the influence of fluid- related alteration processes on material properties to be unraveled.
Results show that along-strike variations of fault rock properties such as microstructures and mineralogical composition are minor and / or do not substantially influence fault zone architecture. They furthermore provide evidence that the architecture of the fault zone, particularly its fault core, is more complex than previously considered, and also more complex than expected for this sort of mature fault cutting quartzofeldspathic rocks. In particular our results strongly suggest that the fault has more than one principal slip zone, and that these form an anastomosing network extending into the basement below the cover of Quaternary sediments.
The observations detailed in this thesis highlight that two major processes, (I) cataclasis and (II) authigenic mineral formation, are the major controls on the rheology of the Alpine Fault. The velocity-weakening behaviour of its fault gouge is favoured by abundant nanoparticles
promoting powder lubrication and grain rolling rather than frictional sliding. Wall-rock fragmentation is accompanied by co-seismic, fluid-assisted dilatancy that is recorded by calcite cementation. This mineralisation, along with authigenic formation of phyllosilicates, quickly alters the petrophysical fault zone properties after each rupture, restoring fault competency. Dense networks of anastomosing and mutually cross-cutting calcite veins and intensively reworked gouge matrix demonstrate that strain repeatedly localised within the narrow fault gouge. Abundantly undeformed euhedral chlorite crystallites and calcite veins cross-cutting both fault gouge and gravels that overlie basement on the fault’s footwall provide evidence that the processes of authigenic phyllosilicate growth, fluid-assisted dilatancy and associated fault healing are processes active particularly close to the Earth’s surface in this fault zone.
Exposed Alpine Fault rocks are subject to intense weathering as direct consequence of abundant orogenic rainfall associated with the fault’s location at the base of the Southern Alps. Furthermore, fault rock rheology is substantially affected by shallow-depth conditions such as the juxtaposition of competent hanging wall fault rocks on poorly consolidated footwall sediments. This means microstructural, mineralogical and geochemical properties of the exposed fault rocks may differ substantially from those at deeper levels, and thus are not characteristic of the majority of the fault rocks’ history. Examples are (I) frictionally weak smectites found within the fault gouges being artefacts formed at temperature conditions, and imparting petrophysical properties that are not typical for most of fault rocks of the Alpine Fault, (II) grain-scale dissolution resulting from subaerial weathering rather than deformation by pressure-solution processes and (III) fault gouge geometries being more complex than expected for deeper counterparts.
The methodological approaches deployed in analyses of this, and other fault zones, and the major results of this study are finally discussed in order to contextualize slip zone investigations of fault zones and landslides. Like faults, landslides are major geohazards, which highlights the importance of characterising their geomechanical properties. Similarities between faults, especially those exposed to subaerial processes, and landslides, include mineralogical composition and geomechanical behaviour. Together, this ensures failure occurs predominantly by cataclastic processes, although aseismic creep promoted by weak phyllosilicates is not uncommon. Consequently, the multidisciplinary approach commonly used to investigate fault zones may contribute to increase the understanding of landslide faulting processes and the assessment of their hazard potential.
N2  - Die Alpine Fault ist eine große Plattengrenze mit lateralem Versatz, die sich entlang des nordwestlichen Fußes der Südalpen, Südinsel Neuseeland, erstreckt. Regelmäßig ereignen sich große (MW > 8) Erdbeben und gegenwärtig befindet sich die Störung am Ende ihres Erdbebenzyklus, so dass ein baldiges Beben sehr wahrscheinlich ist. Die Alpine Fault stellt eine bedeutende Naturgefahr dar und so wird davon ausgegangen, dass tausende Menschen von dem anstehenden Erdbeben, ko-seismischen Hangrutschungen und den damit einhergehenden großen Schäden an der Infrastruktur betroffen sein werden. Daher zielt die hier vorgestellte interdisziplinäre Studie darauf ab, den Aufbau der Störungszone in 4D (räumlich und zeitlich) zu charakterisieren, weil dies Aufschluss über ihre rheologischen Eigenschaften liefert und damit einen Beitrag zur Einschätzung der von der Störung ausgehenden Gefahr leisten wird.
Die durchgeführten Arbeiten umfassen Felduntersuchungen der entlang der Störung aufge- schlossenen Hauptscherzone und sich daran anschließende Laboruntersuchungen dieser Auf- schluss- und zusätzlicher Bohrlochproben. Diese geben Aufschluss über (I) charakteristis- che Mikrostrukturen bis in den Nanometerbereich, was erlaubt Deformationsmechanismen abzuleiten, (II) die Mineralogie und ihren Einfluss auf das geomechanische Verhalten und
(III) die geochemische Zusammensetzung, die es ermöglicht, den Einfluss fluid-bezogener Alterationsprozesse auf Materialeigenschaften besser zu verstehen.
Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Variationen der Eigenschaften der Störungsgesteine, wie Mikrostrukturen und mineralogische Zusammensetzung, entlang der Störung nur untergeord- net auftreten und den Aufbau der Störungszone nicht oder nur unwesentlich beeinflussen. Darüber hinaus zeigen sie, dass der Aufbau der Störungszone, vor allem ihres Kerns, komplexer ist als bisher angenommen. Dies ist unerwartet für eine Störung in quartz- und feldspatreichem Gestein dieses Alters. Diese Sicht wird von Ergebnissen gestützt, die nahelegen, dass die Störung mehr als eine Hauptscherzone hat und dass diese ein anastomisierendes Netzwerk bilden, das sich bis in das Festgestein unterhalb der Deckschicht aus quartären Sedimenten erstreckt.
Die Beobachtungen dieser Arbeit zeigen, dass zwei Prozesse, (I) Kataklase und (II) au- thigenes Mineralwachstum, den größten Einfluss auf die Rheologie der Alpine Fault haben. Das “velocity-weakening”-Verhalten der Hauptscherzonen und ihres Gesteinsmehls wird durch die große Anzahl von Nanopartikeln begünstigt, die das Rollen der Partikel zu Ungunsten von Gleitreibungsrutschen fördern. Die Zerstückelung des Umgebungsgesteins geht mit ko- seismischer, fluid-unterstützter Dilatanz einher, die die anschließende Zementierung durch Kalzit begünstigt. Diese, in Kombination mit authigenen Schichtsilikaten, stellt die petro- physikalischen Eigenschaften der Störungszone nach jedem Erdbeben schnell wieder her. Dichte Netzwerke anastomisierender und sich gegenseitig durchschlagender Kalzitadern und umfassend aufgearbeitetes Gesteinsmehl belegen, dass Verformung wiederholt in den dünnen Hauptscherbahnen lokalisiert wurde. Kalzitadern durschlagen sowohl das Gesteinsmehl der Hauptscherbahnen als auch das Geröll, das die oberflächennahe Sedimentabdeckung des Festgesteins im Liegenden darstellt. Dies und allgegenwärtige, undeformierte, euhedrale Chlorit-Kristalle belegen, dass authigenes Schichtsilikatwachstum, fluid-unterstütze Dilatanz und das damit einhergehende Heilen der Störung Prozesse sind, die auch nahe der Erdoberfläche wirken.
Freigelegte Gesteine der Alpine Fault sind intensiver Verwitterung als direkter Folge des reichlich vorhandenen Steigungsregens, der sich aus der Lage der Störung am Fuß der Südalpen ergibt, ausgesetzt. Darüber hinaus wird die Rheologie der Störungsgesteine erheblich durch oberflächennahen Randbedingungen wie die Gegenüberstellung kompetenter Störungsgesteine des Hangenden mit wenig-konsolidierten Sedimenten des Liegenden beeinflusst. Dies hat zur Folge, dass sich mikrostrukturelle, mineralogische und geochemische Eigenschaften der freigelegten Störungsgesteine erheblich von denen in größeren Tiefen unterscheiden können und folglich nicht charakteristisch für den Großteil der Deformationsgeschichte sind. Beispiele hierfür sind (I) Smektitphasen in den Hauptscherzonen, die einen niedrigen Reibungskoeffizien- ten aufweisen, allerdings Artefakte von für die Mehrheit der Gesteine dieser Störung atypischer Temperaturen und petrophysikalischer Eigenschaften sind, (II) angelöste Minerale als Ergebnis oberflächennaher Verwitterung und nicht von Drucklösung und (III) ein interner Aufbau des Gesteinsmehls der Hauptscherbahnen, der komplexerer ist, als dies für das Äquivalent in größerer Tiefe zu erwarten wäre.
Schließlich werden die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit gemeinsam mit den Hauptbefunden und methodischen Ansätzen anderer Studien zu Störungszonen diskutiert und in Kontext zu Analysen von Scherzonen in Störungen und Hangrutschungen gestellt. Hangrutschungen sind, wie Störungen, bedeutende Naturgefahren, was die Notwendigkeit, ihre geomechanischen Eigenschaften zu charakterisieren, herausstreicht. Störungen, vor allem jene, die Ober- flächenprozessen ausgesetzt sind, und Hangrutschungen teilen viele Gemeinsamkeiten wie mineralogische Zusammensetzung und geomechanisches Verhalten, was vor allem zu Versagen mittels kataklastischer Mechanismen führt; allerdings ist aseismisches Kriechen, befördert durch Schichtsilikate mit niedrigem Reibungskoeffizienten, nicht ungewöhnlich. Folglich könnte der multidisziplinäre Ansatz, der in der Regel zur Untersuchung von Störungszonen herangezogen wird, dazu beitragen das Verständnis von Hangrutschungen zu verbessern und ihr Gefährdungspotential abzuschätzen.
KW  - Alpine Fault
KW  - fluid rock interaction
KW  - microstructures
KW  - fault healing
KW  - authigenic mineral formation
KW  - brittle deformation
KW  - fault zone architecture
KW  - strain localization
KW  - landslides
KW  - faults
KW  - mineral composition
KW  - deformation mechanisms
KW  - Alpine Fault
KW  - Fluid-Gesteins-Wechselwirkung
KW  - Mikrostrukturen
KW  - Fault Healing
KW  - authigene Mineralbildung
KW  - spröde Deformation
KW  - Störungszonenarchitektur
KW  - Lokalisierung von Verformung
KW  - Erdrutsche
KW  - Verwerfungen
KW  - Mineralzusammensetzung
KW  - Deformationsmechanismen
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-446129
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Zorn, Edgar Ulrich
T1  - Monitoring lava dome growth and deformation with photogrammetric methods and modelling
N2  - Lava domes are severely hazardous, mound-shaped extrusions of highly viscous lava and commonly erupt at many active stratovolcanoes around the world. Due to gradual growth and flank oversteepening, such lava domes regularly experience partial or full collapses, resulting in destructive and far-reaching pyroclastic density currents. They are also associated with cyclic explosive activity as the complex interplay of cooling, degassing, and solidification of dome lavas regularly causes gas pressurizations on the dome or the underlying volcano conduit. Lava dome extrusions can last from days to decades, further highlighting the need for accurate and reliable monitoring data.
This thesis aims to improve our understanding of lava dome processes and to contribute to the monitoring and prediction of hazards posed by these domes. The recent rise and sophistication of photogrammetric techniques allows for the extraction of observational data in unprecedented detail and creates ideal tools for accomplishing this purpose. Here, I study natural lava dome extrusions as well as laboratory-based analogue models of lava dome extrusions and employ photogrammetric monitoring by Structure-from-Motion (SfM) and Particle-Image-Velocimetry (PIV) techniques. I primarily use aerial photography data obtained by helicopter, airplanes, Unoccupied Aircraft Systems (UAS) or ground-based timelapse cameras. Firstly, by combining a long time-series of overflight data at Volcán de Colima, México, with seismic and satellite radar data, I construct a detailed timeline of lava dome and crater evolution. Using numerical model, the impact of the extrusion on dome morphology and loading stress is further evaluated and an impact on the growth direction is identified, bearing important implications for the location of collapse hazards. Secondly, sequential overflight surveys at the Santiaguito lava dome, Guatemala, reveal surface motion data in high detail. I quantify the growth of the lava dome and the movement of a lava flow, showing complex motions that occur on different timescales and I provide insight into rock properties relevant for hazard assessment inferred purely by photogrammetric processing of remote sensing data. Lastly, I recreate artificial lava dome and spine growth using analogue modelling under controlled conditions, providing new insights into lava extrusion processes and structures as well as the conditions in which they form.
These findings demonstrate the capabilities of photogrammetric data analyses to successfully monitor lava dome growth and evolution while highlighting the advantages of complementary modelling methods to explain the observed phenomena. The results presented herein further bear important new insights and implications for the hazards posed by lava domes.
N2  - Lavadome sind kuppelförmige Aufstauungen aus zähflüssiger Lava und bilden sich häufig bei Eruptionen an aktiven Stratovulkanen. Sie stellen dabei oft eine erhebliche Gefahr für Menschen und Infrastruktur dar, weil Lavadome instabil werden können und bei einem Kollaps pyroklastische Ströme (auch Glutlawinen) erzeugen können. Diese können innerhalb von Minuten weite Flächen verwüsten, daher ist die Überwachung von Lavadomen und deren Wachstum mit genauen und zuverlässigen Daten von großer Bedeutung.
In dieser Arbeit werden das Wachstum und die Bewegungen von Lavadomen mit fotogrammetrischen Methoden (Vermessungen anhand von Fotos) und mit Modellierungen in drei Teilstudien getestet und untersucht. Dazu wurden Daten sowohl an Lavadomen von Vulkanen in Mexiko und Guatemala als auch mittels künstlich erzeugter Dome im Labor erhoben. Hierbei wurden insbesondere das Structure-from-Motion-Verfahren, bei dem mithilfe einer Serie von Luftaufnahmen ein hochauflösendes 3D-Modell des Lavadoms und des Vulkans erstellt wird, und das Particle-Image-Velocimetry-Verfahren, bei dem aus einer Zeitreihe von Fotos kleinste Bewegungen detailliert gemessen werden können, verwendet. 
In der ersten Teilstudie wird aus einer Kombination von Überflugsbildern, Radardaten eines Satelliten, und seismischen Daten eine detaillierte Zeitreihe des Lavadom-Wachstums und der Kraterentwickelung am Volcán de Colima, Méxiko, erstellt. Anschließend werden die dabei erfassten Richtungen des Domwachstums mit numerischen Modellen auf Basis der fotogrammetrischen 3D-Modelle simuliert, welche zeigen, dass sich lokale Änderungen der Topografie auf die Wachstumsrichtung auswirken können. In der zweiten Teilstudie werden Drohnen in verschiedenen Zeitintervallen über einen Lavadom am Santa Maria Vulkan, Guatemala, geflogen. Die Überflugsdaten zeigen dabei Bewegungen sowohl an einem Lavastrom als auch ein Anschwellen des Doms mit jeweils unterschiedlichen Geschwindigkeiten. Ferner können die Daten genutzt werden um Oberflächentemperatur und die Viskosität (Zähflüssigkeit) der Lava zu vermessen, welche für die Gefahrenanalyse eine wichtige Rolle spielen. In der dritten Teilstudie werden künstliche Dom-Modelle mithilfe von Sand-Gips-Gemischen erzeugt. Diese können sowohl den Aufbau und Morphologie als auch die internen Strukturen von Lavadomen simulieren und anhand von Zeitraffer-Aufnahmen im Detail nachstellen.
Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Fotogrammetrie und Modellierungen geeignete Mittel sind um Lavadome sowie deren Entstehungsprozesse und Gefahren zu verfolgen und neue Erkenntnisse zu gewinnen.
T2  - Überwachung von Wachstum und Deformation an Lavadomen mit fotogrammetrischen Methoden und Modellierungen
KW  - Lava dome
KW  - Lavadom
KW  - Photogrammetry
KW  - Fotogrammetrie
KW  - Volcano
KW  - Vulkan
KW  - Analogue Model
KW  - Analogmodell
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-483600
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Biedermann, Nicole
T1  - Carbonate-silicate reactions at conditions of the Earth’s mantle and the role of carbonates as possible trace-element carriers
N2  - Carbonates play a key role in the chemistry and dynamics of our planet. They are directly connected to the CO2 budget of our atmosphere and have a great impact on the deep carbon cycle. Moreover, recent studies have shown that carbonates are stable along the geothermal gradient down to Earth's lower mantle conditions, changing their crystal structure and related properties. Subducted carbonates may also react with silicates to form new phases. These reactions will redistribute elements, such as calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe) and carbon in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2), but also trace elements, that are carried by the carbonates. The trace elements of most interest are strontium (Sr) and rare earth elements (REE) which have been found to be important constituents in the composition of the primitive lower mantle and in mineral inclusions found in super-deep diamonds. However, the stability of carbonates in presence of mantle silicates at relevant temperatures is far from being well understood. Related to this, very little is known about distribution processes of trace elements between carbonates and mantle silicates. To shed light on these processes, we studied reactions between Sr- and REE-containing CaCO3 and Mg/Fe-bearing silicates of the system (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 - (Mg,Fe)SiO3 at high pressure and high temperature using synchrotron radiation based μ-X-ray diffraction (μ-XRD) and μ-X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) with μm-resolution in a laser-heated diamond anvil cell. X-ray diffraction is used to derive the structural changes of the phase reactions whereas X-ray fluorescence gives information on the chemical changes in the sample. In-situ experiments at high pressure and high temperature were performed at beamline P02.2 at PETRA III (Hamburg, Germany) and at beamline ID27 at ESRF (Grenoble, France). In addition to μ-XRD and μ-XRF, ex-situ measurements were made on the recovered sample material using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and provided further insights into the reaction kinetics of carbonate-silicate reactions.
Our investigations show that CaCO3 is unstable in presence of mantle silicates above 1700 K and a reaction takes place in which magnesite plus CaSiO3-perovskite are formed. In addition, we observed that a high content of iron in the carbonate-silicate system favours dolomite formation during the reaction. The subduction of natural carbonates with significant amounts of Sr leads to a comprehensive investigation of the stability not only of CaCO3 phases in contact with mantle silicates but also of SrCO3 (and of Sr-bearing CaCO3). We found that SrCO3 reacts with (Mg,Fe)SiO3-perovskite to form magnesite and gained evidence for the formation of SrSiO3-perovskite.
To complement our study on the stability of SrCO3 at conditions of the Earth's lower mantle, we performed powder X-ray diffraction and single crystal X-ray diffraction experiments at ambient temperature and up to 49 GPa. We observed a transformation from SrCO3-I into a new high-pressure phase SrCO3-II at around 26 GPa with Pmmn crystal structure and a bulk modulus of 103(10) GPa. This information is essential to fully understand the phase behaviour and stability of carbonates in the Earth's lower mantle and to elucidate the possibility of introducing Sr into mantle silicates by carbonate-silicate reactions.
Simultaneous recording of μ-XRD and μ-XRF in the μm-range over the heated areas provides spatial information not only about phase reactions but also on the elemental redistribution during the reactions. A comparison of the spatial intensity distribution of the XRF signal before and after heating indicates a change in the elemental distribution of Sr and an increase in Sr-concentration was found around the newly formed SrSiO3-perovskite. With the help of additional TEM analyses on the quenched sample material the elemental redistribution was studied at a sub-micrometer scale. Contrary to expectations from combined μ-XRD and μ-XRF measurements, we found that La and Eu were not incorporated into the silicate phases, instead they tend to form either isolated oxide phases (e.g. Eu2O3, La2O3) or hydroxyl-bastnäsite (La(CO3)(OH)). In addition, we observed the transformation from (Mg,Fe)SiO3-perovskite to low-pressure clinoenstatite during pressure release. The monoclinic structure (P21/c) of this phase allows the incorporation of Ca as shown by additional EDX analyses and, to a minor extent, Sr too.
Based on our experiments, we can conclude that a detection of the trace elements in-situ at high pressure and high temperature remains challenging. However, our first findings imply that silicates may incorporate the trace elements provided by the carbonates and indicate that carbonates may have a major effect on the trace element contents of mantle phases.
N2  - Karbonate spielen eine wesentliche Rolle in der Chemie und Dynamik unseres Planeten. Sie stehen im direkten Zusammenhang mit dem CO2-Haushalt unserer Atmosphäre und dem tiefen, erdinneren Kohlenstoff-Kreislauf. Darüber hinaus haben jüngste Studien gezeigt, dass subduzierte Karbonate entlang des geothermischen Gradienten bis hinunter zu unteren Erdmantelbedingungen stabil sind, wobei sich ihre Kristallstruktur und die damit verbundenen Eigenschaften ändern. Ebenso können subduzierte Karbonate mit Mantelsilikaten reagieren. Diese Reaktionen führen zu einer Umverteilung von Elementen, welche von den subduzierten Karbonaten hinunter in die Tiefen der Erde transportiert werden. Die Elemente, um die es sich hauptsächlich handelt, sind dabei Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Eisen (Fe) und Kohlenstoff (C). Aber auch Spurenelemente, wie beispielsweise Strontium (Sr) und Seltene Erdelemente (REE), können über Karbonate in den unteren Erdmantelbereich gelangen. Die Stabilität der Karbonate in Gegenwart von Mantelsilikaten bei relevanten Erdmantelbedingungen ist jedoch bei Weitem nicht bekannt. Ebenso ist nur sehr wenig über die Verteilungsprozesse von Spurenelementen zwischen Karbonaten und Mantelsilikaten bekannt. Um diese Prozesse zu beleuchten, wurden Reaktionen zwischen Sr- und REE-haltigem CaCO3 und Mg/Fe-haltigen Silikaten aus dem System (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 - (Mg,Fe)SiO3 unter hohem Druck und hoher Temperatur mit μm-aufgelöster Röntgenbeugung (μ-XRD) und Röntgenfluoreszenz (μ-XRF) in einer lasergeheizten Diamantstempelzelle durchgeführt. Dabei wird Röntgenbeugung verwendet, um die strukturellen Änderungen der Phasenreaktionen abzuleiten, während Röntgenfluoreszenz Informationen über die chemischen Änderungen in der Probe liefert.
Unsere Untersuchungen zeigen, dass sowohl SrCO3 als auch CaCO3 in Gegenwart von Mantelsilikaten bei über 1700 K instabil sind und eine Reaktion stattfindet, bei der Magnesit und CaSiO3-Perowskit bzw. SrSiO3-Perowskit gebildet werden. Ein Vergleich der räumlichen Intensitätsverteilungen von XRF Signalen vor und nach dem Heizen zeigt eine Änderung in der Elementverteilung von Sr und eine Zunahme der Sr-Konzentration um den neugebildeten SrSiO3-Perowskit. Zusätzliche Aufnahmen am zurückgewonnenen, abgeschreckten Probenmaterial mittels Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie (TEM) lieferten weitere Erkenntnisse zur Reaktionskinetik. Entgegen den Erwartungen eines Einbaus der Seltenen Erdelemente in die neugebildeten Mantelsilikate, haben wir aus kombinierten μ-XRD-, μ-XRF- und TEM-Messungen festgestellt, dass La und Eu entweder isolierte Oxidphasen (Eu2O3, La2O3) oder Hydroxyl-Bastnäsit (La(CO3)(OH)) bilden. Zusätzlich war zu beobachten, dass (Mg,Fe)SiO3-Perowskit sich während der Druckentlastung in Clinoenstatit umgewandelt hat. Die monokline Struktur dieser Phase ermöglicht den Einbau von Ca und, im geringerem Maße, Sr, wie durch zusätzliche EDX-Analysen gezeigt wurde. Ergänzend zu unserer Studie führten wir Pulver-Röntgenbeugung in Kombination mit Einkristall-Röntgenbeugung bei Umgebungstemperatur und bis zu 49 GPa am Endglied Strontianit (SrCO3) durch. Wir beobachteten eine Umwandlung von SrCO3-I in eine neue Hochdruckphase SrCO3-II bei etwa 26 GPa mit Pmmn-Kristallstruktur und einem Kompressionsmodul von 103(10) GPa. Solche Informationen sind sehr wichtig, da sie Aufschlüsse sowohl über das Phasenverhalten als auch über die Stabilität von Karbonaten in Gegenwart von Mantelsilikaten geben und helfen, sie vollständig zu verstehen.
Basierend auf den Erkenntnissen aus unseren Experimenten können wir schließen, dass ein Nachweis von Spurenelementen in-situ unter hohem Druck und hoher Temperatur eine Herausforderung bleibt. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten jedoch darauf hin, dass Silikate die Spurenelemente, welche von den Karbonaten transportiert werden, aufnehmen können und demzufolge Karbonate einen wesentlichen Einfluss auf den Spurenelementgehalt von Mantelphasen haben.
T2  - Karbonat-Silikat-Reaktionen bei Erdmantelbedingungen und die Rolle der Karbonate als mögliche Spurenelementträger
KW  - laser-heated Diamond Anvil Cell
KW  - Carbonate-Silicate reactions
KW  - Earth's mantle
KW  - Karbonat-Silikat-Reaktionen
KW  - Erdmantel
KW  - laser-geheizte Diamantstempelzelle
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-482772
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Runge, Alexandra
A1  - Grosse, Guido
T1  - Mosaicking Landsat and Sentinel-2 Data to Enhance LandTrendr Time Series Analysis in Northern High Latitude Permafrost Regions
T2  - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2  - Permafrost is warming in the northern high latitudes, inducing highly dynamic thaw-related permafrost disturbances across the terrestrial Arctic. Monitoring and tracking of permafrost disturbances is important as they impact surrounding landscapes, ecosystems and infrastructure. Remote sensing provides the means to detect, map, and quantify these changes homogeneously across large regions and time scales. Existing Landsat-based algorithms assess different types of disturbances with similar spatiotemporal requirements. However, Landsat-based analyses are restricted in northern high latitudes due to the long repeat interval and frequent clouds, in particular at Arctic coastal sites. We therefore propose to combine Landsat and Sentinel-2 data for enhanced data coverage and present a combined annual mosaic workflow, expanding currently available algorithms, such as LandTrendr, to achieve more reliable time series analysis. We exemplary test the workflow for twelve sites across the northern high latitudes in Siberia. We assessed the number of images and cloud-free pixels, the spatial mosaic coverage and the mosaic quality with spectral comparisons. The number of available images increased steadily from 1999 to 2019 but especially from 2016 onward with the addition of Sentinel-2 images. Consequently, we have an increased number of cloud-free pixels even under challenging environmental conditions, which then serve as the input to the mosaicking process. In a comparison of annual mosaics, the Landsat+Sentinel-2 mosaics always fully covered the study areas (99.9–100 %), while Landsat-only mosaics contained data-gaps in the same years, only reaching coverage percentages of 27.2 %, 58.1 %, and 69.7 % for Sobo Sise, East Taymyr, and Kurungnakh in 2017, respectively. The spectral comparison of Landsat image, Sentinel-2 image, and Landsat+Sentinel-2 mosaic showed high correlation between the input images and mosaic bands (e.g., for Kurungnakh 0.91–0.97 between Landsat and Landsat+Sentinel-2 mosaic and 0.92–0.98 between Sentinel-2 and Landsat+Sentinel-2 mosaic) across all twelve study sites, testifying good quality mosaic results. Our results show that especially the results for northern, coastal areas was substantially improved with the Landsat+Sentinel-2 mosaics. By combining Landsat and Sentinel-2 data we accomplished to create reliably high spatial resolution input mosaics for time series analyses. Our approach allows to apply a high temporal continuous time series analysis to northern high latitude permafrost regions for the first time, overcoming substantial data gaps, and assess permafrost disturbance dynamics on an annual scale across large regions with algorithms such as LandTrendr by deriving the location, timing and progression of permafrost thaw disturbances
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1009 
KW  - time series analysis
KW  - data fusion
KW  - isturbance tracking
KW  - permafrost
KW  - permafrost thaw
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-480317
SN  - 1866-8372
IS  - 1009
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Zeeden, Christian
A1  - Obreht, Igor
A1  - Veres, Daniel
A1  - Kaboth-Bahr, Stefanie
A1  - Hošek, Jan
A1  - Marković, Slobodan B.
A1  - Bösken, Janina
A1  - Lehmkuhl, Frank
A1  - Rolf, Christian
A1  - Hambach, Ulrich
T1  - Smoothed millennial-scale palaeoclimatic reference data as unconventional comparison targets: Application to European loess records
T2  - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2  - Millennial-scale palaeoclimate variability has been documented in various terrestrial and marine palaeoclimate proxy records throughout the Northern Hemisphere for the last glacial cycle. Its clear expression and rapid shifts between different states of climate (Greenland Interstadials and Stadials) represents a correlation tool beyond the resolution of e.g. luminescence dating, especially relevant for terrestrial deposits. Usually, comparison of terrestrial proxy datasets and the Greenland ice cores indicates a complex expression of millennial-scale climate variability as recorded in terrestrial geoarchives including loess. Loess is the most widespread terrestrial geoarchive of the Quaternary and especially widespread over Eurasia. However, loess often records a smoothed representation of millennial-scale variability without all fidelity when compared to the Greenland data, this being a relevant limiting feature in integrating loess with other palaeoclimate records. To better understand the loess proxy-response to millennial-scale climate variability, we simulate a proxy signal smoothing by natural processes through application of low-pass filters of delta O-18 data from Greenland, a high-resolution palaeoclimate reference record, alongside speleothem isotope records from the Black Sea-Mediterranean region. We show that low-pass filters represent rather simple models for better constraining the expression of millennial-scale climate variability in low sedimentation environments, and in sediments where proxy-response signals are most likely affected by natural smoothing (by e.g. bioturbation). Interestingly, smoothed datasets from Greenland and the Black Sea-Mediterranean region are most similar in the last similar to 15 ka and between similar to 50-30 ka. Between similar to 30-15 ka, roughly corresponding to the Last Glacial Maximum and the deglaciation, the records show dissimilarities, challenging the construction of robust correlative time-scales in this age range. From our analysis it becomes apparent that patterns of palaeoclimate signals in loess-palaeosol sequences often might be better explained by smoothed Greenland reference data than the original high-resolution Greenland dataset, or other reference data. This opens the possibility to better assess the temporal resolution and palaeoclimate potential of loess-palaeosol sequences in recording supra-regional climate patterns, as well as to securely integrate loess with other chronologically better-resolved palaeoclimate records.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1187 
KW  - last glacial period
KW  - Western Interior Basin
KW  - high-resolution record
KW  - Greenland ice cores
KW  - paleosol sequence
KW  - time-scale
KW  - Chinese loess
KW  - astronomical calibration
KW  - chronology (AICC2012)
KW  - Antarctic ice
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-524271
SN  - 1866-8372
IS  - 1
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Coesfeld, Jacqueline
A1  - Kuester, Theres
A1  - Kuechly, Helga U.
A1  - Kyba, Christopher C. M.
T1  - Reducing variability and removing natural light from nighttime satellite imagery: A case study using the VIIRS DNB
T2  - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2  - Temporal variation of natural light sources such as airglow limits the ability of night light sensors to detect changes in small sources of artificial light (such as villages). This study presents a method for correcting for this effect globally, using the satellite radiance detected from regions without artificial light emissions. We developed a routine to define an approximate grid of locations worldwide that do not have regular light emission. We apply this method with a 5 degree equally spaced global grid (total of 2016 individual locations), using data from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Day-Night Band (DNB). This code could easily be adapted for other future global sensors. The correction reduces the standard deviation of data in the Earth Observation Group monthly DNB composites by almost a factor of two. The code and datasets presented here are available under an open license by GFZ Data Services, and are implemented in the Radiance Light Trends web application.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1181 
KW  - airglow
KW  - artificial light
KW  - calibration
KW  - VIIRS DNB
KW  - nightlights
KW  - remote sensing
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-524397
SN  - 1866-8372
IS  - 11
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Naliboff, John B.
A1  - Glerum, Anne
A1  - Brune, Sascha
A1  - Péron-Pinvidic, G.
A1  - Wrona, Thilo
T1  - Development of 3-D rift heterogeneity through fault network evolution
T2  - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2  - Observations of rift and rifted margin architecture suggest that significant spatial and temporal structural heterogeneity develops during the multiphase evolution of continental rifting. Inheritance is often invoked to explain this heterogeneity, such as preexisting anisotropies in rock composition, rheology, and deformation. Here, we use high-resolution 3-D thermal-mechanical numerical models of continental extension to demonstrate that rift-parallel heterogeneity may develop solely through fault network evolution during the transition from distributed to localized deformation. In our models, the initial phase of distributed normal faulting is seeded through randomized initial strength perturbations in an otherwise laterally homogeneous lithosphere extending at a constant rate. Continued extension localizes deformation onto lithosphere-scale faults, which are laterally offset by tens of km and discontinuous along-strike. These results demonstrate that rift- and margin-parallel heterogeneity of large-scale fault patterns may in-part be a natural byproduct of fault network coalescence.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1183 
KW  - magma-poor
KW  - continental lithosphere
KW  - extension
KW  - insights
KW  - margins
KW  - architecture
KW  - systems
KW  - models
KW  - sea
KW  - reactivation
Y1  - 2019
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-524661
SN  - 1866-8372
IS  - 13
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Lu, Yin
A1  - Dewald, Nico
A1  - Koutsodendris, Andreas
A1  - Kaboth-Bahr, Stefanie
A1  - Rösler, Wolfgang
A1  - Fang, Xiaomin
A1  - Pross, Jörg
A1  - Appel, Erwin
A1  - Friedrich, Oliver
T1  - Sedimentological evidence for pronounced glacial-interglacial climate fluctuations in NE Tibet in the latest Pliocene to early Pleistocene
T2  - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2  - The intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation (iNHG) and uplift of the Tibetan Plateau have been argued to be among the main drivers of climate change in midlatitude Central Asia during the Pliocene/Pleistocene. While most proxy records that support this hypothesis are from regions outside the Tibetan Plateau (such as from the Chinese Loess Plateau), detailed paleoclimatic information for the plateau itself during that time has yet remained elusive. Here we present a temporally highly resolved (similar to 500 years) sedimentological record from the Qaidam Basin situated on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau that shows pronounced glacial-interglacial climate variability during the interval from 2.7 to 2.1 Ma. Glacial (interglacial) intervals are generally characterized by coarser (finer) grain size, minima (maxima) in organic matter content, and maxima (minima) in carbonate content. Comparison of our results with Earth's orbital parameters and proxy records from the Chinese Loess Plateau suggests that the observed climate fluctuations were mainly driven by changes in the Siberian High/East Asian winter monsoon system as a response to the iNHG. They are further proposed to be enhanced by the topography of the Tibetan Plateau and its impact on the position and intensity of the westerlies.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1198 
KW  - Western Qaidam Basin
KW  - grain-size distribution
KW  - lake Donggi Cona
KW  - Chinese loess
KW  - Central-Asia
KW  - transport processes
KW  - Qilian mountains
KW  - dust sources
KW  - plateau
KW  - record
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-525765
SN  - 1866-8372
IS  - 5
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Saki, Adel
A1  - Miri, Mirmohammad
A1  - Oberhänsli, Roland
T1  - High temperature - low pressure metamorphism during subduction of Neo-Tethys beneath the Iranian plate
BT  - evidence for mafic migmatite formation in the Alvand complex (western Iran)
JF  - Mineralogy and petrology
N2  - Subduction of Neo-Tethys oceanic lithosphere beneath the Iranian plate during the Mesozoic formed several igneous bodies of ultramafic to intermediate and felsic composition. Intrusion of these magmas into a regional metamorphic sequence (the Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone) caused partial melting and formation of migmatites with meta-pelitic protoliths. The Alvand complex (west Iran) is a unique area comprising migmatites of both mafic and pelitic protoliths. In this area, the gabbroic rocks contain veins of leucosome at their contact with pyroxenite and olivine gabbro. These leucosomes are geochemically and mineralogically different from leucosomes of the meta-pelitic migmatites and clearly show properties of I-type granites. Microscopic observations and whole rock compositions of the mafic migmatite leucosomes show that migmatization occurred through partial melting of biotite, hornblende and plagioclase. Thermobarometric calculations indicate 800 degrees C and 3.7 kbar for partial melting, although phase diagram modeling demonstrates that the presence of water could decrease the solidus temperature by about 40 degrees C. Our results suggest an asthenospheric magma upwelling as the source of heat for partial melting of the gabbroic rock during subduction of Neo-Tethys oceanic crust under the western edge of the Iranian plate. The present study also reveals relationships between migmatization and formation of S- and I -type granites in the area.
KW  - partial melting
KW  - mafic migmatite
KW  - pelitic migmatite
KW  - Neo-Tethys
KW  - subduction
KW  - Gabbroic rocks
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-020-00721-z
SN  - 0930-0708
SN  - 1438-1168
VL  - 114
IS  - 6
SP  - 539
EP  - 557
PB  - Springer
CY  - Wien [u.a.]
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Rein, Theresa
A1  - Hannemann, Katrin
A1  - Thomas, Christine
A1  - Korn, Michael
T1  - Location and characteristics of the X-discontinuity beneath SW Morocco and the adjacent shelf area using P-wave receiver functions
JF  - Geophysical journal international
N2  - Receiver function approaches have proven to be valuable for the investigation of crustal and upper mantle discontinuities whose sharp changes in seismic velocities cause wave conversions. While the crustal and mantle transition zone discontinuities are largely understood, the X-discontinuity at 250-350 km depth is still an object of controversial debate. The origin and global distribution of this structure with a velocity jump of 1.5-4.8% for compressional and shear waves is still unexplained. Although the crustal and mantle transition zone discontinuities beneath SW Morocco and surroundings have been investigated, only a few studies observed the X-discontinuity and place the depth at 260-370 km beneath the region of western Morocco. In order to better locate and characterize the X-discontinuity beneath southwest Morocco, we create P-wave receiver functions using data recorded by the Morocco-Munster array and detect the X-discontinuity at apparent depths of 285-350 km. In the western part of our study region we find apparent depths of similar to 310-340 km. The eastern part of the study area appears more complex: we locate two velocity jumps at apparent depths of around 285-295 km and 330-350 km in the northeast, and in the southeast we find a discontinuity at apparent depths of 340-350 km. Due to the large depth range and the twofold appearance of the X-discontinuity, we suggest that two different phase transitions cause the X-discontinuity beneath SW Morocco. The velocity contrasts at larger depths likely point to the coesite-stishovite phase transition occurring in deep eclogitic pools. The shallower depths can be explained by the transition from orthoenstatite to high-pressure clinoenstatite which requires the reaction between eclogite and peridotite to form orthopyroxene-rich peridotite. This reaction is likely related to previously proposed small-scale mantle upwellings beneath SW Morocco. Since both phase transitions require eclogite occurrence, the location of the X-discontinuity in this region can be used to indicate the location of recycled oceanic crust.
KW  - body waves
KW  - mantle discontinuities
KW  - NW Morocco
KW  - P-waves
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa379
SN  - 0956-540X
SN  - 1365-246X
VL  - 223
IS  - 3
SP  - 1780
EP  - 1793
PB  - Oxford Univ. Press
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Klose, Tim
A1  - Chaparro, M. Carme
A1  - Schilling, Frank
A1  - Butscher, Christoph
A1  - Klumbach, Steffen
A1  - Blum, Philipp
T1  - Fluid flow simulations of a large-scale borehole leakage experiment
JF  - Transport in Porous Media
N2  - Borehole leakage is a common and complex issue. Understanding the fluid flow characteristics of a cemented area inside a borehole is crucial to monitor and quantify the wellbore integrity as well as to find solutions to minimise existing leakages. In order to improve our understanding of the flow behaviour of cemented boreholes, we investigated experimental data of a large-scale borehole leakage tests by means of numerical modelling using three different conceptual models. The experiment was performed with an autoclave system consisting of two vessels bridged by a cement-filled casing. After a partial bleed-off at the well-head, a sustained casing pressure was observed due to fluid flow through the cementsteel composite. The aim of our simulations is to investigate and quantify the permeability of the cement-steel composite. From our model results, we conclude that the flow occurred along a preferential flow path at the cement-steel interface. Thus, the inner part of the cement core was impermeable during the duration of the experiment. The preferential flow path can be described as a highly permeable and highly porous area with an aperture of about 5 mu m and a permeability of 3 . 10(-12) m(2) (3 Darcy). It follows that the fluid flow characteristics of a cemented area inside a borehole cannot be described using one permeability value for the entire cement-steel composite. Furthermore, it can be concluded that the quality of the cement and the filling process regarding the cement-steel interface is crucial to minimize possible well leakages.
KW  - borehole leakage
KW  - sustained casing pressure
KW  - permeability test
KW  - cement
KW  - modelling
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-020-01504-y
SN  - 0169-3913
SN  - 1573-1634
VL  - 136
IS  - 1
SP  - 125
EP  - 145
PB  - Springer
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Baes, Marzieh
A1  - Sobolev, Stephan
A1  - Gerya, Taras V.
A1  - Brune, Sascha
T1  - Plume-induced subduction initiation
BT  - single-slab or multi-slab subduction?
JF  - Geochemistry, geophysics, geosystems
N2  - Initiation of subduction following the impingement of a hot buoyant mantle plume is one of the few scenarios that allow breaking the lithosphere and recycling a stagnant lid without requiring any preexisting weak zones. Here, we investigate factors controlling the number and shape of retreating subducting slabs formed by plume-lithosphere interaction. Using 3-D thermomechanical models we show that the deformation regime, which defines formation of single-slab or multi-slab subduction, depends on several parameters such as age of oceanic lithosphere, thickness of the crust and large-scale lithospheric extension rate. Our model results indicate that on present-day Earth multi-slab plume-induced subduction is initiated only if the oceanic lithosphere is relatively young (<30-40 Myr, but >10 Myr), and the crust has a typical thickness of 8 km. In turn, development of single-slab subduction is facilitated by older lithosphere and pre-imposed extensional stresses. In early Earth, plume-lithosphere interaction could have led to formation of either episodic short-lived circular subduction when the oceanic lithosphere was young or to multi-slab subduction when the lithosphere was old.
KW  - subduction zone
KW  - plume
KW  - numerical model
KW  - singleslab
KW  - multi-slab
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GC008663
SN  - 1525-2027
VL  - 21
IS  - 2
PB  - American Geophysical Union
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Baes, Marzieh
A1  - Sobolev, Stephan Vladimir
A1  - Gerya, Taras V.
A1  - Brune, Sascha
T1  - Plume-induced subduction initiation
BT  - Single-slab or multi-slab subduction?
T2  - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2  - Initiation of subduction following the impingement of a hot buoyant mantle plume is one of the few scenarios that allow breaking the lithosphere and recycling a stagnant lid without requiring any preexisting weak zones. Here, we investigate factors controlling the number and shape of retreating subducting slabs formed by plume-lithosphere interaction. Using 3-D thermomechanical models we show that the deformation regime, which defines formation of single-slab or multi-slab subduction, depends on several parameters such as age of oceanic lithosphere, thickness of the crust and large-scale lithospheric extension rate. Our model results indicate that on present-day Earth multi-slab plume-induced subduction is initiated only if the oceanic lithosphere is relatively young (<30-40 Myr, but >10 Myr), and the crust has a typical thickness of 8 km. In turn, development of single-slab subduction is facilitated by older lithosphere and pre-imposed extensional stresses. In early Earth, plume-lithosphere interaction could have led to formation of either episodic short-lived circular subduction when the oceanic lithosphere was young or to multi-slab subduction when the lithosphere was old.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1167 
KW  - subduction zone
KW  - plume
KW  - numerical model
KW  - singleslab
KW  - multi-slab
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-522742
SN  - 1866-8372
IS  - 2
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Baes, Marzieh
A1  - Sobolev, Stephan V.
A1  - Gerya, Taras V.
A1  - Brune, Sascha
T1  - Subduction initiation by Plume-Plateau interaction
BT  - insights from numerical models
JF  - Geochemistry, geophysics, geosystems
N2  - It has recently been demonstrated that the interaction of a mantle plume with sufficiently old oceanic lithosphere can initiate subduction. However, the existence of large lithospheric heterogeneities, such as a buoyant plateau, in proximity to a rising plume head may potentially hinder the formation of a new subduction zone. Here, we investigate this scenario by means of 3-D numerical thermomechanical modeling. We explore how plume-lithosphere interaction is affected by lithospheric age, relative location of plume head and plateau border, and the strength of the oceanic crust. Our numerical experiments suggest four different geodynamic regimes: (a) oceanic trench formation, (b) circular oceanic-plateau trench formation, (c) plateau trench formation, and (d) no trench formation. We show that regardless of the age and crustal strength of the oceanic lithosphere, subduction can initiate when the plume head is either below the plateau border or at a distance less than the plume radius from the plateau edge. Crustal heterogeneity facilitates subduction initiation of old oceanic lithosphere. High crustal strength hampers the formation of a new subduction zone when the plume head is located below a young lithosphere containing a thick and strong plateau. We suggest that plume-plateau interaction in the western margin of the Caribbean could have resulted in subduction initiation when the plume head impinged onto the oceanic lithosphere close to the border between plateau and oceanic crust.
KW  - subduction zone
KW  - plume
KW  - plateau
KW  - numerical modeling
KW  - plume-induced
KW  - subduction initiation (PISI)
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GC009119
SN  - 1525-2027
VL  - 21
IS  - 8
PB  - American Geophysical Union
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Izgi, Gizem
A1  - Eken, Tuna
A1  - Gaebler, Peter
A1  - Eulenfeld, Tom
A1  - Taymaz, Tuncay
T1  - Crustal seismic attenuation parameters in the western region of the North Anatolian Fault Zone
JF  - Journal of geodynamics
N2  - Detailed knowledge of the crustal structure along the North Anatolian Fault Zone can help in understanding past and present tectonic processes in relation to the deformation history. To estimate the frequency-dependent crustal attenuation parameters beneath the western part of the North Anatolian Fault Zone we apply acoustic radiative transfer theory under the assumption of multiple isotropic scattering to generate synthetic seismogram envelopes. The inversion depends on finding an optimal fit between observed and synthetically computed coda wave envelopes in five frequency bands. 2-D lateral variation of intrinsic and scattering attenuation at various frequencies tends to three crustal blocks (i.e., Armutlu-Almacik, Istanbul-Zonguldak and Sakarya Zones) separated by the southern and northern branches of the western part of the North Anatolian Fault Zone. Overall, scattering attenuation appears to be dominant over intrinsic attenuation in the study area at lower frequencies. Relatively low attenuation properties are observed beneath the older Istanbul Zone whereas higher attenuation properties are found for the younger Sakarya Zone. The Armutlu Almacik Zone exhibits more complex lateral variations. Very high attenuation values towards the west characterize the area of the Kuzuluk Basin, a pull-apart basin formed under west-east extension. Our coda-derived moment magnitudes are similar to the local magnitude estimates that were previously calculated for the same earthquakes. For smaller earthquakes (M-L < 2.5), however, the relation between local and moment magnitudes appears to lose its coherency. This may stem from various reasons including the use of seismic data recorded in finite sampling interval, possible biases in local magnitude estimates of earthquake catalogues as well as biases due to wrong assumptions to consider anelastic attenuation terms.
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2020.101694
SN  - 0264-3707
VL  - 134
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Forbriger, Thomas
A1  - Gao, Lingli
A1  - Malischewsky, Peter
A1  - Ohrnberger, Matthias
A1  - Pan, Yudi
T1  - A single Rayleigh mode may exist with multiple values of phase-velocity at one frequency
JF  - Geophysical journal international
N2  - Other than commonly assumed in seismology, the phase velocity of Rayleigh waves is not necessarily a single-valued function of frequency. In fact, a single Rayleigh mode can exist with three different values of phase velocity at one frequency. We demonstrate this for the first higher mode on a realistic shallow seismic structure of a homogeneous layer of unconsolidated sediments on top of a half-space of solid rock (LOH). In the case of LOH a significant contrast to the half-space is required to produce the phenomenon. In a simpler structure of a homogeneous layer with fixed (rigid) bottom (LFB) the phenomenon exists for values of Poisson's ratio between 0.19 and 0.5 and is most pronounced for P-wave velocity being three times S-wave velocity (Poisson's ratio of 0.4375). A pavement-like structure (PAV) of two layers on top of a half-space produces the multivaluedness for the fundamental mode. Programs for the computation of synthetic dispersion curves are prone to trouble in such cases. Many of them use mode-follower algorithms which loose track of the dispersion curve and miss the multivalued section. We show results for well established programs. Their inability to properly handle these cases might be one reason why the phenomenon of multivaluedness went unnoticed in seismological Rayleigh wave research for so long. For the very same reason methods of dispersion analysis must fail if they imply wave number k(l)(omega) for the lth Rayleigh mode to be a single-valued function of frequency.. This applies in particular to deconvolution methods like phase-matched filters. We demonstrate that a slant-stack analysis fails in the multivalued section, while a Fourier-Bessel transformation captures the complete Rayleigh-wave signal. Waves of finite bandwidth in the multivalued section propagate with positive group-velocity and negative phase-velocity. Their eigenfunctions appear conventional and contain no conspicuous feature.
KW  - Surface waves and free oscillations
KW  - Theoretical seismology
KW  - Wave
KW  - propagation
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa123
SN  - 0956-540X
SN  - 1365-246X
VL  - 222
IS  - 1
SP  - 582
EP  - 594
PB  - Oxford Univ. Press
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Reschke, Maria
A1  - Kröner, Igor
A1  - Laepple, Thomas
T1  - Testing the consistency of Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum spatial correlations in temperature proxy records
JF  - Journal of quaternary science : JQS
N2  - Holocene temperature proxy records are commonly used in quantitative synthesis and model-data comparisons. However, comparing correlations between time series from records collected in proximity to one another with the expected correlations based on climate model simulations indicates either regional or noisy climate signals in Holocene temperature proxy records. In this study, we evaluate the consistency of spatial correlations present in Holocene proxy records with those found in data from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Specifically, we predict correlations expected in LGM proxy records if the only difference to Holocene correlations would be due to more time uncertainty and more climate variability in the LGM. We compare this simple prediction to the actual correlation structure in the LGM proxy records. We found that time series data of ice-core stable isotope records and planktonic foraminifera Mg/Ca ratios were consistent between the Holocene and LGM periods, while time series of Uk'37 proxy records were not as we found no correlation between nearby LGM records. Our results support the finding of highly regional or noisy marine proxy records in the compilation analysed here and suggest the need for further studies on the role of climate proxies and the processes of climate signal recording and preservation.
KW  - Holocene
KW  - LGM
KW  - spatial correlation
KW  - temperature
KW  - Uk'37
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.3245
SN  - 0267-8179
SN  - 1099-1417
VL  - 36
IS  - 1
SP  - 20
EP  - 28
PB  - Wiley
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Esfahani, Reza Dokht Dolatabadi
A1  - Gholami, Ali
A1  - Ohrnberger, Matthias
T1  - An inexact augmented Lagrangian method for nonlinear dispersion-curve inversion using Dix-type global linear approximation
JF  - Geophysics
N2  - Dispersion-curve inversion of Rayleigh waves to infer subsurface shear-wave velocity is a long-standing problem in seismology. Due to nonlinearity and ill-posedness, sophisticated regularization techniques are required to solve the problem for a stable velocity model. We have formulated the problem as a minimization problem with nonlinear operator constraint and then solve it by using an inexact augmented Lagrangian method, taking advantage of the Haney-Tsai Dix-type relation (a global linear approximation of the nonlinear forward operator). This replaces the original regularized nonlinear problem with iterative minimization of a more tractable regularized linear problem followed by a nonlinear update of the phase velocity (data) in which the update can be performed accurately with any forward modeling engine, for example, the finite-element method. The algorithm allows discretizing the medium with thin layers (for the finite-element method) and thus omitting the layer thicknesses from the unknowns and also allows incorporating arbitrary regularizations to shape the desired velocity model. In this research, we use total variation regularization to retrieve the shear-wave velocity model. We use two synthetic and two real data examples to illustrate the performance of the inversion algorithm with total variation regularization. We find that the method is fast and stable, and it converges to the solution of the original nonlinear problem.
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1190/GEO2019-0717.1
SN  - 0016-8033
SN  - 1942-2156
VL  - 85
IS  - 5
SP  - EN77
EP  - EN85
PB  - Society of Exploration Geophysicists
CY  - Tulsa
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Scherler, Dirk
A1  - Schwanghart, Wolfgang
T1  - Drainage divide networks
BT  - Part 2: Response to perturbations
JF  - Earth surface dynamics
N2  - Drainage divides are organized into tree-like networks that may record information about drainage divide mobility. However, views diverge about how to best assess divide mobility. Here, we apply a new approach of automatically extracting and ordering drainage divide networks from digital elevation models to results from landscape evolution model experiments. We compared landscapes perturbed by strike-slip faulting and spatiotemporal variations in erodibility to a reference model to assess which topographic metrics (hillslope relief, flow distance, and chi) are diagnostic of divide mobility. Results show that divide segments that are a minimum distance of similar to 5 km from river confluences strive to attain constant values of hillslope relief and flow distance to the nearest stream. Disruptions of such patterns can be related to mobile divides that are lower than stable divides, closer to streams, and often asymmetric in shape. In general, we observe that drainage divides high up in the network, i.e., at great distances from river confluences, are more susceptible to disruptions than divides closer to these confluences and are thus more likely to record disturbance for a longer time period. We found that across-divide differences in hillslope relief proved more useful for assessing divide migration than other tested metrics. However, even stable drainage divide networks exhibit across-divide differences in any of the studied topographic metrics. Finally, we propose a new metric to quantify the connectivity of divide junctions.
KW  - dynamics
KW  - landscape evolution
KW  - low-relief
KW  - patterns
KW  - river
KW  - scale
KW  - tectonics
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-261-2020
SN  - 2196-6311
SN  - 2196-632X
VL  - 8
IS  - 2
SP  - 261
EP  - 274
PB  - Copernicus
CY  - Göttingen
ER  - 
TY  - BOOK
ED  - Turner, Bryan S.
ED  - Wolf, Hannah
ED  - Fitzi, Gregor
ED  - Mackert, Jürgen
T1  - Theories and concepts
T3  - Urban change and citizenship in times of crisis
N2  - Urban Change and Citizenship in Times of Crisis addresses the fact that in the beginning of the twenty-first century the majority of the world’s population is urbanised, a social fact that has turned cities more than ever into focal sites of social change. Multiple economic and political strategies, employed by a variety of individual and collective actors, on a number of scales, constitute cities as contested spaces that hold opportunities as well as restrictions for their inhabitants. While cities and urban spaces have long been of central concern for the social sciences, today, classical sociological questions about the city acquire new meaning: Can cities be spaces of emancipation, or does life in the modern city entail a corrosion of citizenship rights? Is the city the focus of societal transformation processes, or do urban environments lose importance in shaping social reality and economic relationships? Furthermore, new questions urgently need to be asked: What is the impact of different historical phenomena such as neo-liberal restructuring, financial and economic crises, or migration flows, as well as their respective counter-movements, on the structure of contemporary cities and on the citizenship rights of city inhabitants? The three volumes address such crucial questions thereby opening up new spaces of debate on both the city and new developments of urbanism.

The contributions to Theories and Concepts offer new theoretical reflections on the city in a philosophical and historical perspective as well as fresh empirical analyses of social life in urban contexts. Chapters not only critically revisit classical and modern philosophical considerations about the nature of cities but no less discuss normative philosophical reflections of urban life and the role of religion in historical processes of the emergence of cities. Composed around the question whether there can be such a thing as a ‘successful city’, this volume addresses issues of urban political subjectivities by considering the city’s role in historical processes of emancipation, the fight for citizenship rights, and today’s challenges and opportunities with regard to promoting social justice, integration, and diversity. Consequentially, theory-driven empirical analyses offer new insight into ways of solving problems in urban contexts and a genuine approach to analyse the Social Quality in cities.
Y1  - 2020
SN  - 978-0-367-20562-1
SN  - 978-0-429-26226-5
U6  - https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429262265
VL  - 1
PB  - Routledge
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Rolfes, Manfred
A1  - Wilhelm, Jan Lorenz
T1  - Urban complexity and urban change
BT  - Co-irritation, co-evolution and co-design with the Potsdam lodestar approach
JF  - Urban Change and Citizenship in Times of Crisis
N2  - The chapter illustrates how cities can be understood from a system–theory perspective as complex social systems. It argues that the classical and linear intervention methods are often no (longer) suitable for the complex structure, temporal dynamics and multifaceted processuality of urban development. It offers a systemic and systems theory-inspired method as an alternative approach, which allows for extended possibilities that are more appropriate for dealing with urban development processes. The method was developed on the basis of practical experience and theoretical insights. The approach should demonstrate for local decision-makers potential areas of activity for organising urban changes through co-design.
Y1  - 2020
SN  - 978-0-429-26226-5
SN  - 978-0-367-20562-1
SP  - 135
EP  - 155
PB  - Routledge
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bentz, Stephan
A1  - Kwiatek, Grzegorz
A1  - Martinez-Garzon, Patricia
A1  - Bohnhoff, Marco
A1  - Dresen, Georg
T1  - Seismic moment evolution during hydraulic stimulations
JF  - Geophysical research letters
N2  - Analysis of past and present stimulation projects reveals that the temporal evolution and growth of maximum observed moment magnitudes may be linked directly to the injected fluid volume and hydraulic energy. Overall evolution of seismic moment seems independent of the tectonic stress regime and is most likely governed by reservoir specific parameters, such as the preexisting structural inventory. Data suggest that magnitudes can grow either in a stable way, indicating the constant propagation of self-arrested ruptures, or unbound, for which the maximum magnitude is only limited by the size of tectonic faults and fault connectivity. Transition between the two states may occur at any time during injection or not at all. Monitoring and traffic light systems used during stimulations need to account for the possibility of unstable rupture propagation from the very beginning of injection by observing the entire seismicity evolution in near-real time and at high resolution for an immediate reaction in injection strategy. 

Plain Language Summary Predicting and controlling the size of earthquakes caused by fluid injection is currently the major concern of many projects associated with geothermal energy production. Here, we analyze the magnitude and seismic moment evolution with injection parameters for prominent geothermal and scientific projects to date. Evolution of seismicity seems to be largely independent of the tectonic stress background and seemingly depends on reservoir specific characteristics. We find that the maximum observed magnitudes relate linearly to the injected volume or hydraulic energy. A linear relation suggests stable growth of induced ruptures, as predicted by current models, or rupture growth may no longer depend on the stimulated volume but on tectonics. A system may change between the two states during the course of fluid injection. Close-by and high-resolution monitoring of seismic and hydraulic parameters in near-real time may help identify these fundamental changes in ample time to change injection strategy and manage maximum magnitudes.
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086185
SN  - 0094-8276
SN  - 1944-8007
VL  - 47
IS  - 5
PB  - American Geophysical Union
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Nardini, Livia
A1  - Rybacki, Erik
A1  - Krause, Michael
A1  - Morales, Luiz F.G.
A1  - Dresen, Georg
T1  - Control of the geometric arrangement of material heterogeneities on strain localization at the brittle-to-ductile transition in experimentally deformed carbonate rocks
JF  - Journal of Structural Geology
N2  - Triaxial high temperature (900 °C) deformation experiments were conducted at constant strain rate in a Paterson-type deformation apparatus on cylinders of Carrara marble with two right or left stepping, non-overlapping weak inclusions of Solnhofen limestone, oriented at 45° to the cylinders’ longitudinal axes. Applying different values of confinement (30, 50, 100 and 300 MPa) we induced various amounts of brittle deformation in the marble matrix and investigated the effect of brittle precursors on the initiation and development of heterogeneity-induced high temperature shear zones.

Viscosity contrast between the matrix and the inclusions induces local stress concentration at the tips of these latter. The initial arrangement of the inclusions results in either an overpressured (contractional) or underpressured (extensional) domain in the step-over region of the sample. At low confinement (30 and 50 MPa) abundant brittle deformation is observed, but the spatial distribution of microfractures is dependent on the kinematics of the step-over region: microcracks occur either along the shearing plane between inclusions (in extensional bridge samples), or broadly distributed outside the step-over region (contractional bridge samples). Accordingly, ductile deformation localizes along the inclusions plane in the extensional bridge samples as opposed to distributing over large areas of the matrix in the contractional bridge samples. If microcracking is suppressed (high confinement), strain is accommodated by viscous creep and strain progressively de-localizes in extensional bridge samples. Our experiments demonstrate that brittle precursors enhance the degree of localization in the ductile deformation regime, but only if the interaction of pre-existing heterogeneities induces an extensional mean stress regime in between.
KW  - High-temperature shear zones
KW  - Triaxial deformation
KW  - Brittle precursors
KW  - Strain localization Carrara marble
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2020.104038
SN  - 0191-8141
VL  - 135
PB  - Pergamon Press
CY  - Oxford ; Frankfurt, M.
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wang, Lei
A1  - Dresen, Georg
A1  - Rybacki, Erik
A1  - Bonnelye, Audrey
A1  - Bohnhoff, Marco
T1  - Pressure-dependent bulk compressibility of a porous granular material modeled by improved contact mechanics and micromechanical approaches
BT  - effects of surface roughness of grains
JF  - Acta materialia
N2  - The change of the mechanical properties of granular materials with pressure is an important topic associated with many industrial applications. In this paper we investigate the influence of hydrostatic pressure (P-e) on the effective bulk compressibility (C-eff) of a granular material by applying two modified theoretical approaches that are based on contact mechanics and micromechanics, respectively. For a granular material composed of rough grains, an extended contact model is developed to elucidate the effect of roughness of grain surfaces on bulk compressibility. At relatively low pressures, the model predicts that the decrease of bulk compressibility with pressure may be described by a power law with an exponent of -1/2 (i.e., C-eff proportional to P-e(1/2) ), but deviates at intermediate pressures. At elevated pressures beyond full contact, bulk compressibility remains almost unchanged, which may be roughly evaluated by continuum contact mechanics. As an alternative explanation of pressure-dependent bulk compressibility, we suggest a micromechanical model that accounts for effects of different types of pore space present in granular materials. Narrow and compliant inter-granular cracks are approximated by three-dimensional oblate spheroidal cracks with rough surfaces, whereas the equant and stiff pores surrounded by three and four neighboring grains are modeled as tubular pores with cross sections of three and four cusp-like corners, respectively. In this model, bulk compressibility is strongly reduced with increasing pressure by progressive closure of rough-walled cracks. At pressures exceeding crack closure pressure, deformation of the remaining equant pores is largely insensitive to pressure, with almost no further change in bulk compressibility. To validate these models, we performed hydrostatic compression tests on Bentheim sandstone (a granular rock consisting of quartz with high porosity) under a wide range of pressure. The relation between observed microstructures and measured pressure-dependent bulk compressibility is well explained by both suggested models.
KW  - Bulk compressibility
KW  - Granular materials
KW  - Roughness
KW  - Micromechanical model
KW  - Contact model
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2020.01.063
SN  - 1359-6454
SN  - 1873-2453
VL  - 188
SP  - 259
EP  - 272
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wang, Lei
A1  - Kwiatek, Grzegorz
A1  - Rybacki, Erik
A1  - Bohnhoff, Marco
A1  - Dresen, Georg
T1  - Injection-induced seismic moment release and laboratory fault slip
BT  - implications for fluid-induced seismicity
JF  - Geophysical research letters
N2  - Understanding the relation between injection-induced seismic moment release and operational parameters is crucial for early identification of possible seismic hazards associated with fluid-injection projects. We conducted laboratory fluid-injection experiments on permeable sandstone samples containing a critically stressed fault at different fluid pressurization rates. The observed fluid-induced fault deformation is dominantly aseismic. Fluid-induced stick-slip and fault creep reveal that total seismic moment release of acoustic emission (AE) events is related to total injected volume, independent of respective fault slip behavior. Seismic moment release rate of AE scales with measured fault slip velocity. For injection-induced fault slip in a homogeneous pressurized region, released moment shows a linear scaling with injected volume for stable slip (steady slip and fault creep), while we find a cubic relation for dynamic slip. Our results highlight that monitoring evolution of seismic moment release with injected volume in some cases may assist in discriminating between stable slip and unstable runaway ruptures.
KW  - induced seismicity
KW  - seismic moment release
KW  - fluid injection
KW  - stick slip
KW  - fault creep
KW  - acoustic emission
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL089576
SN  - 0094-8276
SN  - 1944-8007
VL  - 47
IS  - 22
PB  - American Geophysical Union
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schönfeldt, Elisabeth
A1  - Pánek, Tomáš
A1  - Winocur, Diego
A1  - Silhan, Karel
A1  - Korup, Oliver
T1  - Postglacial Patagonian mass movement
BT  - from rotational slides and spreads to earthflows
JF  - Geomorphology : an international journal on pure and applied geomorphology
N2  - Many of the volcanic plateau margins of the eastern, formerly glaciated, foreland of the Patagonian Andes are undermined by giant landslides (>= 10(8) m(3)). One cluster of such landslides extends along the margin of the Meseta del Lago Buenos Aires (MLBA) plateau that is formed mainly by Neogene-Quaternary basalts. The dry climate is at odds with numerous >2-km long earthflows nested within older and larger compound landslides. We present a hydrological analysis, a detailed geomorphic map, interpretations of exposed landslide interiors, and radiocarbon dating of the El Mirador landslide, which is one of the largest and morphologically most representative landslide. We find that the presence of lakes on top of the plateau, causing low infiltration rates, correlates negatively with the abundance of earthflows on compound landslides along the plateau margins. Field outcrops show that the pattern of compound landslides and earthflows is likely controlled by groundwater seepage at the contact between the basalts and underlying soft Miocene molasse. Numerous peat bogs store water and sediment and are more abundant in earthflow-affected areas than in their contributing catchment areas. <br /> Radiocarbon dates indicate that these earthflows displaced metre-thick layers of peat in the late Holocene (<2.5 ka). We conclude that earthflows of the MLBA plateau might be promising proxies of past hydroclimatic conditions in the Patagonian foreland, if strong earthquakes or gradual crustal stress changes due to glacioisostatic rebound can be ruled out.
KW  - landslide
KW  - lateral spread
KW  - earthflow
KW  - Patagonia
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107316
SN  - 0169-555X
SN  - 1872-695X
VL  - 367
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Specht, Sebastian von
T1  - ICBM Integrated Combined Baseline Modification
BT  - an algorithm for segmented baseline estimation
JF  - Seismological research letters
N2  - Accelerograms are the primary source for characterizing strong ground motion. It is therefore of paramount interest to have high-quality recordings free from any nonphysical contamination. Frequently, accelerograms are affected by baseline jumps and drifts, either related to the instrument and/or a major earthquake. In this work, I propose a correction method for these undesired baseline drifts based on segmented linear least squares. The algorithm operates on the integrated waveforms and combines all three instrument components to estimate a model that modifies the baseline to be at zero continuously. The procedure consists of two steps: first a suite of models with variable numbers of discontinuities is derived for all three instrument components. During this process, the number of discontinuities is reduced in a parsimonious way, for example, two very close discontinuities are merged into a single one. In the second step, the optimal model is selected on the basis of the Bayesian information criterion. I exemplify the application on synthetic waveforms with known discontinuities and on observed waveforms from a unified strong-motion database of the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED, Japan) networks for the major events of the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes. After the baseline jump correction, the waveforms are furthermore corrected for displacement according to Wang et al.(2011). The resulting displacements are comparable to the Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar-derived displacement estimates for the Kumamoto earthquake sequence.
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1785/0220190134
SN  - 0895-0695
SN  - 1938-2057
VL  - 91
IS  - 1
SP  - 475
EP  - 487
PB  - Seismological Society of America, Eastern Section
CY  - Boulder, Colo.
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Rötzler, Jochen
A1  - Timmerman, Martin Jan
T1  - Geochronological and petrological constraints from the evolution in the Saxon Granulite Massif, Germany, on the Variscan continental collision orogeny
JF  - Journal of metamorphic geology
N2  - Controversy over the plate tectonic affinity and evolution of the Saxon granulites in a two- or multi-plate setting during inter- or intracontinental collision makes the Saxon Granulite Massif a key area for the understanding of the Palaeozoic Variscan orogeny. The massif is a large dome structure in which tectonic slivers of metapelite and metaophiolite units occur along a shear zone separating a diapir-like body of high-Pgranulite below from low-Pmetasedimentary rocks above. Each of the upper structural units records a different metamorphic evolution until its assembly with the exhuming granulite body. New age and petrologic data suggest that the metaophiolites developed from early Cambrian protoliths during high-Pamphibolite facies metamorphism in the mid- to late-Devonian and thermal overprinting by the exhuming hot granulite body in the early Carboniferous. A correlation of new Ar-Ar biotite ages with publishedP-T-tdata for the granulites implies that exhumation and cooling of the granulite body occurred at average rates of similar to 8 mm/year and similar to 80 degrees C/Ma, with a drop in exhumation rate from similar to 20 to similar to 2.5 mm/year and a slight rise in cooling rate between early and late stages of exhumation. A time lag ofc. 2 Ma between cooling through the closure temperatures for argon diffusion in hornblende and biotite indicates a cooling rate of 90 degrees C/Ma when all units had assembled into the massif. A two-plate model of the Variscan orogeny in which the above evolution is related to a short-lived intra-Gondwana subduction zone conflicts with the oceanic affinity of the metaophiolites and the timescale ofc. 50 Ma for the metamorphism. Alternative models focusing on the internal Variscan belt assume distinctly different material paths through the lower or upper crust for strikingly similar granulite massifs. An earlier proposed model of bilateral subduction below the internal Variscan belt may solve this problem.
KW  - geochronology
KW  - granulite
KW  - high-Pmetamorphism
KW  - metaophiolite
KW  - Variscan
KW  - orogeny
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/jmg.12559
SN  - 0263-4929
SN  - 1525-1314
VL  - 39
IS  - 1
SP  - 3
EP  - 38
PB  - Wiley
CY  - Hoboken
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Pick, Leonie Johanna Lisa
T1  - The centennial evolution of geomagnetic activity and its driving mechanisms
N2  - This cumulative thesis is concerned with the evolution of geomagnetic activity since the beginning of the 20th century, that is, the time-dependent response of the geomagnetic field to solar forcing. The focus lies on the description of the magnetospheric response field at ground level, which is particularly sensitive to the ring current system, and an interpretation of its variability in terms of the solar wind driving. Thereby, this work contributes to a comprehensive understanding of long-term solar-terrestrial interactions.

The common basis of the presented publications is formed by a reanalysis of vector magnetic field measurements from geomagnetic observatories located at low and middle geomagnetic latitudes. In the first two studies, new ring current targeting geomagnetic activity indices are derived, the Annual and Hourly Magnetospheric Currents indices (A/HMC). Compared to existing indices (e.g., the Dst index), they do not only extend the covered period by at least three solar cycles but also constitute a qualitative improvement concerning the absolute index level and the ~11-year solar cycle variability. The analysis of A/HMC shows that (a) the annual geomagnetic activity experiences an interval-dependent trend with an overall linear decline during 1900–2010 of ~5 % (b) the average trend-free activity level amounts to ~28 nT (c) the solar cycle related variability shows amplitudes of ~15–45 nT (d) the activity level for geomagnetically quiet conditions (Kp<2) lies slightly below 20 nT. The plausibility of the last three points is ensured by comparison to independent estimations either based on magnetic field measurements from LEO satellite missions (since the 1990s) or the modeling of geomagnetic activity from solar wind input (since the 1960s). An independent validation of the longterm trend is problematic mainly because the sensitivity of the locally measured geomagnetic activity depends on geomagnetic latitude. Consequently, A/HMC is neither directly comparable to global geomagnetic activity indices (e.g., the aa index) nor to the partly reconstructed open solar magnetic flux, which requires a homogeneous response of the ground-based measurements to the interplanetary magnetic field and the solar wind speed.

The last study combines a consistent, HMC-based identification of geomagnetic storms from 1930–2015 with an analysis of the corresponding spatial (magnetic local time-dependent) disturbance patterns. Amongst others, the disturbances at dawn and dusk, particularly their evolution during the storm recovery phases, are shown to be indicative of the solar wind driving structure (Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections vs. Stream or Co-rotating Interaction Regions), which enables a backward-prediction of the storm driver classes. The results indicate that ICME-driven geomagnetic storms have decreased since 1930 which is consistent with the concurrent decrease of HMC. Out of the collection of compiled follow-up studies the inclusion of measurements from high-latitude geomagnetic observatories into the third study’s framework seems most promising at this point.
N2  - Diese kumulative Arbeit behandelt die Entwicklung der geomagnetischen Aktivität seit Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts, also die zeitabhängige Antwort des Erdmagnetfeldes auf das Einwirken der Sonne. Der Fokus liegt auf einer Beschreibung des in der Magnetosphäre begründeten, magnetischen Störfeldes auf der Erdoberfläche. Die Variabilität dieses Störfeldes reagiert besonders sensibel auf das Ringstromsystem und wird hinsichtlich des Sonnenantriebs interpretiert. Damit trägt diese Arbeit dazu bei, die langfristige solar-terrestrische Interaktion umfassend zu verstehen.

Die gemeinsame Basis der vorgestellen Publikationen ist eine Reanalyse der vektoriellen Magnetfeldmessungen von geomagnetischen Observatorien, die auf niedrigen und mittleren geomagnetischen Breitengraden liegen. In den beiden ersten Studien werden neue, auf den Ringstrom spezialisierte, geomagntische Aktivitätsindizes hergeleitet, die „Annual/Hourly Magnetopsheric Currents“ (A/HMC) Indizes. Verglichen mit existierenden Indizes (z.B. dem Dst Index) verlängern sie nicht nur die abgedeckte Zeitspanne, sondern sie stellen auch eine qualitative Verbesserung bezüglich des absoluten Niveaus und der mit dem ca. 11-jährigen Sonnenzyklus einhergehenden Variabilität dar. Die Auswertung des A/HMC zeigt, dass (a) die jährliche geomagnetiche Aktivität einem intervallabhängigen Trend unterliegt mit einer linearen Abnahme von ca. 5 % im Zeitraum 1900-2010 (b) das durchschnittliche, Trend-befreite Aktivitätsniveau bei ca. 28 Nanotesla (nT) liegt (c) die mit dem Sonnenzyklus zusammenhängende Variabilität eine Amplitude zwischen 15 und 45 nT aufweist (d) das Aktivitätsniveau für geomagnetisch ruhige Konditionen (Kp < 2 nT) bei knapp unter 20 nT liegt. Die Plausibilität der letztgenannten drei Punkte lässt sich über einen Vergleich mit unabhängigen Abschätzungen sicherstellen. Entweder zieht man hierzu Magnetfeldmessungen von „Low-Earth-Orbit“ Satellitenmissionen (seit den 1990er-Jahren), oder eine Modellierung der geomagnetischen Aktivität mittels der Parameter des Sonnenwindes (seit den 1960er-Jahren) heran. Eine unabhängige Validierung des langfristigen Trends ist jedoch problematisch, hauptsächlich, weil die Sensitivität der lokalen geomagnetischen Aktivität vom Breitengrad abhängt. Folglich ist A/HMC weder mit globalen, geomagnetischen Aktivitätindizes (z.B. mit dem aa Index), noch mit dem teils rekonstruierten, „offenen“ solaren Magnetfluss direkt vergleichbar.

Die dritte Studie kombiniert eine konsistente, HMC-basierte Identifikation geomagnetischer Stürme aus dem Zeitraum 1930-2015 mit einer Analyse der entsprechenden räumlichen Störungsmuster. Die Studie zeigt, dass insbesondere die Entwicklung der Magnetfeldstörungen zu Sonnenauf- und Sonnenuntergang während der Erholungsphase der Stürme statistisch unterschiedlich auf die Art des Sonnenwindantriebs (Koronale Massenauswürfe (KM) oder korotierende Wechselwirkungsregionen) reagieren. Dies ermöglicht eine Bestimmung der Antriebsklassen von historischen geomagnetischen Stürmen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass KM-getriebene Stürme seit 1930 abgenommen haben, was mit der einhergehenden Verringerung von HMC zusammenpasst. Aus der Sammlung möglicher Folgestudien erscheint es zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt am vielversprechendsten, Observatoriumsmessungen aus hohen Breiten im Rahmen der dritten Studie einzubeziehen.
T2  - Die hundertjährige Entwicklung der geomagnetischen Aktivität und ihre Antriebsmechanismen
KW  - Geomagnetic activity
KW  - Geomagnetic index
KW  - Geomagnetic observatory
KW  - Space climate
KW  - Space weather
KW  - Geomagnetische Aktivität
KW  - Geomagnetischer Index
KW  - Geomagnetisches Observatorium
KW  - Weltraumklima
KW  - Weltraumwetter
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-472754
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Zhang, Liyu
A1  - Chen, Daizhao
A1  - Kuang, Guodun
A1  - Guo, Zenghui
A1  - Zhang, Gongjing
A1  - Wang, Xia
T1  - Persistent oxic deep ocean conditions and frequent volcanic activities during the Frasnian-Famennian transition recorded in South China
JF  - Global and planetary change
N2  - The Frasnian-Famennian (F-F) transition of Late Devonian was a critical episode in geological history, recording a major mass extinction event. In this study, we focus on an F-F succession from a deep marine context in Bancheng, southern Guangxi, South China, to investigate coeval changes in pelagic environments of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean. The studied succession is exclusively composed of bedded cherts intercalated with multiple siliceous volcanic ash beds. A SIMS zircon U-Pb Concordia age of 367.8 +/- 2.5 Ma is reported for a tuffaceous layer slightly above the F-F boundary. Geochemical ratios of Al/(Al + Fe + Mn), Ce/Ce*, Y/Ho, and Al, Fe contents in bedded cherts indicate that they are of predominantly biogenic/chemical origin with some terrigenous inputs. Negligible enrichment of redox sensitive elements (Mo, U, V) and low V/Cr ratios (<2) suggest persistently oxic conditions existed in the deep pelagic basin at Bancheng, South China during the F-F transition. These findings call into question the widely held hypothesis that marine anoxia was the primary killing mechanism for the F-F crisis. In contrast, multiple tuffaceous layers throughout the F-F boundary succession indicate frequent volcanic activity, which could have released massive amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, inducing climate warming. This scenario may have increased continental weathering and riverine fluxes into the ocean, reconciling the increases in Al2O3 content and Al/(Al + Fe + Mn) ratio across the F-F boundary. Documentation of persistently oxic conditions and frequent volcanic activitiy provides new perspectives on the inter-relationship between volcanism, climate, and oceanic redox fluctuation during the F-F biotic crisis.
KW  - Late Devonian
KW  - Bedded chert
KW  - Major and trace elements
KW  - Deep ocean redox condition
KW  - Volcanic activity
KW  - Zircon U-Pb dating
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2020.103350
SN  - 0921-8181
VL  - 195
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Calitri, Francesca
A1  - Sommer, Michael
A1  - van der Meij, Marijn W.
A1  - Egli, Markus
T1  - Soil erosion along a transect in a forested catchment: recent or ancient processes?
JF  - Catena : an interdisciplinary journal of soil science, hydrology, geomorphology focusing on geoecology and landscape evolution
N2  - Forested areas are assumed not to be influenced by erosion processes. However, forest soils of Northern Germany in a hummocky ground moraine landscape can sometimes exhibit a very shallow thickness on crest positions and buried soils on slope positions. The question consequently is: Are these on-going or ancient erosional and depositional processes? Plutonium isotopes act as soil erosion/deposition tracers for recent (last few decades) processes. Here, we quantified the 239+240PU inventories in a small, forested catchment (ancient forest "Melzower Forst", deciduous trees), which is characterised by a hummocky terrain including a kettle hole. Soil development depths (depth to C horizon) and 239+240PU inventories along a catena of sixteen different profiles were determined and correlated to relief parameters. Moreover, we compared different modelling approaches to derive erosion rates from Pu data. <br /> We find a strong relationship between soil development depths, distance-to-sink and topography along the catena. Fully developed Retisols (thicknesses > 1 m) in the colluvium overlay old land surfaces as documented by fossil Ah horizons. However, we found no relationship of Pu-based erosion rates to any relief parameter. Instead, 239+240PU inventories showed a very high local, spatial variability (36-70 Bq m(-2)). Low annual rainfall, spatially distributed interception and stem flow might explain the high variability of the 239+240PU inventories, giving rise to a patchy input pattern. Different models resulted in quite similar erosion and deposition rates (max: -5 t ha(-1) yr(-1) to +7.3 t ha(-1) yr(-1)). Although some rates are rather high, the magnitude of soil erosion and deposition - in terms of soil thickness change - is negligible during the last 55 years. The partially high values are an effect of the patchy Pu deposition on the forest floor. This forest has been protected for at least 240 years. Therefore rather natural events and anthropogenic activities during medieval times or even earlier must have caused the observed soil pattern, which documents strong erosion and deposition processes.
KW  - Soil erosion
KW  - 239+240 Plutonium
KW  - Forest
KW  - Moraine landscape
KW  - Soil catena
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2020.104683
SN  - 0341-8162
SN  - 1872-6887
VL  - 194
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Obreht, Igor
A1  - Wörmer, Lars
A1  - Brauer, Achim
A1  - Wendt, Jenny
A1  - Alfken, Susanne
A1  - De Vleeschouwer, David
A1  - Elvert, Marcus
A1  - Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe
T1  - An annually resolved record of Western European vegetation response to Younger Dryas cooling
JF  - Quaternary science reviews : the international multidisciplinary research and review journal
N2  - The regional patterns and timing of the Younger Dryas cooling in the North Atlantic realm were complex and are mechanistically incompletely understood. To enhance understanding of regional climate patterns, we present molecular biomarker records at subannual to annual resolution by mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) of sediments from the Lake Meerfelder Maar covering the Allerod-Younger Dryas transition. These analyses are supported by conventional extraction-based molecular-isotopic analyses, which both validate the imaging results and constrain the sources of the target compounds. The targeted fatty acid biomarkers serve as a gauge of the response of the local aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem to climate change. Based on the comparison of our data with existing data from Meerfelder Maar, we analyse the short-term environmental evolution in Western Europe during the studied time interval and confirm the previously reported delayed hydrological response to Greenland cooling. However, despite a detected delay of Western European environmental change of similar to 135 years, our biomarker data show statistically significant correlation with deuterium excess in Greenland ice core at - annual resolution during this time-transgressive cooling. This suggests a coherent atmospheric forcing across the North Atlantic realm during this transition. We propose that Western European cooling was postponed due to major reorganization of the westerlies that were intermittently forcing warmer and wetter air masses from lower latitudes to Western Europe and thus resulted in delayed cooling relative to Greenland.
KW  - lateglacial
KW  - paleoclimatology
KW  - Western Europe
KW  - Meerfelder Maar
KW  - high-resolution biomarkers
KW  - fatty acids
KW  - FT-ICR-MS
KW  - mass spectrometry
KW  - imaging
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106198
SN  - 0277-3791
VL  - 231
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam [u.a.]
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bahr, André
A1  - Kolber, Gilles
A1  - Kaboth-Bahr, Stefanie
A1  - Reinhardt, Lutz
A1  - Friedrich, Oliver
A1  - Pross, Jörg
T1  - Mega-monsoon variability during the late Triassic
BT  - re-assessing the role of orbital forcing in the deposition of playa sediments in the Germanic Basin
JF  - Sedimentology : the journal of the International Association of Sedimentologists
N2  - The formation of the supercontinent Pangaea during the Permo-Triassic gave rise to an extreme monsoonal climate (often termed 'mega-monsoon') that has been documented by numerous palaeo-records. However, considerable debate exists about the role of orbital forcing in causing humid intervals in an otherwise arid climate. To shed new light on the forcing of monsoonal variability in subtropical Pangaea, this study focuses on sediment facies and colour variability of playa and alluvial fan deposits in an outcrop from the late Carnian (ca 225 Ma) in the southern Germanic Basin, south-western Germany. The sediments were deposited against a background of increasingly arid conditions following the humid Carnian Pluvial Event (ca 234 to 232 Ma). The ca 2 center dot 4 Myr long sedimentary succession studied shows a tripartite long-term evolution, starting with a distal mud-flat facies deposited under arid conditions. This phase was followed by a highly variable playa-lake environment that documents more humid conditions and finally a regression of the playa-lake due to a return of arid conditions. The red-green (a*) and lightness (L*) records show that this long-term variability was overprinted by alternating wet/dry cycles driven by orbital precession and ca 405 kyr eccentricity, without significant influence of obliquity. The absence of obliquity in this record indicates that high-latitude forcing played only a minor role in the southern Germanic Basin during the late Carnian. This is different from the subsequent Norian when high-latitude signals became more pronounced, potentially related to the northward drift of the Germanic Basin. The recurring pattern of pluvial events during the late Triassic demonstrates that orbital forcing, in particular eccentricity, stimulated the occurrence and intensity of wet phases. It also highlights the possibility that the Carnian Pluvial Event, although most likely triggered by enhanced volcanic activity, may also have been modified by an orbital stimulus.
KW  - Carnian Pluvial Event
KW  - Germanic Basin
KW  - Late Triassic
KW  - mega-monsoon
KW  - orbital forcing
KW  - playa-lake
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/sed.12668
SN  - 0037-0746
SN  - 1365-3091
VL  - 67
IS  - 2
SP  - 951
EP  - 970
PB  - Wiley-Blackwell
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Zhou, Renjie
A1  - Aitchison, Jonathan C.
A1  - Lokho, Kapesa
A1  - Sobel, Edward
A1  - Feng, Yuexing
A1  - Zhao, Jian-xin
T1  - Unroofing the Ladakh Batholith: constraints from autochthonous molasse of the Indus Basin, NW Himalaya
JF  - Journal of the Geological Society
N2  - The Indus Molasse records orogenic sedimentation associated with uplift and erosion of the southern margin of Asia in the course of ongoing India-Eurasia collision. Detailed field investigation clarifies the nature and extent of the depositional contact between this molasse and the underlying basement units. We report the first dataset on detrital zircon U-Pb ages, Hf isotopes and apatite U-Pb ages for the autochthonous molasse in the Indus Suture Zone. A latest Oligocene depositional age is proposed on the basis of the youngest detrital zircon U-Pb age peak and is consistent with published biostratigraphic data. Multiple provenance indicators suggest exclusively northerly derivation with no input from India in the lowermost parts of the section. The results provide constraints on the uplift and erosion history of the Ladakh Range following the initial India-Asia collision.
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2019-188
SN  - 0016-7649
SN  - 2041-479X
VL  - 177
IS  - 4
SP  - 818
EP  - 825
PB  - Geological Society (London)
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Zimmermann, Heike Hildegard
A1  - Stoof-Leichsenring, Kathleen Rosemarie
A1  - Kruse, Stefan
A1  - Müller, Juliane
A1  - Stein, Ruediger
A1  - Tiedemann, Ralf
A1  - Herzschuh, Ulrike
T1  - Changes in the composition of marine and sea-ice diatoms derived from sedimentary ancient DNA of the eastern Fram Strait over the past 30 000 years
JF  - Ocean science
N2  - The Fram Strait is an area with a relatively low and irregular distribution of diatom microfossils in surface sediments, and thus microfossil records are scarce, rarely exceed the Holocene, and contain sparse information about past richness and taxonomic composition. These attributes make the Fram Strait an ideal study site to test the utility of sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) metabarcoding. Amplifying a short, partial rbcL marker from samples of sediment core MSM05/5-712-2 resulted in 95.7% of our sequences being assigned to diatoms across 18 different families, with 38.6% of them being resolved to species and 25.8% to genus level. Independent replicates show a high similarity of PCR products, especially in the oldest samples. Diatom sedaDNA richness is highest in the Late Weichselian and lowest in Mid- and Late Holocene samples. Taxonomic composition is dominated by cold-water and sea-ice-associated diatoms and suggests several reorganisations - after the Last Glacial Maximum, after the Younger Dryas, and after the Early and after the Mid-Holocene. Different sequences assigned to, amongst others, Chaetoceros socialis indicate the detectability of intra-specific diversity using sedaDNA. We detect no clear pattern between our diatom sedaDNA record and the previously published IP25 record of this core, although proportions of pennate diatoms increase with higher IP25 concentrations and proportions of Nitzschia cf. frigida exceeding 2% of the assemblage point towards past sea-ice presence.
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-1017-2020
SN  - 1812-0784
VL  - 16
IS  - 5
SP  - 1017
EP  - 1032
PB  - Copernicus
CY  - Göttingen
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Guzman, Diego A.
A1  - Samprogna Mohor, Guilherme
A1  - Mendiondo, Eduardo Mario
T1  - Multi-year index-based insurance for adapting Water Utility Companies to hydrological drought
BT  - case study of a water supply system of the Sao Paulo metropolitan region, Brazil
JF  - Water
N2  - The sustainability of water utility companies is threatened by non-stationary drivers, such as climate and anthropogenic changes. To cope with potential economic losses, instruments such as insurance are useful for planning scenarios and mitigating impacts, but data limitations and risk uncertainties affect premium estimation and, consequently, business sustainability. This research estimated the possible economic impacts of business interruption to the Sao Paulo Water Utility Company derived from hydrological drought and how this could be mitigated with an insurance scheme. Multi-year insurance (MYI) was proposed through a set of "change" drivers: the climate driver, through forcing the water evaluation and planning system (WEAP) hydrological tool; the anthropogenic driver, through water demand projections; and the economic driver, associated with recent water price policies adopted by the utility company during water scarcity periods. In our study case, the evaluated indices showed that MYI contracts that cover only longer droughts, regardless of the magnitude, offer better financial performance than contracts that cover all events (in terms of drought duration). Moreover, through MYI contracts, we demonstrate solvency for the insurance fund in the long term and an annual average actuarially fair premium close to the total expected revenue reduction.
KW  - multi-year insurance
KW  - climate change
KW  - hydrological drought
KW  - water
KW  - security and economy
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3390/w12112954
SN  - 2073-4441
VL  - 12
IS  - 11
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Tofelde, Stefanie
A1  - Bernhardt, Anne
A1  - Guerit, Laure
A1  - Romans, Brian W.
T1  - Times Associated With Source-to-Sink Propagation of Environmental Signals During Landscape Transience
T2  - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2  - Sediment archives in the terrestrial and marine realm are regularly analyzed to infer changes in climate, tectonic, or anthropogenic boundary conditions of the past. However, contradictory observations have been made regarding whether short period events are faithfully preserved in stratigraphic archives; for instance, in marine sediments offshore large river systems. On the one hand, short period events are hypothesized to be non-detectable in the signature of terrestrially derived sediments due to buffering during sediment transport along large river systems. On the other hand, several studies have detected signals of short period events in marine records offshore large river systems. We propose that this apparent discrepancy is related to the lack of a differentiation between different types of signals and the lack of distinction between river response times and signal propagation times. In this review, we (1) expand the definition of the term ‘signal’ and group signals in sub-categories related to hydraulic grain size characteristics, (2) clarify the different types of ‘times’ and suggest a precise and consistent terminology for future use, and (3) compile and discuss factors influencing the times of signal transfer along sediment routing systems and how those times vary with hydraulic grain size characteristics. Unraveling different types of signals and distinctive time periods related to signal propagation addresses the discrepancies mentioned above and allows a more comprehensive exploration of event preservation in stratigraphy – a prerequisite for reliable environmental reconstructions from terrestrially derived sedimentary records.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1230 
KW  - signal propagation
KW  - landscape transience
KW  - source-to-sink
KW  - stratigraphy
KW  - response time
Y1  - 2022
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-544431
SN  - 1866-8372
SP  - 1
EP  - 26
PB  - Universitätsverlag Potsdam
CY  - Potsdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Tofelde, Stefanie
A1  - Bernhardt, Anne
A1  - Guerit, Laure
A1  - Romans, Brian W.
T1  - Times Associated With Source-to-Sink Propagation of Environmental Signals During Landscape Transience
JF  - Frontiers in Earth Science
N2  - Sediment archives in the terrestrial and marine realm are regularly analyzed to infer changes in climate, tectonic, or anthropogenic boundary conditions of the past. However, contradictory observations have been made regarding whether short period events are faithfully preserved in stratigraphic archives; for instance, in marine sediments offshore large river systems. On the one hand, short period events are hypothesized to be non-detectable in the signature of terrestrially derived sediments due to buffering during sediment transport along large river systems. On the other hand, several studies have detected signals of short period events in marine records offshore large river systems. We propose that this apparent discrepancy is related to the lack of a differentiation between different types of signals and the lack of distinction between river response times and signal propagation times. In this review, we (1) expand the definition of the term ‘signal’ and group signals in sub-categories related to hydraulic grain size characteristics, (2) clarify the different types of ‘times’ and suggest a precise and consistent terminology for future use, and (3) compile and discuss factors influencing the times of signal transfer along sediment routing systems and how those times vary with hydraulic grain size characteristics. Unraveling different types of signals and distinctive time periods related to signal propagation addresses the discrepancies mentioned above and allows a more comprehensive exploration of event preservation in stratigraphy – a prerequisite for reliable environmental reconstructions from terrestrially derived sedimentary records.
KW  - signal propagation
KW  - landscape transience
KW  - source-to-sink
KW  - stratigraphy
KW  - response time
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.628315
SN  - 2296-6463
VL  - 9
SP  - 1
EP  - 26
PB  - Frontiers Media
CY  - Lausanne, Schweiz
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Vogt-Vincent, Noam
A1  - Lippold, Jörg
A1  - Kaboth-Bahr, Stefanie
A1  - Blaser, Patrick
T1  - Ice-rafted debris as a source of non-conservative behaviour for the epsilon Nd palaeotracer
BT  - insights from a simple model
JF  - Geo-marine letters : an international journal of marine geology
N2  - Neodymium isotopic composition (epsilon Nd) has enjoyed widespread use as a palaeotracer, principally because it behaves quasi-conservatively in the modern ocean. However, recent bottom water epsilon Nd reconstructions from the eastern North Atlantic are difficult to interpret under assumptions of conservative behaviour. The observation that this apparent departure from conservative behaviour increases with enhanced ice-rafted debris (IRD) fluxes has resulted in the suggestion that IRD leads to the overprinting of bottom water epsilon Nd through reversible scavenging. In this study, a simple water column model successfully reproduces epsilon Nd reconstructions from the eastern North Atlantic at the Last Glacial Maximum and Heinrich Stadial 1, and demonstrates that the changes in scavenging intensity required for good model-data fit is in good agreement with changes in the observed IRD flux. Although uncertainties in model parameters preclude a more definitive conclusion, the results indicate that the suggestion of IRD as a source of non-conservative behaviour in the epsilon Nd tracer is reasonable and that further research into the fundamental chemistry underlying the marine neodymium cycle is necessary to increase confidence in assumptions of conservative epsilon Nd behaviour in the past.
KW  - Neodymium isotopes
KW  - epsilon Nd
KW  - ice-rafted debris
KW  - IRD
KW  - last glacial
KW  - maximum
KW  - LGM
KW  - Heinrich event
KW  - Palaeoceanography
KW  - Paleoceanography
KW  - model
KW  - reversible scavenging
KW  - conservative
KW  - ocean circulation
KW  - atlantic
KW  - meridional overturning circulation
KW  - geochemical cycling
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-020-00643-x
SN  - 0276-0460
SN  - 1432-1157
VL  - 40
IS  - 3
SP  - 325
EP  - 340
PB  - Springer
CY  - Berlin
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Crisologo, Irene
A1  - Heistermann, Maik
T1  - Using ground radar overlaps to verify the retrieval of calibration bias estimates from spaceborne platforms
JF  - Atmospheric Measurement Techniques
N2  - Many institutions struggle to tap into the potential of their large archives of radar reflectivity: these data are often affected by miscalibration, yet the bias is typically unknown and temporally volatile. Still, relative calibration techniques can be used to correct the measurements a posteriori. For that purpose, the usage of spaceborne reflectivity observations from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) platforms has become increasingly popular: the calibration bias of a ground radar (GR) is estimated from its average reflectivity difference to the spaceborne radar (SR). Recently, Crisologo et al. (2018) introduced a formal procedure to enhance the reliability of such estimates: each match between SR and GR observations is assigned a quality index, and the calibration bias is inferred as a quality-weighted average of the differences between SR and GR. The relevance of quality was exemplified for the Subic S-band radar in the Philippines, which is greatly affected by partial beam blockage.

The present study extends the concept of quality-weighted averaging by accounting for path-integrated attenuation (PIA) in addition to beam blockage. This extension becomes vital for radars that operate at the C or X band. Correspondingly, the study setup includes a C-band radar that substantially overlaps with the S-band radar. Based on the extended quality-weighting approach, we retrieve, for each of the two ground radars, a time series of calibration bias estimates from suitable SR overpasses. As a result of applying these estimates to correct the ground radar observations, the consistency between the ground radars in the region of overlap increased substantially. Furthermore, we investigated if the bias estimates can be interpolated in time, so that ground radar observations can be corrected even in the absence of prompt SR overpasses. We found that a moving average approach was most suitable for that purpose, although limited by the absence of explicit records of radar maintenance operations.
KW  - Weather
KW  - Band
KW  - Reflectivity
KW  - Algorithm
KW  - Uncertainties
KW  - Methodology
KW  - Kwajalein
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-645-2020
SN  - 1867-1381
SN  - 1867-8548
VL  - 13
IS  - 2
SP  - 645
EP  - 659
PB  - Copernicus Publications
CY  - Göttingen
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Dommain, René
A1  - Andama, Morgan
A1  - McDonough, Molly M.
A1  - Prado, Natalia A.
A1  - Goldhammer, Tobias
A1  - Potts, Richard
A1  - Maldonado, Jesús E.
A1  - Nkurunungi, John Bosco
A1  - Campana, Michael G.
T1  - The Challenges of Reconstructing Tropical Biodiversity With Sedimentary Ancient DNA
BT  - A 2200-Year-Long Metagenomic Record From Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, Uganda
JF  - Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
N2  - Sedimentary ancient DNA has been proposed as a key methodology for reconstructing biodiversity over time. Yet, despite the concentration of Earth’s biodiversity in the tropics, this method has rarely been applied in this region. Moreover, the taphonomy of sedimentary DNA, especially in tropical environments, is poorly understood. This study elucidates challenges and opportunities of sedimentary ancient DNA approaches for reconstructing tropical biodiversity. We present shotgun-sequenced metagenomic profiles and DNA degradation patterns from multiple sediment cores from Mubwindi Swamp, located in Bwindi Impenetrable Forest (Uganda), one of the most diverse forests in Africa. We describe the taxonomic composition of the sediments covering the past 2200 years and compare the sedimentary DNA data with a comprehensive set of environmental and sedimentological parameters to unravel the conditions of DNA degradation. Consistent with the preservation of authentic ancient DNA in tropical swamp sediments, DNA concentration and mean fragment length declined exponentially with age and depth, while terminal deamination increased with age. DNA preservation patterns cannot be explained by any environmental parameter alone, but age seems to be the primary driver of DNA degradation in the swamp. Besides degradation, the presence of living microbial communities in the sediment also affects DNA quantity. Critically, 92.3% of our metagenomic data of a total 81.8 million unique, merged reads cannot be taxonomically identified due to the absence of genomic references in public databases. Of the remaining 7.7%, most of the data (93.0%) derive from Bacteria and Archaea, whereas only 0–5.8% are from Metazoa and 0–6.9% from Viridiplantae, in part due to unbalanced taxa representation in the reference data. The plant DNA record at ordinal level agrees well with local pollen data but resolves less diversity. Our animal DNA record reveals the presence of 41 native taxa (16 orders) including Afrotheria, Carnivora, and Ruminantia at Bwindi during the past 2200 years. Overall, we observe no decline in taxonomic richness with increasing age suggesting that several-thousand-year-old information on past biodiversity can be retrieved from tropical sediments. However, comprehensive genomic surveys of tropical biota need prioritization for sedimentary DNA to be a viable methodology for future tropical biodiversity studies.
KW  - sedimentary ancient DNA
KW  - tropical biodiversity
KW  - DNA preservation
KW  - sediment
KW  - tropical swamp
KW  - shotgun sequencing
KW  - metagenomic analysis
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2020.00218
SN  - 2296-701X
VL  - 8
PB  - Frontiers Media
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Olen, Stephanie M.
A1  - Bookhagen, Bodo
T1  - Applications of SAR interferometric coherence time series
BT  - satiotemporal dynamics of geomorphic transitions in the South-Central Andes
JF  - Journal of geophysical research : Earth surface
N2  - Sediment transport domains in mountain landscapes are characterized by fundamentally different processes and rates depending on several factors, including geology, climate, and biota. Accurately identifying where transitions between transport domains occur is an important step to quantify the past, present, and future contribution of varying erosion and sedimentation processes and enhance our predictive capabilities. We propose a new methodology based on time series of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometric coherence images to map sediment transport regimes across arid and semiarid landscapes. Using 4 years of Sentinel-1 data, we analyze sediment transport regimes for the south-central Andes in northwestern Argentina characterized by steep topographic and climatic gradients. We observe seasonally low coherence during the regional wet season, particularly on hillslopes and in alluvial channels. The spatial distribution of coherence is compared to drainage areas extracted from digital topography to identify two distinct transitions within watersheds: (a) a hillslope-to-fluvial and (b) a fluvial-to-alluvial transition. While transitions within a given basin can be well-constrained, the relative role of each sediment transport domain varies widely over the climatic and topographic gradients. In semiarid regions, we observe larger relative contributions from hillslopes compared to arid regions. Across regional gradients, the range of coherence within basins positively correlates to previously published millennial catchment-wide erosion rates and to topographic metrics used to indicate long-term uplift. Our study suggests that a dense time series of interferometric coherence can be used as a proxy for surface sediment movement and landscape stability in vegetation-free settings at event to decadal timescales.
KW  - Copernicus
KW  - SAR
KW  - critical infrastructure resilience
KW  - early warning
KW  - landslides
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JF005141
SN  - 2169-9003
SN  - 2169-9011
VL  - 125
IS  - 3
PB  - American Geophysical Union
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Smith, Taylor
A1  - Bookhagen, Bodo
T1  - Assessing Multi-Temporal Snow-Volume Trends in High Mountain Asia From 1987 to 2016 Using High-Resolution Passive Microwave Data
T2  - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2  - High Mountain Asia (HMA) is dependent upon both the amount and timing of snow and glacier meltwater. Previous model studies and coarse resolution (0.25° × 0.25°, ∼25 km × 25 km) passive microwave assessments of trends in the volume and timing of snowfall, snowmelt, and glacier melt in HMA have identified key spatial and seasonal heterogeneities in the response of snow to changes in regional climate. Here we use recently developed, continuous, internally consistent, and high-resolution passive microwave data (3.125 km × 3.125 km, 1987–2016) from the special sensor microwave imager instrument family to refine and extend previous estimates of changes in the snow regime of HMA. We find an overall decline in snow volume across HMA; however, there exist spatially contiguous regions of increasing snow volume—particularly during the winter season in the Pamir, Karakoram, Hindu Kush, and Kunlun Shan. Detailed analysis of changes in snow-volume trends through time reveal a large step change from negative trends during the period 1987–1997, to much more positive trends across large regions of HMA during the periods 1997–2007 and 2007–2016. We also find that changes in high percentile monthly snow-water volume exhibit steeper trends than changes in low percentile snow-water volume, which suggests a reduction in the frequency of high snow-water volumes in much of HMA. Regions with positive snow-water storage trends generally correspond to regions of positive glacier mass balances.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1020 
KW  - snow
KW  - glacier
KW  - climate change
KW  - passive microwave
KW  - special sensor microwave imager
KW  - special sensor microwave imager/sounder
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-484176
SN  - 1866-8372
IS  - 1020
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Smith, Taylor
A1  - Bookhagen, Bodo
T1  - Assessing Multi-Temporal Snow-Volume Trends in High Mountain Asia From 1987 to 2016 Using High-Resolution Passive Microwave Data
JF  - Frontiers in Earth Science
N2  - High Mountain Asia (HMA) is dependent upon both the amount and timing of snow and glacier meltwater. Previous model studies and coarse resolution (0.25° × 0.25°, ∼25 km × 25 km) passive microwave assessments of trends in the volume and timing of snowfall, snowmelt, and glacier melt in HMA have identified key spatial and seasonal heterogeneities in the response of snow to changes in regional climate. Here we use recently developed, continuous, internally consistent, and high-resolution passive microwave data (3.125 km × 3.125 km, 1987–2016) from the special sensor microwave imager instrument family to refine and extend previous estimates of changes in the snow regime of HMA. We find an overall decline in snow volume across HMA; however, there exist spatially contiguous regions of increasing snow volume—particularly during the winter season in the Pamir, Karakoram, Hindu Kush, and Kunlun Shan. Detailed analysis of changes in snow-volume trends through time reveal a large step change from negative trends during the period 1987–1997, to much more positive trends across large regions of HMA during the periods 1997–2007 and 2007–2016. We also find that changes in high percentile monthly snow-water volume exhibit steeper trends than changes in low percentile snow-water volume, which suggests a reduction in the frequency of high snow-water volumes in much of HMA. Regions with positive snow-water storage trends generally correspond to regions of positive glacier mass balances.
KW  - snow
KW  - glacier
KW  - climate change
KW  - passive microwave
KW  - special sensor microwave imager
KW  - special sensor microwave imager/sounder
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.559175
SN  - 2296-6463
VL  - 8
PB  - Frontiers Media
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Liu, Sibiao
T1  - Controls of foreland-deformation patterns in the orogen-foreland shortening system
N2  - The Andean Plateau (Altiplano-Puna Plateau) of the southern Central Andes is the second-highest orogenic plateau on our planet after Tibet. The Andean Plateau and its foreland exhibit a pronounced segmentation from north to south regarding the style and magnitude of deformation. In the Altiplano (northern segment), more than 300 km of tectonic shortening has been recorded, which started during the Eocene. A well-developed thin-skinned thrust wedge located at the eastern flank of the plateau (Subandes) indicates a simple-shear shortening mode. In contrast, the Puna (southern segment) records approximately half of the shortening of the Altiplano - and the shortening started later. The tectonic style in the Puna foreland switches to a thick-skinned mode, which is related to pure-shear shortening. In this study, carried out in the framework of the StRATEGy project, high-resolution 2D thermomechanical models were developed to systematically investigate controls of deformation patterns in the orogen-foreland pair. The 2D and 3D models were subsequently applied to study the evolution of foreland deformation and surface topography in the Altiplano-Puna Plateau. The models demonstrate that three principal factors control the foreland-deformation patterns: (i) strength differences in the upper lithosphere between the orogen and its foreland, rather than a strength difference in the entire lithosphere; (ii) gravitational potential energy of the orogen (GPE) controlled by crustal and lithospheric thicknesses, and (iii) the strength and thickness of foreland-basin sediments. The high-resolution 2D models are constrained by observations and successfully reproduce deformation structures and surface topography of different segments of the Altiplano-Puna plateau and its foreland. The developed 3D models confirm these results and suggest that a relatively high shortening rate in the Altiplano foreland (Subandean foreland fold-and-thrust belt) is due to simple-shear shortening facilitated by thick and mechanically weak sediments, a process which requires a much lower driving force than the pure-shear shortening deformation mode in the adjacent broken foreland of the Puna, where these thick sedimentary basin fills are absent. Lower shortening rate in the Puna foreland is likely accommodated in the forearc by the slab retreat.
N2  - Das Andenplateau (Altiplano-Puna-Plateau) in den südlichen Zentralanden ist nach Tibet das zweithöchste orogene Plateau auf unserem Planeten. Dieses Plateau und sein Vorland weisen eine ausgeprägte Segmentierung von Nord nach Süd hinsichtlich Art und Ausmaß der Verformung auf. Im Altiplano (nördliches Segment) wird seit der im Eozän stattfindenden Deformation mehr als 300 km tektonische Verkürzung dokumentiert. Ein gut entwickelter sedimentärer Schubkeil bzw. Vorland-Überschiebungsgürtel (Subandin) an der Ostflanke des Plateaus (thin-skinned foreland deformation) deutet in dieser Region des Vorlandes auf Prozesse einfacher Scherung hin (simple-shear modus). Im Gegensatz dazu weist die Puna (südliches Plateausegment) ungefähr die Hälfte der Verkürzung des Altiplano auf - und die Verkürzung begann später. Außerdem geht der tektonische Stil im Puna-Vorland zu einem zerbrochenen Vorland mit Kristallinblöcken (thick-skinned foreland) über, der mit der Verkürzung durch reine Scherung (pure-shear modus) erklärt werden kann. In dieser Studie, die im Rahmen des StRATEGy-Projekts durchgeführt wurde, wurden hochauflösende thermomechanische 2D-Modelle entwickelt, um systematisch die Kontrolle von Verformungsmustern im Orogen-Vorland-Paar zu untersuchen. Die 2D- und 3D-Modelle wurden anschließend angewendet, um die Entwicklung der Vorlanddeformation und der Oberflächentopographie im Altiplano-Puna-Plateau zu verstehen. Die Modelle zeigen, dass drei Hauptfaktoren die Deformationsmuster des Vorlandes steuern: (i) Festigkeitsunterschiede in der oberen Lithosphäre zwischen dem Orogen und seinem Vorland - und nicht Festigkeitsunterschiede in der gesamten Lithosphäre; (ii) die gravitationsbezogene potentielle Energie des Orogens (GPE), die durch die Krusten- und Lithosphärenmächtigkeit gesteuert wird und (iii) die Festigkeit sowie Mächtigkeiten der Vorlandbeckensedimente. Die hochauflösenden 2D-Modelle sind auf tatsächliche Daten aus Beobachtungen beschränkt und reproduzieren erfolgreich Deformationsstrukturen sowie die topographischen Verhältnisse der verschiedenen Segmente des Altiplano-Puna-Plateaus und seines Vorlandes. Die entwickelten 3D-Modelle bestätigen diese Ergebnisse und legen nahe, dass die relativ hohe Verkürzungsrate im Altiplano-Vorland (Subandin) bei den vorhandenen mächtigen Sedimentabfolgen geringer mechanischer Festigkeit weniger Kraftaufwand erfordert als die Deformation des Puna-Vorlandes, wo diese Sedimente weitgehend fehlen. Die geringeren Verkürzungsbeträge im Puna-Vorland werden wahrscheinlich durch das Zurückweichen der Subduktionszone im Forearc-Bereich ausgeglichen.
KW  - geodynamics
KW  - numerical modeling
KW  - Central Andes
KW  - foreland deformation
KW  - geophysics
KW  - Geodynamik
KW  - numerische Modellierung
KW  - Zentralanden
KW  - Vorlanddeformation
KW  - Geophysik
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-445730
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Purinton, Benjamin
T1  - Remote sensing applications to earth surface processes in the Eastern Central Andes
T1  - Fernerkundungsanwendungen für Erdoberflächenprozesse in den östlichen Zentralanden
N2  - Geomorphology seeks to characterize the forms, rates, and magnitudes of sediment and water transport that sculpt landscapes. This is generally referred to as earth surface processes, which incorporates the influence of biologic (e.g., vegetation), climatic (e.g., rainfall), and tectonic (e.g., mountain uplift) factors in dictating the transport of water and eroded material. In mountains, high relief and steep slopes combine with strong gradients in rainfall and vegetation to create dynamic expressions of earth surface processes. This same rugged topography presents challenges in data collection and process measurement, where traditional techniques involving detailed observations or physical sampling are difficult to apply at the scale of entire catchments. Herein lies the utility of remote sensing. Remote sensing is defined as any measurement that does not disturb the natural environment, typically via acquisition of images in the visible- to radio-wavelength range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Remote sensing is an especially attractive option for measuring earth surface processes, because large areal measurements can be acquired at much lower cost and effort than traditional methods. These measurements cover not only topographic form, but also climatic and environmental metrics, which are all intertwined in the study of earth surface processes. This dissertation uses remote sensing data ranging from handheld camera-based photo surveying to spaceborne satellite observations to measure the expressions, rates, and magnitudes of earth surface processes in high-mountain catchments of the Eastern Central Andes in Northwest Argentina. This work probes the limits and caveats of remote sensing data and techniques applied to geomorphic research questions, and presents important progress at this disciplinary intersection.
N2  - Die Geomorphologie versucht die Art, Geschwindigkeit und Ausmaße des Sediment- und Wassertransports zu charakterisieren welche zur Formung der Landschaften beitragen. Diese werden im Allgemeinen als Erdoberflächenprozesse bezeichnet, welche den Einfluss biologischer (z.B. Vegetation), klimatischer (z.B. Niederschlag) und tektonischer (z.B. Gebirgshebung) Faktoren auf den Transport von Wasser und das erodierte Material beschreiben. Im Hochgebirge entsteht eine dynamische Wechselwirkung zwischen hohen Reliefs und steilen Hängen und infolge dessen starke Regen- und Vegetationsgradienten. Die gleiche raue Topographie stellt wiederum eine Herausforderung bei der Datenerfassung und Prozessmessung dar, da hier herkömmliche Techniken zur detaillierten Beobachtung oder physikalischen Probenahmen im Maßstab ganzer Einzugsgebiete an ihre Grenzen stoßen. Hier zeigt sich der Nutzen der Fernerkundung. Fernerkundung ist definiert als Messung, welche die natürliche Umgebung nicht stört, typischerweise durch Aufnahme von Bildern im sichtbaren bis Radio-Wellenlängenbereich des elektromagnetischen Spektrums. Fernerkundung ist eine besonders vorteilhafte Option für die Messung von Erdoberflächenprozessen, da großflächige Messungen mit wesentlich geringerem Aufwand als bei herkömmlichen Methoden durchgeführt werden können. Diese Messungen ermöglichen nicht nur das Erfassen der topografischen Form, sondern auch das der Klima- und Umwelteinflüsse, die wiederum bei der Untersuchung von Erdoberflächenprozessen miteinander verknüpft sind. In dieser Dissertation werden Fernerkundungsdaten verwendet, die von kamerabasierten Handaufnahmen bis zu weltraumgestützten Satellitenbeobachtungen reichen, um die Auswirkungen, Geschwindigkeiten und das Ausmaß von Erdoberflächenprozessen in hochgebirgigen Einzugsgebieten der östlichen Zentralanden im Nordwesten Argentiniens zu messen. Diese Arbeit untersucht die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen von Fernerkundungsdaten und -techniken, die auf geomorphologische Forschungsfragen angewendet werden und präsentiert wichtige Fortschritte an diesem disziplinären Schnittpunkt.
KW  - Fernerkundung
KW  - remote sensing
KW  - Geomorphologie
KW  - geomorphology
KW  - Anden
KW  - Andes
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-445926
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Milewski, Robert
T1  - Potential of optical remote sensing for the analysis of salt pan environments
N2  - Salt pans also termed playas are common landscape features of hydrologically closed basins in arid and semiarid zones, where evaporation significantly exceeds the local precipitation. The analysis and monitoring of salt pan environments is important for the evaluation of current and future impact of these landscape features. Locally, salt pans have importance for the ecosystem, wildlife and human health, and through dust emissions they influence the climate on regional and global scales. Increasing economic exploitation of these environments in the last years, e.g. by brine extraction for raw materials, as well as climate change severely affect the water, material and energy balance of these systems. Optical remote sensing has the potential to characterise salt pan environments and to increase the understanding of processes in playa basins, as well as to assess wider impacts and feedbacks that exist between climate forcing and human intervention in their regions. Remote sensing techniques can provide information for extensive regions on a high temporal basis compared to traditional field samples and ground observations. Specifically, for salt pans that are often challenging to study because of their large size, remote location, and limited accessibility due to missing infrastructure and ephemeral flooding. Furthermore, the availability of current and upcoming hyperspectral remote sensing data opened the opportunity for the analyses of the complex reflectance signatures that relate to the mineralogical mixtures found in the salt pan sediments. However, these new advances in sensor technology, as well as increased data availability currently have not been fully explored for the study of salt pan environments. The potential of new sensors needs to be assessed and state of the art methods need to be adapted and improved to provide reliable information for in depth analysis of processes and characterisation of the recent condition, as well as to support long-term monitoring and to evaluate environmental impacts of changing climate and anthropogenic activity.

This thesis provides an assessment of the capabilities of optical remote sensing for the study of salt pan environments that combines the information of hyperspectral data with the increased temporal coverage of multispectral observations for a more complete understanding of spatial and temporal complexity of salt pan environments using the Omongwa salt pan located in the south-west Kalahari as a test site. In particular, hyperspectral data are used for unmixing of the mineralogical surface composition, spectral feature-based modelling for quantification of main crust components, as well as time-series based classification of multispectral data for the assessment of the long-term dynamic and the analysis of the seasonal process regime. The results show that the surface of the Omongwa pan can be categorized into three major crust types based on diagnostic absorption features and mineralogical ground truth data. The mineralogical crust types can be related to different zones of surface dynamic as well as pan morphology that influences brine flow during the pan inundation and desiccation cycles. Using current hyperspectral imagery, as well as simulated data of upcoming sensors, robust quantification of the gypsum component could be derived. For the test site the results further indicate that the crust dynamic is mainly driven by flooding events in the wet season, but it is also influenced by temperature and aeolian activity in the dry season. Overall, the scientific outcomes show that optical remote sensing can provide a wide range of information helpful for the study of salt pan environments. The thesis also highlights that remote sensing approaches are most relevant, when they are adapted to the specific site conditions and research scenario and that upcoming sensors will increase the potential for mineralogical, sedimentological and geomorphological analysis, and will improve the monitoring capabilities with increased data availability.
N2  - Salzpfannen, auch Playas genannt, sind häufige Landschaftsformen endorheischer Becken in ariden und semi-ariden Zonen, in denen die Evaporation den lokalen Niederschlag deutlich übersteigt. Die Analyse und das Monitoring von Salzpfannen sind wichtig für die Bewertung des aktuellen und zukünftigen Wandels dieser Systeme. Salzpfannen haben große Bedeutung für das lokale Ökosystem, für die Gesundheit von Mensch und Tier, und durch ihre Staubemissionen können sie das Klima auf regionaler und globaler Ebene beeinflussen. Die zunehmende industrielle Nutzung dieser Räume in den letzten Jahren, z.B. durch Soleförderung zur Rohstoffgewinnung, sowie der Klimawandel haben erhebliche Auswirkungen auf ihre Wasser-, Stoff- und Energiebilanz. Die optische Fernerkundung bietet das Potenzial diese Landschaftsformen zu charakterisieren, Veränderungen zu erkennen und das Prozessverständnis zu fördern, sowie umfassende Auswirkungen und Rückkopplungen zwischen klimatischen und anthropogenen Einflüssen in diesen Regionen zu erkennen. Im Vergleich zu traditionellen Feldmethoden bietet der Einsatz von Fernerkundung eine Basis für großräumige und wiederholte Untersuchungen. Das gilt insbesondere für Salzpfannen, die aufgrund ihrer Größe, abgelegener Lage und durch begrenzte Zugänglichkeit, aufgrund fehlender Infrastruktur und episodischen Überschwemmungen, häufig schwer zu untersuchen sind. Darüber hinaus eröffnete die aktuelle und zukünftig gesteigerte Verfügbarkeit von hyperspektralen Fernerkundungsdaten die Möglichkeit zur detaillierten Analyse der Reflexionseigenschaften der komplexen Mineralogie und Sedimenteigenschaften von Salzpfannenoberflächen. Der Einsatz neuer Sensorik sowie die erhöhte Datenverfügbarkeit sind jedoch derzeit noch nicht ausreichend für die Untersuchung von Salzpfannen erforscht. Das Potenzial neuer Sensoren muss bewertet und die aktuelle Methodik angepasst und verbessert werden, um zuverlässige Informationen für die Charakterisierung und Analyse des aktuellen Zustands zu liefern, sowie eine langfristige Überwachung und Bewertung der Auswirkungen von Klimaveränderung und der anthropogenen Aktivität auf Salzpfannen und deren Regionen zu ermöglichen.

Diese Arbeit bietet eine Bewertung des Potentials der optischen Fernerkundung für die Untersuchung von Salzpfannen. Der Fokus liegt insbesondere auf der kombinierten Nutzung der analytischer Stärke von hyperspektralen Daten mit der erhöhten zeitlichen Auflösung von multispektralen Beobachtungen, um ein gesteigertes Verständnis der räumlichen und zeitlichen Komplexität von Salzpfannen zu erreichen. Als Testgebiet hierfür dient die Omongwa Salzpfanne in der Süd-Westlichen Kalahari. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden hyperspektrale Fernerkundungsdaten für die spektrale Entmischung der mineralogischen Oberflächenzusammensetzung und für die Quantifizierung mittels spektraler Parameter genutzt. Gleichzeitig ermöglicht die multitemporale Klassifikation von Multispektraldaten die Beurteilung der Langzeitdynamik und die Analyse des saisonalen Prozessgeschehens. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Oberfläche der Omongwa-Salzpfanne in drei Hauptklassen, dominiert von verschiedenen Evaporitmineralen, eingeteilt werden kann, die aufgrund diagnostischen Absorptionsmerkmalen und durch die Analyse von in-situ Daten unterschieden werden können. Diese mineralogischen Hauptklassen korrelieren mit Zonen unterschiedlicher zeitlicher Dynamik, sowie mit dem morphologischen Aufbau der Salzpfanne, die die räumliche Verteilung von Oberflächenwasser während episodischer Flutungen und die Ausfällung von Salzen während der Trockenzeiten beeinflussen. Des Weiteren konnte auf Grundlage hyperspektralen Daten von aktuellen Sensoren, sowie anhand simulierten Daten von in Planung befindlicher Sensoren eine robuste Quantifizierung der Gipskomponente in den Oberflächensedimenten abgeleitet werden. Für das Untersuchungsgebiet deuten die Ergebnisse der Zeitreihenanalyse darauf hin, dass die Krustendynamik und Oberflächenmineralogie hauptsächlich durch die wiederkehrenden Überschwemmungsereignisse in der Regenzeit geprägt sind, aber auch durch die Temperatur und äolische Aktivität in der Trockenzeit beeinflusst wird. Zusammenfassend zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass die optische Fernerkundung großes Potenzial zur genaueren Erforschung von Salzpfannen bietet und detaillierte Informationen zu saisonalen und langzeitlichen Veränderungen liefern kann. Die Arbeit hebt auch hervor, dass der Einsatz von Fernerkundungsmethoden am erfolgreichsten ist, wenn sie an die lokalen Bedingungen und die Forschungsfrage angepasst werden. Der Ausblick zeigt, dass zukünftige Sensoren die Möglichkeiten für die Erforschung dieser Räume weiter erhöhen und ein systematisches Monitoring durch die größere Datenverfügbarkeit verbessert wird.
T2  - Potential der Optischen Fernerkundung für die Analyse von Salzpfannen
KW  - Optische Fernerkundung
KW  - Hyperspektral
KW  - Salzpfanne
KW  - Playa
KW  - Sedimente
KW  - Optical remote sensing
KW  - Salt pan
KW  - Playa
KW  - sediments
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-473732
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Ramezani Ziarani, Maryam
T1  - Characterization of atmospheric processes related to hydro-meteorological extreme events over the south-central Andes
N2  - The significant environmental and socioeconomic consequences of hydrometeorological extreme events, such as extreme rainfall, are constituted as a most important motivation for analyzing these events in the south-central Andes of NW Argentina. The steep topographic and climatic gradients and their interactions frequently lead to the formation of deep convective storms and consequently trigger extreme rainfall generation.

In this dissertation, I focus on identifying the dominant climatic variables and atmospheric conditions and their spatiotemporal variability leading to deep convection and extreme rainfall in the south-central Andes.

This dissertation first examines the significant contribution of temperature on atmospheric humidity (dew-point temperature, Td) and on convection (convective available potential energy, CAPE) for deep convective storms and hence, extreme rainfall along the topographic and climatic gradients. It was found that both climatic variables play an important role in extreme rainfall generation. However, their contributions differ depending on topographic and climatic sub-regions, as well as rainfall percentiles.

Second,  this dissertation explores if (near real-time) the measurements conducted by the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) on integrated water vapor (IWV) provide reliable data for explaining atmospheric humidity. I argue that GNSS-IWV, in conjunction with other atmospheric stability parameters such as CAPE, is able to decipher the extreme rainfall in the eastern central Andes. In my work, I rely on a multivariable regression analysis described by a theoretical relationship and fitting function analysis.


Third, this dissertation identifies the local impact of convection on extreme rainfall in the eastern Andes. Relying on a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) it was found that during the existence of moist and warm air, extreme rainfall is observed more often during local night hours. The analysis includes the mechanisms for this observation.

Exploring the atmospheric conditions and climatic variables leading to extreme rainfall is one of the main findings of this dissertation. The conditions and variables are a prerequisite for understanding the dynamics of extreme rainfall and predicting these events in the eastern Andes.
N2  - Die entscheidenden ökologischen und sozioökonomischen Folgen hydrometeorologischer Extremereignisse, wie z.B. extremer Niederschläge, stellen eine wichtige Motivation für die Analyse dieser Ereignisse in den südlich-zentralen Anden von NW Argentinien dar. Die steilen topographischen und klimatischen Gradienten und deren Wechselwirkungen führen häufig zu einer starken konvektiven Regenfallbildung und sind häufig auch die Auslöser von Starkniederschlägen.

In dieser Dissertation konzentriere ich mich auf die Identifizierung der dominanten klimatischen Variablen und atmosphärischen Rahmenbedingungen und ihrer räumlich-zeitliche Variabilität, die zu starker Konvektion und extremen Niederschlägen in den südlich-zentralen Anden führt.

Diese Dissertation untersucht zunächst den wichtigen Beitrag der Temperatur zur Luftfeuchtigkeit(Taupunkttemperatur, Td) und zur Konvektion (konvektive verfügbare potenzielle Energie, CAPE) für starke, konvektive Stürme und damit extreme Niederschläge entlang der topographischen und klimatischen Gradienten. Es wurde festgestellt, dass beide klimatischen Variablen eine wichtige Rolle bei der Erzeugung extremer Niederschläge spielen. Ihr Beitrag hängt jedoch von den topographischen und klimatischen Teilregionen sowie den Niederschlagsperzentilen ab.

Zweitens, auf der Grundlage einer multivariablen Regressionsanalyse, die durch eine theoretische Beziehungs- und Anpassungsfunktionsanalyse beschrieben wird, untersucht diese Arbeit, ob integrierter Wasserdampf (IWV) auf der Grundlage von GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) Messungen zuverlässige Daten sind, um die Luftfeuchtigkeit zu erklären. Das GNSS-IWV in Verbindung mit anderen atmosphärischen Stabilitätsparametern wie z.B. CAPE ist in der Lage, die extremen Niederschläge in den östlichen zentralen Anden zu entschlüsseln.

Drittens, diese Dissertation identifiziert die lokalen Auswirkungen der Konvektion auf extreme Niederschläge in den östlichen Anden. Auf der Grundlage einer Hauptkomponentenanalyse (PCA) wurde
festgestellt, dass die extremen Niederschläge häufiger während der lokalen Nachtstunden beobachtet werden, wenn feuchte und warme Luft vorhanden ist.

Die Erforschung der atmosphärischen Rahmenbedingungen und klimatischen Variablen, die zu extremen Niederschlägen führen, ist eines der wichtigste Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit. Sie ist Voraussetzung für das Verständnis der Dynamik von extremen Niederschlägen und wichtig für die Vorhersage dieser Ereignisse in den östlichen Anden.
T2  - Charakterisierung der atmosphärischen Prozesse im Zusammenhang mit hydro-meteorologischen Extremereignissen über den süd-zentralen Anden
KW  - eastern south–central Andes
KW  - extreme rainfall
KW  - deep convection
KW  - östlich-südzentrale Anden
KW  - Extremniederschläge
KW  - starker Konvektion
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-471755
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Baroni, Gabriele
A1  - Francke, Till
T1  - An effective strategy for combining variance- and distribution-based global sensitivity analysis
JF  - Environmental modelling & software with environment data news
N2  - We present a new strategy for performing global sensitivity analysis capable to estimate main and interaction effects from a generic sampling design. The new strategy is based on a meaningful combination of varianceand distribution-based approaches. The strategy is tested on four analytic functions and on a hydrological model. Results show that the analysis is consistent with the state-of-the-art Saltelli/Jansen formula but to better quantify the interaction effect between the input factors when the output distribution is skewed. Moreover, the estimation of the sensitivity indices is much more robust requiring a smaller number of simulations runs. Specific settings and alternative methods that can be integrated in the new strategy are also discussed. Overall, the strategy is considered as a new simple and effective tool for performing global sensitivity analysis that can be easily integrated in any environmental modelling framework.
KW  - global sensitivity analysis
KW  - variance
KW  - distribution
KW  - generic sampling
KW  - design
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2020.104851
SN  - 1364-8152
SN  - 1873-6726
VL  - 134
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Sieber, Melanie Jutta
A1  - Brink, Frank J.
A1  - Leys, Clyde
A1  - King, Penelope L.
A1  - Henley, Richard W.
T1  - Prograde and retrograde metasomatic reactions in mineralised magnesium- silicate skarn in the Cu-Au Ertsberg East Skarn System, Ertsberg, Papua Province, Indonesia
JF  - Ore geology reviews
N2  - The 2.7-2.9 Ma Ertsberg East Skarn System (EESS) is a world-class Cu-Au skarn that formed within and adjacent to an intrusion within a paleodepth of 0.5 km and > 2.5 km. Its economic mineralisation developed by sustained reaction of magmatic fluid with contact metamorphosed siliciclastic and carbonate rocks at the margin of the adjacent Ertsberg quartz monzodiorite intrusion. Based on high-resolution mineral mapping, chemical analysis and thermodynamic calculations, the multistage formation processes of the exoskarn components of the EESS are examined in the context of changing pressure, temperature, fluid composition and fluid phase. We show that contact metamorphism of dolomitic sediments occurred at 51 +/- 5 MPa, between 700 degrees C and 800 degrees C and in the presence of a H2O-CO2-fluid containing similar to 10 to similar to 70 mol% CO2. This prograde metamorphism formed a forsterite + diopside + calcite + phlogopite + spinel assemblage. Such forsterite-dominated skarns account for similar to 55 vol% of the EESS exoskarns. Rare pargasite (previously unrecognized in this deposit) formed locally in the metamorphosed carbonate sequence where the protolith was composed of supratidal evaporites with dolomitic carbonate and interlayered calc-silicate rocks. The subsequent flux of a lower pressure magmatic gas containing SO2(g) caused sulphate metasomatism. This high temperature gas alteration of the metamorphic assemblage also caused skarn Cu-Fe-sulphide mineralisation. The influx of a SO2 gas through fracture permeability occurred at a temperature between similar to 600 and 700 degrees C and caused calcite to be replaced by anhydrite, with the coupled release of H2S(g). This in-situ release of H2S(g) scavenged trace Cu from the gas phase to deposit Cu-Fe-sulphides, which make the economic value of the distinct. We demonstrate that the formation of metal sulphides within forsterite skarns of the Ertsberg East Skarn System required a minimum flux of similar to 1,050 Mt SO2(g) and show that volcanic degassing may have occurred over a time span of similar to 3,900 years. As the system waned, the ambient fluid resulted in partial retrograde serpentinization of olivine and diopside without carbonation, and at temperatures sufficiently high to preserve anhydrite.
KW  - porphyry Cu-Au deposit
KW  - magnesium silicate skarn
KW  - pargasite
KW  - gas-solid
KW  - reaction
KW  - sulphate metasomatism
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103697
SN  - 0169-1368
SN  - 1872-7360
VL  - 125
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Sieber, Melanie Jutta
A1  - Yaxley, Gregory M.
A1  - Hermann, Jörg
T1  - Investigation of fluid-driven carbonation of a hydrated, forearc mantle wedge using serpentinite cores in high-pressure experiments
JF  - Journal of petrology
N2  - High-pressure experiments were performed to investigate the effectiveness, rate and mechanism of carbonation of serpentinites by a carbon-saturated COH fluid at 1.5-2.5 GPa and 375-700 degrees C. This allows a better understanding of the fate and redistribution of slab-derived carbonic fluids when they react with the partially hydrated mantle within and above the subducting slab under pressure and temperature conditions corresponding to the forearc mantle. Interactions between carbon-saturated CO2-H2O-CH4 fluids and serpentinite were investigated using natural serpentinite cylinders with natural grain sizes and shapes in piston-cylinder experiments. The volatile composition of post-run fluids was quantified by gas chromatography. Solid phases were examined by Raman spectroscopy, electron microscopy and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Textures, porosity and phase abundances of recovered rock cores were visualized and quantified by three-dimensional, high-resolution computed tomography. We find that carbonation of serpentinites is efficient at sequestering CO2 from the interacting fluid into newly formed magnesite. Time-series experiments demonstrate that carbonation is completed within similar to 96 h at 2 GPa and 600 degrees C. With decreasing CO2, aq antigorite is replaced first by magnesite + quartz followed by magnesite + talc + chlorite in distinct, metasomatic fronts. Above antigorite stability magnesite + enstatite + talc + chlorite occur additionally. The formation of fluid-permeable reaction zones enhances the reaction rate and efficiency of carbonation. Carbonation probably occurs via an interface-coupled replacement process, whereby interconnected porosity is present within reaction zones after the experiment. Consequently, carbonation of serpentinites is self-promoting and efficient even if fluid flow is channelized into veins. We conclude that significant amounts of carbonates may accumulate, over time, in the hydrated forearc mantle.
KW  - serpentinite carbonation
KW  - deep carbon cycle
KW  - COH fluid
KW  - forearc
KW  - CO2
KW  - sequestration
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egaa035
SN  - 0022-3530
SN  - 1460-2415
VL  - 61
IS  - 3
PB  - Oxford Univ. Press
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Hennig, Theresa
A1  - Stockmann, Madlen
A1  - Kühn, Michael
T1  - Simulation of diffusive uranium transport and sorption processes in the Opalinus Clay
JF  - Applied geochemistry : journal of the International Association of Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry
N2  - Diffusive transport and sorption processes of uranium in the Swiss Opalinus Clay were investigated as a function of partial pressure of carbon dioxide pCO(2), varying mineralogy in the facies and associated changes in porewater composition. Simulations were conducted in one-dimensional diffusion models on the 100 m-scale for a time of one million years using a bottom-up approach based on mechanistic surface complexation models as well as cation exchange to quantify sorption. Speciation calculations have shown, uranium is mainly present as U(VI) and must therefore be considered as mobile for in-situ conditions. Uranium migrated up to 26 m in both, the sandy and the carbonate-rich facies, whereas in the shaly facies 16 m was the maximum. The main species was the anionic complex CaUO2(CO3)(3)(2-) . Hence, anion exclusion was taken into account and further reduced the migration distances by 30 %. The concentrations of calcium and carbonates reflected by the set pCO(2) determine speciation and activity of uranium and consequently the sorption behaviour. Our simulation results allow for the first time to prioritize on the far-field scale the governing parameters for diffusion and sorption of uranium and hence outline the sensitivity of the system. Sorption processes are controlled in descending priority by the carbonate and calcium concentrations, pH, pe and the clay mineral content. Therefore, the variation in porewater composition resulting from the heterogeneity of the facies in the Opalinus Clay formation needs to be considered in the assessment of uranium migration in the far field of a potential repository.
KW  - reactive transport
KW  - facies
KW  - heterogeneity
KW  - carbonate
KW  - PHREEQC
KW  - Mont Terri
KW  - speciation
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2020.104777
SN  - 0883-2927
SN  - 1872-9134
VL  - 123
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Tranter, Morgan Alan
A1  - De Lucia, Marco
A1  - Wolfgramm, Markus
A1  - Kühn, Michael
T1  - Barite scale formation and injectivity loss models for geothermal systems
JF  - Water
N2  - Barite scales in geothermal installations are a highly unwanted effect of circulating deep saline fluids. They build up in the reservoir if supersaturated fluids are re-injected, leading to irreversible loss of injectivity. A model is presented for calculating the total expected barite precipitation. To determine the related injectivity decline over time, the spatial precipitation distribution in the subsurface near the injection well is assessed by modelling barite growth kinetics in a radially diverging Darcy flow domain. Flow and reservoir properties as well as fluid chemistry are chosen to represent reservoirs subject to geothermal exploration located in the North German Basin (NGB) and the Upper Rhine Graben (URG) in Germany. Fluids encountered at similar depths are hotter in the URG, while they are more saline in the NGB. The associated scaling amount normalised to flow rate is similar for both regions. The predicted injectivity decline after 10 years, on the other hand, is far greater for the NGB (64%) compared to the URG (24%), due to the temperature- and salinity-dependent precipitation rate. The systems in the NGB are at higher risk. Finally, a lightweight score is developed for approximating the injectivity loss using the Damkohler number, flow rate and total barite scaling potential. This formula can be easily applied to geothermal installations without running complex reactive transport simulations.
KW  - reactive transport
KW  - radial flow
KW  - geothermal energy
KW  - scaling
KW  - phreeqc
KW  - formation damage
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3390/w12113078
SN  - 2073-4441
VL  - 12
IS  - 11
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Grotheer, Hendrik
A1  - Meyer, Vera
A1  - Riedel, Theran
A1  - Pfalz, Gregor
A1  - Mathieu, Lucie
A1  - Hefter, Jens H.
A1  - Gentz, Torben
A1  - Lantuit, Hugues
A1  - Mollennauer, Gesine
A1  - Fritz, Michael
T1  - Burial and origin of permafrost-derived carbon in the nearshore zone of the southern Canadian Beaufort Sea
JF  - Geophysical research letters
N2  - Detailed organic geochemical and carbon isotopic (delta C-13 and Delta C-14) analyses are performed on permafrost deposits affected by coastal erosion (Herschel Island, Canadian Beaufort Sea) and adjacent marine sediments (Herschel Basin) to understand the fate of organic carbon in Arctic nearshore environments. We use an end-member model based on the carbon isotopic composition of bulk organic matter to identify sources of organic carbon. Monte Carlo simulations are applied to quantify the contribution of coastal permafrost erosion to the sedimentary carbon budget. The models suggest that similar to 40% of all carbon released by local coastal permafrost erosion is efficiently trapped and sequestered in the nearshore zone. This highlights the importance of sedimentary traps in environments such as basins, lagoons, troughs, and canyons for the carbon sequestration in previously poorly investigated, nearshore areas. 

Plain Language Summary Increasing air and sea surface temperatures at high latitudes leads to accelerated thaw, destabilization, and erosion of perennially frozen soils (i.e., permafrost), which are often rich in organic carbon. Coastal erosion leads to an increased mobilization of organic carbon into the Arctic Ocean, which there can be converted into greenhouse gases and may therefore contribute to further warming. Carbon decomposition can be limited if organic matter is efficiently deposited on the seafloor, buried in marine sediments, and thus removed from the short-term carbon cycle. Basins, canyons, and troughs near the coastline can serve as sediment traps and potentially accommodate large quantities of organic carbon along the Arctic coast. Here we use biomarkers (source-specific molecules), stable carbon isotopes, and radiocarbon to identify the sources of organic carbon in the nearshore zone of the southern Canadian Beaufort Sea near Herschel Island. We quantify the contribution of coastal permafrost erosion to the sedimentary carbon budget of the area and estimate that more than a third of all carbon released by local permafrost erosion is efficiently trapped in marine sediments. This highlights the importance of regional sediment traps for carbon sequestration.
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL085897
SN  - 0094-8276
SN  - 1944-8007
VL  - 47
IS  - 3
PB  - Wiley
CY  - Hoboken, NJ
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Balischewski, Christian
A1  - Behrens, Karsten
A1  - Zehbe, Kerstin
A1  - Günter, Christina
A1  - Mies, Stefan
A1  - Sperlich, Eric
A1  - Kelling, Alexandra
A1  - Taubert, Andreas
T1  - Ionic liquids with more than one metal
BT  - optical and rlectrochemical properties versus d-block metal vombinations
JF  - Chemistry - a European journal
N2  - Thirteen N-butylpyridinium salts, including three monometallic [C4Py](2)[MCl4], nine bimetallic [C4Py](2)[(M1-xMxCl4)-M-a-Cl-b] and one trimetallic compound [C4Py](2)[(M1-y-zMyMz (c) Cl4)-M-a-M-b] (M=Co, Cu, Mn; x=0.25, 0.50 or 0.75 and y=z=0.33), were synthesized and their structure and thermal and electrochemical properties were studied. All compounds are ionic liquids (ILs) with melting points between 69 and 93 degrees C. X-ray diffraction proves that all ILs are isostructural. The conductivity at room temperature is between 10(-4) and 10(-8) S cm(-1). Some Cu-based ILs reach conductivities of 10(-2) S cm(-1), which is, however, probably due to IL dec. This correlates with the optical bandgap measurements indicating the formation of large bandgap semiconductors. At elevated temperatures approaching the melting points, the conductivities reach up to 1.47x10(-1) S cm(-1) at 70 degrees C. The electrochemical stability windows of the ILs are between 2.5 and 3.0 V.
KW  - bandgap
KW  - electrochemistry
KW  - ionic liquids
KW  - metal-containing ionic
KW  - liquids
KW  - tetrahalido metallates
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202003097
SN  - 0947-6539
SN  - 1521-3765
VL  - 26
IS  - 72
SP  - 17504
EP  - 17513
PB  - Wiley-VCH
CY  - Weinheim
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Wang, Xia
T1  - Reef ecosystem recovery following the Middle Permian (Capitanian) mass extinction
T1  - Die Erholung des Ökosystems von Riffen nach dem mittelpermischen Massenaussterben im Capitanium
BT  - a multi-scale analysis from South China
BT  - eine skalenübergreifende Analyse aus Südchina
N2  - To find out the future of nowadays reef ecosystem turnover under the environmental stresses such as global warming and ocean acidification, analogue studies from the geologic past are needed. As a critical time of reef ecosystem innovation, the Permian-Triassic transition witnessed the most severe demise of Phanerozoic reef builders, and the establishment of modern style symbiotic relationships within the reef-building organisms. Being the initial stage of this transition, the Middle Permian (Capitanian) mass extinction coursed a reef eclipse in the early Late Permian, which lead to a gap of understanding in the post-extinction Wuchiapingian reef ecosystem, shortly before the radiation of Changhsingian reefs. Here, this thesis presents detailed biostratigraphic, sedimentological, and palaeoecological studies of the Wuchiapingian reef recovery following the Middle Permian (Capitanian) mass extinction, on the only recorded Wuchiapingian reef setting, outcropping in South China at the Tieqiao section. 
Conodont biostratigraphic zonations were revised from the Early Permian Artinskian to the Late Permian Wuchiapingian in the Tieqiao section. Twenty main and seven subordinate conodont zones are determined at Tieqiao section including two conodont zone below and above the Tieqiao reef complex. The age of Tieqiao reef was constrained as early to middle Wuchiapingian. 
After constraining the reef age, detailed two-dimensional outcrop mapping combined with lithofacies study were carried out on the Wuchiapingian Tieqiao Section to investigate the reef growth pattern stratigraphically as well as the lateral changes of reef geometry on the outcrop scale. Semi-quantitative studies of the reef-building organisms were used to find out their evolution pattern within the reef recovery. Six reef growth cycles were determined within six transgressive-regressive cycles in the Tieqiao section. The reefs developed within the upper part of each regressive phase and were dominated by different biotas. The timing of initial reef recovery after the Middle Permian (Capitanian) mass extinction was updated to the Clarkina leveni conodont zone, which is earlier than previous understanding. Metazoans such as sponges were not the major components of the Wuchiapingian reefs until the 5th and 6th cycles. So, the recovery of metazoan reef ecosystem after the Middle Permian (Capitanian) mass extinction was obviously delayed. In addition, although the importance of metazoan reef builders such as sponges did increase following the recovery process, encrusting organisms such as Archaeolithoporella and Tubiphytes, combined with microbial carbonate precipitation, still played significant roles to the reef building process and reef recovery after the mass extinction. 
Based on the results from outcrop mapping and sedimentological studies, quantitative composition analysis of the Tieqiao reef complex were applied on selected thin sections to further investigate the functioning of reef building components and the reef evolution after the Middle Permian (Capitanian) mass extinction. Data sets of skeletal grains and whole rock components were analyzed. The results show eleven biocommunity clusters/eight rock composition clusters dominated by different skeletal grains/rock components. Sponges, Archaeolithoporella and Tubiphytes were the most ecologically important components within the Wuchiapingian Tieqiao reef, while the clotted micrites and syndepositional cements are the additional important rock components for reef cores. The sponges were important within the whole reef recovery. Tubiphytes were broadly distributed in different environments and played a key-role in the initial reef communities. Archaeolithoporella concentrated in the shallower part of reef cycles (i.e., the upper part of reef core) and was functionally significant for the enlargement of reef volume. 
In general, the reef recovery after the Middle Permian (Capitanian) mass extinction has some similarities with the reef recovery following the end-Permian mass extinction. It shows a delayed recovery of metazoan reefs and a stepwise recovery pattern that was controlled by both ecological and environmental factors. The importance of encrusting organisms and microbial carbonates are also similar to most of the other post-extinction reef ecosystems. These findings can be instructive to extend our understanding of the reef ecosystem evolution under environmental perturbation or stresses.
N2  - Um die zukünftige Entwicklung der aktuell sehr dramatischen Änderungen des Ökosystems von Riffen vorherzusagen, welche durch Umweltbelastungen wie die globale Erwärmung und die zunehmende Versauerung der Ozeane verursacht wird, müssen analoge Beispiele aus der geologischen Vergangenheit genauer unter die Lupe genommen werden.

Als eine wichtige Zeit der Neugestaltung von Riffsystemen beinhaltet der Übergang vom Perm in die Trias den wohl einschneidendsten Rückgang von phanerozoischen Riffbildnern, und die dauerhafte Festsetzung von modernen symbiotischen Wechselbeziehungen zwischen den einzelnen riffbildenden Organismen. Zu Beginn dieses Übergangs und nach dem mittelpermischen Massenaussterben im Capitanium fand eine langsame Erholung der Riffe im Wuchiapingium statt, welche sich vor der Radiation der Riffe im Changhsingium bildeten, deren Ursache aber immer noch nicht vollends verstanden wurde.

In dieser Arbeit wird eine detaillierte biostratigraphische, sedimentologische und paläoökologische Untersuchung der Rifferholung im Wuchiapingium nach dem mittelpermischen Massenaussterben vorgestellt. Dies wird an den einzigen jemals in Südchina dokumentierten Riffsedimenten aus dieser Zeit im sogenannten Tieqiao-Riffkomplex durchgeführt.

Biostratigraphische Einteilungen anhand von Konodonten zwischen dem frühpermischen Artinskium bis zum spätpermischen Wuchiapingium im Tieqiao-Riffkomplex wurden überarbeitet. Zwanzig Haupt- und sieben untergeordnete Konodontenzonen wurden definiert, wobei sich zwei Zonen oberhalb und unterhalb des Riffkomplexes befinden. Das Alter des Tieqiao-Riffkomplexes wurde dabei auf das frühe bis mittlere Wuchiapingium festgelegt.

Nachdem das Alter des Tieqiao-Riffes bestimmt wurde, führte die zweidimensionale Kartierung des Aufschluss sowie die detaillierte Untersuchung der Lithofazies zu einem besseren Verständnis des stratigraphischen Riffwachstums und der lateralen Änderung der Riffmorphologie im Aufschlussmaßstab. Eine semiquantitative Analyse der riffbildenden Organismen wurde angewandt, um deren Entwicklungsmuster während der Erholungsphase des Riffes zu verstehen. Sechs Wachstumszyklen der Riffe innerhalb von sechs regressiven Zyklen der Tieqiao wurden dabei bestimmt. Die Riffe entwickelten sich überwiegend im oberen Teil der regressiven Phase und wurden von unterschiedlichsten Arten dominiert. Der Zeitpunkt der initialen Erholung der Riffe nach dem mittelpermischen Massenaussterben im Capitanium wurde auf die Clarkina leveni Konodontenzone aktualisiert, also älter als bisher angenommen. Metazoen wie Schwämme waren bis zum 5. und 6. Zyklus nicht die Hauptbildner des Riffes. Folglich war die Erholung des metazoischen Riff-Ökosystems nach dem mittelpermischen Massenaussterben verzögert. Auch wenn die Wichtigkeit von metazoischen Riffbildnern während des Erholungsprozesses zunahm, spielten enkrustierende Organismen wie Archaeolithoporella und Tubiphytes zusammen mit mikrobiellen Mikriten immer noch eine signifikante Rolle im Prozess der Rifferholung und des -aufbaus. 
Anhand der Resultate der Kartierung und der sedimentologischen Untersuchung wurden quantitative Analysen der einzelnen Bestandteile an Dünnschliffen ausgeführt. Dies ermöglichte die weiterführende Untersuchung der riffbildenden Bestandteile und die Entwicklung des Riffes nach dem mittelpermischen Massenaussterben. Dafür wurden Daten der einzelnen fossilen Bestandteile und des gesamten Gesteins analysiert. Dabei wurden elf Fossilvergesellschaftungen identifiziert, welche jede von unterschiedlichen fossilen Bestandteilen dominiert wurde. Schwämme, Archaeolithoporella und Tubiphytes waren die ökologisch wichtigsten Komponenten im Tieqiao-Riff, während mikrobielle Mikrite und syndepositionale Zemente zusätzliche Bausteine der Riffe darstellen. Schwämme waren dabei besonders wichtig für die Rifferholung. Tubiphytes war in den verschiedenen Ablagerungsräumen weit verbreitet und spielte eine Hauptrolle in den ersten Riffzyklen. Archaeolithoporella dagegen konzentrierte sich in den flacheren Bereichen des Riffzyklus (d.h. im oberen Teil des Riffes) und war maßgeblich daran beteiligt, das Riffvolumen zu erweitern. Grundsätzlich besitzt die Erholung der Riffe nach dem mittelpermischen Massenaussterben große Ähnlichkeit mit der die dem Massenaussterben an der Perm-Trias Grenze folgte. Typisch dafür ist eine verzögerte Erholung der metazoischen Riffe und ein Muster der schrittweisen Erholung, die ihrerseits durch ökologische und umweltbedingte Faktoren kontrolliert wird. Die Wichtigkeit von enkrustierenden Organismen und mikrobiellen Karbonaten sind ebenfalls vergleichbar zu den meisten anderen Riffsystemen, die sich nach einem Massenaussterben entwickelten. Diese Ergebnisse sind äußerst wichtig um unser Wissen über die Entwicklung von Riffsystemen nach Massenaussterben zu erweitern.
KW  - mass extinction
KW  - reef
KW  - Permian
KW  - Wuchiapingian
KW  - Archaeolithoporella
KW  - Massenaussterben
KW  - Riff
KW  - Perm
KW  - Wuchiapingium
KW  - Archaeolithoporella
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-487502
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Samprogna Mohor, Guilherme
A1  - Hudson, Paul
A1  - Thieken, Annegret
T1  - A comparison of factors driving flood losses in households affected by different flood types
JF  - Water resources research
N2  - Flood loss data collection and modeling are not standardized, and previous work has indicated that losses from different flood types (e.g., riverine and groundwater) may follow different driving forces. However, different flood types may occur within a single flood event, which is known as a compound flood event. Therefore, we aimed to identify statistical similarities between loss-driving factors across flood types and test whether the corresponding losses should be modeled separately. In this study, we used empirical data from 4,418 respondents from four survey campaigns studying households in Germany that experienced flooding. These surveys sought to investigate several features of the impact process (hazard, socioeconomic, preparedness, and building characteristics, as well as flood type). While the level of most of these features differed across flood type subsamples (e.g., degree of preparedness), they did so in a nonregular pattern. A variable selection process indicates that besides hazard and building characteristics, information on property-level preparedness was also selected as a relevant predictor of the loss ratio. These variables represent information, which is rarely adopted in loss modeling. Models shall be refined with further data collection and other statistical methods. To save costs, data collection efforts should be steered toward the most relevant predictors to enhance data availability and increase the statistical power of results. Understanding that losses from different flood types are driven by different factors is a crucial step toward targeted data collection and model development and will finally clarify conditions that allow us to transfer loss models in space and time. <br /> Key Points <br /> Survey data of flood-affected households show different concurrent flood types, undermining the use of a single-flood-type loss model Thirteen variables addressing flood hazard, the building, and property level preparedness are significant predictors of the building loss ratio Flood type-specific models show varying significance across the predictor variables, indicating a hindrance to model transferability
KW  - Loss modeling
KW  - Riverine floods
KW  - Surface floods
KW  - Groundwater
KW  - Levee
KW  - breaches
KW  - Compound flood event
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR025943
SN  - 0043-1397
SN  - 1944-7973
VL  - 56
IS  - 4
PB  - American Geophysical Union
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Zapata, Sebastian
A1  - Sobel, Edward
A1  - Del Papa, Cecilia
A1  - Glodny, Johannes
T1  - Upper Plate Controls on the Formation of Broken Foreland Basins in the Andean Retroarc Between 26°S and 28°S
BT  - From Cretaceous Rifting to Paleogene and Miocene Broken Foreland Basins
T2  - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2  - Marked along-strike changes in stratigraphy, mountain belt morphology, basement exhumation, and deformation styles characterize the Andean retroarc; these changes have previously been related to spatiotemporal variations in the subduction angle. We modeled new apatite fission track and apatite (U-Th-Sm)/He data from nine ranges located between 26 degrees S and 28 degrees S. Using new and previously published data, we constructed a Cretaceous to Pliocene paleogeographic model that delineates a four-stage tectonic evolution: extensional tectonics during the Cretaceous (120-75 Ma), the formation of a broken foreland basin between 55 and 30 Ma, reheating due to burial beneath sedimentary rocks (18-13 Ma), and deformation, exhumation, and surface uplift during the Late Miocene and the Pliocene (13-3 Ma). Our model highlights how preexisting upper plate structures control the deformation patterns of broken foreland basins. Because retroarc deformation predates flat-slab subduction, we propose that slab anchoring may have been the precursor of Eocene-Oligocene compression in the Andean retroarc. Our model challenges models which consider broken foreland basins and retroarc deformation in the NW Argentinian Andes to be directly related to Miocene flat subduction.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1215 
KW  - Northern Sierras Pampeanas
KW  - Fission-track thermochronology
KW  - Middle Eocene deformation
KW  - Santa-Barbara system
KW  - flat-slab subduction
KW  - tectonic inversion
KW  - Apatite (U-TH)/HE
KW  - Puna Plateau
KW  - radiation-damage
KW  - length measurements
Y1  - 2019
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-523823
SN  - 1866-8372
IS  - 7
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Zapata, Sebastian
A1  - Sobel, Edward
A1  - Del Papa, Cecilia
A1  - Glodny, Johannes
T1  - Upper Plate Controls on the Formation of Broken Foreland Basins in the Andean Retroarc Between 26°S and 28°S
BT  - From Cretaceous Rifting to Paleogene and Miocene Broken Foreland Basins
JF  - Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
N2  - Marked along-strike changes in stratigraphy, mountain belt morphology, basement exhumation, and deformation styles characterize the Andean retroarc; these changes have previously been related to spatiotemporal variations in the subduction angle. We modeled new apatite fission track and apatite (U-Th-Sm)/He data from nine ranges located between 26 degrees S and 28 degrees S. Using new and previously published data, we constructed a Cretaceous to Pliocene paleogeographic model that delineates a four-stage tectonic evolution: extensional tectonics during the Cretaceous (120-75 Ma), the formation of a broken foreland basin between 55 and 30 Ma, reheating due to burial beneath sedimentary rocks (18-13 Ma), and deformation, exhumation, and surface uplift during the Late Miocene and the Pliocene (13-3 Ma). Our model highlights how preexisting upper plate structures control the deformation patterns of broken foreland basins. Because retroarc deformation predates flat-slab subduction, we propose that slab anchoring may have been the precursor of Eocene-Oligocene compression in the Andean retroarc. Our model challenges models which consider broken foreland basins and retroarc deformation in the NW Argentinian Andes to be directly related to Miocene flat subduction.
KW  - Northern Sierras Pampeanas
KW  - Fission-track thermochronology
KW  - Middle Eocene deformation
KW  - Santa-Barbara system
KW  - flat-slab subduction
KW  - tectonic inversion
KW  - Apatite (U-TH)/HE
KW  - Puna Plateau
KW  - radiation-damage
KW  - length measurements
Y1  - 2019
VL  - 21
IS  - 7
PB  - John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
CY  - New Jersey
ER  -