TY - THES A1 - Meiser, Susanne T1 - Wie dysfunktional sind Dysfunktionale Einstellungen? T1 - How dysfunctional are dysfunctional attitudes? BT - dysfunktionale Kognitionen und Depression im Kindes- und Jugendalter BT - dysfunctional cognitions and depression in children and adolescents N2 - Im kognitiven Vulnerabilitäts-Stress-Modell der Depression von A.T. Beck (1967, 1976) spielen dysfunktionale Einstellungen bei der Entstehung von Depression in Folge von erlebtem Stress eine zentrale Rolle. Diese Theorie prägt seit Jahrzehnten die ätiologische Erforschung der Depression, jedoch ist die Bedeutung dysfunktionaler Einstellungen im Prozess der Entstehung einer Depression insbesondere im Kindes- und Jugendalter nach wie vor unklar. Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich einigen in der bisherigen Forschung wenig behandelten Fragen. Diese betreffen u. a. die Möglichkeit nichtlinearer Effekte dysfunktionaler Einstellungen, Auswirkungen einer Stichprobenselektion, Entwicklungseffekte sowie die Spezifität etwaiger Zusammenhänge für eine depressive Symptomatik. Zur Beantwortung dieser Fragen wurden Daten von zwei Messzeitpunkten der PIER-Studie, eines großangelegten Längsschnittprojekts über Entwicklungsrisiken im Kindes- und Jugendalter, genutzt. Kinder und Jugendliche im Alter von 9 bis 18 Jahren berichteten zweimal im Abstand von ca. 20 Monaten im Selbstberichtsverfahren über ihre dysfunktionalen Einstellungen, Symptome aus verschiedenen Störungsbereichen sowie über eingetretene Lebensereignisse. Die Ergebnisse liefern Evidenz für ein Schwellenmodell, in dem dysfunktionale Einstellungen unabhängig von Alter und Geschlecht nur im höheren Ausprägungsbereich eine Wirkung als Vulnerabilitätsfaktor zeigen, während im niedrigen Ausprägungsbereich keine Zusammenhänge zur späteren Depressivität bestehen. Eine Wirkung als Vulnerabilitätsfaktor war zudem nur in der Subgruppe der anfänglich weitgehend symptomfreien Kinder und Jugendlichen zu beobachten. Das Schwellenmodell erwies sich als spezifisch für eine depressive Symptomatik, es zeigten sich jedoch auch (teilweise ebenfalls nichtlineare) Effekte dysfunktionaler Einstellungen auf die Entwicklung von Essstörungssymptomen und aggressivem Verhalten. Bei 9- bis 13-jährigen Jungen standen dysfunktionale Einstellungen zudem in Zusammenhang mit einer Tendenz, Stress in Leistungskontexten herbeizuführen. Zusammen mit den von Sahyazici-Knaak (2015) berichteten Ergebnissen aus der PIER-Studie weisen die Befunde darauf hin, dass dysfunktionale Einstellungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter – je nach betrachteter Subgruppe – Ursache, Symptom und Konsequenz der Depression darstellen können. Die in der vorliegenden Arbeit gezeigten nichtlinearen Effekte dysfunktionaler Einstellungen und die Effekte der Stichprobenselektion bieten eine zumindest teilweise Erklärung für die Heterogenität früherer Forschungsergebnisse. Insgesamt lassen sie auf komplexe – und nicht ausschließlich negative – Auswirkungen dysfunktionaler Einstellungen schließen. Für eine adäquate Beurteilung der „Dysfunktionalität“ der von A.T. Beck so betitelten Einstellungen erscheint daher eine Berücksichtigung der betrachteten Personengruppe, der absoluten Ausprägungen und der fraglichen Symptomgruppen geboten. N2 - In A. T. Beck´s prominent vulnerability-stress-model of depression (Beck 1967, 1976), dysfunctional attitudes represent the key vulnerability factor of depression. This theory has stimulated etiological research on depression for decades. However, the significance of dysfunctional attitudes for the emergence of depression in children and adolescents remains somewhat elusive. This dissertation addresses some questions unanswered by past studies, e.g. the possibility of nonlinear effects of dysfunctional attitudes, the impact of subject selection procedures, developmental effects and the specificity of dysfunctional attitudes for depressive symptomatology. These questions were examined using data from two measurement points of the PIER study, a large longitudinal project on developmental risks in childhood and adolescence. Children and adolescents aged 9 – 18 years reported dysfunctional attitudes, symptoms from various domains and stressful life events twice with a mean interval between assessments of 20 months. Results suggest a threshold model of cognitive vulnerability, in which only dysfunctional attitudes exceeding a certain threshold conferred vulnerability to depressive symptoms, while dysfunctional attitudes below the threshold were unrelated to future depressive symptoms. These effects were invariant across gender and age. Moreover, vulnerability effects of dysfunctional attitudes were observable in initially non-symptomatic participants only. The threshold model of dysfunctional attitudes turned out to be specific for the depressive symptom domain. However, relationships of different shapes were detected between dysfunctional attitudes and the development of aggressive and eating disorder symptoms. Moreover, dysfunctional attitudes in 9 – 13-year old boys predicted non-interpersonal stress generation. Along with evidence from the PIER study reported by Sahyazici-Knaak (2015), results suggest that dysfunctional attitudes in children and adolescents may represent a cause, symptom and consequence of depression, depending on the sub-population in question. The nonlinear effects of dysfunctional attitudes detected in this study might, at least in part, offer an explanation for the inconsistent results of past studies. In sum, findings of this dissertation suggest complex – and not exclusively negative - effects of dysfunctional attitudes. Thus, a judgement of the actual “dysfunctionality” of the “dysfunctional attitudes” proposed by A. T. Beck seems to require a close consideration of the absolute level of attitudes as well as the sub-population and symptom domains in question. KW - Depression KW - Ätiologie KW - Kognition KW - dysfunktionale Einstellungen KW - Kinder KW - Jugendliche KW - kognitive Vulnerabilität KW - depression KW - etiology KW - cognition KW - dysfunctional attitudes KW - children KW - adolescents KW - cognitive vulnerability Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-412483 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Warschburger, Petra T1 - SRT-Joy - computer-assisted self-regulation training for obese children and adolescents: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial N2 - Background: Obesity is not only a highly prevalent disease but also poses a considerable burden on children and their families. Evidence is increasing that a lack of self-regulation skills may play a role in the etiology and maintenance of obesity. Our goal with this currently ongoing trial is to examine whether training that focuses on the enhancement of self-regulation skills may increase the sustainability of a complex lifestyle intervention. Methods/Design: In a multicenter, prospective, parallel group, randomized controlled superiority trial, 226 obese children and adolescents aged 8 to 16 years will be allocated either to a newly developed computer-training program to improve their self-regulation abilities or to a placebo control group. Randomization occurs centrally and blockwise at a 1:1 allocation ratio for each center. This study is performed in pediatric inpatient rehabilitation facilities specialized in the treatment of obesity. Observer-blind assessments of outcome variables take place at four times: at the beginning of the rehabilitation (pre), at the end of the training in the rehabilitation (post), and 6 and 12 months post-rehabilitation intervention. The primary outcome is the course of BMI-SDS over 1 year after the end of the inpatient rehabilitation. Secondary endpoints are the self-regulation skills. In addition, health-related quality of life, and snack intake will be analyzed. Discussion: The computer-based training programs might be a feasible and attractive tool to increase the sustainability of the weight loss reached during inpatient rehabilitation. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 364 KW - obesity KW - randomized-controlled trial KW - computer-assisted self-regulation training KW - children KW - adolescents KW - weight Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-401793 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Xie, Chao A1 - Jia, Tianye A1 - Rolls, Edmund T. A1 - Robbins, Trevor W. A1 - Sahakian, Barbara J. A1 - Zhang, Jie A1 - Liu, Zhaowen A1 - Cheng, Wei A1 - Luo, Qiang A1 - Zac Lo, Chun-Yi A1 - Schumann, Gunter A1 - Feng, Jianfeng A1 - Wang, He A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Barker, Gareth J. A1 - Bokde, Arun L.W. A1 - Büchel, Christian A1 - Quinlan, Erin Burke A1 - Desrivières, Sylvane A1 - Flor, Herta A1 - Grigis, Antoine A1 - Garavan, Hugh A1 - Gowland, Penny A1 - Heinz, Andreas A1 - Hohmann, Sarah A1 - Ittermann, Bernd A1 - Martinot, Jean-Luc A1 - Paillère Martinot, Marie-Laure A1 - Nees, Frauke A1 - Papadopoulos Orfanos, Dimitri A1 - Paus, Tomáš A1 - Poustka, Luise A1 - Fröhner, Juliane H. A1 - Smolka, Michael N. A1 - Walter, Henrik A1 - Whelan, Robert T1 - Reward versus nonreward sensitivity of the medial versus lateral orbitofrontal cortex relates to the severity of depressive symptoms T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - BACKGROUND: The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is implicated in depression. The hypothesis investigated was whether the OFC sensitivity to reward and nonreward is related to the severity of depressive symptoms. METHODS: Activations in the monetary incentive delay task were measured in the IMAGEN cohort at ages 14 years (n = 1877) and 19 years (n = 1140) with a longitudinal design. Clinically relevant subgroups were compared at ages 19 (high-severity group: n = 116; low-severity group: n = 206) and 14. RESULTS: The medial OFC exhibited graded activation increases to reward, and the lateral OFC had graded activation increases to nonreward. In this general population, the medial and lateral OFC activations were associated with concurrent depressive symptoms at both ages 14 and 19 years. In a stratified high-severity depressive symptom group versus control group comparison, the lateral OFC showed greater sensitivity for the magnitudes of activations related to nonreward in the high-severity group at age 19 (p = .027), and the medial OFC showed decreased sensitivity to the reward magnitudes in the high-severity group at both ages 14 (p = .002) and 19 (p = .002). In a longitudinal design, there was greater sensitivity to nonreward of the lateral OFC at age 14 for those who exhibited high depressive symptom severity later at age 19 (p = .003). CONCLUSIONS: Activations in the lateral OFC relate to sensitivity to not winning, were associated with high depressive symptom scores, and at age 14 predicted the depressive symptoms at ages 16 and 19. Activations in the medial OFC were related to sensitivity to winning, and reduced reward sensitivity was associated with concurrent high depressive symptom scores. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 860 KW - adolescents KW - depression KW - monetary incentive delay task KW - nonreward sensitivity KW - orbitofrontal cortex KW - reward anticipation KW - reward sensitivity KW - ventral striatum Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-557882 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Xie, Chao A1 - Jia, Tianye A1 - Rolls, Edmund T. A1 - Robbins, Trevor W. A1 - Sahakian, Barbara J. A1 - Zhang, Jie A1 - Liu, Zhaowen A1 - Cheng, Wei A1 - Luo, Qiang A1 - Zac Lo, Chun-Yi A1 - Schumann, Gunter A1 - Feng, Jianfeng A1 - Wang, He A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Barker, Gareth J. A1 - Bokde, Arun L.W. A1 - Büchel, Christian A1 - Quinlan, Erin Burke A1 - Desrivières, Sylvane A1 - Flor, Herta A1 - Grigis, Antoine A1 - Garavan, Hugh A1 - Gowland, Penny A1 - Heinz, Andreas A1 - Hohmann, Sarah A1 - Ittermann, Bernd A1 - Martinot, Jean-Luc A1 - Paillère Martinot, Marie-Laure A1 - Nees, Frauke A1 - Papadopoulos Orfanos, Dimitri A1 - Paus, Tomáš A1 - Poustka, Luise A1 - Fröhner, Juliane H. A1 - Smolka, Michael N. A1 - Walter, Henrik A1 - Whelan, Robert T1 - Reward versus nonreward sensitivity of the medial versus lateral orbitofrontal cortex relates to the severity of depressive symptoms JF - Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging N2 - BACKGROUND: The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is implicated in depression. The hypothesis investigated was whether the OFC sensitivity to reward and nonreward is related to the severity of depressive symptoms. METHODS: Activations in the monetary incentive delay task were measured in the IMAGEN cohort at ages 14 years (n = 1877) and 19 years (n = 1140) with a longitudinal design. Clinically relevant subgroups were compared at ages 19 (high-severity group: n = 116; low-severity group: n = 206) and 14. RESULTS: The medial OFC exhibited graded activation increases to reward, and the lateral OFC had graded activation increases to nonreward. In this general population, the medial and lateral OFC activations were associated with concurrent depressive symptoms at both ages 14 and 19 years. In a stratified high-severity depressive symptom group versus control group comparison, the lateral OFC showed greater sensitivity for the magnitudes of activations related to nonreward in the high-severity group at age 19 (p = .027), and the medial OFC showed decreased sensitivity to the reward magnitudes in the high-severity group at both ages 14 (p = .002) and 19 (p = .002). In a longitudinal design, there was greater sensitivity to nonreward of the lateral OFC at age 14 for those who exhibited high depressive symptom severity later at age 19 (p = .003). CONCLUSIONS: Activations in the lateral OFC relate to sensitivity to not winning, were associated with high depressive symptom scores, and at age 14 predicted the depressive symptoms at ages 16 and 19. Activations in the medial OFC were related to sensitivity to winning, and reduced reward sensitivity was associated with concurrent high depressive symptom scores. KW - adolescents KW - depression KW - monetary incentive delay task KW - nonreward sensitivity KW - orbitofrontal cortex KW - reward anticipation KW - reward sensitivity KW - ventral striatum Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.08.017 SN - 0006-3223 SN - 1873-2402 VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - 259 EP - 269 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jekauc, Darko A1 - Wagner, Matthias O. A1 - Kahlert, Daniela A1 - Woll, Alexander T1 - Reliability and validity of MoMo-Physical-Activity-Questionnaire for Adolescents (MoMo-AFB) JF - Diagnostica N2 - This paper presents the psychometric properties of the MoMo-AFB (Bos, Worth, Opper, Oberger & Woll, 2009), a questionnaire designed to measure the physical activity of children and adolescents. The MoMo-AFB consists of 28 items, covering the fields of everyday physical activity, sports within and outside of organised clubs, physical education as well as compliance with physical activity guidelines. A study was conducted with 109 boys and 87 girls aged between 9 and 17 years. The MoMo-AFB was given on two separate occasions to evaluate reliability and was compared with accelerometry data of ActiGraph GT1X to evaluate validity. The overall kappa/weighted kappa coefficient for the one-week testretest reliability was .66 (SD = .19) and the overall intraclass correlation (ICC) .68. Self-reported and accelerometer-measured average weekly time spent performing moderate to vigorous physical activity were significantly correlated (Spearman r = .29). Regarding reliability and validity, the MoMo-AFB is comparable with other international published physical activity questionnaires for adolescents. KW - physical activity KW - physical activity questionnaire KW - MoMo-AFB KW - adolescents Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1026/0012-1924/a000083 SN - 0012-1924 VL - 59 IS - 2 SP - 100 EP - 111 PB - Hogrefe CY - Göttingen ER - TY - THES A1 - Sarrar, Lea T1 - Kognitive Funktionen bei adoleszenten Patienten mit Anorexia nervosa und unipolaren Affektiven Störungen T1 - Cognitive functions in adolescent patients with anorexia nervosa and unipolar affective disorders N2 - Anorexia nervosa und unipolare Affektive Störungen stellen häufige und schwerwiegende kinder- und jugendpsychiatrische Störungsbilder dar, deren Pathogenese bislang nicht vollständig entschlüsselt ist. Verschiedene Studien zeigen bei erwachsenen Patienten gravierende Auffälligkeiten in den kognitiven Funktionen. Dahingegen scheinen bei adoleszenten Patienten lediglich leichtere Einschränkungen in den kognitiven Funktionen vorzuliegen. Die Prävalenz der Anorexia nervosa und unipolaren Affektiven Störung ist mit Beginn der Adoleszenz deutlich erhöht. Es ist anzunehmen, dass kognitive Dysfunktionen, die sich bereits in diesem Alter abzeichnen, den weiteren Krankheitsverlauf bis in das Erwachsenenalter, die Behandlungsergebnisse und die Prognose maßgeblich beeinträchtigen könnten. Zudem ist von einem höheren Chronifizierungsrisiko auszugehen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden daher kognitive Funktionen bei adoleszenten Patientinnen mit Anorexia nervosa sowie Patienten mit unipolaren Affektiven Störungen untersucht. Die Überprüfung der kognitiven Funktionen bei Patientinnen mit Anorexia nervosa erfolgte vor und nach Gewichtszunahme. Weiterhin wurden zugrundeliegende biologische Mechanismen überprüft. Zudem wurde die Spezifität kognitiver Dysfunktionen für beide Störungsbilder untersucht und bei Patienten mit unipolaren Affektiven Störungen geschlechtsbezogene Unterschiede exploriert. Insgesamt gingen 47 Patientinnen mit Anorexia nervosa (mittleres Alter 16,3 + 1,6 Jahre), 39 Patienten mit unipolaren Affektiven Störungen (mittleres Alter 15,5 + 1,3 Jahre) sowie 78 Kontrollprobanden (mittleres Alter 16,5 + 1,3 Jahre) in die Untersuchung ein. Sämtliche Studienteilnehmer durchliefen eine neuropsychologische Testbatterie, bestehend aus Verfahren zur Überprüfung der kognitiven Flexibilität sowie visuellen und psychomotorischen Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit. Neben einem Intelligenzscreening wurden zudem das Ausmaß der depressiven Symptomatik sowie die allgemeine psychische Belastung erfasst. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass bei adoleszenten Patientinnen mit Anorexia nervosa, sowohl im akut untergewichtigen Zustand als auch nach Gewichtszunahme, lediglich milde Beeinträchtigungen in den kognitiven Funktionen vorliegen. Im akut untergewichtigen Zustand offenbarten sich deutliche Zusammenhänge zwischen dem appetitregulierenden Peptid Agouti-related Protein und kognitiver Flexibilität, nicht jedoch zwischen Agouti-related Protein und visueller oder psychomotorischer Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit. Bei dem Vergleich von Anorexia nervosa und unipolaren Affektiven Störungen prädizierte die Zugehörigkeit zu der Patientengruppe Anorexia nervosa ein Risiko für das Vorliegen kognitiver Dysfunktionen. Es zeigte sich zudem, dass adoleszente Patienten mit unipolaren Affektiven Störungen lediglich in der psychomotorischen Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit tendenziell schwächere Leistungen offenbarten als gesunde Kontrollprobanden. Es ergab sich jedoch ein genereller geschlechtsbezogener Vorteil für weibliche Probanden in der visuellen und psychomotorischen Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit. Die vorliegenden Befunde unterstreichen die Notwendigkeit der Überprüfung kognitiver Funktionen bei adoleszenten Patienten mit Anorexia nervosa sowie unipolaren Affektiven Störungen in der klinischen Routinediagnostik. Die Patienten könnten von spezifischen Therapieprogrammen profitieren, die Beeinträchtigungen in den kognitiven Funktionen mildern bzw. präventiv behandeln. N2 - Anorexia nervosa and unipolar affective disorders are common and severe psychiatric disorders whose pathogenesis is not fully understood so far. Several studies have revealed serious impairments in cognitive functions among adult patients whereas recent research in adolescent patients shows only subtle cognitive dysfunctions. The prevalence in both disorders increases with the beginning of adolescence. Cognitive impairments that occur during adolescence may exacerbate the course of disease. Early cognitive deficits may also hinder treatment efforts and prognosis to a greater extent than during adulthood. Moreover, there is a higher risk for chronification. In the present study cognitive functions in adolescent patients with anorexia nervosa and unipolar affective disorders were examined. Cognitive functions in patients with anorexia nervosa were assessed before and after weight gain. Furthermore, the underlying biological mechanisms were explored. Moreover, the specificity for these psychiatric diagnoses as well as gender differences in patients with unipolar affective disorders were investigated. 47 patients with anorexia nervosa (mean age 16.3 + 1.6), 39 patients with unipolar affective disorders (mean age 15.5 + 1.3) and 78 healthy adolescents (mean age 16.5 + 1.3) participated in this study. Each of them completed a battery of neuropsychological tests for cognitive functions including tests for assessing cognitive flexibility as well as visual and psychomotor processing speed. Moreover, intelligence, depressive symptoms and psychological stress were explored. The findings revealed only subtle cognitive impairments in adolescent patients with anorexia nervosa, both in underweight condition and after weight gain. Besides, the results showed an association between cognitive flexibility and plasma agouti-related protein levels in female adolescent patients with acute anorexia nervosa, but not for visual or psychomotor speed and plasma agouti-related protein levels. Comparing anorexia nervosa and unipolar affective disorders, the results suggested a higher risk for cognitive dysfunctions when belonging to the anorexia nervosa group. Furthermore, the results only revealed a slightly weaker performance in psychomotor processing speed in adolescent patients with unipolar affective disorders compared to healthy adolescents. Moreover, female subjects generally displayed a better performance in visual and psychomotor processing speed. The present findings underlie the necessity of exploring cognitive functions in adolescent patients with anorexia nervosa and unipolar affective disorders within routine clinical diagnostic. Patients may benefit from specific therapy programs to reduce or prevent cognitive dysfunctions. KW - Anorexia nervosa KW - unipolare affektive Störungen KW - kognitive Funktionen KW - Jugendliche KW - anorexia nervosa KW - unipolar affective disorders KW - cognitive functions KW - adolescents Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-72439 ER - TY - THES A1 - Hoffmann, Svenja Sarah Helen T1 - Gewichts-/Figursorgen und Muskelsorgen bei Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen T1 - Weight/shape and muscularity concerns in adolescents and young adults BT - Auftreten, Einflussfaktoren und Folgen BT - occurence, influences and consequences N2 - Die Unzufriedenheit mit Gewicht und Figur gilt als bedeutsamer Risikofaktor für die Entstehung von gestörtem Essverhalten und Essstörungen im Vollbild und steht mit reduziertem psychischem Wohlbefinden in Zusammenhang. Aufgrund der hohen klinischen Relevanz wurden Gewichts- /Figursorgen v. a. bei weiblichen Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen vielfach untersucht. Muskelsorgen – als männliches Äquivalent betrachtet – stießen erst im Verlauf der letzten 20 Jahren auf vermehrtes Interesse in der psychologischen Forschung. Die aktuellen westlichen Schönheitsideale legen jedoch die Relevanz von Gewicht, Figur und Muskulosität in Bezug auf aussehensbezogene Sorgen bei beiden Geschlechtern nahe. In der vorliegenden Dissertation wurden deshalb die folgenden Fragestellungen thematisiert: (1) Auftreten: Wie sind Gewichts- /Figursorgen und Muskelsorgen bei weiblichen und männlichen Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen ausgeprägt? Wie verändern sie sich über 20 Monate? Welche Profile lassen sich bezüglich ihres Auftretens definieren? (2) Einflussfaktoren: Welchen Einfluss haben Alter, Gewichtsstatus, negative Affektivität und Internalisierung des Schönheitsideals auf Gewichts- /Figursorgen und Muskelsorgen? (3) Folgen: Welchen Einfluss haben Gewichts-/Figursorgen und Muskelsorgen auf essensbezogene Sorgen, restriktives Essverhalten, Binge Eating, zwanghaftes Bewegungsverhalten, Verhaltensweisen zum Muskelaufbau und negative Affektivität? Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass mehr Mädchen von aussehensbezogenen Sorgen betroffen sind und diese im Mittel höher ausgeprägte Gewichts-/Figursorgen zeigen, während Jungen höher ausgeprägte Muskelsorgen berichten. Eine differenzierte Analyse verschiedener Subgruppen legt jedoch nahe, dass es in Gruppen mit ausgeprägten aussehensbezogenen Sorgen keine Geschlechtsunterschiede bezüglich Gewichts-/Figursorgen und Muskelsorgen gibt. Dieser Befund unterstreicht die Relevanz beider Aspekte bei beiden Geschlechtern und legt eine entsprechende Erfassung in zukünftigen Studien nahe. Des Weiteren ergaben sich Ansatzpunkte für die Notwendigkeit der Prävention bei Mädchen mit Übergewicht/Adipositas im späten Jugend- und frühen Erwachsenenalter ebenso wie bei Jungen mit Untergewicht sowie Übergewicht/Adipositas. Neben Gewichts-/Figursorgen sollte bei weiblichen Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen auch die Internalisierung des schlanken Ideals thematisiert werden, um der Entstehung von auffälligem Ess- und Bewegungsverhalten vorzubeugen. Bei beiden Geschlechtern zeigte sich außerdem die Internalisierung des athletischen Ideals als relevanter Ansatzpunkt für die Vorbeugung von Verhaltensweisen zum Muskelaufbau. Darüberhinaus konnten bei beiden Geschlechtern sowohl für Gewichts-/Figursorgen, als auch für Muskelsorgen Zusammenhänge mit potentiell gesundheitsschädlichen Verhaltensweisen gezeigt werden. Zusammenfassend gelang in der vorliegenden Arbeit eine differenzierte Analyse von Auftreten, Einflussfaktoren und Folgen von Gewichts-/Figursorgen und Muskelsorgen bei Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen. Mittels, großteils prospektiver, latenter Modelle und manifester Pfadanalysen konnten bisherige Befunde überprüft und erste Befunde zu den Forschungslücken in Bezug auf Muskelsorgen bei weiblichen Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen berichtet werden. KW - Gewichtssorgen KW - Figursorgen KW - Muskelsorgen KW - Jugendliche KW - junge Erwachsene KW - weight concern KW - shape concern KW - muscularity concern KW - adolescents KW - young adults Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cortes-Garcia, Laura A1 - Hoffmann, Svenja A1 - Warschburger, Petra A1 - Senra, Carmen T1 - Exploring the reciprocal relationships between adolescents' perceptions of parental and peer attachment and disordered eating BT - a multiwave cross-lagged panel analysis JF - International Journal of eating disorders N2 - Objective This prospective study explored bidirectional associations between attachment quality towards mother, father, and peers and disordered eating among a large population-based sample of boys and girls in the transition from preadolescence to adolescence. Specifically, we examined whether insecure attachment relationships emerged as a risk factor for or as an outcome of disordered eating. Method A population-based sample of 904 adolescent girls and boys was assessed four times, at baseline (T1; M-age = 10.8 years) and at 2-, 4-, and 6-year follow-up (T2, T3, and T4). Prospective data were analyzed using cross-lagged panel models for each attachment figure (i.e., mother, father, peers) in a multigroup design to compare genders. Results Better attachment to the mother led to less pronounced disturbed eating in girls across the entire age range and in boys across two time periods. In girls, more pronounced disordered eating at T3 predicted worse attachment to the mother at T4 and better attachment to the father at T1 predicted less disturbed eating at T2. In boys, disordered eating at T1 predicted better attachment to the father at T2. Concerning peer attachment, better attachment at T1 predicted disordered eating at T2, in boys only. No other significant cross-lagged effects emerged. Discussion These findings highlight the differential and gender-specific contribution of attachment figures to the development of disordered eating in adolescence. Programs aimed at improving communication and trust in the relationship with parents might be promising in the prevention of disordered eating and the subsequent deterioration of parent-child attachment relationships. KW - adolescents KW - attachment KW - cross-lagged panel analysis KW - disordered eating KW - gender Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23086 SN - 0276-3478 SN - 1098-108X VL - 52 IS - 8 SP - 924 EP - 934 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sarrar, L. A1 - Warschburger, Petra A1 - Pfeiffer, E. A1 - Lehmkuhl, Ulrike A1 - Schneider, N. T1 - Cognitive flexibility in adolescent patients with unipolar affective disorders - gender differences JF - Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie N2 - Objective: Several studies have revealed impairments in cognitive functions among patients with affective disorders (AD). However, to date there are few neuropsychological studies on cognitive flexibility among adolescent patients with AD, especially on gender differences in AD. Here, we investigate cognitive functions, especially cognitive flexibility, in adolescent patients with unipolar AD (UAD) compared to a healthy control group (CG). Method: The study population consists of 17 male patients (M-age = 15.4 +/- 1.3) and 22 female patients with UAD (M-age = 15.6 +/- 1.4) as well as 20 male (M-age = 16.0 +/- 1.0) and 30 female (M-age = 15.7 +/- 0.9) healthy adolescents. A neuropsychological test battery was conducted, and depressive symptoms, psychological stress, and intelligence were also assessed. Results: The analyses revealed no significant group differences regarding cognitive flexibility or visual processing speed, albeit slight better performance in motor processing speed for the CG. Furthermore, no gender differences were observed regarding cognitive flexibility, though female subjects general displayed better performance in processing speed. Conclusions: Overall, there are no indications for serious deficits and specific gender differences in cognitive flexibility or processing speed in adolescent patients with UAD. Independent of psychological distress, female subjects seem to have some advantages in processing speed. KW - cognitive flexibility KW - unipolar affective disorders KW - sex differences KW - adolescents Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1024/1422-4917/a000240 SN - 1422-4917 VL - 41 IS - 4 SP - 261 EP - 270 PB - Hogrefe CY - Bern ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laucht, Manfred A1 - Blomeyer, Dorothea A1 - Buchmann, Arlette F. A1 - Treutlein, Jens A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine A1 - Rietschel, Marcella A1 - Zimmermann, Ulrich S. A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias T1 - Catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met genotype, parenting practices and adolescent alcohol use: testing the differential susceptibility hypothesis JF - The journal of child psychology and psychiatry N2 - Background: Recently, first evidence has been reported for a geneparenting interaction (G x E) with regard to adolescent alcohol use. The present investigation set out to extend this research using the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met polymorphism as a genetic susceptibility factor. Moreover, the current study examined whether a potential G x E would be consistent with one of two models of geneenvironment interplay (genetic vulnerability vs. differential susceptibility). Methods: Data were collected as part of an ongoing epidemiological cohort study following the outcome of early risk factors from birth into adulthood. Two hundred and eighty-five participants (130 males, 155 females) were genotyped for the COMT Val(158) Met polymorphism and were administered an alcohol interview, providing measures of current frequency and amount of drinking at ages 15 and 19 years. Information on three dimensions of perceived parenting behavior was obtained from the 15-year-olds. Results: Adolescents homozygous for the Met allele showed higher drinking activity at age 19 years when their parents had engaged in less supervision or were less involved, while their drinking activity was reduced under conditions of favorable parenting. No such relationship was found in individuals carrying the Val allele. Conclusions: The present findings correspond with the pattern of results predicted by the differential susceptibility hypothesis, suggesting that environmental variation would have a greater impact in individuals carrying a genetic susceptibility such that, in this group, exposure to negative environmental conditions would result in more adverse outcomes and the experience of favorable conditions would lead to more positive outcomes. KW - Catechol-O-methyltransferase gene KW - alcohol use KW - adolescents KW - parenting KW - gene-environment interaction Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02408.x SN - 0021-9630 VL - 53 IS - 4 SP - 351 EP - 359 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Malden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mohnke, Sebastian A1 - Warschburger, Petra T1 - Body dissatisfaction among female and male adolescents comparing prevalence, predictors, and consequences between the sexes JF - Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie : Ergebnisse aus Psychotherapie, Beratung und Psychiatrie N2 - As part of the POPS study (Potsdam prevention of eating disorders) 300 adolescents aged between 10 and 13 years completed questionnaires measuring satisfaction with weight and muscles, body change strategies and disturbed eating behavior. More than half of the girls and a third of the boys are dissatisfied with their weight. Nearly 70% of the male participants were unhappy with their muscles. Both forms of body dissatisfaction are influenced by similar sociocultural and psychological factors. While weight dissatisfaction leads to weight reduction strategies and disturbed eating, muscle dissatisfaction results in muscle enhancement methods. Potential harmful consequences of excessive muscle building techniques are discussed. The data emphasize the need for a sex-specific investigation of body dissatisfaction and its consequences. Body image aspects relevant to boys should be added to intervention and prevention approaches. KW - body dissatisfaction KW - disturbed eating KW - muscle enhancement KW - prevention KW - adolescents Y1 - 2011 SN - 0032-7034 VL - 60 IS - 4 SP - 285 EP - 303 PB - Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht CY - Göttingen ER - TY - GEN A1 - Sariati, Dorsaf A1 - Zouhal, Hassane A1 - Hammami, Raouf A1 - Clark, Cain Craig Truman A1 - Nebigh, Ammar A1 - Chtara, Moktar A1 - Hackney, Anthony C. A1 - Souissi, Nizar A1 - Granacher, Urs A1 - Ben Ounis, Omar T1 - Association Between Mental Imagery and Change of Direction Performance in Young Elite Soccer Players of Different Maturity Status T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Previous studies have not considered the potential influence of maturity status on the relationship between mental imagery and change of direction (CoD) speed in youth soccer. Accordingly, this cross-sectional study examined the association between mental imagery and CoD performance in young elite soccer players of different maturity status. Forty young male soccer players, aged 10-17 years, were assigned into two groups according to their predicted age at peak height velocity (PHV) (Pre-PHV; n = 20 and Post-PHV; n = 20). Participants were evaluated on soccer-specific tests of CoD with (CoDBall-15m) and without (CoD-15m) the ball. Participants completed the movement imagery questionnaire (MIQ) with the three- dimensional structure, internal visual imagery (IVI), external visual imagery (EVI), as well as kinesthetic imagery (KI). The Post-PHV players achieved significantly better results than Pre-PHV in EVI (ES = 1.58, large; p < 0.001), CoD-15m (ES = 2.09, very large; p < 0.001) and CoDBall-15m (ES = 1.60, large; p < 0.001). Correlations were significantly different between maturity groups, where, for the pre-PHV group, a negative very large correlation was observed between CoDBall-15m and KI (r = –0.73, p = 0.001). For the post-PHV group, large negative correlations were observed between CoD-15m and IVI (r = –0.55, p = 0.011), EVI (r = –062, p = 0.003), and KI (r = –0.52, p = 0.020). A large negative correlation of CoDBall-15m with EVI (r = –0.55, p = 0.012) and very large correlation with KI (r = –0.79, p = 0.001) were also observed. This study provides evidence of the theoretical and practical use for the CoD tasks stimulus with imagery. We recommend that sport psychology specialists, coaches, and athletes integrated imagery for CoD tasks in pre-pubertal soccer players to further improve CoD related performance. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 754 KW - mental imagery KW - football KW - maturation KW - speed KW - adolescents Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-544655 SN - 1866-8364 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sariati, Dorsaf A1 - Zouhal, Hassane A1 - Hammami, Raouf A1 - Clark, Cain Craig Truman A1 - Nebigh, Ammar A1 - Chtara, Moktar A1 - Hackney, Anthony C. A1 - Souissi, Nizar A1 - Granacher, Urs A1 - Ben Ounis, Omar T1 - Association Between Mental Imagery and Change of Direction Performance in Young Elite Soccer Players of Different Maturity Status JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - Previous studies have not considered the potential influence of maturity status on the relationship between mental imagery and change of direction (CoD) speed in youth soccer. Accordingly, this cross-sectional study examined the association between mental imagery and CoD performance in young elite soccer players of different maturity status. Forty young male soccer players, aged 10-17 years, were assigned into two groups according to their predicted age at peak height velocity (PHV) (Pre-PHV; n = 20 and Post-PHV; n = 20). Participants were evaluated on soccer-specific tests of CoD with (CoDBall-15m) and without (CoD-15m) the ball. Participants completed the movement imagery questionnaire (MIQ) with the three- dimensional structure, internal visual imagery (IVI), external visual imagery (EVI), as well as kinesthetic imagery (KI). The Post-PHV players achieved significantly better results than Pre-PHV in EVI (ES = 1.58, large; p < 0.001), CoD-15m (ES = 2.09, very large; p < 0.001) and CoDBall-15m (ES = 1.60, large; p < 0.001). Correlations were significantly different between maturity groups, where, for the pre-PHV group, a negative very large correlation was observed between CoDBall-15m and KI (r = –0.73, p = 0.001). For the post-PHV group, large negative correlations were observed between CoD-15m and IVI (r = –0.55, p = 0.011), EVI (r = –062, p = 0.003), and KI (r = –0.52, p = 0.020). A large negative correlation of CoDBall-15m with EVI (r = –0.55, p = 0.012) and very large correlation with KI (r = –0.79, p = 0.001) were also observed. This study provides evidence of the theoretical and practical use for the CoD tasks stimulus with imagery. We recommend that sport psychology specialists, coaches, and athletes integrated imagery for CoD tasks in pre-pubertal soccer players to further improve CoD related performance. KW - mental imagery KW - football KW - maturation KW - speed KW - adolescents Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.665508 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 12 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne, Schweiz ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kansok-Dusche, Julia A1 - Ballaschk, Cindy A1 - Krause, Norman A1 - Zeissig, Anke A1 - Seemann-Herz, Lisanne A1 - Wachs, Sebastian A1 - Bilz, Ludwig T1 - A systematic review on hate speech among children and adolescents BT - definitions, prevalence, and overlap with related phenomena JF - Trauma, violence & abuse : a review journal N2 - Little is known about the current state of research on the involvement of young people in hate speech. Thus, this systematic review presents findings on a) the prevalence of hate speech among children and adolescents and on hate speech definitions that guide prevalence assessments for this population; and b) the theoretical and empirical overlap of hate speech with related concepts. This review was guided by the Cochrane approach. To be included, publications were required to deal with real-life experiences of hate speech, to provide empirical data on prevalence for samples aged 5 to 21 years and they had to be published in academic formats. Included publications were full-text coded using two raters (kappa = .80) and their quality was assessed. The string-guided electronic search (ERIC, SocInfo, Psycinfo, Psyndex) yielded 1,850 publications. Eighteen publications based on 10 studies met the inclusion criteria and their findings were systematized. Twelve publications were of medium quality due to minor deficiencies in their theoretical or methodological foundations. All studies used samples of adolescents and none of younger children. Nine out of 10 studies applied quantitative methodologies. Eighteen publications based on 10 studies were included. Results showed that frequencies for hate speech exposure were higher than those related to victimization and perpetration. Definitions of hate speech and assessment instruments were heterogeneous. Empirical evidence for an often theorized overlap between hate speech and bullying was found. The paper concludes by presenting a definition of hate speech, including implications for practice, policy, and research. KW - hate speech KW - bullying KW - adolescents KW - children KW - youth KW - systematic review Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380221108070 SN - 1524-8380 SN - 1552-8324 VL - 24 IS - 4 SP - 2598 EP - 2615 PB - Sage Publ. CY - Thousand Oaks ER -