TY - GEN A1 - Nicenboim, Bruno A1 - Vasishth, Shravan A1 - Gattei, Carolina A1 - Sigman, Mariano A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Working memory differences in long-distance dependency resolution N2 - There is a wealth of evidence showing that increasing the distance between an argument and its head leads to more processing effort, namely, locality effects; these are usually associated with constraints in working memory (DLT: Gibson, 2000; activation-based model: Lewis and Vasishth, 2005). In SOV languages, however, the opposite effect has been found: antilocality (see discussion in Levy et al., 2013). Antilocality effects can be explained by the expectation-based approach as proposed by Levy (2008) or by the activation-based model of sentence processing as proposed by Lewis and Vasishth (2005). We report an eye-tracking and a self-paced reading study with sentences in Spanish together with measures of individual differences to examine the distinction between expectation- and memory-based accounts, and within memory-based accounts the further distinction between DLT and the activation-based model. The experiments show that (i) antilocality effects as predicted by the expectation account appear only for high-capacity readers; (ii) increasing dependency length by interposing material that modifies the head of the dependency (the verb) produces stronger facilitation than increasing dependency length with material that does not modify the head; this is in agreement with the activation-based model but not with the expectation account; and (iii) a possible outcome of memory load on low-capacity readers is the increase in regressive saccades (locality effects as predicted by memory-based accounts) or, surprisingly, a speedup in the self-paced reading task; the latter consistent with good-enough parsing (Ferreira et al., 2002). In sum, the study suggests that individual differences in working memory capacity play a role in dependency resolution, and that some of the aspects of dependency resolution can be best explained with the activation-based model together with a prediction component. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 273 KW - locality KW - antilocality KW - working memory capacity KW - individual differences KW - Spanish KW - activation KW - DLT KW - expectation Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-75694 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Laubrock, Jochen A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - The eye-voice span during reading aloud N2 - Although eye movements during reading are modulated by cognitive processing demands, they also reflect visual sampling of the input, and possibly preparation of output for speech or the inner voice. By simultaneously recording eye movements and the voice during reading aloud, we obtained an output measure that constrains the length of time spent on cognitive processing. Here we investigate the dynamics of the eye-voice span (EVS), the distance between eye and voice. We show that the EVS is regulated immediately during fixation of a word by either increasing fixation duration or programming a regressive eye movement against the reading direction. EVS size at the beginning of a fixation was positively correlated with the likelihood of regressions and refixations. Regression probability was further increased if the EVS was still large at the end of a fixation: if adjustment of fixation duration did not sufficiently reduce the EVS during a fixation, then a regression rather than a refixation followed with high probability. We further show that the EVS can help understand cognitive influences on fixation duration during reading: in mixed model analyses, the EVS was a stronger predictor of fixation durations than either word frequency or word length. The EVS modulated the influence of several other predictors on single fixation durations (SFDs). For example, word-N frequency effects were larger with a large EVS, especially when word N-1 frequency was low. Finally, a comparison of SFDs during oral and silent reading showed that reading is governed by similar principles in both reading modes, although EVS maintenance and articulatory processing also cause some differences. In summary, the EVS is regulated by adjusting fixation duration and/or by programming a regressive eye movement when the EVS gets too large. Overall, the EVS appears to be directly related to updating of the working memory buffer during reading. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 283 KW - reading KW - eye movements KW - eye-voice span KW - synchronization KW - working memory updating KW - psycholinguistics Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-86904 ER - TY - THES A1 - Rabe, Maximilian Michael T1 - Mixed model analysis of trial history in naming experiments T1 - Experimentalverlaufsanalyse mit gemischten Modellen in Naming-Experimenten N2 - Several authors highlighted that the time course of an experiment itself could have a substantial influence on the interpretability of experimental effects. Since mixed effects modeling had enabled researchers to investigate more complex problems with more precision than before, two naming experiments were conducted with college students, with and without non-words intermixed, and analyzed with regard to frequency, quality, interactive and trial-history effects. The present analyses build on and extend the Bates, Kliegl, Vasishth, and Baayen (2015) approach in order to converge on a parsimonious model that accounts for autocorrelated errors caused by trial history. For three of four cases, a history-sensitive model improved the model fit over a history-naïve model and explained more deviance. In one of these cases, the herein presented approach helped reveal an interaction between stimulus frequency and quality that was not significant without a trial history account. Main and joint effects, limitations, as well as directions for further research, are briefly discussed. N2 - Verschiedene Autoren haben darauf aufmerksam gemacht, dass bereits der zeitliche Verlauf eines Experiments einen wesentlichen Einfluss auf die Interpretierbarkeit experimenteller Effekte haben kann. Nachdem gemischte Modelle der Wissenschaft ermöglichten, komplexere Fragestellungen mit höherer Präzision als zuvor zu untersuchen, wurden zwei Naming-Experimente mit Collegestudenten durchgeführt, je mit und ohne Pseudowörter, sowie hinsichtlich ihrer Auftrittshäufigkeits-, Stimulusqualitäts-, Interaktions- und Experimentalverlaufseffekte untersucht. Die vorliegenden Analysen beruhen auf dem Ansatz von Bates, Kliegl, Vasishth und Baayen (2015) und erweitern diesen, um ein Parsimonious Model zu bestimmen, welches durch den Experimentalverlauf hervorgerufene Autokorrelationen berücksichtigt. In drei von vier Fällen verbesserte die verlaufsabhängige Analyse die Modellanpassung gegenüber der gewöhnlichen verlaufsunabhängigen Variante und klärte somit mehr Abweichung auf. In einem dieser Fälle half der Ansatz, eine Interaktion zwischen Auftrittshäufigkeit und Stimulusqualität aufzudecken, die ohne Berücksichtigung des Experimentalverlaufs nicht signifikant gewesen war. Haupt- und Interaktionseffekte, Einschränkungen sowie Anregungen für weiterführende Forschung werden kurz erörtert. KW - autocorrelations KW - mixed effects modeling KW - trial history KW - reading aloud KW - Autokorrelationen KW - gemischte Modelle KW - Experimentalverlauf Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-82735 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Fengler, Anja T1 - How the brain attunes to sentence processing BT - relating behavior, structure, and function N2 - While children acquire new words and simple sentence structures extremely fast and without much effort, the ability to process complex sentences develops rather late in life. Although the conjoint occurrence between brain-structural and brain-functional changes, the decrease of plasticity, and changes in cognitive abilities suggests a certain causality between these processes, concrete evidence for the relation between brain development, language processing, and language performance is rare. Therefore, the current dissertation investigates the tripartite relationship between behavior (in the form of language performance and cognitive maturation as prerequisite for language processing), brain structure (in the form of gray matter maturation), and brain function (in the form of brain activation evoked by complex sentence processing). Previous developmental studies indicate a missing increase of activation in accordance to sentence complexity (functional selectivity) in language-relevant brain areas in children. To determine the factors contributing to the functional development of language-relevant brain areas, different methodologies and data acquisition techniques were used to investigate the processing of center-embedded sentences in 5- and 6-year-old children, 7- and 8-year-old children, and adults. Behavioral results indicate that children between 5 and 8 years show difficulties in processing double embedded sentences and that their performance for these type of sentences is positively correlated with digit span. In 7- and 8-year-old children, it was found that especially the processing of long-distance relations between the initial phrase and its corresponding verb appears to be associated with the subject’s verbal working memory capacity. In contrast, children’s performance for double embedded sentences in the younger age group positively correlated with their performance in a standardized sentence comprehension test. This finding supports the hypothesis that processing difficulties in this age group may be mainly attributed to difficulties in processing case marking information. These findings are discussed with respect to current accounts of language and working memory development. A second study aimed at investigating the structural maturation of brain areas involved in sentence comprehension. To do this, whole-brain magnetic resonance images from 59 children between 5 and 8 years were collected and children’s gray matter was analyzed by using voxel-based morphometry. Children’s grammatical proficiency was assessed by a standardized sentence comprehension test. A confirmatory factory analysis corroborated a grammar-relevant and a verbal working memory-relevant factor underlying the measured performance. While children’s ability to assign thematic roles is positively correlated with gray matter probability (GMP) in the left inferior temporal gyrus and the left inferior frontal gyrus, verbal working memory-related performance is positively correlated with GMP in the left parietal operculum extending into the posterior superior temporal gyrus. These areas have been previously shown to be differentially engaged in adults’ complex sentence processing. Thus, the findings of the second study suggest a specific correspondence between children’s GMP in language-relevant brain regions and differential cognitive abilities which underlie complex sentence comprehension. In a third study, functional brain activity during the processing of center-embedded sentences was investigated in three different age groups (5–6 years, 7–8 years, and adults). Although all age groups engage a qualitatively comparable network of the left pars opercularis (PO), the left inferior parietal lobe extending into the posterior superior temporal gyrus (IPL/pSTG), the supplementary motor area (SMA) and the cerebellum, functional selectivity of these regions was only observable in adults. However, functional activation of the language-related regions (PO and IPL/pSTG) predicted sentence comprehension performance for all age groups. To solve the question of the complex interplay between different maturational factors, a fourth study analyzed the predictive power of gray matter probability, verbal working memory capacity, and behavioral differences in performance for simple and complex sentence for the functional selectivity of each activated region. These analyses revealed that the establishment of the adult-like functional selectivity for complex sentences is predicted by a reduction of the left PO’s gray matter probability across age groups while that of the IPL/pSTG is additionally predicted by verbal working memory capacity. Taken all findings together, the current thesis provides evidence that both structural brain maturation and verbal working memory expansion provide the basis for the emergence of functional selectivity in language-related brain regions leading to more efficient sentence processing during development. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 324 KW - language acquisition KW - brain development KW - verbal working memory KW - Spracherwerb KW - complex sentence processing KW - language network KW - Hirnentwicklung KW - verbales Arbeitsgedächtnis Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-85820 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Lobmaier, Janek S. A1 - Fischer, Martin H. T1 - Facial Feedback Affects Perceived Intensity but Not Quality of Emotional Expressions N2 - Motivated by conflicting evidence in the literature, we re-assessed the role of facial feedback when detecting quantitative or qualitative changes in others’ emotional expressions. Fifty-three healthy adults observed self-paced morph sequences where the emotional facial expression either changed quantitatively (i.e., sad-to-neutral, neutral-to-sad, happy-to-neutral, neutral-to-happy) or qualitatively (i.e. from sad to happy, or from happy to sad). Observers held a pen in their own mouth to induce smiling or frowning during the detection task. When morph sequences started or ended with neutral expressions we replicated a congruency effect: Happiness was perceived longer and sooner while smiling; sadness was perceived longer and sooner while frowning. Interestingly, no such congruency effects occurred for transitions between emotional expressions. These results suggest that facial feedback is especially useful when evaluating the intensity of a facial expression, but less so when we have to recognize which emotion our counterpart is expressing. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 302 KW - embodied cognition KW - emotional expression KW - emotion recognition KW - facial feedback KW - face morphing Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-96428 SP - 357 EP - 368 ER - TY - THES A1 - Metzner, Paul-Philipp T1 - Eye movements and brain responses in natural reading T1 - Blickbewegungen und Hirnströme im natürlichen Lesen N2 - Intuitively, it is clear that neural processes and eye movements in reading are closely connected, but only few studies have investigated both signals simultaneously. Instead, the usual approach is to record them in separate experiments and to subsequently consolidate the results. However, studies using this approach have shown that it is feasible to coregister eye movements and EEG in natural reading and contributed greatly to the understanding of oculomotor processes in reading. The present thesis builds upon that work, assessing to what extent coregistration can be helpful for sentence processing research. In the first study, we explore how well coregistration is suited to study subtle effects common to psycholinguistic experiments by investigating the effect of distance on dependency resolution. The results demonstrate that researchers must improve the signal-to-noise ratio to uncover more subdued effects in coregistration. In the second study, we compare oscillatory responses in different presentation modes. Using robust effects from world knowledge violations, we show that the generation and retrieval of memory traces may differ between natural reading and word-by-word presentation. In the third study, we bridge the gap between our knowledge of behavioral and neural responses to integration difficulties in reading by analyzing the EEG in the context of regressive saccades. We find the P600, a neural indicator of recovery processes, when readers make a regressive saccade in response to integration difficulties. The results in the present thesis demonstrate that coregistration can be a useful tool for the study of sentence processing. However, they also show that it may not be suitable for some questions, especially if they involve subtle effects. N2 - Es erscheint offensichtlich, dass neuronale Prozesse und Blickbewegungen im Lesen eng miteinander verwoben sind, aber nur wenige Studien haben beide Signale simultan betrachtet. Der übliche Ansatz ist, sie stattdessen in separaten Esxperimenten aufzuzeichnen und die Ergebnisse anschließend miteinander zu vereinbaren. Es wurde jedoch bereits gezeigt, dass Blickbewegungen und EEG im natürlichen Lesen koregistriert werden können; Studien, die diesen Ansatzes verfolgen, haben entscheidend zum Verständnis okulomotorischer Prozesse beim Lesen beigetragen. Von diesen Studien ausgehend erörtert die vorliegende Dissertation, inwieweit Koregistrierung auch für Satzverarbeitungsforschung nützlich sein kann. In der ersten Studie wird erörtert, wie gut Koregistrierung für die Erfassung schwacher Effekte geeignet ist, wie sie für psycholinguistische Experimente typisch sind. Die linguistische Fragestellung in dieser Studie ist, wie sich Distanz auf die Auflösung linguistischer Abhängigkeiten auswirkt. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, dass Forscher den Signal-Rausch-Abstand erhöhen müssen, um kleinere Effekte mittels Koregistrierung zu erfassen. In der zweiten Studie werden neuronale Oszillationen in unterschiedlichen Präsentationsformen untersucht. Mithilfe robuster Effekte in Reaktion auf Weltwissensverletzungen wird gezeigt, dass Enkodierung und Abruf von Gedächtnisspuren sich zwischen natürlichem und wortweisem Lesen unterscheidet. In der dritten Studie wird eine Verbindung zwischen behavioralen und elektrophysiologischen Reaktionen auf Integrationsschwierigkeiten im Lesen hergestellt. Hierzu wird das EEG in An- und Abwesenheit regressiver Sakkaden analysiert. Die P600, eine neuronale Reflektion von Reparaturprozessen, ist nur im Kontext von regressiven Sakkaden in Reaktion auf Integrationsschwierigkeiten zu beobachen. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit demonstrieren, dass Koregistrierung eine vielversprechende Methode für die Satzverarbeitungsforschung ist. Sie zeigen jedoch auch, dass Koregistrierung sich nicht für jede Fragestellung eignet, insbesondere, wenn schwache Effekte zu erwarten sind. KW - natural reading KW - sentence processing KW - eye tracking KW - EEG KW - coregistration KW - dependency resolution KW - neural oscillations KW - regressive saccades KW - natürliches Lesen KW - Satzverarbeitung KW - Blickbewegungen KW - EEG KW - Koregistrierung KW - Abhängigkeitsauflösung KW - neuronale Oszillationen KW - regressive Sakkaden Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-82806 ER - TY - THES A1 - Spille, Lea T1 - Deciding who to blame for rape and robbery in Turkey T1 - Verantwortungszuschreibungen in Raub- und Vergewaltigungsfällen in der Türkei BT - perpetrators’ coercive strategy, victim-perpetrator relationship, participant gender and rape myth acceptance BT - Täterstrategie, Opfer-Täter-Beziehung sowie Geschlecht und Vergewaltigungsmythenakzeptanz der Beurteilenden N2 - The present study investigated the attribution of responsibility to victims and perpetrators in rape compared to robbery cases in Turkey. Each participant read three short case scenarios (vignettes) and completed items pertaining to the female victim and male perpetrator. The vignettes were systematically varied with regard to the type of crime that was committed (rape or robbery), the perpetrator’s coercive strategy (physical force or exploiting the victim’s alcohol-induced defenselessness), and the victim-perpetrator relationship prior to the incident (stranger, acquaintance, or ex-partner). Furthermore, participant gender and acceptance of rape myths (beliefs that justify or trivialize sexual violence) were taken into account. One half of the participants completed the rape myth acceptance (RMA) scales first and then received the vignettes, while the other half were given the vignettes first and then completed the RMA scales. As expected, more blame was attributed to victims of rape than to victims of robbery. Conversely, perpetrators of rape were blamed less than perpetrators of robbery. The more participants endorsed rape myths, the more blame was attributed to the victim and the less blame was attributed to the perpetrators. Increasing levels of RMA were associated with an increase in victim blame (VB) in both rape and robbery cases, but the increase in rape VB was significantly more pronounced than in robbery VB. Increasing RMA was associated with an attenuation of perpetrator blame (PB) that was more pronounced for rape than for robbery cases, but the difference was not significant. As expected, victims of rape were blamed more when the perpetrator exploited their defenselessness due to alcohol intoxication than when they were overpowered by physical force. Contrary to the hypothesis, this was also true for robbery victims. Rape victims who knew their attacker (ex-partner or acquaintance) were blamed more than victims who were assaulted by strangers. Contrary to the hypothesis, robbery victims who were assaulted by an ex-partner were blamed more than acquaintance or stranger robbery victims. As predicted, the closer the relationship between victim and perpetrator, the less blame was attributed to perpetrators of rape while this factor had no effect on PB in robbery cases. Men compared to women attributed more blame to the victims and less blame to the perpetrators. As expected, these gender differences in blame attributions were partially mediated by gender differences in RMA: After RMA was taken into account, the gender differences disappeared nearly completely for VB and were significantly reduced in PB. The order of presentation of the vignettes and the RMA measures was systematically varied to test the causal influence of RMA on rape blame attributions. The hypothesis that RMA causes VB and PB in rape cases (as opposed to the other way around or both are caused by a third variable) was not supported. Possible reasons for this failed manipulation and its implications for the mediation model are discussed. With regard to blame attribution in rape cases, the present results match what was expected from previous studies which were mainly conducted in “Western” countries like the United States, the United Kingdom, or Germany. The present results support the notion that the victim-perpetrator relationship and the victim’s alcohol consumption are cross-culturally stable factors for blame attribution in rape cases. It was expected that blame attribution in robbery cases would be unaffected by the perpetrator’s coercive strategy and the victim-perpetrator relationship, but the results were inconsistent. One unexpected effect is particularly noteworthy: When the perpetrator used physical force, more blame was attributed to rape than to robbery victims, but intoxicated victims were blamed more and almost equally so for both types of crime. Perpetrators who exploited drunk victims were blamed less in both rape and robbery cases. These results contradict German results collected with the German version of the same instruments (Bieneck & Krahé, 2011). Turkey is a Muslim country and alcohol is surrounded by a certain taboo. Possibly, the results reflect a cultural difference in that intoxicated victims are generally blamed more for their victimization and this factor is not limited to rape cases. N2 - Die vorliegende Arbeit untersuchte die Verantwortungszuschreibung zu Opfern und Tätern von Vergewaltigung im Vergleich zu Raub in der Türkei. Die Versuchspersonen lasen jeweils drei Vignetten, d.h. kurze Beschreibungen von hypothetischen Raub- und Vergewaltigungsfällen, und wurden im Anschluss an jede Vignette gebeten, die Verantwortung des weiblichen Opfers und des männlichen Täters für den Vorfall zu beurteilen. Die Vignetten variierten systematisch auf den Variablen Art des Verbrechens (Vergewaltigung oder Raub), Täterstrategie (physische Gewalt oder Ausnutzen der Wehrlosigkeit des betrunkenen Opfers) und der Opfer-Täter-Beziehung vor der Tat (Fremder, Bekannter oder Ex-Partner). Zusätzlich wurde die Vergewaltigungsmythenakzeptanz (VMA) der Versuchspersonen erhoben sowie deren Geschlecht als Faktor berücksichtigt. Vergewaltigungsmythen beschreiben Einstellungen, die sexualisierte Gewalt bagatellisieren, indem z.B. Opfern Schuld an der Tat zugeschrieben wird (Victim Blaming) oder die Täter entschuldigt werden. Die Hälfte der Versuchspersonen erhielt zunächst die Skalen zur VMA und bearbeitete im Anschluss daran die Vignetten. Die andere Hälfte der Versuchspersonen bearbeitete die Materialien in umgekehrter Reihenfolge, also zunächst die Vignetten und danach die VMA-Skalen. Wie erwartet wurde den Opfern von Vergewaltigung mehr Verantwortung für die Tat zugeschrieben als Opfern von Raub. Umgekehrt wurde den Tätern von Vergewaltigung weniger Verantwortung zugeschrieben als Tätern von Raub. Je höher die VMA, desto mehr wurde das Opfer und desto weniger wurde der Täter für die Tat verantwortlich gemacht. Mit steigender VMA stieg die Verantwortungszuschreibung an Opfer beider Verbrechen an, aber der Zuwachs in der Schuldzuschreibung war signifikant stärker ausgeprägter in Vergewaltigungsfällen als in Raubfällen. Mit steigender VMA sank die Schuldzuschreibung an den Täter in Vergewaltigungsfällen stärker als in Raubfällen, der Unterschied war aber nicht signifikant. Wie erwartet wurde Opfern von Vergewaltigung mehr Schuld zugeschrieben, wenn sie betrunken waren als wenn sie vom Täter überwältigt wurden. Entgegen der Hypothese traf dies auch für Raubfälle zu. Vergewaltigungsopfern, die ihren Täter kannten, wurde mehr Schuld zugeschrieben als denen, die von einem Fremden vergewaltigt wurden. Entgegen der Hypothese wurde Raubopfern, die von einem Ex-Partner überfallen wurden, ebenfalls mehr Schuld an der Tat gegeben im Vergleich zu Raubfällen, die von Fremden oder Bekannten begangen wurden. Wie vorhergesagt wurde Vergewaltigern weniger Schuld zugeschrieben je enger die Opfer-Täter-Beziehung, während die Schuldzuschreibung an Raubtätern nicht von ihrer Beziehung zum Opfer beeinflusst wurde. Männer im Vergleich zu Frauen wiesen den Opfern von Vergewaltigung mehr Schuld zu und den Tätern weniger. Wie erwartet wurden die Geschlechtsunterschiede in Bezug auf Schuldzuschreibungen an das Opfer und den Täter teilweise durch Geschlechtsunterschiede in VMA vermittelt: Nach Berücksichtigung von VMA zeigten sich in Bezug auf Opfer-Schuld keine Geschlechtsunterschiede mehr und in Bezug auf Täter-Schuld nur noch geringe. Die systematische Variation der Reihenfolge von Vignetten und VMA hatte zum Ziel, die kausale Wirkung von VMA auf Schuldzuschreibungen an Opfer und Täter von Vergewaltigung zu testen. Die Hypothese, dass VMA Schuldzuschreibungen an Opfer und Täter auslöst (im Vergleich zum umgekehrten Fall oder dass beide Variablen von einer dritten Variable ausgelöst werden) konnte nicht bestätigt werden. Mögliche Gründe für dieses Ergebnis sowie Implikationen für die Mediationsanalyse werden diskutiert. In Bezug auf die Vergewaltigungsfälle entsprechen die Ergebnisse dem, was aufgrund früherer Studien erwartet wurde. Der Großteil früherer Studien wurde in „westlichen“ Ländern wie den Vereinigten Staaten, dem Vereinigten Königreich oder Deutschland durchgeführt. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse aus der Türkei stützen daher die Annahme, dass Opfer-Täter-Beziehung und Alkoholkonsum des Opfers interkulturell stabile Faktoren für die Verantwortungszuschreibung in Vergewaltigungsfällen sind. Die Ergebnisse in Bezug auf die erwartete Unterscheidung zwischen Raub- und Vergewaltigungsfällen blieben allerdings inkonsistent. Ein Effekt ist besonders hervorzuheben: Wenn der Täter Gewalt anwendete, wurde den Opfern von Vergewaltigung mehr Schuld an der Tat gegeben als Opfern von Raub. Wenn das Opfer betrunken war, haben Beurteiler nicht zwischen Opfern von Raub und Vergewaltigung unterschieden. Tätern, die alkoholisierte Opfer ausnutzten, wurde sowohl in Raub- als auch Vergewaltigungsfällen weniger Schuld zugeschrieben. Diese Ergebnisse stehen im Widerspruch zu Ergebnissen aus Deutschland, die mit den gleichen Instrumenten (in deutscher Fassung) erhoben wurden (Bieneck & Krahé, 2011). Die Türkei ist muslimisch geprägt und Alkohol unterliegt einem gewissen Tabu. Möglicherweise zeigt sich hier ein kultureller Unterschied, dass alkoholisierten Opfern im Allgemeinen mehr Schuld zugeschrieben wird und dieser Faktor nicht nur speziell Vergewaltigungsfälle betrifft. KW - rape myths KW - Vergewaltigungsmythen KW - victim blaming KW - rape KW - Vergewaltigung KW - robbery KW - Raub KW - Turkey KW - Türkei KW - Verantwortungszuschreibung Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-423279 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Warschburger, Petra A1 - Calvano, Claudia A1 - Richter, Eike M. A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - Analysis of Attentional Bias towards Attractive and Unattractive Body Regions among Overweight Males and Females BT - an Eye-Movement Study N2 - Background Body image distortion is highly prevalent among overweight individuals. Whilst there is evidence that body-dissatisfied women and those suffering from disordered eating show a negative attentional bias towards their own unattractive body parts and others’ attractive body parts, little is known about visual attention patterns in the area of obesity and with respect to males. Since eating disorders and obesity share common features in terms of distorted body image and body dissatisfaction, the aim of this study was to examine whether overweight men and women show a similar attentional bias. Methods/Design We analyzed eye movements in 30 overweight individuals (18 females) and 28 normalweight individuals (16 females) with respect to the participants’ own pictures as well as gender- and BMI-matched control pictures (front and back view). Additionally, we assessed body image and disordered eating using validated questionnaires. Discussion The overweight sample rated their own body as less attractive and showed a more disturbed body image. Contrary to our assumptions, they focused significantly longer on attractive compared to unattractive regions of both their own and the control body. For one’s own body, this was more pronounced for women. A higher weight status and more frequent body checking predicted attentional bias towards attractive body parts. We found that overweight adults exhibit an unexpected and stable pattern of selective attention, with a distinctive focus on their own attractive body regions despite higher levels of body dissatisfaction. This positive attentional bias may either be an indicator of a more pronounced pattern of attentional avoidance or a self-enhancing strategy. Further research is warranted to clarify these results. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 281 Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-86570 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kuhlmann, Sophie Merle A1 - Bürger, Arne A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Hammerle, Florian T1 - A mindfulness-based stress prevention training for medical students (MediMind) BT - study protocol for a randomized controlled trial T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe 820 N2 - Background: Medical training is very demanding and associated with a high prevalence of psychological distress. Compared to the general population, medical students are at a greater risk of developing a psychological disorder. Various attempts of stress management training in medical school have achieved positive results on minimizing psychological distress; however, there are often limitations. Therefore, the use of a rigorous scientific method is needed. The present study protocol describes a randomized controlled trial to examine the effectiveness of a specifically developed mindfulness-based stress prevention training for medical students that includes selected elements of cognitive behavioral strategies (MediMind). Methods/Design: This study protocol presents a prospective randomized controlled trial, involving four assessment time points: baseline, post-intervention, one-year follow-up and five-year follow-up. The aims include evaluating the effect on stress, coping, psychological morbidity and personality traits with validated measures. Participants are allocated randomly to one of three conditions: MediMind, Autogenic Training or control group. Eligible participants are medical or dental students in the second or eighth semester of a German university. They form a population of approximately 420 students in each academic term. A final total sample size of 126 (at five-year follow-up) is targeted. The trainings (MediMind and Autogenic Training) comprise five weekly sessions lasting 90 minutes each. MediMind will be offered to participants of the control group once the five-year follow-up is completed. The allotment is randomized with a stratified allocation ratio by course of studies, semester, and gender. After descriptive statistics have been evaluated, inferential statistical analysis will be carried out with a repeated measures ANOVA-design with interactions between time and group. Effect sizes will be calculated using partial η-square values. Discussion: Potential limitations of this study are voluntary participation and the risk of attrition, especially concerning participants that are allocated to the control group. Strengths are the study design, namely random allocation, follow-up assessment, the use of control groups and inclusion of participants at different stages of medical training with the possibility of differential analysis. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 820 KW - psychometric properties KW - psychological distress KW - predicting stress KW - German version KW - mental-health KW - self-esteem KW - reduction KW - depression KW - management KW - benefits Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-427568 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 820 ER -