TY - JOUR A1 - Krügel, Andre A1 - Vitu, Francoise A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - Fixation positions after skipping saccades - a single space makes a large difference JF - Attention, perception, & psychophysics : AP&P ; a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc. N2 - During reading, saccadic eye movements are generated to shift words into the center of the visual field for lexical processing. Recently, Krugel and Engbert (Vision Research 50:1532-1539, 2010) demonstrated that within-word fixation positions are largely shifted to the left after skipped words. However, explanations of the origin of this effect cannot be drawn from normal reading data alone. Here we show that the large effect of skipped words on the distribution of within-word fixation positions is primarily based on rather subtle differences in the low-level visual information acquired before saccades. Using arrangements of "x" letter strings, we reproduced the effect of skipped character strings in a highly controlled single-saccade task. Our results demonstrate that the effect of skipped words in reading is the signature of a general visuomotor phenomenon. Moreover, our findings extend beyond the scope of the widely accepted range-error model, which posits that within-word fixation positions in reading depend solely on the distances of target words. We expect that our results will provide critical boundary conditions for the development of visuomotor models of saccade planning during reading. KW - Eye movements KW - Reading KW - Motor control KW - Skipping Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-012-0365-1 SN - 1943-3921 VL - 74 IS - 8 SP - 1556 EP - 1561 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kucian, Karin A1 - Kohn, Juliane A1 - Hannula-Sormunen, Minna M. A1 - Richtmann, Verena A1 - Grond, Ursin A1 - Käser, Tanja A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - von Aster, Michael G. T1 - Kinder mit Dyskalkulie fokussieren spontan weniger auf Anzahligkeit Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Wyschkon, Anne T1 - Basisdiagnostik umschriebener Entwicklungsstörungen im Vorschulalter : (BUEVA) Version II BT - BUEVA Y1 - 2012 PB - Beltz CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rauh, Hellgard T1 - Bedeutung der frühkindlichen Bindungsqualität für Kinder mit Trisomie 21. Erfahrungen aus einer Langzeitstudie über 20 Jahre Y1 - 2012 SN - 978-3-17-021976-2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rauh, Hellgard T1 - Erste Bindung (12-13 Monate) Y1 - 2012 SN - 978-3-8379-2151-9 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Ihle, Wolfgang A1 - Groen, Gunter A1 - Walter, Daniel A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Petermann, Franz T1 - Depression T3 - Leitfaden Kinder- und Jugendpsychotherapie Y1 - 2012 SN - 978-3-8017-2381-1 VL - 16 PB - Hogrefe CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Göthe, Katrin A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Gendt, Anja A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Working memory in children : tracing age differences and special educational needs to parameters of a formal model N2 - Parameters of a formal working-memory model were estimated for verbal and spatial memory updating of children. The model proposes interference though feature overwriting and through confusion of whole elements as the primary cause of working-memory capacity limits. We tested 2 age groups each containing 1 group of normal intelligence and 1 deficit group. For young children the deficit was developmental dyslexia; for older children it was a general learning difficulty. The interference model predicts less interference through overwriting but more through confusion of whole elements for the dyslexic children than for their age-matched controls. Older children exhibited less interference through confusion of whole elements and a higher processing rate than young children, but general learning difficulty was associated with slower processing than in the age-matched control group. Furthermore, the difference between verbal and spatial updating mapped onto several meaningful dissociations of model parameters. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - THES A1 - Urbach, Tina T1 - What makes or breaks proactivity at work : how personal motives affect the evaluation of improvement suggestions Y1 - 2012 CY - Potsdam ER - TY - THES A1 - Kohn, Juliane T1 - Rechenstörungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter: psychische Auffälligkeiten und kognitive Defizite Y1 - 2012 CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heister, Julian A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Comparing word frequencies from different German text corpora Y1 - 2012 SN - 978-3-86956-178-3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Warschburger, Petra A1 - Kröller, Katja T1 - Childhood overweight and obesity: maternal perceptions of the time for engaging in child weight management Y1 - 2012 UR - http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2458-12-295.pdf U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-295 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Laucht, Manfred A1 - Blomeyer, Dorothea A1 - Buchmann, Arlette F. A1 - Treutlein, Jens A1 - Shmidt, Martin H. A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine A1 - Rietschel, Marcella A1 - Zimmermann, Ulrich S. A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias T1 - Catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met genotype, parenting practices and adolescent alcohol use: testing the differential susceptibility hypothesis Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laucht, Manfred A1 - Treutlein, Jens A1 - Blomeyer, Dorothea A1 - Buchmann, Arlette F. A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine A1 - Reitschelb, Marcel A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias T1 - Interactive effects of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 gene and childhood adversity on depressive symptoms in young adults: Findings from a longitudinal study Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stadler, Waltraud A1 - Ott, Derek V. M. A1 - Springer, Anne A1 - Schubotz, Ricarda I. A1 - Schütz-Bosbach, Simone A1 - Prinz, Wolfgang T1 - Repetitive TMS suggests a role of the human dorsal premotor cortex in action prediction JF - Frontiers in human neuroscienc N2 - Predicting the actions of other individuals is crucial for our daily interactions. Recent evidence suggests that the prediction of object-directed arm and full-body actions employs the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd). Thus, the neural substrate involved in action control may also be essential for action prediction. Here, we aimed to address this issue and hypothesized that disrupting the PMd impairs action prediction. Using fMRI-guided coil navigation, rTMS (five pulses, 10Hz) was applied over the left PMd and over the vertex (control region) while participants observed everyday actions in video clips that were transiently occluded for 1s. The participants detected manipulations in the time course of occluded actions, which required them to internally predict the actions during occlusion. To differentiate between functional roles that the PMd could play in prediction, rTMS was either delivered at occluder-onset (TMS-early), affecting the initiation of action prediction, or 300 ms later during occlusion(TMS-late), affecting the maintenance of anongoing prediction. TMS-early over the left PMd produced more prediction errors than TMS-early over the vertex. TMS-late had no effect on prediction performance, suggesting that the left PMd might be involved particularly during the initiation of internally guided action prediction but may play a subordinate role in maintaining ongoing prediction. These findings open a new perspective on the role of the left PMd in action prediction which is in line with its functions in action control and in cognitive tasks. In the discussion, there levance of the left PMd for integrating external action parameters with the observer's motor repertoire is emphasized. Overall, the results are in line with the notion that premotor functions are employed in both action control and action observation. KW - action observation KW - prediction KW - occlusion KW - premotor KW - PMd KW - transcranial magnetic stimulation Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00020 SN - 1662-5161 VL - 6 IS - 2 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tschentscher, Nadja A1 - Hauk, Olaf A1 - Fischer, Martin H. A1 - Pulvermüller, Friedemann T1 - You can count on the motor cortex finger counting habits modulate motor cortex activation evoked by numbers JF - NeuroImage : a journal of brain function N2 - The embodied cognition framework suggests that neural systems for perception and action are engaged during higher cognitive processes. In an event-related fMRI study, we tested this claim for the abstract domain of numerical symbol processing: is the human cortical motor system part of the representation of numbers, and is organization of numerical knowledge influenced by individual finger counting habits? Developmental studies suggest a link between numerals and finger counting habits due to the acquisition of numerical skills through finger counting in childhood. In the present study, digits 1 to 9 and the corresponding number words were presented visually to adults with different finger counting habits, i.e. left- and right-starters who reported that they usually start counting small numbers with their left and right hand, respectively. Despite the absence of overt hand movements, the hemisphere contralateral to the hand used for counting small numbers was activated when small numbers were presented. The correspondence between finger counting habits and hemispheric motor activation is consistent with an intrinsic functional link between finger counting and number processing. KW - Embodied cognition KW - Numerical cognaion KW - Finger counting habits KW - SNARC effect Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.11.037 SN - 1053-8119 VL - 59 IS - 4 SP - 3139 EP - 3148 PB - Elsevier CY - San Diego ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Roesler, Frank T1 - Some unsettled problems in behavioral neuroscience research JF - Psychological research : an international journal of perception, attention, memory, and action N2 - The goal of behavioral neuroscience is to map psychological concepts onto physiological and anatomical concepts and vice versa. The present paper reflects on some of the hidden obstacles that have to be overcome in order to find unique psychophysiological relationships. These are, among others: (1) the different status of concepts which are defined in the two domains (ontological subjectivity in psychology and ontological objectivity in physiology); (2) the distinct hierarchical levels to which concepts from the two domains may belong; (3) ambiguity of concepts, because-due to limited measurement resolution or definitional shortcomings-they sometimes do not cover unique states or processes; (4) ignored context dependencies. Moreover, it is argued that due to the gigantic number of states and state changes, which are possible in a nervous system, it seems unlikely that neuroscience can provide exact causal explanations and predictions of behavior. Rather, as in statistical thermodynamics the transition from the microlevel of explanations to the macrolevel is only possible with probabilistic uncertainty. Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-011-0408-6 SN - 0340-0727 VL - 76 IS - 2 SP - 131 EP - 144 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Dambacher, Michael A1 - Dimigen, Olaf A1 - Jacobs, Arthur M. A1 - Sommer, Werner T1 - Eye movements and brain electric potentials during reading JF - Psychological research : an international journal of perception, attention, memory, and action N2 - The development of theories and computational models of reading requires an understanding of processing constraints, in particular of timelines related to word recognition and oculomotor control. Timelines of word recognition are usually determined with event-related potentials (ERPs) recorded under conditions of serial visual presentation (SVP) of words; timelines of oculomotor control are derived from parameters of eye movements (EMs) during natural reading. We describe two strategies to integrate these approaches. One is to collect ERPs and EMs in separate SVP and natural reading experiments for the same experimental material (but different subjects). The other strategy is to co-register EMs and ERPs during natural reading from the same subjects. Both strategies yield data that allow us to determine how lexical properties influence ERPs (e.g., the N400 component) and EMs (e.g., fixation durations) across neighboring words. We review our recent research on the effects of frequency and predictability of words on both EM and ERP measures with reference to current models of eye-movement control during reading. Results are in support of the proposition that lexical access is distributed across several fixations and across brain-electric potentials measured on neighboring words. Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-011-0376-x SN - 0340-0727 VL - 76 IS - 2 SP - 145 EP - 158 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Goethe, Katrin A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Gendt, Anja A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Working memory in children tracing age differences and special educational needs to parameters of a formal model JF - Developmental psychology N2 - Parameters of a formal working-memory model were estimated for verbal and spatial memory updating of children. The model proposes interference though feature overwriting and through confusion of whole elements as the primary cause of working-memory capacity limits. We tested 2 age groups each containing 1 group of normal intelligence and I deficit group. For young children the deficit was developmental dyslexia; for older children it was a general learning difficulty. The interference model predicts less interference through overwriting but more through confusion of whole elements for the dyslexic children than for their age-matched controls. Older children exhibited less interference through confusion of whole elements and a higher processing rate than young children, but general learning difficulty was associated with slower processing than in the age-matched control group. Furthermore, the difference between verbal and spatial updating mapped onto several meaningful dissociations of model parameters. KW - working-memory capacity KW - interference model KW - dyslexia KW - general learning difficulty Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025660 SN - 0012-1649 VL - 48 IS - 2 SP - 459 EP - 476 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laucht, Manfred A1 - Blomeyer, Dorothea A1 - Buchmann, Arlette F. A1 - Treutlein, Jens A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine A1 - Rietschel, Marcella A1 - Zimmermann, Ulrich S. A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias T1 - Catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met genotype, parenting practices and adolescent alcohol use: testing the differential susceptibility hypothesis JF - The journal of child psychology and psychiatry N2 - Background: Recently, first evidence has been reported for a geneparenting interaction (G x E) with regard to adolescent alcohol use. The present investigation set out to extend this research using the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met polymorphism as a genetic susceptibility factor. Moreover, the current study examined whether a potential G x E would be consistent with one of two models of geneenvironment interplay (genetic vulnerability vs. differential susceptibility). Methods: Data were collected as part of an ongoing epidemiological cohort study following the outcome of early risk factors from birth into adulthood. Two hundred and eighty-five participants (130 males, 155 females) were genotyped for the COMT Val(158) Met polymorphism and were administered an alcohol interview, providing measures of current frequency and amount of drinking at ages 15 and 19 years. Information on three dimensions of perceived parenting behavior was obtained from the 15-year-olds. Results: Adolescents homozygous for the Met allele showed higher drinking activity at age 19 years when their parents had engaged in less supervision or were less involved, while their drinking activity was reduced under conditions of favorable parenting. No such relationship was found in individuals carrying the Val allele. Conclusions: The present findings correspond with the pattern of results predicted by the differential susceptibility hypothesis, suggesting that environmental variation would have a greater impact in individuals carrying a genetic susceptibility such that, in this group, exposure to negative environmental conditions would result in more adverse outcomes and the experience of favorable conditions would lead to more positive outcomes. KW - Catechol-O-methyltransferase gene KW - alcohol use KW - adolescents KW - parenting KW - gene-environment interaction Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02408.x SN - 0021-9630 VL - 53 IS - 4 SP - 351 EP - 359 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Malden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Adam, Jos J. A1 - Bovend'Eerdt, Thamar J. H. A1 - van Dooren, Fleur E. P. A1 - Fischer, Martin H. A1 - Pratt, Jay T1 - The closer the better hand proximity dynamically affects letter recognition accuracy JF - Attention, perception, & psychophysics : AP&P ; a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc. N2 - A growing literature has suggested that processing of visual information presented near the hands is facilitated. In this study, we investigated whether the near-hands superiority effect also occurs with the hands moving. In two experiments, participants performed a cyclical bimanual movement task requiring concurrent visual identification of briefly presented letters. For both the static and dynamic hand conditions, the results showed improved letter recognition performance with the hands closer to the stimuli. The finding that the encoding advantage for near-hand stimuli also occurred with the hands moving suggests that the effect is regulated in real time, in accordance with the concept of a bimodal neural system that dynamically updates hand position in external space. KW - Perception and action Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-012-0339-3 SN - 1943-3921 VL - 74 IS - 7 SP - 1533 EP - 1538 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bender, Stephan A1 - Rellum, Thomas A1 - Freitag, Christine A1 - Resch, Franz A1 - Rietschel, Marcella A1 - Treutlein, Jens A1 - Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine A1 - Brandeis, Daniel A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - Dopamine inactivation efficacy related to functional DAT1 and COMT variants influences motor response evaluation JF - PLoS one N2 - Background: Dopamine plays an important role in orienting, response anticipation and movement evaluation. Thus, we examined the influence of functional variants related to dopamine inactivation in the dopamine transporter (DAT1) and catechol-O-methyltransferase genes (COMT) on the time-course of motor processing in a contingent negative variation (CNV) task. Methods: 64-channel EEG recordings were obtained from 195 healthy adolescents of a community-based sample during a continuous performance task (A-X version). Early and late CNV as well as motor postimperative negative variation were assessed. Adolescents were genotyped for the COMT Val(158) Met and two DAT1 polymorphisms (variable number tandem repeats in the 3'-untranslated region and in intron 8). Results: The results revealed a significant interaction between COMT and DAT1, indicating that COMT exerted stronger effects on lateralized motor post-processing (centro-parietal motor postimperative negative variation) in homozygous carriers of a DAT1 haplotype increasing DAT1 expression. Source analysis showed that the time interval 500-1000 ms after the motor response was specifically affected in contrast to preceding movement anticipation and programming stages, which were not altered. Conclusions: Motor slow negative waves allow the genomic imaging of dopamine inactivation effects on cortical motor post-processing during response evaluation. This is the first report to point towards epistatic effects in the motor system during response evaluation, i.e. during the post-processing of an already executed movement rather than during movement programming. Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0037814 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 7 IS - 5 PB - PLoS CY - San Fransisco ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Warschburger, Petra A1 - Kröller, Katja T1 - "Childhood overweight and obesity maternal perceptions of the time for engaging in child weight management" JF - BMC public health N2 - Background: There is an increasing awareness of the impact of parental risk perception on the weight course of the child and the parent's readiness to engage in preventive efforts, but only less is known about factors related to the parental perception of the right time for the implementation of preventive activities. The aim of this study was to examine parental perceptions of the appropriate time to engage in child weight management strategies, and the factors associated with different weight points at which mothers recognize the need for preventive actions. Methods: 352 mothers with children aged 2-10 years took part in the study. We assessed mothers' perceptions of the actual and preferred weight status of their child, their ability to identify overweight and knowledge of its associated health risks, as well as perceptions of the right time for action to prevent overweight in their child. A regression analysis was conducted to examine whether demographic and weight related factors as well as the maternal general risk perception were associated with recognizing the need to implement prevention strategies. Results: Although most of the parents considered a BMI in the 75th to 90th percentile a valid reason to engage in the prevention of overweight, 19% of the mothers were not willing to engage in prevention until their child reached the 97th percentile. Whereas the child's sex and the identification of an elevated BMI were significant predictors for parents' recognition of the 75th percentile as right point to engage in prevention efforts, an inability to recognize physical health risks associated with overweight silhouettes emerged as a significant factor predicting which parents would delay prevention efforts until a child's BMI reached the 97th percentile. Conclusion: Parental misperceptions of overweight and associated health risks constitute unfavorable conditions for preventive actions. Feedback on the health risks associated with overweight could help increase maternal readiness for change. KW - Maternal perception KW - Need for action KW - Prevention KW - Obesity KW - Overweight KW - Children Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-295 SN - 1471-2458 VL - 12 IS - 12 PB - BioMed Central CY - London ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Ohl, Sven A1 - Brandt, S. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Post-saccadic location judgments after presentation of multiple target-like objects T2 - Perception Y1 - 2012 SN - 0301-0066 SN - 1468-4233 VL - 41 IS - 1 SP - 171 EP - 171 PB - Sage Publ. CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bender, Stephan A1 - Rellum, Thomas A1 - Freitag, Christine A1 - Resch, Franz A1 - Rietschel, Marcella A1 - Treutlein, Jens A1 - Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine A1 - Brandeis, Daniel A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - Time-Resolved influences of functional DAT1 and COMT variants on visual perception and post-processing JF - PLoS one N2 - Background: Dopamine plays an important role in orienting and the regulation of selective attention to relevant stimulus characteristics. Thus, we examined the influences of functional variants related to dopamine inactivation in the dopamine transporter (DAT1) and catechol-O-methyltransferase genes (COMT) on the time-course of visual processing in a contingent negative variation (CNV) task. Methods: 64-channel EEG recordings were obtained from 195 healthy adolescents of a community-based sample during a continuous performance task (A-X version). Early and late CNV as well as preceding visual evoked potential components were assessed. Results: Significant additive main effects of DAT1 and COMT on the occipito-temporal early CNV were observed. In addition, there was a trend towards an interaction between the two polymorphisms. Source analysis showed early CNV generators in the ventral visual stream and in frontal regions. There was a strong negative correlation between occipito-temporal visual post-processing and the frontal early CNV component. The early CNV time interval 500-1000 ms after the visual cue was specifically affected while the preceding visual perception stages were not influenced. Conclusions: Late visual potentials allow the genomic imaging of dopamine inactivation effects on visual post-processing. The same specific time-interval has been found to be affected by DAT1 and COMT during motor post-processing but not motor preparation. We propose the hypothesis that similar dopaminergic mechanisms modulate working memory encoding in both the visual and motor and perhaps other systems. Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041552 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 7 IS - 7 PB - PLoS CY - San Fransisco ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarz, Wolfgang A1 - Miller, Jeff T1 - Response time models of delta plots with negative-going slopes JF - Psychonomic bulletin & review : a journal of the Psychonomic Society N2 - Delta plots (DPs) graphically compare reaction time (RT) quantiles obtained under two experimental conditions. In some research areas (e.g., Simon effects), decreasing delta plots (nDPs) have consistently been found, indicating that the experimental effect is largest at low quantiles and decreases for higher quantiles. nDPs are unusual and intriguing: They imply that RT in the faster condition is more variable, a pattern predicted by few standard RT models. We describe and analyze five classes of well-established latency mechanisms that are consistent with nDPs-exhaustive processing models, correlated stage models, mixture models, cascade models, and parallel channels models-and discuss the implications of our analyses for the interpretation of DPs. DPs generally do not imply any specific processing model; therefore, it is more fruitful to start from a specific quantitative model and to compare the DP it predicts with empirical data. KW - Delta plot KW - RT models KW - Simon effect KW - Activation suppression model Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-012-0254-6 SN - 1069-9384 VL - 19 IS - 4 SP - 555 EP - 574 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dimigen, Olaf A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Sommer, Werner T1 - Trans-saccadic parafoveal preview benefits in fluent reading: A study with fixation-related brain potentials JF - NeuroImage : a journal of brain function N2 - During natural reading, a parafoveal preview of the upcoming word facilitates its subsequent recognition (e.g., shorter fixation durations compared to masked preview) but nothing is known about the neural correlates of this so-called preview benefit. Furthermore, while the evidence is strong that readers preprocess orthographic features of upcoming words, it is controversial whether word meaning can also be accessed parafoveally. We investigated the timing, scope, and electrophysiological correlates of parafoveal information use in reading by simultaneously recording eye movements and fixation-related brain potentials (FRPs) while participants read word lists fluently from left to right. For one word the target (e.g., "blade") parafoveal information was manipulated by showing an identical ("blade"), semantically related ("knife"), or unrelated ("sugar") word as preview. In boundary trials, the preview was shown parafoveally but changed to the correct target word during the incoming saccade. Replicating classic findings, target words were fixated shorter after identical previews. In the EEG, this benefit was reflected in an occipitotemporal preview positivity between 200 and 280 ms. In contrast, there was no facilitation from related previews. In parafoveal-on-foveal trials, preview and target were embedded at neighboring list positions without a display change. Consecutive fixation of two related words produced N400 priming effects, but only shortly (160 ms) after the second word was directly fixated. Results demonstrate that neural responses to words are substantially altered by parafoveal preprocessing under normal reading conditions. We found no evidence that word meaning contributes to these effects. Saccade-contingent display manipulations can be combined with EEG recordings to study extrafoveal perception in vision. KW - EEG KW - Eye tracking KW - Active vision KW - Eye-fixation-related potentials (EFRP) KW - Parafoveal vision KW - Boundary technique Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.04.006 SN - 1053-8119 SN - 1095-9572 VL - 62 IS - 1 SP - 381 EP - 393 PB - Elsevier CY - San Diego ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dambacher, Michael A1 - Dimigen, Olaf A1 - Braun, Mario A1 - Wille, Kristin A1 - Jacobs, Arthur M. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Stimulus onset asynchrony and the timeline of word recognition: Event-related potentials during sentence reading JF - Neuropsychologia : an international journal in behavioural and cognitive neuroscience N2 - Three ERP experiments examined the effect of word presentation rate (i.e., stimulus onset asynchrony, SOA) on the time course of word frequency and predictability effects in sentence reading. In Experiments 1 and 2, sentences were presented word-by-word in the screen center at an SOA of 700 and 490 ms, respectively. While these rates are typical for psycholinguistic ERP research, natural reading happens at a considerably faster pace. Accordingly. Experiment 3 employed a near-normal SOA of 280 ms, which approximated the rate of normal reading. Main results can be summarized as follows: (1) The onset latency of early frequency effects decreases gradually with increasing presentation rates. (2) An early interaction between top-down and bottom-up processing is observed only under a near-normal SOA. (3) N400 predictability effects occur later and are smaller at a near-normal (i.e., high) presentation rate than at the lower rates commonly used in ERP experiments. (4) ERP morphology is different at the shortest compared to longer SOAs. Together, the results point to a special role of a near-normal presentation rate for visual word recognition and therefore suggest that SOA should be taken into account in research of natural reading. KW - Word recognition KW - Sentence reading KW - Stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) KW - Frequency KW - Predictability KW - Event-related potentials (ERPs) Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.04.011 SN - 0028-3932 VL - 50 IS - 8 SP - 1852 EP - 1870 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brzezicka, Aneta A1 - Krejtz, Izabela A1 - von Hecker, Ulrich A1 - Laubrock, Jochen T1 - Eye movement evidence for defocused attention in dysphoria - A perceptual span analysis JF - International journal of psychophysiology N2 - The defocused attention hypothesis (von Hecker and Meiser, 2005) assumes that negative mood broadens attention, whereas the analytical rumination hypothesis (Andrews and Thompson, 2009) suggests a narrowing of the attentional focus with depression. We tested these conflicting hypotheses by directly measuring the perceptual span in groups of dysphoric and control subjects, using eye tracking. In the moving window paradigm, information outside of a variable-width gaze-contingent window was masked during reading of sentences. In measures of sentence reading time and mean fixation duration, dysphoric subjects were more pronouncedly affected than controls by a reduced window size. This difference supports the defocused attention hypothesis and seems hard to reconcile with a narrowing of attentional focus. KW - Dysphoria KW - Defocused attention KW - Eye tracking KW - Moving window paradigm KW - Perceptual span Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.09.022 SN - 0167-8760 VL - 85 IS - 1 SP - 129 EP - 133 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Fischer, Martin H. T1 - A hierarchical view of grounded, embodied, and situated numerical cognition T2 - Cognitive processing : international quarterly of cognitive science Y1 - 2012 SN - 1612-4782 VL - 13 SP - S14 EP - S15 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fischer, Martin H. T1 - A hierarchical view of grounded, embodied, and situated numerical cognition JF - Cognitive processing : international quarterly of cognitive science N2 - There is much recent interest in the idea that we represent our knowledge together with the sensory and motor features that were activated during its acquisition. This paper reviews the evidence for such "embodiment" in the domain of numerical cognition, a traditional stronghold of abstract theories of knowledge representation. The focus is on spatial-numerical associations, such as the SNARC effect (small numbers are associated with left space, larger numbers with right space). Using empirical evidence from behavioral research, I first describe sensory and motor biases induced by SNARC, thus identifying numbers as embodied concepts. Next, I propose a hierarchical relationship between grounded, embodied, and situated aspects of number knowledge. This hierarchical conceptualization helps to understand the variety of SNARC-related findings and yields testable predictions about numerical cognition. I report several such tests, ranging from cross-cultural comparisons of horizontal and vertical SNARC effects (Shaki and Fischer in J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 38(3): 804-809, 2012) to motor cortical activation studies in adults with left- and right-hand counting preferences (Tschentscher et al. in NeuroImage 59: 3139-3148, 2012). It is concluded that the diagnostic features for each level of the proposed hierarchical knowledge representation, together with the spatial associations of numbers, make the domain of numerical knowledge an ideal testing ground for embodied cognition research. KW - Embodied cognition KW - Grounded cognition KW - Numerical cognition KW - SNARC effect Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-012-0477-5 SN - 1612-4782 VL - 13 SP - S161 EP - S164 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Lindemann, Oliver A1 - Paulus, Markus T1 - Acquisition of action knowledge through verbal and social learning T2 - Cognitive processing : international quarterly of cognitive science Y1 - 2012 SN - 1612-4782 VL - 13 IS - 3 SP - S10 EP - S10 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarz, Wolfgang A1 - Eiselt, Anne-Kathrin T1 - Numerical distance effects in visual search JF - Attention, perception, & psychophysics : AP&P ; a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc. N2 - We present three experiments in which observers searched for a target digit among distractor digits in displays in which the mean numerical target-distractor distance was varied. Search speed and accuracy increased with numerical distance in both target-present and target-absent trials (Exp. 1A). In Experiment 1B, the target 5 was replaced with the letter S. The results suggest that the findings of Experiment 1A do not simply reflect the fact that digits that were numerically closer to the target coincidentally also shared more physical features with it. In Experiment 2, the numerical distance effect increased with set size in both target-present and target-absent trials. These findings are consistent with the view that increasing numerical target-distractor distance affords faster nontarget rejection and target identification times. Recent neurobiological findings (e.g., Nieder, 2011) on the neuronal coding of numerosity have reported a width of tuning curves of numerosity-selective neurons that suggests graded, distance-dependent coactivation of the representations of adjacent numbers, which in visual search would make it harder to reject numerically closer distractors as nontargets. KW - Numerical distance effect KW - Visual search KW - Category effect KW - Mental number line KW - Numerical magnitude Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-012-0342-8 SN - 1943-3921 VL - 74 IS - 6 SP - 1098 EP - 1103 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lange, Elke B. A1 - Starzynski, Christian A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - Capture of the gaze does not capture the mind JF - Attention, perception, & psychophysics : AP&P ; a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc. N2 - Sudden visual changes attract our gaze, and related eye movement control requires attentional resources. Attention is a limited resource that is also involved in working memory-for instance, memory encoding. As a consequence, theory suggests that gaze capture could impair the buildup of memory respresentations due to an attentional resource bottleneck. Here we developed an experimental design combining a serial memory task (verbal or spatial) and concurrent gaze capture by a distractor (of high or low similarity to the relevant item). The results cannot be explained by a general resource bottleneck. Specifically, we observed that capture by the low-similar distractor resulted in delayed and reduced saccade rates to relevant items in both memory tasks. However, while spatial memory performance decreased, verbal memory remained unaffected. In contrast, the high-similar distractor led to capture and memory loss for both tasks. Our results lend support to the view that gaze capture leads to activation of irrelevant representations in working memory that compete for selection at recall. Activation of irrelevant spatial representations distracts spatial recall, whereas activation of irrelevant verbal features impairs verbal memory performance. KW - Attention KW - Memory KW - Cognitive eye movements KW - Visual working memory KW - Short-term memory Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-012-0318-8 SN - 1943-3921 VL - 74 IS - 6 SP - 1168 EP - 1182 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Leucht, Michael A1 - Tiffin-Richards, Simon A1 - Vock, Miriam A1 - Pant, Hans Anand A1 - Koeller, Olaf T1 - English teachers' diagnostic skills in judging their students' competencies on the basis of the Common European Framework of Reference JF - Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und pädagogische Psychologie N2 - The present study addresses diagnostic competence of English language teachers at the end of lower secondary education. The 56 teachers assigned each of their respective students (N = 1 363) to a proficiency level of foreign language use according to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). The teachers' judgements were compared to CEFR proficiency level assignments estimated using data from a reading comprehension assessment of English as a foreign language. The consistency of proficiency level allocations was evaluated using level, differentiation, and ranking components. Beyond providing a description of diagnostic competence, the present study focuses on the influence of classroom halo effects on teachers' CEFR proficiency level judgements by comparing teacher judgments and students' English marks. A multilevel model of diagnostic competence is presented to assess to what extent the rank and level components are influenced by teachers' familiarity with and use of the CEFR guidelines when judging student proficiency. KW - diagnostic competence KW - English as a foreign language KW - multilevel analysis KW - Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1026/0049-8637/a000071 SN - 0049-8637 VL - 44 IS - 4 SP - 163 EP - 177 PB - Hogrefe CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Neyer, Franz J. A1 - Felber, Juliane A1 - Gebhardt, Claudia T1 - Development and validation of a brief measure of technology commitment JF - Diagnostica N2 - The authors propose a model of technology commitment that describes individual differences in the willingness of technology use in terms of three facets: technology acceptance, technology competence, technology control. It is assumed that technology commitment predicts adaptive technology use especially in old age. Data from three studies (N = 825 participants) support the conceptual distinction of the constructs and confirm the psychometric properties of the newly constructed scale. Construct validity was established via correlations with theoretically related constructs (technology use, personality, successful aging, health) as well as concurrently vis-a-vis other measures of technology acceptance. KW - technology commitment KW - technology acceptance KW - technology competence KW - technology control KW - technology use Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1026/0012-1924/a000067 SN - 0012-1924 VL - 58 IS - 2 SP - 87 EP - 99 PB - Hogrefe CY - Göttingen ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Eye movements during reading: Contributions of cross-language comparisons T2 - International journal of psychology Y1 - 2012 SN - 0020-7594 VL - 47 SP - 138 EP - 138 PB - Wiley CY - Hove ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Matuschek, Hannes A1 - Holschneider, Matthias T1 - Multivariate analyses of fixation durations in reading with linear mixed and additive mixed models T2 - International journal of psychology Y1 - 2012 SN - 0020-7594 VL - 47 IS - 33 SP - 139 EP - 139 PB - Wiley CY - Hove ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Knoll, Nina A1 - Wiedemannm, A. U. A1 - Heckhausen, Juliane A1 - Burkert, Silke A1 - Felber, Juliane A1 - Schrader, M. T1 - The interplay of autonomy goals and spousal support a prospective study with couples facing cancer T2 - Psychology & health : official journal of the European Health Psychology Society Y1 - 2012 SN - 0887-0446 VL - 27 IS - 33 SP - 70 EP - 71 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hohmann, S. A1 - Buchmann, Arlette F. A1 - Witt, S. H. A1 - Rietschel, M. A1 - Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine A1 - Schmidt, M. H. A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - Increasing association between a neuropeptide Y promoter polymorphism and body mass index during the course of development JF - Pediatric obesity N2 - Objective: To investigate the association of the neuropeptide Y (NPY) promoter polymorphism rs16147 with body mass index (BMI) during the course of development from infancy to adulthood. Design: Longitudinal, prospective study of a German community sample. Subjects: n = 306 young adults (139 males, 167 females). Measurements: Participants' body weight and height were assessed at the ages of 3 months and 2, 4.5, 8, 11, 15 and 19 years. NPY rs16147 was genotyped. Results: Controlling for a number of possible confounders, homozygote carriers of the rs16147 C allele exhibited significantly lower BMI scores when compared with individuals carrying the T allele. In addition, a significant genotype by age interaction emerged, indicating that the genotype effect increased during the course of development. Conclusions: This is the first longitudinal study to report an association between rs16147 and BMI during childhood and adolescence. The finding that this effect increased during the course of development may either be due to age-dependent alterations in gene expression or to maturation processes within the weight regulation circuits of the central nervous system. KW - Development KW - neuropeptide Y KW - rs16147 KW - weight regulation Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2047-6310.2012.00069.x SN - 2047-6310 VL - 7 IS - 6 SP - 453 EP - 460 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Apel, Jens K. A1 - Cangelosi, Angelo A1 - Ellis, Rob A1 - Goslin, Jeremy A1 - Fischer, Martin H. T1 - Object affordance influences instruction span JF - Experimental brain research N2 - We measured memory span for assembly instructions involving objects with handles oriented to the left or right side. Right-handed participants remembered more instructions when objects' handles were spatially congruent with the hand used in forthcoming assembly actions. No such affordance-based memory benefit was found for left-handed participants. These results are discussed in terms of motor simulation as an embodied rehearsal mechanism. KW - Action simulation KW - Affordance KW - Embodied cognition KW - Rehearsal KW - Sequential instruction KW - Working memory Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-012-3251-0 SN - 0014-4819 VL - 223 IS - 2 SP - 199 EP - 206 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Masson, Michael E. J. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Trial history modulates joint effects of stimulus quality, frequency, and priming in lexical decision T2 - Canadian journal of experimental psychology = Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale Y1 - 2012 SN - 1196-1961 VL - 66 IS - 4 SP - 318 EP - 318 PB - Canadian Psychological Assoc. CY - Ottawa ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tsai, Jie-Li A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Yan, Ming T1 - Parafoveal semantic information extraction in traditional Chinese reading JF - Acta psychologica : international journal of psychonomics N2 - Semantic information extraction from the parafovea has been reported only in simplified Chinese for a special subset of characters and its generalizability has been questioned. This study uses traditional Chinese, which differs from simplified Chinese in visual complexity and in mapping semantic forms, to demonstrate access to parafoveal semantic information during reading of this script. Preview duration modulates various types (identical, phonological, and unrelated) of parafoveal information extraction. Parafoveal semantic extraction is more elusive in English; therefore, we conclude that such effects in Chinese are presumably caused by substantial cross-language differences from alphabetic scripts. The property of Chinese characters carrying rich lexical information in a small region provides the possibility of semantic extraction in the parafovea. KW - Semantic preview benefit KW - Chinese reading KW - Eye movements Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2012.06.004 SN - 0001-6918 SN - 1873-6297 VL - 141 IS - 1 SP - 17 EP - 23 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - Computational modeling of collicular integration of perceptual responses and attention in microsaccades JF - The journal of neuroscience N2 - During visual fixation on a target object, our eyes are not motionless but generate slow fixational eye movements and microsaccades. Effects of visual attention have been observed in both microsaccade rates and spatial directions. Experimental results, however, range from early (<200 ms) to late (>600 ms) effects combined with cue-congruent as well as cue-incongruent microsaccade directions. On the basis of well characterized neural circuitry in superior colliculus, we construct a dynamical model of neural activation that is modulated by perceptual input and visual attention. Our results show that additive integration of low-level perceptual responses and visual attention can explain microsaccade rate and direction effects across a range of visual cueing tasks. These findings suggest that the patterns of microsaccade direction observed in experiments are compatible with a single dynamical mechanism. The basic principles of the model are highly relevant to the general problem of integration of low-level perception and top-down selective attention. Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0808-12.2012 SN - 0270-6474 VL - 32 IS - 23 SP - 8035 EP - 8039 PB - Society for Neuroscience CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Shaki, Samuel A1 - Fischer, Martin H. A1 - Goebel, Silke M. T1 - Direction counts A comparative study of spatially directional counting biases in cultures with different reading directions JF - Journal of experimental child psychology N2 - Western adults associate small numbers with left space and large numbers with right space. Where does this pervasive spatial-numerical association come from? In this study, we first recorded directional counting preferences in adults with different reading experiences (left to right, right to left, mixed, and illiterate) and observed a clear relationship between reading and counting directions. We then recorded directional counting preferences in pre-schoolers and elementary school children from three of these reading cultures (left to right, right to left, and mixed). Culture-specific counting biases existed before reading acquisition in children as young as 3 years and were subsequently modified by early reading experience. Together, our results suggest that both directional counting and scanning activities contribute to number-space associations. KW - Counting KW - Numerical cognition KW - Reading direction KW - Number-space association KW - Mental Number KW - Cross-cultural Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2011.12.005 SN - 0022-0965 VL - 112 IS - 2 SP - 275 EP - 281 PB - Elsevier CY - San Diego ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Zhou, Wei A1 - Shu, Hua A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Lexical and sublexical semantic preview benefits in chinese reading JF - Journal of experimental psychology : Learning, memory, and cognition N2 - Semantic processing from parafoveal words is an elusive phenomenon in alphabetic languages, but it has been demonstrated only for a restricted set of noncompound Chinese characters. Using the gaze-contingent boundary paradigm, this experiment examined whether parafoveal lexical and sublexical semantic information was extracted from compound preview characters. Results generalized parafoveal semantic processing to this representative set of Chinese characters and extended the parafoveal processing to radical (sublexical) level semantic information extraction. Implications for notions of parafoveal information extraction during Chinese reading are discussed. KW - semantic KW - preview benefit KW - reading KW - Chinese Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026935 SN - 0278-7393 VL - 38 IS - 4 SP - 1069 EP - 1075 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Shaki, Samuel A1 - Fischer, Martin H. T1 - Multiple spatial mappings in numerical cognition JF - Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance N2 - A recent cross-cultural comparison (Shaki, Fischer, & Petrusic, 2009) suggested that spatially consistent processing habits for words and numbers are a necessary condition for the spatial representation of numbers (Spatial-Numerical Association of Response Codes; SNARC effect). Here we reexamine the SNARC in Israelis who read text from right to left but numbers from left to right. We show that, despite these spatially inconsistent processing habits, a SNARC effect still emerges when the response dimension is spatially orthogonal to the conflicting processing dimension. These results clarify the cognitive conditions for spatial-numerical mappings. KW - mental number line KW - reading habits KW - SNARC Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027562 SN - 0096-1523 VL - 38 IS - 3 SP - 804 EP - 809 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yang, Jiongjiong A1 - Wang, Aobing A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Zhu, Zijian A1 - Chen, Cheng A1 - Wang, Yizhou T1 - Distinct processing for pictures of animals and objects Evidence from eye movements JF - Emotion : a new journal from the American Psychological Association N2 - Many studies have suggested that emotional stimuli orient and engage attention. There is also evidence that animate stimuli, such as those from humans and animals, cause attentional bias. However, categorical and emotional factors are usually mixed, and it is unclear to what extent human context influences attentional allocation. To address this issue, we tracked participants' eye movements while they viewed pictures with animals and inanimate images (i.e., category) as focal objects. These pictures had either negative or neutral emotional valence, and either human body parts or nonhuman parts were near the focal objects (i.e., context). The picture's valence, arousal, position, size, and most of the low-level visual features were matched across categories. The results showed that nonhuman animals were more likely to be attended to and to be attended to for longer times than inanimate objects. The same pattern held for the human contexts (vs. nonhuman contexts). The effects of emotional valence, category, and context interacted. Specifically, in images with a negative valence, focal animals and objects with human context had comparable numbers of gaze fixations and gaze duration. These results highlighted the attentional bias to animate parts of a picture and clarified that the effects of category, valence, and picture context interacted to influence attentional allocation. KW - emotion KW - category KW - attention KW - eye-tracking Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026848 SN - 1528-3542 VL - 12 IS - 3 SP - 540 EP - 551 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fay, Doris A1 - Sonnentag, Sabine T1 - Within-person fluctuations of proactive behavior how affect and experienced competence regulate work behavior JF - Human performance N2 - This article studies proactive work behavior from a within-person perspective. Building on the broaden-and-build model and the mood-as-information approach, we hypothesized that negative trait affect and positive state affect predict the relative time spent on proactive behavior. Furthermore, based on self-determination theory we argued that persons want to feel competent and that proactive behavior is one way to experience competence. In an experience-sampling study, 52 employees responded to surveys 3 times a day for 5 days. Hierarchical linear modeling confirmed the hypotheses on trait and state affect. Analyses furthermore showed that although a higher level of experienced competence at core task activities was associated with a subsequent increase in time spent on these activities, low experienced competence predicted an increase in time spent on proactive behavior. Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2011.631647 SN - 0895-9285 VL - 25 IS - 1 SP - 72 EP - 93 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Philadelphia ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - A computational model of microsaccadic responses to shifts of covert attention T2 - Perception Y1 - 2012 SN - 0301-0066 SN - 1468-4233 VL - 41 SP - 55 EP - 55 PB - Sage Publ. CY - London ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Laubrock, Jochen A1 - Cajar, Anke A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - Peripheral spatial frequency processing affects timing and metrics of saccades T2 - Perception Y1 - 2012 SN - 0301-0066 SN - 1468-4233 VL - 41 SP - 170 EP - 170 PB - Sage Publ. CY - London ER - TY - THES A1 - Krentz, Eva Maria T1 - Essstörungen bei Jugendlichen im Hochleistungssport : eine Analyse sportbezogener Einflussfaktoren T1 - Eating disorders of adolescents in elite sports : an analysis of sports-related correlates N2 - Essstörungen, wie Anorexia Nervosa oder Bulimia Nervorsa, gehen mit einer hohen psychischen Belastung einher und können gesundheitliche Schäden zur Folge haben. Bei Athleten mit einer Essstörung kann es darüber hinaus zu Einbußen in der Sportleistung kommen. Gerade für den Hochleistungssport ist es daher wichtig zu wissen, welches Risiko für Essstörungen besteht und wodurch das Risiko bedingt wird. Bisherige Studien zeigen deutliche Unterschiede zwischen den Sportarten. Eliteathleten aus ästhetischen Sportarten, wie rhythmische Sportgymnastik oder Eiskunstlauf, scheinen ein besonders hohes Essstörungsrisiko aufzuweisen. Deutlich geringere Prävalenzraten finden sich in Ballsportarten, wie Handball oder Basketball. Um zu verstehen, welche Aspekte der Sportart das Essstörungsrisiko beeinflussen, beschäftigt sich die vorliegende Arbeit mit der Rolle sportbezogener Variablen. In die Studien einbezogen wurden insgesamt 171 Athleten zwischen 11 und 18 Jahren (im Mittel 14.1 ± 1.8 Jahre) aus ästhetischen Sportarten und Ballsportarten, die einen Fragebogenpaket mit Instrumenten zu gestörtem Essverhalten, allgemeiner Körperunzufriedenheit, sozialem Druck im Sport, sportbezogener Körperunzufriedenheit, Schlankheitsstreben zur Leistungssteigerung und negativen Gefühle bei Trainingsausfall ausfüllten. Nach einem Jahr wieder befragt wurden 65 Athleten aus ästhetischen Sportarten. Nach Kontrolle von Alter, Geschlecht, BMI und allgemeiner Körperunzufriedenheit trugen sportbezogene Variablen signifikant zur weiteren Varianzaufklärung gestörten Essverhaltens bei. Die Längsschnittanalysen bestätigten einen Risikofaktorstatus für Schlankheitsstreben zur Leistungssteigerung. Zusammenhänge zwischen sportbezogenen Aspekten und gestörtem Essverhalten zeigten sich sowohl in Hochrisikosportarten für gestörtes Essverhalten (ästhetischen Sportarten), als auch in Niedrigrisikosportarten für gestörtes Essverhalten (Ballsportarten). Mit Ausnahme von negativen Gefühlen nach Trainingsausfall traten die sportbezogenen Variabeln häufiger in den ästhetischen Sportarten auf als in den Ballsportarten. Die eigenen Befunde verdeutlichen somit, dass der Einbezug potentieller sportbezogener Risikofaktoren − zusätzlich zu den allgemeinen Risikofaktoren − zum besseren Verständnis der Essstörungssymptomatik von Athleten beiträgt. Vor allem die Bedeutung von Gewicht für die Leistung beeinflusst das Essstörungsrisiko bei Athleten und ist stärker ausgeprägt in Hochrisikosportarten für Essstörungssymptomatik. N2 - Eating disorders such as Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa are serious, difficult-to-treat psychiatric disorders. For elite athletes, in addition to impairment in health and everyday life, an eating disorder can lead to a decline in sports performance. Knowledge of the risk for eating disorders in sports is therefore important. Prevalence rates for disordered eating vary depending on the type of sport. A particularly high risk was found in elite athletes from aesthetic sports such as figure skating or dance. Prevalence rates are lower in ballgame sports, such as handball or basketball. The purpose of this study was to focus on sport-specific variables in different sport types and to examine their relation to disordered eating. One hundred and seventy-one aesthetic and ballgame sports athletes participated in this study (mean age 14.1 ± 1.8 years). At a follow-up survey one year later, 65 athletes from aesthetic sports participated again. The questionnaire package included disordered eating, general body dissatisfaction, social pressure to be lean from sports environment, sports-related body dissatisfaction, desire to be leaner to improve sports performance and emotional distress resulting from missed exercise sessions. In predicting eating disorder symptoms in athletes from aesthetic sports, we observed that after controlling for sex, age, BMI, and body dissatisfaction, sports-related variables were able to account for an additional variance in disordered eating. The longitudinal analyses indicated that a desire to be leaner to improve sports performance is predictive of disordered eating in aesthetic sports. Sports-related variables were associated with disordered eating also in ballgame sports, but some risk factors, such as the desire to be leaner to improve sports performance, were less prevalent. In conclusion of these results, sports-related parameters are relevant for understanding eating disorder symptomatology in sports. Athletes seem to be more at risk if they perceive the possibility to enhance sports performance through weight-regulation, which is more prevalent in aesthetic sports. KW - Essstörung KW - gestörtes Essverhalten KW - Athlet KW - Sportler KW - Hochleistungssport KW - Jugendalter KW - eating disorder KW - disordered eating KW - elite athlete KW - sport KW - adolescent Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-59933 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kizilirmak, J. M. A1 - Rösler, Frank A1 - Khader, P. H. T1 - Control processes during selective long-term memory retrieval JF - NeuroImage : a journal of brain function N2 - In our daily life, we often need to selectively remember information related to the same retrieval cue in a consecutive manner (e.g., ingredients from a recipe). To investigate such selection processes during cued long-term memory (LTM) retrieval, we used a paradigm in which the retrieval demands were systematically varied from trial to trial and analyzed, by means of behavior and slow cortical EEG potentials (SCPs), the retrieval processes in the current trial depending on those of the previous trial. We varied whether the retrieval cue, the type of to-be-retrieved association (feature), or retrieval load was repeated or changed from trial to trial. The behavioral data revealed a benefit of feature repetition, probably due to trial-by-trial feature priming. SCPs further showed an effect of cue change with a mid-frontal maximum, suggesting increased control demands when the cue was repeated, as well as a parietal effect of retrieval-load change, indicating increased activation of posterior neural resources when focusing on a single association after all learned associations had been activated previously, compared to staying with single associations across trials. These effects suggest the existence of two distinct types of dynamic (trial-by-trial) control processes during LTM retrieval: (1) medial frontal processes that monitor or regulate interference within a set of activated associations, and (2) posterior processes regulating attention to LTM representations. The present study demonstrates that processes mediating selective LTM retrieval can be successfully studied by manipulating the history of processing demands in trial sequences. KW - Cognitive control KW - Long-term memory KW - ERPs KW - SCPs KW - Retrieval KW - Selection processes Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.08.041 SN - 1053-8119 VL - 59 IS - 2 SP - 1830 EP - 1841 PB - Elsevier CY - San Diego ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jost, Kerstin A1 - Khader, Patrick H. A1 - Düsel, Peter A1 - Richter, Franziska R. A1 - Rohde, Kristina B. A1 - Bien, Siegfried A1 - Rösler, Frank T1 - Controlling conflict from interfering long-term memory representations JF - Journal of cognitive neuroscience N2 - Remembering is more than an activation of a memory trace. As retrieval cues are often not uniquely related to one specific memory, cognitive control should come into play to guide selective memory retrieval by focusing on relevant while ignoring irrelevant information. Here, we investigated, by means of EEG and fMRI, how the memory system deals with retrieval interference arising when retrieval cues are associated with two material types (faces and spatial positions), but only one is task-relevant. The topography of slow EEG potentials and the fMRI BOLD signal in posterior storage areas indicated that in such situations not only the relevant but also the irrelevant material becomes activated. This results in retrieval interference that triggers control processes mediated by the medial and lateral PFC, which are presumably involved in biasing target representations by boosting the task-relevant material. Moreover, memory-based conflict was found to be dissociable from response conflict that arises when the relevant and irrelevant materials imply different responses. The two types of conflict show different activations in the medial frontal cortex, supporting the claim of domain-specific prefrontal control systems. Y1 - 2012 SN - 0898-929X VL - 24 IS - 5 SP - 1173 EP - 1190 PB - MIT Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reuschel, Johanna A1 - Rösler, Frank A1 - Henriques, Denise Y. P. A1 - Fiehler, Katja T1 - Spatial updating depends on gaze direction even after loss of vision JF - The journal of neuroscience N2 - Direction of gaze (eye angle + head angle) has been shown to be important for representing space for action, implying a crucial role of vision for spatial updating. However, blind people have no access to vision yet are able to perform goal-directed actions successfully. Here, we investigated the role of visual experience for localizing and updating targets as a function of intervening gaze shifts in humans. People who differed in visual experience (late blind, congenitally blind, or sighted) were briefly presented with a proprioceptive reach target while facing it. Before they reached to the target's remembered location, they turned their head toward an eccentric direction that also induced corresponding eye movements in sighted and late blind individuals. We found that reaching errors varied systematically as a function of shift in gaze direction only in participants with early visual experience (sighted and late blind). In the late blind, this effect was solely present in people with moveable eyes but not in people with at least one glass eye. Our results suggest that the effect of gaze shifts on spatial updating develops on the basis of visual experience early in life and remains even after loss of vision as long as feedback from the eyes and head is available. Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2714-11.2012 SN - 0270-6474 VL - 32 IS - 7 SP - 2422 EP - 2429 PB - Society for Neuroscience CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schad, Daniel A1 - Nuthmann, Antje A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - Your mind wanders weakly, your mind wanders deeply - objective measures reveal mindless reading at different levels JF - Cognition : international journal of cognitive science N2 - When the mind wanders, attention turns away from the external environment and cognitive processing is decoupled from perceptual information. Mind wandering is usually treated as a dichotomy (dichotomy-hypothesis), and is often measured using self-reports. Here, we propose the levels of inattention hypothesis, which postulates attentional decoupling to graded degrees at different hierarchical levels of cognitive processing. To measure graded levels of attentional decoupling during reading we introduce the sustained attention to stimulus task (SAST), which is based on psychophysics of error detection. Under experimental conditions likely to induce mind wandering, we found that subjects were less likely to notice errors that required high-level processing for their detection as opposed to errors that only required low-level processing. Eye tracking revealed that before errors were overlooked influences of high- and low-level linguistic variables on eye fixations were reduced in a graded fashion, indicating episodes of mindless reading at weak and deep levels. Individual fixation durations predicted overlooking of lexical errors 5 s before they occurred. Our findings support the levels of inattention hypothesis and suggest that different levels of mindless reading can be measured behaviorally in the SAST. Using eye tracking to detect mind wandering online represents a promising approach for the development of new techniques to study mind wandering and to ameliorate its negative consequences. KW - Mind wandering KW - Reading KW - Eye movements KW - Signal detection theory KW - Levels of processing KW - Sustained attention Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2012.07.004 SN - 0010-0277 VL - 125 IS - 2 SP - 179 EP - 194 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schad, Daniel A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - The zoom lens of attention simulating shuffled versus normal text reading using the SWIFT model JF - Visual cognition N2 - Assumptions on the allocation of attention during reading are crucial for theoretical models of eye guidance. The zoom lens model of attention postulates that attentional deployment can vary from a sharp focus to a broad window. The model is closely related to the foveal load hypothesis, i.e., the assumption that the perceptual span is modulated by the difficulty of the fixated word. However, these important theoretical concepts for cognitive research have not been tested quantitatively in eye movement models. Here we show that the zoom lens model, implemented in the SWIFT model of saccade generation, captures many important patterns of eye movements. We compared the model's performance to experimental data from normal and shuffled text reading. Our results demonstrate that the zoom lens of attention might be an important concept for eye movement control in reading. KW - Computational modelling KW - Eye movements KW - Foveal load hypothesis KW - Perceptual span KW - Reading KW - Zoom lens model of attention Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/13506285.2012.670143 SN - 1350-6285 SN - 1464-0716 VL - 20 IS - 4-5 SP - 391 EP - 421 PB - Wiley CY - Hove ER - TY - THES A1 - Schad, Daniel T1 - Mindless reading and eye movements : theory, experiments and computational modeling T1 - Gedankenverlorenes Lesen und Blickbewegungen : Theorie, Experimente, und Computationale Modellierung N2 - It sometimes happens that we finish reading a passage of text just to realize that we have no idea what we just read. During these episodes of mindless reading our mind is elsewhere yet the eyes still move across the text. The phenomenon of mindless reading is common and seems to be widely recognized in lay psychology. However, the scientific investigation of mindless reading has long been underdeveloped. Recent progress in research on mindless reading has been based on self-report measures and on treating it as an all-or-none phenomenon (dichotomy-hypothesis). Here, we introduce the levels-of-inattention hypothesis proposing that mindless reading is graded and occurs at different levels of cognitive processing. Moreover, we introduce two new behavioral paradigms to study mindless reading at different levels in the eye-tracking laboratory. First (Chapter 2), we introduce shuffled text reading as a paradigm to approximate states of weak mindless reading experimentally and compare it to reading of normal text. Results from statistical analyses of eye movements that subjects perform in this task qualitatively support the ‘mindless’ hypothesis that cognitive influences on eye movements are reduced and the ‘foveal load’ hypothesis that the response of the zoom lens of attention to local text difficulty is enhanced when reading shuffled text. We introduce and validate an advanced version of the SWIFT model (SWIFT 3) incorporating the zoom lens of attention (Chapter 3) and use it to explain eye movements during shuffled text reading. Simulations of the SWIFT 3 model provide fully quantitative support for the ‘mindless’ and the ‘foveal load’ hypothesis. They moreover demonstrate that the zoom lens is an important concept to explain eye movements across reading and mindless reading tasks. Second (Chapter 4), we introduce the sustained attention to stimulus task (SAST) to catch episodes when external attention spontaneously lapses (i.e., attentional decoupling or mind wandering) via the overlooking of errors in the text and via signal detection analyses of error detection. Analyses of eye movements in the SAST revealed reduced influences from cognitive text processing during mindless reading. Based on these findings, we demonstrate that it is possible to predict states of mindless reading from eye movement recordings online. That cognition is not always needed to move the eyes supports autonomous mechanisms for saccade initiation. Results from analyses of error detection and eye movements provide support to our levels-of-inattention hypothesis that errors at different levels of the text assess different levels of decoupling. Analyses of pupil size in the SAST (Chapter 5) provide further support to the levels of inattention hypothesis and to the decoupling hypothesis that off-line thought is a distinct mode of cognitive functioning that demands cognitive resources and is associated with deep levels of decoupling. The present work demonstrates that the elusive phenomenon of mindless reading can be vigorously investigated in the cognitive laboratory and further incorporated in the theoretical framework of cognitive science. N2 - Beim Lesen passiert es manchmal dass wir zum Ende einer Textpassage gelangen und dabei plötzlich bemerken dass wir keinerlei Erinnerung daran haben was wir soeben gelesen haben. In solchen Momenten von gedankenverlorenem Lesen ist unser Geist abwesend, aber die Augen bewegen sich dennoch über den Text. Das Phänomen des gedankenverlorenen Lesens ist weit verbreitet und scheint in der Laienpsychologie allgemein anerkannt zu sein. Die wissenschaftliche Untersuchung von gedankenverlorenem Lesen war jedoch lange Zeit unzureichend entwickelt. Neuerer Forschungsfortschritt basierte darauf gedankenverlorenes Lesen durch Selbstberichte zu untersuchen und als ein Phänomen zu behandeln das entweder ganz oder gar nicht auftritt (Dichotomie-Hypothese). Hier stellen wir die ‚Stufen der Unaufmerksamkeit’-Hypothese auf, dass gedankenverlorenes Lesen ein graduelles Phänomen ist, das auf verschiedenen kognitiven Verarbeitungsstufen entsteht. Wir stellen zudem zwei neue Verhaltensparadigmen vor um verschiedene Stufen von gedankenverlorenem Lesen im Augenbewegungslabor zu untersuchen. Als erstes (in Kapitel 2) stellen wir das Lesen von verwürfeltem Text vor als ein Paradigma um Zustände von schwach gedankenverlorenem Lesen experimentell anzunähern, und vergleichen es mit dem Lesen von normalem Text. Die Ergebnisse von statistischen Augenbewegungsanalysen unterstützen qualitativ die ‚Unaufmerksamkeits’-Hypothese, dass kognitive Einflüsse auf Augenbewegungen beim Lesen von verwürfeltem Text reduziert ist, und die ‚Foveale Beanspruchungs’-Hypothese, dass die Reaktion der zoom lens visueller Aufmerksamkeit auf lokale Textschwierigkeit beim Lesen von verwürfeltem Text verstärkt ist. Wir stellen eine weiterentwickelte Version des SWIFT Modells (SWIFT 3) vor, welches die zoom lens der Aufmerksamkeit implementiert, und validieren dieses Modell am Lesen von verwürfeltem und normalem Text (Kapitel 3). Simulationen des SWIFT 3 Modells unterstützen die ‚Unaufmerksamkeits’ und die ‚Foveal Beanspruchungs’-Hypothese in einem vollständig quantitativen Modell. Zudem zeigen sie, dass die zoom lens der Aufmerksamkeit ein wichtiges Konzept ist um Augenbewegungen in Aufgaben zum Lesen und gedankenverlorenen Lesen zu erklären. Als zweites (Kapitel 4) stellen wir den sustained attention to stimulus task (SAST) vor um Episoden von spontaner externer Unaufmerksamkeit (also Entkopplung der Aufmerksamkeit oder Abschweifen der Gedanken) in einem Paradigma über Verhaltensparameter wie das Übersehen von Fehlern im Text und Signal-Detektions-Analysen von Fehlerentdeckung zu messen. Augenbewegungsanalysen im SAST decken abgeschwächte Einflüsse von kognitiver Textverarbeitung während gedankenverlorenem Lesen auf. Basierend auf diesen Befunden zeigen wir, dass es möglich ist Zustände von gedankenverlorenem Lesen online, also während dem Lesen, aus Augenbewegungen vorherzusagen bzw. abzulesen. Dass höhere Kognition nicht immer notwendig ist um die Augen zu bewegen unterstützt zudem autonome Mechanismen der Sakkadeninitiierung. Ergebnisse aus Analysen von Fehlerdetektion und Augenbewegungen unterstützen unsere ‚Stufen der Unaufmerksamkeit’-Hypothese, dass Fehler auf verschiedenen Textebenen verschiedene Stufen von Entkopplung messen. Analysen der Pupillengröße im SAST (Kapitel 5) bieten weitere Unterstützung für die ‚Stufen der Unaufmerksamkeit’-Hypothese, sowie für die Entkopplungs-Hypothese, dass abschweifende Gedanken eine abgegrenzte kognitiver Funktionsweise darstellen, welche kognitive Ressourcen benötigt und mit tiefen Stufen von Unaufmerksamkeit zusammenhängt. Die aktuelle Arbeit zeigt, dass das flüchtige Phänomen des gedankenverlorenen Lesens im kognitiven Labor mit strengen Methoden untersucht und weitergehend in den theoretischen Rahmen der Kognitionswissenschaft eingefügt werden kann. KW - Gedankenverlorenes Lesen KW - Blickbewegungen KW - Gedankenschweifen KW - Computationale Modellierung KW - Levels-of-inattention Hypothese KW - mindless reading KW - eye movements KW - mind wandering KW - computational modeling KW - levels-of-inattention hypothesis Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-70822 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schiefele, Ulrich A1 - Schaffner, Ellen A1 - Möller, Jens A1 - Wigfield, Allan T1 - Dimensions of reading motivation and their relation to reading behavior and competence JF - Reading research quarterly N2 - This review of research examines the constructs of reading motivation and synthesizes research findings of the past 20 years on the relationship between reading motivation and reading behavior (amount, strategies, and preferences), and the relationship between reading motivation and reading competence (reading skills and comprehension). In addition, evidence relating to the causal role of motivational factors and to the role of reading behavior as a mediator of the effects of motivation on reading competence is examined. We identify seven genuine dimensions of reading motivation: curiosity, involvement, competition, recognition, grades, compliance, and work avoidance. Evidence for these dimensions comes from both quantitative and qualitative research. Moreover, evidence from previous studies confirms the positive contribution of intrinsic reading motivation, and the relatively small or negative contribution of extrinsic reading motivation, to reading behavior and reading competence. The positive contribution of intrinsic motivation is particularly evident in relation to amount of reading for enjoyment and reading competence and holds even when accounting for relevant control variables. However, the causal role of reading motivation and the mediating role of reading behavior remain largely unresolved issues. KW - Comprehension KW - Motivation KW - engagement KW - To learners in which of the following categories does your work apply KW - Childhood KW - Early adolescence KW - Adolescence Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/RRQ.030 SN - 0034-0553 VL - 47 IS - 4 SP - 427 EP - 463 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Streblow, Lilian A1 - Schiefele, Ulrich A1 - Riedel, Stefanie T1 - Evaluation of the Revised Reading Competence and Reading Motivation Training (LEKOLEMO) for the lower secondary school level JF - Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und pädagogische Psychologie N2 - Inspired by the results from the PISA study and based on previous intervention programs, the reading competence training LEKOLEMO (Program for Fostering Reading Literacy and Reading Motivation) for 7th-grade students was developed. The training differs from existing programs in two aspects: (1) It comprises tasks pertaining to the PISA reading dimensions retrieving information, text-related interpretation, and reflection and evaluation, and (2) explicitly aims at fostering reading motivation. The present study examined the revised version of LEKOLEMO in a sample of 235 seventh graders. The results confirmed the effectiveness of LEKOLEMO and showed significant effects of medium size on reading competence at the follow-up test. However, effects on intrinsic reading motivation and on self-concept of reading were small and unstable. KW - training KW - reading competence KW - reading motivation Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1026/0049-8637/a000058 SN - 0049-8637 VL - 44 IS - 1 SP - 12 EP - 26 PB - Hogrefe CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Moeller, Ingrid A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Busching, Robert A1 - Krause, Christina T1 - Efficacy of an intervention to reduce the use of media violence and aggression an experimental evaluation with adolescents in Germany JF - Journal of youth and adolescence : a multidisciplinary research publication N2 - Several longitudinal studies and meta-analytic reviews have demonstrated that exposure to violent media is linked to aggression over time. However, evidence on effective interventions to reduce the use of violent media and promote critical viewing skills is limited. The current study examined the efficacy of an intervention designed to reduce the use of media violence and aggression in adolescence, covering a total period of about 12 months. A sample of 683 7th and 8th graders in Germany (50.1% girls) were assigned to two conditions: a 5-week intervention and a no-intervention control group. Measures of exposure to media violence and aggressive behavior were obtained about 3 months prior to the intervention (T1) and about 7 months post-intervention (T2). The intervention group showed a significantly larger decrease in the use of violent media from T1 to T2 than the control group. Participants in the intervention group also scored significantly lower on self-reported aggressive behavior (physical aggression and relational aggression) at T2 than those in the control group, but the effect was limited to those with high levels of initial aggression. This effect was mediated by an intervention-induced decrease in the normative acceptance of aggression. No gender differences in program efficacy were found. The results show that a 5-week school-based intervention can produce changes in the use of media violence, aggressive norms, and behaviors sustained over several months. KW - Media violence KW - Intervention KW - Experimental evaluation KW - Longitudinal study Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-011-9654-6 SN - 0047-2891 VL - 41 IS - 2 SP - 105 EP - 120 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Bieneck, Steffen T1 - The effect of music-induced mood on aggressive affect, cognition, and behavior JF - Journal of applied social psychology : devoted to applications of experimental behavioral science research to problems of society N2 - Two studies explored the role of pleasant music in buffering the adverse effects of provocation. In the first study, 111 participants listened to aversive, pleasant, or no music before receiving a provocation and completing a measure of aggressive behavior. Participants exposed to pleasant music reported more positive mood. Those in the aversive music condition reported more negative mood than did those in the no-music control condition. The more positive the music-induced mood, the less anger was experienced and aggressive behavior was shown after provocation. In Study 2 (N = 142), listening to pleasant music reduced anger following provocation, compared to aversive music and a no-music control condition. Pleasant music also increased response latencies in recognizing aggressive words after provocation. Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2011.00887.x SN - 0021-9029 VL - 42 IS - 2 SP - 271 EP - 290 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - THES A1 - Schaefer, Christin T1 - „Gestärkt für den Lehrerberuf“ T1 - "Strengthened for the teaching profession" BT - psychische Gesundheit durch Förderung berufsbezogener Kompetenzen ; Entwicklung und Evaluation eines stärkenfokussierten Interventionsprogramms für Lehramtsstudierende BT - mental health by promoting professional skills ; development and evaluation of a strengths-based intervention program for student teachers N2 - In einer quasiexperimentellen Längsschnittstudie mit 380 Lehramtsstudierenden wurde das Interventionsprogramm „Gestärkt für den Lehrerberuf“, welches Elemente eines Self-Assessments der berufsrelevanten Kompetenzen mit konkreten Beratungsmöglichkeiten und einem Zieleffektivitätstraining (Dargel, 2006) zur Entwicklung individueller berufsbezogener Kompetenzen verbindet, auf seine Wirksamkeit (Reflexionskompetenz, Lehrerselbstwirksamkeit, berufsbezogene Kompetenzen, Beanspruchungserleben, Widerstandsfähigkeit) und den Wirkungsprozess (Zielbindung, Zielrealisierbarkeit, Zieleffektivität) hin überprüft. In dem Prä-Post-Follow-up-Test-Vergleichsgruppen-Design wurden eine Interventionsgruppe, deren Treatment auf dem Stärkenansatz basiert (1), eine defizitorientierte Interventionsgruppe (2), sowie eine kombinierte Interventionsgruppe, bei der der Stärkenansatz durch den Defizitansatz ergänzt wird (3), einer unbehandelten Kontrollgruppe sowie einer alternativ behandelten Kontrollgruppe, die ausschließlich in ihren sozial-kommunikativer Kompetenzen geschult wurde, gegenübergestellt. Es gelang zum Post- und Follow-up-Test, sowohl die individuellen beruflichen Kompetenzen als auch die Reflexionskompetenz von Teilnehmern der Interventionsgruppen im Vergleich zur unbehandelten Kontrollgruppe zu fördern. Die Teilnehmer der kombinierten Intervention profitierten im Vergleich zu den Teilnehmern der anderen beiden Interventionsgruppen stärker im Bereich Lehrerselbstwirksamkeit, Widerstandsfähigkeit und Zieleffektivität. Gegenüber der alternativen Kontrollgruppe zeigten sie ebenfalls einen stärkeren Zuwachs in der Entwicklung ihrer berufsrelevanten Kompetenzen und in ihrer Widerstandsfähigkeit. Die Studie liefert erste Hinweise darauf, dass ein Ansatz, welcher Stärkenfokussierung und Defizitorientierung integriert, besonders effektiv wirkt. N2 - In a sample of 380 student teachers this longitudinal study examined the effectiveness of a strengths-based intervention program that combined elements from a self-assessment of work related competencies with peer-coaching and a goal effectiveness training (Dargel, 2006). The intervention intended to improve work related competencies, reflectivity, teacher self-efficacy, strategies to cope with occupational stress, hardiness and the process of competence development (goal commitment, goal planning, goal accomplishment). The participants were assigned to three treatment conditions: (1) focus on their individual work related strengths, (2) focus on work related weaknesses or (3) integration of strengths and weaknesses and compared to a no-treatment control group and an alternative control group that focused on developing social-communicative competencies. Both at posttest and at follow-up-test the students in the three intervention conditions outperformed control students in measures of reflexivity and work related competencies. Relative to students, who focused on strengths or weaknesses only, students in the combined intervention were better able to maintain training induced teacher self-efficacy, hardiness and goal attainment. Compared to the alternative control group they showed a greater increase of work related competencies and hardiness. The study provides preliminary results that a combined treatment that integrated the training of work related strengths and weaknesses is more effective than a training that focuses either on strengths or relative weaknesses. KW - Lehrergesundheit KW - Lehrertraining KW - stärkenbasierte Intervention KW - Kompetenzentwicklung KW - Trainingsevaluation KW - Zieleffektivitätstraining KW - teachers health KW - teacher training KW - strengths-based intervention KW - competence development KW - training evaluation KW - goal effectiveness training Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-63487 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Romero-Sanchez, Monica A1 - Megias, Jesus L. A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - The role of alcohol and victim sexual interest in spanish students' perceptions of sexual assault JF - Journal of interpersonal violence : concerned with the study and treatment of victims and perpetrators of physical and sexual violence N2 - Two studies investigated the effects of information related to rape myths on Spanish college students' perceptions of sexual assault. In Study 1, 92 participants read a vignette about a nonconsensual sexual encounter and rated whether it was a sexual assault and how much the woman was to blame. In the scenario, the man either used physical force or offered alcohol to the woman to overcome her resistance. Rape myth acceptance (RMA) was measured as an individual difference variable. Participants were more convinced that the incident was a sexual assault and blamed the woman less when the man had used force rather than offering her alcohol. In Study 2, 164 college students read a scenario in which the woman rejected a man's sexual advances after having either accepted or turned down his offer of alcohol. In addition, the woman was either portrayed as being sexually attracted to him or there was no mention of her sexual interest. Participants' RMA was again included. High RMA participants blamed the victim more than low RMA participants and were less certain that the incident was a sexual assault, especially when the victim had accepted alcohol and was described as being sexually attracted to the man. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for the prevention and legal prosecution of sexual assault. KW - sexual assault KW - rape myth acceptance KW - alcohol KW - victim blame KW - token resistance Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260511432149 SN - 0886-2605 VL - 27 IS - 11 SP - 2230 EP - 2258 PB - Sage Publ. CY - Thousand Oaks ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Report of the Media Violence Commission JF - Aggressive behavior : a multidisciplinary journal devoted to the experimental and observational analysis of conflict in humans and animals Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21443 SN - 0096-140X VL - 38 IS - 5 SP - 335 EP - 341 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Lausberg, H. A1 - Kazzer, Philipp A1 - Heekeren, Hauke A1 - Wartenburger, Isabell T1 - Differential cortical mechanisms underlying tool use, pantomime, and body-part-as-object use T2 - European journal of neurology : the official journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies Y1 - 2012 SN - 1351-5101 VL - 19 IS - 9 SP - 78 EP - 78 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Clahsen, Harald A1 - Hansen, Detlef T1 - Profiling linguistic disability in German-speaking children JF - Assessing Grammar : the Languages of LARSP Y1 - 2012 SN - 978-1-8476-9639-7 U6 - https://doi.org/10.21832/9781847696397-007 SP - 77 EP - 91 PB - Multilingual Matters CY - Bristol ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Gianelli, Claudia A1 - Ranzini, Mariagrazia A1 - Marzocchi, Michele A1 - Micheli, Leticia Rettore A1 - Borghi, Anna M. T1 - Influence of numerical magnitudes on the free choice of an object position T2 - Cognitive processing : international quarterly of cognitive science Y1 - 2012 SN - 1612-4782 VL - 13 SP - S41 EP - S41 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gianelli, Claudia A1 - Ranzini, Mariagrazia A1 - Marzocchi, Michele A1 - Micheli, Leticia Rettore A1 - Borghi, Anna M. T1 - Influence of numerical magnitudes on the free choice of an object position JF - Cognitive processing : international quarterly of cognitive science N2 - The link between numerical magnitude and mechanisms of spatial orienting has been underlined in an increasing number of studies. Similarly, the relationship between numerical magnitude and grasping actions has started to be investigated. The present study focuses on the influence of numerical magnitude processing in the free choice of the position of an object. Participants were presented with a digit (1-9 without 5) and were required to decide whether it was smaller or larger than 5. Then, they had to grasp a small cube and change its position before vocally responding "higher" or "lower". Results showed that in the initial phase of the grasp movement, the grip aperture was modulated by the numerical magnitude. Moreover, participants shifted the position of the cube more leftward with smaller digits compared with larger ones, and they tended to position the object closer to themselves with smaller digits compared with larger ones. These results extend the previous findings indicating that the processing of magnitude is tightly related to the mechanisms of spatial orienting that subserve action execution. KW - Spatial-numerical associations KW - Magnitude processing KW - Hand kinematics KW - Embodied cognition Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-012-0483-7 SN - 1612-4782 VL - 13 SP - S185 EP - S188 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pollatos, Olga A1 - Herbert, Beate M. A1 - Fuestoes, Juergen A1 - Weimer, Katja A1 - Enck, Paul A1 - Zipfel, Stephan T1 - Food deprivation sensitizes pain perception JF - International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology N2 - While food deprivation has known effects on sympathovagal balance, little is known about hunger's influence on the perception of pain. Since autonomic activities influence many cognitive and emotional processes, this suggests that food deprivation should interact with the perception of pain. This study analyzed the possible effects of short-term food deprivation on pain sensitivity in healthy female participants. This study was comprised of 32 healthy female participants who underwent a 48-hr inpatient hospital investigation. Prior to testing, heart rate and heart rate variability were assessed. After a standardized breakfast, day 1 measurements were taken. Food intake was then not allowed again until the following evening for 22 participants (experimental group), while 12 participants were served standard meals (control group). Pain threshold and tolerance were assessed at 10:00 a. m. on both days using a pressure algometer. Additionally pain experience was examined. Food deprivation significantly reduced pain thresholds and tolerance scores in the experimental group. Additionally, the sympathovagal balance changed, characterized by a decrease in parasympathetic activation. Higher vagal withdrawal after food deprivation was associated with higher pain sensitivity in the experimental group. Furthermore, perceived unpleasantness and pain intensity increased for threshold and tolerance stimuli in the experimental group. We conclude that short-term food deprivation sensitized pain perception in healthy females. An imbalance in sympathovagal activation evoked by food deprivation accounted for this effect. Our results might be a pathogenic mechanism for the development of emotional difficulties associated with disturbed eating behavior. KW - short-term food deprivation KW - pain threshold KW - pain tolerance KW - sympathovagal balance Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a000062 SN - 0269-8803 VL - 26 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Hogrefe CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Herbert, Beate M. A1 - Herbert, Cornelia A1 - Pollatos, Olga A1 - Weimer, Katja A1 - Enck, Paul A1 - Sauer, Helene A1 - Zipfel, Stephan T1 - Effects of short-term food deprivation on interoceptive awareness, feelings and autonomic cardiac activity JF - Biological psychology N2 - The perception of internal bodily signals (interoception) plays a relevant role for emotion processing and feelings. This study investigated changes of interoceptive awareness and cardiac autonomic activity induced by short-term food deprivation and its relationship to hunger and affective experience. 20 healthy women were exposed to 24 h of food deprivation in a controlled setting. Interoceptive awareness was assessed by using a heartbeat tracking task. Felt hunger, cardiac autonomic activity, mood and subjective appraisal of interoceptive sensations were assessed before and after fasting. Results show that short-term fasting intensifies interoceptive awareness, not restricted to food cues, via changes of autonomic cardiac and/or cardiodynamic activity. The increase of interoceptive awareness was positively related to felt hunger. Additionally, the results demonstrate the role of cardiac vagal activity as a potential index of emotion related self-regulation, for hunger, mood and the affective appraisal of interoceptive signals during acute fasting. KW - Interoceptive awareness KW - Hunger KW - Autonomic activity KW - Food deprivation KW - Self-regulation KW - Eating disorders Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.09.004 SN - 0301-0511 VL - 89 IS - 1 SP - 71 EP - 79 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pollatos, Olga A1 - Gramann, Klaus T1 - Attenuated modulation of brain activity accompanies emotion regulation deficits in alexithymia JF - Psychophysiology : journal of the Society for Psychophysiological Research N2 - The personality trait alexithymia has been associated with deficits in emotion regulation; nevertheless, experimental investigations on this research question are sparse. We investigated reappraisal as one emotion regulation strategy in 44 healthy participants with high (HDA) versus low (LDA) degrees of alexithymia. High density EEG and spatiotemporal current density reconstruction were used to characterize the time course of emotion regulation and to identify brain regions involved. Main results were that reappraisal was accompanied by reduced arousal and significant amplitude reduction of P3 and slow wave in the LDA group only. In contrast to the LDA group, reappraisal was not associated with an increase of activation in fusiform gyrus and inferior temporal gyrus in the HDA group. We demonstrate profound deficits in emotion regulation, which might contribute to everyday problems of social functioning in alexithymia. KW - Alexithymia KW - Emotion regulation KW - Reappraisal KW - Evoked potentials KW - Current source density reconstruction Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01348.x SN - 0048-5772 VL - 49 IS - 5 SP - 651 EP - 658 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kühnpast, Nicole A1 - Gramann, Klaus A1 - Pollatos, Olga T1 - Electrophysiologic evidence for multilevel deficits in emotional face processing in patients with Bulimia Nervosa JF - Psychosomatic medicine N2 - Background: Empirical evidence suggests substantial deficits regarding emotion recognition in bulimia nervosa (BN). The aim of the current study was to investigate electrophysiologic evidence for deficits in emotional face processing in patients with BN. Methods: Event-related potentials were recorded from 13 women with BN and 13 matched healthy controls while viewing neutral, happy, fearful, and angry facial expressions. Participants' recognition performance for emotional faces was tested in a subsequent categorization task. In addition, the degree of alexithymia, depression, and anxiety were assessed via questionnaires. Results: Categorization of emotional faces was hampered in BN (p = .01). Amplitudes of event-related potentials differed during emotional face processing: face-specific N170 amplitudes were less pronounced for angry faces in patients with BN (mean [M] [standard deviation {SD}] = 1.46 [0.56] mu V versus M [SD] = -1.23 [0.61] mu V, p = .02). In contrast, P3 amplitudes were more pronounced in patients with BN as compared with controls (M [SD] = 2.64 [0.46] mu V versus M [SD] = 1.25 [0.39] mu V, p = .04), independent of emotional expression. Conclusions: The study provides novel electrophysiologic data showing that emotional faces are processed differently in patients with BN as compared with healthy controls. We suggest that deficits in early automatic emotion classification in BN are followed by an increased allocation of attentional resources to compensate for those deficits. These findings might contribute to a better understanding of the impaired social functioning in BN. KW - eating disorders KW - bulimia nervosa KW - EEG KW - emotions KW - face recognition KW - N170 KW - N2 KW - P3 Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e31825ca15a SN - 0033-3174 VL - 74 IS - 7 SP - 736 EP - 744 PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins CY - Philadelphia ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Herbert, Beate M. A1 - Muth, Eric R. A1 - Pollatos, Olga A1 - Herbert, Cornelia T1 - Interoception across modalities on the relationship between cardiac awareness and the sensitivity for gastric functions JF - PLoS one N2 - The individual sensitivity for ones internal bodily signals ("interoceptive awareness'') has been shown to be of relevance for a broad range of cognitive and affective functions. Interoceptive awareness has been primarily assessed via measuring the sensitivity for ones cardiac signals ("cardiac awareness'') which can be non-invasively measured by heartbeat perception tasks. It is an open question whether cardiac awareness is related to the sensitivity for other bodily, visceral functions. This study investigated the relationship between cardiac awareness and the sensitivity for gastric functions in healthy female persons by using non-invasive methods. Heartbeat perception as a measure for cardiac awareness was assessed by a heartbeat tracking task and gastric sensitivity was assessed by a water load test. Gastric myoelectrical activity was measured by electrogastrography (EGG) and subjective feelings of fullness, valence, arousal and nausea were assessed. The results show that cardiac awareness was inversely correlated with ingested water volume and with normogastric activity after water load. However, persons with good and poor cardiac awareness did not differ in their subjective ratings of fullness, nausea and affective feelings after drinking. This suggests that good heartbeat perceivers ingested less water because they subjectively felt more intense signals of fullness during this lower amount of water intake compared to poor heartbeat perceivers who ingested more water until feeling the same signs of fullness. These findings demonstrate that cardiac awareness is related to greater sensitivity for gastric functions, suggesting that there is a general sensitivity for interoceptive processes across the gastric and cardiac modality. Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036646 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 7 IS - 5 PB - PLoS CY - San Fransisco ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Pollatos, Olga A1 - Fuestoes, Jürgen A1 - Critchley, Hugo T1 - On the generalized embodiment of pain how interoceptive sensitivitymodulates cutaneous pain perception T2 - Psychophysiology : journal of the Society for Psychophysiological Research KW - Embodiment KW - Interoception Y1 - 2012 SN - 0048-5772 VL - 49 IS - 9 SP - S104 EP - S104 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Herbert, Beate M. A1 - Pollatos, Olga T1 - The body in the mind On the relationship between interoception and embodiment JF - Topics in cognitive science N2 - The processing, representation, and perception of bodily signals (interoception) plays an important role for human behavior. Theories of embodied cognition hold that higher cognitive processes operate on perceptual symbols and that concept use involves reactivations of the sensory-motor states that occur during experience with the world. Similarly, activation of interoceptive representations and meta-representations of bodily signals supporting interoceptive awareness are profoundly associated with emotional experience and cognitive functions. This article gives an overview over present findings and models on interoception and mechanisms of embodiment and highlights its relevance for disorders that are suggested to represent a translation deficit of bodily states into subjective feelings and self-awareness. KW - Interoception KW - Interoceptive awareness KW - Emotions KW - Time perception KW - Disturbances of embodiment KW - Alexithymia KW - Eating disorder KW - Self Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-8765.2012.01189.x SN - 1756-8757 VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - 692 EP - 704 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pollatos, Olga A1 - Fuestoes, Juergen A1 - Critchley, Hugo D. T1 - On the generalised embodiment of pain: how interoceptive sensitivity modulates cutaneous pain perception JF - Pain : journal of the International Association for the Study of Pain N2 - Individual differences in interoceptive sensitivity are associated with differences in reported intensity of emotional experience, vulnerability to anxiety and mood disorder and capacity for emotional self-regulation. Enhanced sensitivity to autonomic state is often accompanied by increased autonomic reactivity. Here we tested the hypothesis that healthy people classified as more interoceptively sensitive, by their performance of a heartbeat monitoring task, will demonstrate enhanced perception of pain. We further explored whether this effect is associated with a greater physiological reactivity to the pain stimuli. Using an algometer, cutaneous pressure pain was applied to the thenar eminence in 60 healthy participants. Heart rate variability and respiratory activity were recorded concurrently. We observed significant relationships between heightened interoceptive sensitivity and both enhanced sensitivity and decreased tolerance to pain. These effects were accompanied by a more pronounced parasympathetic decrease and a change in sympathovagal balance during pain assessment in the high, compared to the low, interoceptively sensitive group. Our study provides novel evidence that interoceptive sensitivity is associated with the experience and tolerability of pain in conjunction with reactive changes in autonomic balance. KW - Cutaneous pain perception KW - Embodiment KW - Insula KW - Interoception KW - Interoceptive sensitivity Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2012.04.030 SN - 0304-3959 VL - 153 IS - 8 SP - 1680 EP - 1686 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER -