TY  - THES
A1  - Chan, Yuan-Shuo
T1  - Zum Zusammenhang zwischen posturaler Balance und kognitiven bzw. somatischen Faktoren
T1  - The correlation between postural balance and cognitive/ somatic factors
N2  - Balance ist als die koordinative Fähigkeit anzusehen, die am meisten durch das Sinnes- und Nervensystem determiniert ist. Damit könnte sie als Indikator für Funktionseinschränkungen des Nervensystems - etwa bei Lernstörungen - von Wert sein. Aussagen über Zusammenhänge zwischen Balance und Kognition werden vielfach diskutiert, sind jedoch noch nicht hinreichend wissenschaftlich gesichert. Hieraus wird die zentrale Zielstellung der Arbeit abgeleitet, das Wissen über somatische und psychische Determinanten von Balance zu erweitern. Betrachtet werden daher bei Vorschulkindern mögliche Zusammenhänge mit dem Geschlecht, mit den anthropometrischen Parametern Körperhöhe und Fußgröße, mit Statikstörungen des Beckens und der Intelligenzleistung.  An der Studie nahmen insgesamt 201 drei- bzw. vierjährige Kinder sowie 148 fünf- bzw. sechsjährige Kinder teil. Die Balancefähigkeit wurde mit Hilfe einer Kraftmomentenplattform sowie eines klinischen Tests erfasst und mit anthropometrischen Parametern, qualitativen statischen Befunden bzw. den Ergebnissen des BIVA-Intelligenztests nach SCHAARSCHMIDT verglichen. Für die Auswertung der Balanceparameter wurden sowohl lineare als auch nichtlineare Verfahren eingesetzt, die zum Teil gegenläufige Trends in Bezug auf Zusammenhänge lieferten.  Im Ergebnis konnte ein starker Einfluss des Geschlechts nachgewiesen werden. Mädchen zeigten eine bessere Balanceleistung als Jungen sowohl bei 3-Jährigen als auch bei 6-Jährigen. Dies wird als Beleg für den geschlechtsspezifischen Vorsprung der sensomotorischen Entwicklung bei den Mädchen im Alter von 3 bis 6 Jahren angesehen. Außerdem gab es einige Hinweise auf einen Zusammenhang mit der Körperhöhe bzw. Fußlänge. Ein Zusammenhang mit den Umstellungen des ersten Gestaltwandels wird vermutet. Die Daten sprechen für einen statistisch schwachen Einfluss von Störungen der Beckenstatik (Beckenverwringung) auf die Balance bei den Kindern. Es wird vermutet, dass die Verrechnung Balance relevanter Inputs durch nozizeptive Impulse beeinträchtig werden kann. Dies könnte Anlass sein, diesen Aspekt bei Funktionsstörungen mit zu berücksichtigen. Signifikante Zusammenhänge mit Ergebnissen des BIVA-Intelligenztests konnten kaum gefunden werden. Allerdings fallen überzufällig viele Mittelwertvergleiche in Richtung der Hypothese aus, erreichen jedoch nicht Signifikanzniveau. Dies könnte ein Hinweis auf einen schwachen Zusammenhang darstellen, der jedoch mit einer größeren Gruppe noch bestätigt werden müsste. Weitere Forschung auf diesem Gebiet ist erforderlich. Sollte hinreichende Evidenz erreicht werden können, so könnte in der Förderung koordinativer Fähigkeiten und insbesondere der posturalen Balance eine wichtige pädagogische Reserve liegen.
N2  - Balance is considered a coordinative ability, which is mostly affected by the sensory and nervous systems. It can be used as an indicator for the functional ability of the nervous system, such as learning disability. Although the relationship between balance and cognition has long been postulated, this interaction has not yet been scientifically well established. The aim of this study is to examine the somatic and psychological determinants of balance. Preschool children were used to analyse the balance-cognition relationship with respect to gender, anthropometric parameters of body height and foot length, pelvic static and intelligence ability.  201 three to four years old children, as well as 148 five to six years old children, were used in this study. A clinical test involving a force moment platform was used to examine the balance ability. Results obtained were compared with specific anthropometric parameters and findings obtained from the BIVA-intelligent tests (SCHAARSCHMIDT).  In the results, there is a strong effect of gender on balance. Girls showed a better balance ability than boys in the age groups of three and six years old. This finding provides evidence of an earlier gender specific advantage of sensor-motor development in girls between the ages of 3 to 6 years old. A relationship between postural balance and body height/ foot length was found. This may be attributed to the transposition of the body developmental changes. The results show a weak statistical effect of pelvic static disorders on balance in children. It can be suggested that inputs through the nociceptive impulse pathway can have a negative effect on balance. This can be factored as an aspect of a function disorder. Slight significant relationship could be found from the results of BIVA-intelligent tests. This can provide information on the weak relationship, which might show in larger group size. Further studies in this research area are necessary. Sufficient evidence should be reached, regarding the support of coordination ability and particularly postural balance, and the relationship could play an important role in education
KW  - Sensomotorik
KW  - Gleichgewicht
KW  - Intelligenz
KW  - Balance
KW  - Kind
KW  - Kognition
KW  - Somatik
KW  - balance
KW  - cognition
KW  - sensorimotor function
KW  - child
Y1  - 2006
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-10237
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Chaouachi, Mehdi
A1  - Granacher, Urs
A1  - Makhlouf, Issam
A1  - Hammami, Raouf
A1  - Behm, David G.
A1  - Chaouachi, Anis
T1  - Within Session Sequence of Balance and Plyometric Exercises Does Not Affect Training Adaptations with Youth Soccer Athletes
JF  - Journal of sports science & medicine
N2  - The integration of balance and plyometric training has been shown to provide significant improvements in sprint, jump, agility, and other performance measures in young athletes. It is not known if a specific within session balance and plyometric exercise sequence provides more effective training adaptations. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of using a sequence of alternating pairs of exercises versus a block (series) of all balance exercises followed by a block of plyometric exercises on components of physical fitness such as muscle strength, power, speed, agility, and balance. Twenty-six male adolescent soccer players ( 13.9 +/- 0.3 years) participated in an 8-week training program that either alternated individual balance (e. g., exercises on unstable surfaces) and plyometric (e. g., jumps, hops, rebounds) exercises or performed a block of balance exercises prior to a block of plyometric exercises within each training session. Pre- and post-training measures included proxies of strength, power, agility, sprint, and balance such as countermovement jumps, isometric back and knee extension strength, standing long jump, 10 and 30-m sprints, agility, standing stork, and Y-balance tests. Both groups exhibited significant, generally large magnitude (effect sizes) training improvements for all measures with mean performance increases of approximately > 30%. There were no significant differences between the training groups over time. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of combining balance and plyometric exercises within a training session on components of physical fitness with young adolescents. The improved performance outcomes were not significantly influenced by the within session exercise sequence.
KW  - Power
KW  - strength
KW  - jumps
KW  - sprints
KW  - balance
KW  - children
Y1  - 2017
SN  - 1303-2968
VL  - 16
SP  - 125
EP  - 136
PB  - Department of Sports Medicine, Medical Faculty of Uludag University
CY  - Bursa
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Rowley, K. Michael
A1  - Engel, Tilman
A1  - Kulig, Kornelia
T1  - Trunk and hip muscle activity during the Balance-Dexterity task in persons with and without recurrent low back pain
JF  - Journal of electromyography and kinesiology
N2  - Coordination of the trunk and hips is crucial for successful dynamic balance in many activities of daily living. Persons with recurrent low back pain (rLBP), both while symptomatic and during periods of symptom remission, exhibit dysfunctional muscle activation patterns and coordination of these joints. In a novel dynamic balance task where persons in remission from rLBP exhibit dissociated trunk motion, it is unknown how trunk and hip musculature are coordinated. Activation of hip and trunk muscles were acquired from nineteen persons with and without rLBP during the Balance-Dexterity Task, which involves balancing on one limb while compressing an unstable spring with the other. There were no between-group differences in activation amplitude for any muscle groups tested. In back-healthy control participants, hip and trunk muscle activation amplitudes increased proportionally in response to the added instability of the spring (R = 0.837, p < 0.001). Increases in muscle activation amplitudes in the group in remission from rLBP were not proportional (R = 0.113, p = 0.655). Instead, hip muscle activation in this group was associated with task performance, i.e. dexterous control of the spring (R = 0.676, p = 0.002). These findings highlight atypical coordination of hip and trunk musculature potentially related to task demands in persons with rLBP even during remission from pain.
KW  - balance
KW  - low back pain
KW  - trunk and hip coordination
KW  - lumbopelvic
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2019.102378
SN  - 1050-6411
SN  - 1873-5711
VL  - 50
PB  - Elsevier Science
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Granacher, Urs
A1  - Prieske, Olaf
A1  - Majewski, M.
A1  - Büsch, Dirk
A1  - Mühlbauer, Thomas
T1  - The Role of Instability with Plyometric Training in Sub-elite Adolescent Soccer Players
JF  - International journal of sports medicine
N2  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of plyometric training on stable (SPT) vs. highly unstable surfaces (IPT) on athletic performance in adolescent soccer players. 24 male sub-elite soccer players (age: 15 +/- 1 years) were assigned to 2 groups performing plyometric training for 8 weeks (2 sessions/week, 90min each). The SPT group conducted plyometrics on stable and the IPT group on unstable surfaces. Tests included jump performance (countermovement jump [CMJ] height, drop jump [DJ] height, DJ performance index), sprint time, agility and balance. Statistical analysis revealed significant main effects of time for CMJ height (p<0.01, f=1.44), DJ height (p<0.01, f=0.62), DJ performance index (p<0.05, f=0.60), 0-10-m sprint time (p<0.05, f=0.58), agility (p<0.01, f=1.15) and balance (p<0.05, 0.46f1.36). Additionally, a Training groupxTime interaction was found for CMJ height (p<0.01, f=0.66) in favor of the SPT group. Following 8 weeks of training, similar improvements in speed, agility and balance were observed in the IPT and SPT groups. However, the performance of IPT appears to be less effective for increasing CMJ height compared to SPT. It is thus recommended that coaches use SPT if the goal is to improve jump performance.
KW  - strength
KW  - jump
KW  - speed
KW  - agility
KW  - balance
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1395519
SN  - 0172-4622
SN  - 1439-3964
VL  - 36
IS  - 5
SP  - 386
EP  - 394
PB  - Thieme
CY  - Stuttgart
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Lacroix, André
T1  - Factors influencing the effectiveness of balance and resistance training in older adults
T1  - Effektivität von Gleichgewichts- und Krafttraining bei älteren Menschen: beeinflussende Faktoren
N2  - Hintergrund und Ziele: Altersbedingte Kraft- und Gleichgewichtsverluste sind mit Funktionseinschränkungen und einem erhöhten Sturzrisiko assoziiert. Kraft- und Gleichgewichtstraining haben das Potenzial, das Gleichgewicht und die Maximalkraft/Schnellkraft von gesunden älteren Menschen zu verbessern. Es ist jedoch noch nicht hinreichend untersucht, wie die Effektivität solcher Übungsprogramme von verschiedenen Faktoren beeinflusst wird. Hierzu gehören die Rolle der Rumpfmuskulatur, die Effekte von kombiniertem Kraft- und Gleichgewichtstraining sowie die Effekte der Trainingsanleitung. Die primären Ziele dieser Dissertation bestehen daher in der Überprüfung der Zusammenhänge von Rumpfkraft und Gleichgewichtsvariablen und der Effekte von kombiniertem Kraft- und Gleichgewichtstraining auf ein breites Spektrum an intrinsischen Sturzrisikofaktoren bei älteren Menschen. Ein wesentliches Ziel dieser Dissertation ist zudem die Überprüfung der Auswirkungen von angeleitetem gegenüber unangeleitetem Kraft- und/oder Gleichgewichtstraining auf Variablen des Gleichgewichts und der Maximal-/Schnellkraft bei älteren Menschen.
Methoden: Gesunde ältere Erwachsene im Alter zwischen 63 und 80 Jahren wurden in einer Querschnittsstudie, einer Längsschnittstudie und einer Metaanalyse untersucht (Gruppenmittelwerte Meta-Analyse: 65.3-81.1 Jahre). Messungen des Gleichgewichts (statisches/dynamisches, proaktives, reaktives Gleichgewicht) wurden mittels klinischer (z. B. Romberg Test) und instrumentierter Tests (z. B. 10 Meter Gangtest inklusive elektrischer Erfassung von Gangparametern) durchgeführt. Die isometrische Maximalkraft der Rumpfmuskulatur wurde mit speziellen Rumpfkraft-Maschinen gemessen. Für die Überprüfung der dynamischen Maximal-/Schnellkraft der unteren Extremität wurden klinische Tests (z. B. Chair Stand Test) verwendet. Weiterhin wurde ein kombiniertes Kraft- und Gleichgewichtstraining durchgeführt, um trainingsbedingte Effekte auf Gleichgewicht und Maximal-/Schnellkraft sowie die Effekte der Trainingsanleitung bei älteren Erwachsenen zu untersuchen.
Ergebnisse: Die Ergebnisse zeigten signifikante Korrelationen zwischen Rumpfkraft und statischem sowie ausgewählten Parametern des dynamischen Gleichgewichts (0.42 ≤ r ≤ 0.57). Kombiniertes Kraft- und Gleichgewichtstraining verbesserte das statische/dynamische (z. B. Romberg Test, Ganggeschwindigkeit), proaktive (z. B. Timed Up und Go Test) und reaktive Gleichgewicht (z. B. Push and Release Test) sowie die Maximal-/Schnellkraft (z. B. Chair Stand Test) von gesunden älteren Menschen (0.62 ≤ Cohen’s d ≤ 2.86; alle p < 0.05). Angeleitetes Training führte verglichen mit unangeleitetem Training zu größeren Effekten bei Gleichgewicht und Maximal-/Schnellkraft [Längsschnittstudie: Effekte in der angeleiteten Gruppe 0.26 ≤ d ≤ 2.86, Effekte in der unangeleiteten Gruppe 0.06 ≤ d ≤ 2.30; Metaanalyse: alle Standardisierte Mittelwertdifferenzen (SMDbs) zugunsten der angeleiteten Programme 0.24-0.53]. Die Metaanalyse zeigte zudem größere Effekte zugunsten der angeleiteten Programme, wenn diese mit komplett unbeaufsichtigten Programmen verglichen wurden (0.28 ≤ SMDbs ≤ 1.24). Diese Effekte zugunsten der angeleiteten Interventionen wurden jedoch abgeschwächt, wenn sie mit unangeleiteten Interventionen verglichen wurden, die wenige zusätzliche angeleitete Einheiten integrierten (−0.06 ≤ SMDbs ≤ 0.41). 
Schlussfolgerungen: Eine Aufnahme von Rumpfkraftübungen in sturzpräventive Trainingsprogramme für ältere Menschen könnte die Verbesserung von Gleichgewichtsparametern positiv beeinflussen. Die positiven Effekte auf eine Vielzahl wichtiger intrinsischer Sturzrisikofaktoren (z. B. Gleichgewichts-, Kraftdefizite) implizieren, dass besonders die Kombination aus Kraft- und Gleichgewichtstraining eine durchführbare und effektive sturzpräventive Intervention ist. Aufgrund größerer Effekte von angeleitetem im Vergleich zu unangeleitetem Training sollten angeleitete Einheiten in sturzpräventive Übungsprogramme für ältere Erwachsene integriert werden.
N2  - Background and objectives: Age-related losses of lower extremity muscle strength/power and deficits in static and particularly dynamic balance are associated with impaired functional performance and the occurrence of falls. It has been shown that balance and resistance training have the potential to improve balance and muscle strength in healthy older adults. However, it is still open to debate how the effectiveness of balance and resistance training in older adults is influenced by different factors. This includes the role of trunk muscle strength, the comprehensive effects of combined balance and resistance training, and the role of exercise supervision. Therefore, the primary objectives of this doctoral thesis are to investigate the relationship between trunk muscle strength and balance performance and to examine the effects of an expert-based balance and resistance training protocol on various measures of balance and lower extremity muscle strength/power in older adults. Furthermore, the impact of supervised versus unsupervised balance and/or resistance training interventions in the elderly will be evaluated.   
Methods: Healthy older adults aged 63-80 years were included in a cross-sectional study, a longitudinal study, and a meta-analysis (range group means meta-analysis: 65.3-81.1 years) registering balance and muscle strength/power performance. Different measures of balance (i.e., static/dynamic, proactive, reactive) were examined using clinical (e.g., Romberg test) and instrumented tests (e.g., 10 meter walking test on a sensor-equipped walkway). Isometric strength of the trunk muscles was assessed using instrumented trunk muscle strength apparatus and lower extremity dynamic muscle strength/power was examined using clinical tests (e.g., Chair Stand Test). Further, a combined balance and resistance training protocol was applied to examine training-induced effects on balance and muscle strength/power as well as the role of supervision in older adults.       
Results: Findings revealed that measures of trunk muscle strength and static steady-state balance as well as specific measures of dynamic steady-state balance were significantly associated in the elderly (0.42 ≤ r ≤ 0.57). Combined balance and resistance training significantly improved older adults' static/dynamic steady-state (e.g., Romberg test; habitual gait speed), pro-active (e.g., Timed Up and Go Test), and reactive balance (e.g., Push and Release Test) as well as muscle strength/power (e.g., Chair Stand Test) (0.62 ≤ Cohen’s d ≤ 2.86; all p < 0.05). Supervised compared to unsupervised balance and/or resistance training was superior in enhancing older adults' balance and muscle strength/power performance regarding all observed outcome categories [longitudinal study: effects for the supervised group 0.26 ≤ d ≤ 2.86, effects for the unsupervised group 0.06 ≤ d ≤ 2.30; meta-analysis: all between-subject standardized mean differences (SMDbs) in favor of the supervised training programs 0.24-0.53]. The meta-analysis additionally showed larger effects in favor of supervised interventions when compared to completely unsupervised interventions (0.28 ≤ SMDbs ≤ 1.24). These effects in favor of the supervised programs faded when compared with studies that implemented a small amount of supervised sessions in their unsupervised interventions (−0.06 ≤ SMDbs ≤ 0.41).          
Conclusions: Trunk muscle strength is associated with steady-state balance performance and may therefore be integrated in fall-preventive exercise interventions for older adults. The examined positive effects on a large number of important intrinsic fall risk factors (e.g., balance deficits, muscle weakness) imply that particularly the combination of balance and resistance training appears to be a feasible and effective exercise intervention for fall prevention. Owing to the beneficial effects of supervised compared to unsupervised interventions, supervised sessions should be integrated in fall-preventive balance and/or resistance training programs for older adults.
KW  - Senioren
KW  - Gleichgewicht
KW  - Maximalkraft/Schnellkraft
KW  - Rumpfkraft
KW  - Gleichgewichtstraining
KW  - Krafttraining
KW  - Übungsanleitung
KW  - elderly
KW  - balance
KW  - lower extremity muscle strength/power
KW  - trunk muscle strength
KW  - balance training
KW  - resistance training
KW  - exercise supervision
Y1  - 2017
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-411826
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Ghafarian, Fatemeh
A1  - Wieland, Ralf
A1  - Nendel, Claas
T1  - Estimating the Evaporative Cooling Effect of Irrigation within and above Soybean Canopy
JF  - Water
N2  - Vegetation with an adequate supply of water might contribute to cooling the land surface around it through the latent heat flux of transpiration. This study investigates the potential estimation of evaporative cooling at plot scale, using soybean as example. Some of the plants' physiological parameters were monitored and sampled at weekly intervals. A physics-based model was then applied to estimate the irrigation-induced cooling effect within and above the canopy during the middle and late season of the soybean growth period. We then examined the results of the temperature changes at a temporal resolution of ten minutes between every two irrigation rounds. During the middle and late season of growth, the cooling effects caused by evapotranspiration within and above the canopy were, on average, 4.4 K and 2.9 K, respectively. We used quality indicators such as R-squared (R-2) and mean absolute error (MAE) to evaluate the performance of the model simulation. The performance of the model in this study was better above the canopy (R-2 = 0.98, MAE = 0.3 K) than below (R-2 = 0.87, MAE = 0.9 K) due to the predefined thermodynamic condition used to estimate evaporative cooling. Moreover, the study revealed that canopy cooling contributes to mitigating heat stress conditions during the middle and late seasons of crop growth.
KW  - canopy cooling effects
KW  - shading cooling
KW  - canopy-air temperature
KW  - energy
KW  - balance
KW  - the Penman-Monteith equation
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3390/w14030319
SN  - 2073-4441
VL  - 14
IS  - 3
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Prieske, Olaf
A1  - Krüger, Tom
A1  - Aehle, Markus
A1  - Bauer, Erik
A1  - Granacher, Urs
T1  - Effects of Resisted Sprint Training and Traditional Power Training on Sprint, Jump, and Balance Performance in Healthy Young Adults
BT  - A Randomized Controlled Trial
T2  - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2  - Power training programs have proved to be effective in improving components of physical fitness such as speed. According to the concept of training specificity, it was postulated that exercises must attempt to closely mimic the demands of the respective activity. When transferring this idea to speed development, the purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of resisted sprint (RST) vs. traditional power training (TPT) on physical fitness in healthy young adults. Thirty-five healthy, physically active adults were randomly assigned to a RST (n = 10, 23 ± 3 years), a TPT (n = 9, 23 ± 3 years), or a passive control group (n = 16, 23 ± 2 years). RST and TPT exercised for 6 weeks with three training sessions/week each lasting 45–60 min. RST comprised frontal and lateral sprint exercises using an expander system with increasing levels of resistance that was attached to a treadmill (h/p/cosmos). TPT included ballistic strength training at 40% of the one-repetition-maximum for the lower limbs (e.g., leg press, knee extensions). Before and after training, sprint (20-m sprint), change-of-direction speed (T-agility test), jump (drop, countermovement jump), and balance performances (Y balance test) were assessed. ANCOVA statistics revealed large main effects of group for 20-m sprint velocity and ground contact time (0.81 ≤ d ≤ 1.00). Post-hoc tests showed higher sprint velocity following RST and TPT (0.69 ≤ d ≤ 0.82) when compared to the control group, but no difference between RST and TPT. Pre-to-post changes amounted to 4.5% for RST [90%CI: (−1.1%;10.1%), d = 1.23] and 2.6% for TPT [90%CI: (0.4%;4.8%), d = 1.59]. Additionally, ground contact times during sprinting were shorter following RST and TPT (0.68 ≤ d ≤ 1.09) compared to the control group, but no difference between RST and TPT. Pre-to-post changes amounted to −6.3% for RST [90%CI: (−11.4%;−1.1%), d = 1.45) and −2.7% for TPT [90%CI: (−4.2%;−1.2%), d = 2.36]. Finally, effects for change-of-direction speed, jump, and balance performance varied from small-to-large. The present findings indicate that 6 weeks of RST and TPT produced similar effects on 20-m sprint performance compared with a passive control in healthy and physically active, young adults. However, no training-related effects were found for change-of-direction speed, jump and balance performance. We conclude that both training regimes can be applied for speed development.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 383 
KW  - specificity
KW  - sprinting
KW  - jumping
KW  - change-of-direction speed
KW  - balance
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-409645
IS  - 383
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Prieske, Olaf
A1  - Krüger, Tom
A1  - Aehle, Markus
A1  - Bauer, Erik
A1  - Granacher, Urs
T1  - Effects of Resisted Sprint Training and Traditional Power Training on Sprint, Jump, and Balance Performance in Healthy Young Adults
BT  - A Randomized Controlled Trial
JF  - Frontiers in Physiology
N2  - Power training programs have proved to be effective in improving components of physical fitness such as speed. According to the concept of training specificity, it was postulated that exercises must attempt to closely mimic the demands of the respective activity. When transferring this idea to speed development, the purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of resisted sprint (RST) vs. traditional power training (TPT) on physical fitness in healthy young adults. Thirty-five healthy, physically active adults were randomly assigned to a RST (n = 10, 23 ± 3 years), a TPT (n = 9, 23 ± 3 years), or a passive control group (n = 16, 23 ± 2 years). RST and TPT exercised for 6 weeks with three training sessions/week each lasting 45–60 min. RST comprised frontal and lateral sprint exercises using an expander system with increasing levels of resistance that was attached to a treadmill (h/p/cosmos). TPT included ballistic strength training at 40% of the one-repetition-maximum for the lower limbs (e.g., leg press, knee extensions). Before and after training, sprint (20-m sprint), change-of-direction speed (T-agility test), jump (drop, countermovement jump), and balance performances (Y balance test) were assessed. ANCOVA statistics revealed large main effects of group for 20-m sprint velocity and ground contact time (0.81 ≤ d ≤ 1.00). Post-hoc tests showed higher sprint velocity following RST and TPT (0.69 ≤ d ≤ 0.82) when compared to the control group, but no difference between RST and TPT. Pre-to-post changes amounted to 4.5% for RST [90%CI: (−1.1%;10.1%), d = 1.23] and 2.6% for TPT [90%CI: (0.4%;4.8%), d = 1.59]. Additionally, ground contact times during sprinting were shorter following RST and TPT (0.68 ≤ d ≤ 1.09) compared to the control group, but no difference between RST and TPT. Pre-to-post changes amounted to −6.3% for RST [90%CI: (−11.4%;−1.1%), d = 1.45) and −2.7% for TPT [90%CI: (−4.2%;−1.2%), d = 2.36]. Finally, effects for change-of-direction speed, jump, and balance performance varied from small-to-large. The present findings indicate that 6 weeks of RST and TPT produced similar effects on 20-m sprint performance compared with a passive control in healthy and physically active, young adults. However, no training-related effects were found for change-of-direction speed, jump and balance performance. We conclude that both training regimes can be applied for speed development.
KW  - specificity
KW  - sprinting
KW  - jumping
KW  - change-of-direction speed
KW  - balance
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00156
SN  - 1664-042X
VL  - 9
SP  - 1
EP  - 10
PB  - Frontiers Research Foundation
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Negra, Yassine
A1  - Chaabene, Helmi
A1  - Sammoud, Senda
A1  - Bouguezzi, Raja
A1  - Abbes, Mohamed Aymen
A1  - Hachana, Younes
A1  - Granacher, Urs
T1  - Effects of Plyometric Training on Physical Fitness in Prepuberal Soccer Athletes
JF  - International journal of sports medicine
N2  - This study aimed at examining the effects of plyometric training on stable (SPT) vs. unstable (UPT) surfaces on physical fitness in prepuberal soccer players. Male athletes were randomly assigned to SPT (n = 18; age = 12.7 +/- 0.2 years) or UPT (n = 16; age = 12.2 +/- 0.5 years). Both groups conducted 3 regular soccer training sessions per week combined with either 2 SPT or UPT sessions. Assessment of jumping ability (countermovement jump [CMJ], and standing long jump [SLJ]), speed (10-m, 20-m, 30-m sprint), agility (Illinois agility test [IAT]), and balance (stable [SSBT], unstable [USBT] stork balance test; stable [SYBT], unstable [UYBT] Y balance test) was conducted pre-and post-training. An ANCO-VA model was used to test for between-group differences (SPT vs. UPT) at post-test using baseline values as covariates. No significant differences were found for CMJ height (p > 0.05, d = 0.54), SLJ (p > 0.05; d = 0.81), 10-m, 20-m, and 30-m sprint performances (p > 0.05, d = 0.00-0.24), IAT (p > 0.05, d = 0.48), and dynamic balance (SYBT and UYBT, both p > 0.05, d = 0.39, 0.08, respectively). Statistically significant between-group differences were detected for the USBT (p < 0.01, d = 1.86) and the SSBT (p < 0.01, d = 1.75) in favor of UPT. Following 8 weeks of SPT or UPT in prepuberal athletes, similar performance levels were observed in both groups for measures of jumping ability, speed, dynamic balance, and agility. However, if the goal is to additionally enhance static balance, UPT has an advantage over SPT.
KW  - youth
KW  - balance
KW  - jumping ability
KW  - athletic performance
KW  - football
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-122337
SN  - 0172-4622
SN  - 1439-3964
VL  - 38
SP  - 370
EP  - 377
PB  - Thieme
CY  - Stuttgart
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Negra, Yassine
A1  - Chaabene, Helmi
A1  - Sammoud, Senda
A1  - Bouguezzi, Raja
A1  - Mkaouer, Bessem
A1  - Hachana, Younes
A1  - Granacher, Urs
T1  - EFFECTS OF PLYOMETRIC TRAINING ON COMPONENTS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS IN PREPUBERAL MALE SOCCER ATHLETES: THE ROLE OF SURFACE INSTABILITY
JF  - Journal of strength and conditioning research : the research journal of the NSCA
N2  - Previous studies contrasted the effects of plyometric training (PT) conducted on stable vs. unstable surfaces on components of physical fitness in child and adolescent soccer players. Depending on the training modality (stable vs. unstable), specific performance improvements were found for jump (stable PT) and balance performances (unstable PT). In an attempt to combine the effects of both training modalities, this study examined the effects of PT on stable surfaces compared with combined PT on stable and unstable surfaces on components of physical fitness in prepuberal male soccer athletes. Thirty-three boys were randomly assigned to either a PT on stable surfaces (PTS; n = 17; age = 12.1 +/- 0.5 years; height = 151.6 +/- 5.7 cm; body mass = 39.2 +/- 6.5 kg; and maturity offset = 22.3 +/- 0.5 years) or a combined PT on stable and unstable surfaces (PTC; n = 16; age = 12.2 +/- 0.6 years; height = 154.6 +/- 8.1 cm; body mass = 38.7 +/- 5.0 kg; and maturity offset = 22.2 +/- 0.6 years). Both intervention groups conducted 4 soccer-specific training sessions per week combined with either 2 PTS or PTC sessions. Before and after 8 weeks of training, proxies of muscle power (e.g., countermovement jump [CMJ], standing long jump [SLJ]), muscle strength (e.g., reactive strength index [RSI]), speed (e.g., 20-m sprint test), agility (e.g., modified Illinois change of direction test [MICODT]), static balance (e.g., stable stork bal-ance test [SSBT]), and dynamic balance (unstable stork balance test [USBT]) were tested. An analysis of covariance model was used to test between-group differences (PTS vs. PTC) at posttest using baseline outcomes as covariates. No significant between-group differences at posttest were observed for CMJ (p > 0.05, d = 0.41), SLJ (p > 0.05, d = 0.36), RSI (p > 0.05, d = 0.57), 20-m sprint test (p > 0.05, d = 0.06), MICODT (p > 0.05, d = 0.23), and SSBT (p > 0.05, d = 0.20). However, statistically significant between-group differences at posttest were noted for the USBT (p < 0.01, d = 1.49) in favor of the PTC group. For most physical fitness tests (except RSI), significant pre-to-post improvements were observed for both groups (p < 0.01, d = 0.55-3.96). Eight weeks of PTS or PTC resulted in similar performance improvements in components of physical fitness except for dynamic balance. From a performance-enhancing perspective, PTC is recommended for pediatric strength and conditioning coaches because it produced comparable training effects as PTS on proxies of muscle power, muscle strength, speed, agility, static balance, and additional effects on dynamic balance.
KW  - youth
KW  - football
KW  - stretch-shortening cycle
KW  - athletic performance
KW  - balance
Y1  - 2017
SN  - 1064-8011
SN  - 1533-4287
VL  - 31
SP  - 3295
EP  - 3304
PB  - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
CY  - Philadelphia
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Gebel, Arnd
A1  - Busch, Aglaja
A1  - Stelzel, Christine
A1  - Hortobágyi, Tibor
A1  - Granacher, Urs
T1  - Effects of Physical and Mental Fatigue on Postural Sway and Cortical Activity in Healthy Young Adults
T2  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2  - Physical fatigue (PF) negatively affects postural control, resulting in impaired balance performance in young and older adults. Similar effects on postural control can be observed for mental fatigue (MF) mainly in older adults. Controversial results exist for young adults. There is a void in the literature on the effects of fatigue on balance and cortical activity. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the acute effects of PF and MF on postural sway and cortical activity. Fifteen healthy young adults aged 28 ± 3 years participated in this study. MF and PF protocols comprising of an all-out repeated sit-to-stand task and a computer-based attention network test, respectively, were applied in random order. Pre and post fatigue, cortical activity and postural sway (i.e., center of pressure displacements [CoPd], velocity [CoPv], and CoP variability [CV CoPd, CV CoPv]) were tested during a challenging bipedal balance board task. Absolute spectral power was calculated for theta (4–7.5 Hz), alpha-2 (10.5–12.5 Hz), beta-1 (13–18 Hz), and beta-2 (18.5–25 Hz) in frontal, central, and parietal regions of interest (ROI) and baseline-normalized. Inference statistics revealed a significant time-by-fatigue interaction for CoPd (p = 0.009, d = 0.39, Δ 9.2%) and CoPv (p = 0.009, d = 0.36, Δ 9.2%), and a significant main effect of time for CoP variability (CV CoPd: p = 0.001, d = 0.84; CV CoPv: p = 0.05, d = 0.62). Post hoc analyses showed a significant increase in CoPd (p = 0.002, d = 1.03) and CoPv (p = 0.003, d = 1.03) following PF but not MF. For cortical activity, a significant time-by-fatigue interaction was found for relative alpha-2 power in parietal (p < 0.001, d = 0.06) areas. Post hoc tests indicated larger alpha-2 power increases after PF (p < 0.001, d = 1.69, Δ 3.9%) compared to MF (p = 0.001, d = 1.03, Δ 2.5%). In addition, changes in parietal alpha-2 power and measures of postural sway did not correlate significantly, irrespective of the applied fatigue protocol. No significant changes were found for the other frequency bands, irrespective of the fatigue protocol and ROI under investigation. Thus, the applied PF protocol resulted in increased postural sway (CoPd and CoPv) and CoP variability accompanied by enhanced alpha-2 power in the parietal ROI while MF led to increased CoP variability and alpha-2 power in our sample of young adults. Potential underlying cortical mechanisms responsible for the greater increase in parietal alpha-2 power after PF were discussed but could not be clearly identified as cause. Therefore, further future research is needed to decipher alternative interpretations.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 793 
KW  - balance
KW  - cognitive/muscular fatigue
KW  - EEG
KW  - theta
KW  - alpha-2
Y1  - 2022
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-564419
SN  - 1866-8364
SP  - 1
EP  - 14
PB  - Universitätsverlag Potsdam
CY  - Potsdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Gebel, Arnd
A1  - Busch, Aglaja
A1  - Stelzel, Christine
A1  - Hortobágyi, Tibor
A1  - Granacher, Urs
T1  - Effects of Physical and Mental Fatigue on Postural Sway and Cortical Activity in Healthy Young Adults
JF  - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
N2  - Physical fatigue (PF) negatively affects postural control, resulting in impaired balance performance in young and older adults. Similar effects on postural control can be observed for mental fatigue (MF) mainly in older adults. Controversial results exist for young adults. There is a void in the literature on the effects of fatigue on balance and cortical activity. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the acute effects of PF and MF on postural sway and cortical activity. Fifteen healthy young adults aged 28 ± 3 years participated in this study. MF and PF protocols comprising of an all-out repeated sit-to-stand task and a computer-based attention network test, respectively, were applied in random order. Pre and post fatigue, cortical activity and postural sway (i.e., center of pressure displacements [CoPd], velocity [CoPv], and CoP variability [CV CoPd, CV CoPv]) were tested during a challenging bipedal balance board task. Absolute spectral power was calculated for theta (4–7.5 Hz), alpha-2 (10.5–12.5 Hz), beta-1 (13–18 Hz), and beta-2 (18.5–25 Hz) in frontal, central, and parietal regions of interest (ROI) and baseline-normalized. Inference statistics revealed a significant time-by-fatigue interaction for CoPd (p = 0.009, d = 0.39, Δ 9.2%) and CoPv (p = 0.009, d = 0.36, Δ 9.2%), and a significant main effect of time for CoP variability (CV CoPd: p = 0.001, d = 0.84; CV CoPv: p = 0.05, d = 0.62). Post hoc analyses showed a significant increase in CoPd (p = 0.002, d = 1.03) and CoPv (p = 0.003, d = 1.03) following PF but not MF. For cortical activity, a significant time-by-fatigue interaction was found for relative alpha-2 power in parietal (p < 0.001, d = 0.06) areas. Post hoc tests indicated larger alpha-2 power increases after PF (p < 0.001, d = 1.69, Δ 3.9%) compared to MF (p = 0.001, d = 1.03, Δ 2.5%). In addition, changes in parietal alpha-2 power and measures of postural sway did not correlate significantly, irrespective of the applied fatigue protocol. No significant changes were found for the other frequency bands, irrespective of the fatigue protocol and ROI under investigation. Thus, the applied PF protocol resulted in increased postural sway (CoPd and CoPv) and CoP variability accompanied by enhanced alpha-2 power in the parietal ROI while MF led to increased CoP variability and alpha-2 power in our sample of young adults. Potential underlying cortical mechanisms responsible for the greater increase in parietal alpha-2 power after PF were discussed but could not be clearly identified as cause. Therefore, further future research is needed to decipher alternative interpretations.
KW  - balance
KW  - cognitive/muscular fatigue
KW  - EEG
KW  - theta
KW  - alpha-2
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2022.871930
SN  - 1662-5161
VL  - 16
SP  - 1
EP  - 14
PB  - Frontiers Media S.A.
CY  - Lausanne, Schweiz
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Ben Othman, Aymen
A1  - Chaouachi, Anis
A1  - Chaouachi, Mehdi
A1  - Makhlouf, Issam
A1  - Farthing, Jonathan P.
A1  - Granacher, Urs
A1  - Behm, David George
T1  - Dominant and nondominant leg press training induce similar contralateral and ipsilateral limb training adaptations with children
JF  - Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism
N2  - Cross-education has been extensively investigated with adults. Adult studies report asymmetrical cross-education adaptations predominately after dominant limb training. The objective of the study was to examine unilateral leg press (LP) training of the dominant or nondominant leg on contralateral and ipsilateral strength and balance measures. Forty-two youth (10-13 years) were placed (random allocation) into a dominant (n = 15) or nondominant (n = 14) leg press training group or nontraining control (n = 13). Experimental groups trained 3 times per week for 8 weeks and were tested pre-/post-training for ipsilateral and contralateral 1-repetition maximum (RM) horizontal LP, maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of knee extensors (KE) and flexors (KF), countermovement jump (CMJ), triple hop test (THT), MVIC strength of elbow flexors (EF) and handgrip, as well as the stork and Y balance tests. Both dominant and nondominant LP training significantly (p < 0.05) increased both ipsilateral and contralateral lower body strength (LP 1RM (dominant: 59.6%-81.8%; nondominant: 59.5%-96.3%), KE MVIC (dominant: 12.4%-18.3%; nondominant: 8.6%-18.6%), KF MVIC (dominant: 7.9%-22.3%; nondominant: nonsignificant-3.8%), and power (CMJ: dominant: 11.1%-18.1%; nondominant: 7.7%-16.6%)). The exception was that nondominant LP training demonstrated a nonsignificant change with the contralateral KF MVIC. Other significant improvements were with nondominant LP training on ipsilateral EF 1RM (6.2%) and THT (9.6%). There were no significant changes with EF and handgrip MVIC. The contralateral leg stork balance test was impaired following dominant LP training. KF MVIC exhibited the only significant relative post-training to pretraining (post-test/pre-test) ratio differences between dominant versus nondominant LP cross-education training effects. In conclusion, children exhibit symmetrical cross-education or global training adaptations with unilateral training of dominant or nondominant upper leg.
KW  - resistance training
KW  - cross-education
KW  - youth
KW  - strength
KW  - power
KW  - balance
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2018-0766
SN  - 1715-5312
SN  - 1715-5320
VL  - 44
IS  - 9
SP  - 973
EP  - 984
PB  - NRC Research Press
CY  - Ottawa
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Stelzel, Christine
A1  - Bohle, Hannah
A1  - Schauenburg, Gesche
A1  - Walter, Henrik
A1  - Granacher, Urs
A1  - Rapp, Michael Armin
A1  - Heinzel, Stephan
T1  - Contribution of the Lateral Prefrontal Cortex to Cognitive-Postural Multitasking
T2  - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2  - There is evidence for cortical contribution to the regulation of human postural control. Interference from concurrently performed cognitive tasks supports this notion, and the lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC) has been suggested to play a prominent role in the processing of purely cognitive as well as cognitive-postural dual tasks. The degree of cognitive-motor interference varies greatly between individuals, but it is unresolved whether individual differences in the recruitment of specific lPFC regions during cognitive dual tasking are associated with individual differences in cognitive-motor interference. Here, we investigated inter-individual variability in a cognitive-postural multitasking situation in healthy young adults (n = 29) in order to relate these to inter-individual variability in lPFC recruitment during cognitive multitasking. For this purpose, a oneback working memory task was performed either as single task or as dual task in order to vary cognitive load. Participants performed these cognitive single and dual tasks either during upright stance on a balance pad that was placed on top of a force plate or during fMRI measurement with little to no postural demands. We hypothesized dual one-back task performance to be associated with lPFC recruitment when compared to single one-back task performance. In addition, we expected individual variability in lPFC recruitment to be associated with postural  performance costs during concurrent dual one-back performance. As expected, behavioral performance costs in postural sway during dual-one back performance largely varied between individuals and so did lPFC recruitment during dual one-back performance. Most importantly, individuals who recruited the right mid-lPFC to a larger degree during dual one-back performance also showed greater postural sway as measured by larger performance costs in total center of pressure displacements. This effect was selective to the high-load dual one-back task and suggests a crucial role of the right lPFC in allocating resources during cognitivemotor interference. Our study provides further insight into the mechanisms underlying cognitive-motor multitasking and its impairments.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 489 
KW  - balance
KW  - dual task
KW  - fMRI
KW  - postural control
KW  - working memory
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-421140
SN  - 1866-8364
IS  - 489
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stelzel, Christine
A1  - Bohle, Hannah
A1  - Schauenburg, Gesche
A1  - Walter, Henrik
A1  - Granacher, Urs
A1  - Rapp, Michael Armin
A1  - Heinzel, Stephan
T1  - Contribution of the Lateral Prefrontal Cortex to Cognitive-Postural Multitasking
JF  - Frontiers in psychologie
N2  - There is evidence for cortical contribution to the regulation of human postural control. Interference from concurrently performed cognitive tasks supports this notion, and the lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC) has been suggested to play a prominent role in the processing of purely cognitive as well as cognitive-postural dual tasks. The degree of cognitive-motor interference varies greatly between individuals, but it is unresolved whether individual differences in the recruitment of specific lPFC regions during cognitive dual tasking are associated with individual differences in cognitive-motor interference. Here, we investigated inter-individual variability in a cognitive-postural multitasking situation in healthy young adults (n = 29) in order to relate these to inter-individual variability in lPFC recruitment during cognitive multitasking. For this purpose, a oneback working memory task was performed either as single task or as dual task in order to vary cognitive load. Participants performed these cognitive single and dual tasks either during upright stance on a balance pad that was placed on top of a force plate or during fMRI measurement with little to no postural demands. We hypothesized dual one-back task performance to be associated with lPFC recruitment when compared to single one-back task performance. In addition, we expected individual variability in lPFC recruitment to be associated with postural  performance costs during concurrent dual one-back performance. As expected, behavioral performance costs in postural sway during dual-one back performance largely varied between individuals and so did lPFC recruitment during dual one-back performance. Most importantly, individuals who recruited the right mid-lPFC to a larger degree during dual one-back performance also showed greater postural sway as measured by larger performance costs in total center of pressure displacements. This effect was selective to the high-load dual one-back task and suggests a crucial role of the right lPFC in allocating resources during cognitivemotor interference. Our study provides further insight into the mechanisms underlying cognitive-motor multitasking and its impairments.
KW  - balance
KW  - dual task
KW  - fMRI
KW  - postural control
KW  - working memory
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01075
SN  - 1664-1078
VL  - 9
PB  - Frontiers
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wiesmeier, Isabella K.
A1  - Dalin, Daniela
A1  - Wehrle, Anja
A1  - Granacher, Urs
A1  - Muehlbauer, Thomas
A1  - Dietterle, Jörg
A1  - Weiller, Cornelius
A1  - Gollhofer, Albert
A1  - Maurer, Christoph
T1  - Balance training enhances vestibular function and reduces overactive proprioceptive feedback in elderly
JF  - Frontiers in aging neuroscience
N2  - Objectives: Postural control in elderly people is impaired by degradations of sensory, motor, and higher-level adaptive mechanisms. Here, we characterize the effects of a progressive balance training programon these postural control impairments using a brain network model based on system identification techniques. Methods and Material: We analyzed postural control of 35 healthy elderly subjects and compared findings to data from 35 healthy young volunteers. Eighteen elderly subjects performed a 10 week balance training conducted twice per week. Balance training was carried out in static and dynamic movement states, on support surfaces with different elastic compliances, under different visual conditions and motor tasks. Postural control was characterized by spontaneous sway and postural reactions to pseudorandom anterior-posterior tilts of the support surface. Data were interpreted using a parameter identification procedure based on a brain network model. Conclusion: Balance training reduced overactive proprioceptive feedback and restored vestibular orientation in elderly. Based on the assumption of a linear deterioration of postural control across the life span, the training effect can be extrapolated as a juvenescence of 10 years. This study points to a considerable benefit of a continuous balance training in elderly, even without any sensorimotor deficits.
KW  - age
KW  - balance
KW  - vestibular
KW  - proprioception
KW  - training
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2017.00273
SN  - 1663-4365
VL  - 9
PB  - Frontiers Research Foundation
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Gebel, Arnd
A1  - Lehmann, Tim
A1  - Granacher, Urs
T1  - Balance task difficulty affects postural sway and cortical activity in healthy adolescents
JF  - Experimental brain research
N2  - Electroencephalographic (EEG) research indicates changes in adults' low frequency bands of frontoparietal brain areas executing different balance tasks with increasing postural demands. However, this issue is unsolved for adolescents when performing the same balance task with increasing difficulty. Therefore, we examined the effects of a progressively increasing balance task difficulty on balance performance and brain activity in adolescents. Thirteen healthy adolescents aged 16-17 year performed tests in bipedal upright stance on a balance board with six progressively increasing levels of task difficulty. Postural sway and cortical activity were recorded simultaneously using a pressure sensitive measuring system and EEG. The power spectrum was analyzed for theta (4-7 Hz) and alpha-2 (10-12 Hz) frequency bands in pre-defined frontal, central, and parietal clusters of electrocortical sources. Repeated measures analysis of variance (rmANOVA) showed a significant main effect of task difficulty for postural sway (p < 0.001; d = 6.36). Concomitantly, the power spectrum changed in frontal, bilateral central, and bilateral parietal clusters. RmANOVAs revealed significant main effects of task difficulty for theta band power in the frontal (p < 0.001, d = 1.80) and both central clusters (left: p < 0.001, d = 1.49; right: p < 0.001, d = 1.42) as well as for alpha-2 band power in both parietal clusters (left: p < 0.001, d = 1.39; right: p < 0.001, d = 1.05) and in the central right cluster (p = 0.005, d = 0.92). Increases in theta band power (frontal, central) and decreases in alpha-2 power (central, parietal) with increasing balance task difficulty may reflect increased attentional processes and/or error monitoring as well as increased sensory information processing due to increasing postural demands. In general, our findings are mostly in agreement with studies conducted in adults. Similar to adult studies, our data with adolescents indicated the involvement of frontoparietal brain areas in the regulation of postural control. In addition, we detected that activity of selected brain areas (e.g., bilateral central) changed with increasing postural demands.
KW  - balance
KW  - postural control
KW  - EEG
KW  - Theta
KW  - Alpha-2
KW  - ICA
KW  - youth
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-020-05810-1
SN  - 0014-4819
SN  - 1432-1106
VL  - 238
IS  - 5
SP  - 1323
EP  - 1333
PB  - Springer
CY  - New York
ER  -