TY - JOUR A1 - Sarhan, Radwan Mohamed A1 - Koopman, Wouter-Willem Adriaan A1 - Schuetz, Roman A1 - Schmid, Thomas A1 - Liebig, Ferenc A1 - Koetz, Joachim A1 - Bargheer, Matias T1 - The importance of plasmonic heating for the plasmondriven photodimerization of 4-nitrothiophenol JF - Scientific Reports N2 - Metal nanoparticles form potent nanoreactors, driven by the optical generation of energetic electrons and nanoscale heat. The relative influence of these two factors on nanoscale chemistry is strongly debated. This article discusses the temperature dependence of the dimerization of 4-nitrothiophenol (4-NTP) into 4,4′-dimercaptoazobenzene (DMAB) adsorbed on gold nanoflowers by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS). Raman thermometry shows a significant optical heating of the particles. The ratio of the Stokes and the anti-Stokes Raman signal moreover demonstrates that the molecular temperature during the reaction rises beyond the average crystal lattice temperature of the plasmonic particles. The product bands have an even higher temperature than reactant bands, which suggests that the reaction proceeds preferentially at thermal hot spots. In addition, kinetic measurements of the reaction during external heating of the reaction environment yield a considerable rise of the reaction rate with temperature. Despite this significant heating effects, a comparison of SERS spectra recorded after heating the sample by an external heater to spectra recorded after prolonged illumination shows that the reaction is strictly photo-driven. While in both cases the temperature increase is comparable, the dimerization occurs only in the presence of light. Intensity dependent measurements at fixed temperatures confirm this finding. KW - enhanced raman-scattering KW - charge-transfer KW - metal KW - nanoparticles KW - catalysis KW - AU KW - 4-nitrobenzenethiol KW - aminothiophenol KW - photocatalysis KW - wavelength Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-38627-2 SN - 2045-2322 VL - 9 PB - Macmillan Publishers Limited CY - London ER - TY - GEN A1 - Sarhan, Radwan Mohamed A1 - Koopman, Wouter-Willem Adriaan A1 - Schuetz, Roman A1 - Schmid, Thomas A1 - Liebig, Ferenc A1 - Koetz, Joachim A1 - Bargheer, Matias T1 - The importance of plasmonic heating for the plasmondriven photodimerization of 4-nitrothiophenol T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Metal nanoparticles form potent nanoreactors, driven by the optical generation of energetic electrons and nanoscale heat. The relative influence of these two factors on nanoscale chemistry is strongly debated. This article discusses the temperature dependence of the dimerization of 4-nitrothiophenol (4-NTP) into 4,4′-dimercaptoazobenzene (DMAB) adsorbed on gold nanoflowers by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS). Raman thermometry shows a significant optical heating of the particles. The ratio of the Stokes and the anti-Stokes Raman signal moreover demonstrates that the molecular temperature during the reaction rises beyond the average crystal lattice temperature of the plasmonic particles. The product bands have an even higher temperature than reactant bands, which suggests that the reaction proceeds preferentially at thermal hot spots. In addition, kinetic measurements of the reaction during external heating of the reaction environment yield a considerable rise of the reaction rate with temperature. Despite this significant heating effects, a comparison of SERS spectra recorded after heating the sample by an external heater to spectra recorded after prolonged illumination shows that the reaction is strictly photo-driven. While in both cases the temperature increase is comparable, the dimerization occurs only in the presence of light. Intensity dependent measurements at fixed temperatures confirm this finding. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 698 KW - enhanced raman-scattering KW - charge-transfer KW - metal KW - nanoparticles KW - catalysis KW - AU KW - 4-nitrobenzenethiol KW - aminothiophenol KW - photocatalysis KW - wavelength Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-427197 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 698 ER - TY - THES A1 - Karras, Manfred T1 - Synthesis of enantiomerically pure helical aromatics such as NHC ligands and their use in asymmetric catalysis T1 - Die Synthese von enantiomerenreinen helikalen Aromaten wie NHC Liganden und deren Anwendung in asymmetrischer Katalyse N2 - Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der enantiomerenreinen Synthese helikaler, aromatischer Verbindungen. Verschiedene Verbindungen dieses Typs wurden erfolgreich hergestellt und charakterisiert. Desweiteren wurden einige der neuen Verbindungen in Übergangsmetallkomplexe eingebaut und diese dann als Katalysatoren für Metathese und Kreuzkupplungen getestet. Einer der getesteten Katalysatoren zeigte vielversprechende Ergebnisse in der asymmetrischen Olefinmetathese. Die Struktur des neuen Katalysators wurde untersucht. Anhand der Struktur des neuen Katalysators wurden Rückschlüsse auf einen möglichen Mechanismus gezogen. N2 - Various ways of preparing enantiomerically pure 2-amino[6]helicene derivatives were explored. Ni(0) mediated cyclotrimerization of enantiopure triynes provided (M)- and (P)-7,8-bis(p-tolyl)hexahelicene-2-amine in >99% ee as well as its benzoderivative in >99% ee. The stereocontrol was found to be inefficient for a 2- aminobenzo[6]helicene congener with an embedded five-membered ring. Helically chiral imidazolium salts bearing one or two helicene moieties have been synthesized and applied in enantioselective [2+2+2] cyclotrimerization catalyzed by an in situ formed Ni(0)-NHC complex. The synthesis of the first helically chiral Pd- and Ru-NHC complexes and their application in enantioselective catalysis was demonstrated. The latter shows promising results in enantioselective olefin metathesis reactions. A mechanistic proposal for asymmetric ring closing metathesis is provided. KW - helicene KW - catalysis KW - NHC KW - asymmetric KW - Helicen KW - Katalyse KW - NHC KW - asymmetrisch Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-421497 ER - TY - THES A1 - Zhao, Yuhang T1 - Synthesis and surface functionalization on plasmonic nanoparticles for optical applications N2 - This thesis focuses on the synthesis of novel functional materials based on plasmonic nanoparticles. Three systems with targeted surface modification and functionalization have been designed and synthesized, involving modified perylenediimide doped silica-coated silver nanowires, polydopamine or TiO2 coated gold-palladium nanorods and thiolated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-SH)/dodecanethiol (DDT) modified silver nanospheres. Their possible applications as plasmonic resonators, chiral sensors as well as photo-catalysts have been studied. In addition, the interaction between silver nanospheres and 2,3,5,6-Tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ) molecules has also been investigated in detail. In the first part of the thesis, surface modification on Ag nanowires (NWs) with optimized silica coating through a modified Stöber method has been firstly conducted, employing sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to replace ammonia solution (NH4OH). The coated silver nanowires with a smooth silica shell have been investigated by single-particle dark-field scattering spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and electron-energy loss spectroscopy to characterize the morphologies and structural components. The silica-coated silver nanowires can be further functionalized with fluorescent molecules in the silica shell via a facile one-step coating method. The as-synthesized nanowire is further coupled with a gold nanosphere by spin-coating for the application of the sub-diffractional chiral sensor for the first time. The exciton-plasmon-photon interconversion in the system eases the signal detection in the perfectly matched 1D nanostructure and contributes to the high contrast of the subwavelength chiral sensing for the polarized light. In the second part of the thesis, dumbbell-shaped Au-Pd nanorods coated with a layer of polydopamine (PDA) or titanium dioxide (TiO2) have been constructed. The PDA- and TiO2- coated Au-Pd nanorods show a strong photothermal conversion performance under NIR illumination. Moreover, the catalytic performance of the particles has been investigated using the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) as the model reaction. Under light irradiation, the PDA-coated Au-Pd nanorods exhibit a superior catalytic activity by increasing the reaction rate constant of 3 times. The Arrhenius-like behavior of the reaction with similar activation energies in the presence and absence of light irradiation indicates the photoheating effect to be the dominant mechanism of the reaction acceleration. Thus, we attribute the enhanced performance of the catalysis to the strong photothermal effect that is driven by the optical excitation of the gold surface plasmon as well as the synergy with the PDA layer. In the third part, the kinetic study on the adsorption of 2,3,5,6-Tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquino-dimethane (F4TCNQ) on the surface of Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in chloroform has been reported in detail. Based on the results obtained from the UV-vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), scanning nano-beam electron diffraction (NBED) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), a two-step interaction kinetics has been proposed for the Ag NPs and F4TCNQ molecules. It includes the first step of electron transfer from Ag NPs to F4TCNQ indicated by the ionization of F4TCNQ, and the second step of the formation of Ag-F4TCNQ complex. The whole process has been followed via UV-vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy, which reveals distinct kinetics at two stages: the instantaneous ionization and the long-term complex formation. The kinetics and the influence of the molar ratio of Ag NPs/F4TCNQ molecules on the interaction between Ag NPs and F4TCNQ molecules in the organic solution are reported herein for the first time. Furthermore, the control experiment with silica-coated Ag NPs indicates that the charge transfer at the surface between Ag NPs and F4TCNQ molecules has been prohibited by a silica layer of 18 nm. KW - plasmonic nanoparticles KW - silica KW - polydopamine KW - TiO2 KW - chiral sensing KW - catalysis KW - surface interaction Y1 - 2021 ER - TY - THES A1 - Metzke, Sarah T1 - Synthesis and characterization of transition metal nitrides and carbides for catalysis and electrochemistry application N2 - It was the goal of this work to explore two different synthesis pathways using green chemistry. The first part of this thesis is focusing on the use of the urea-glass route towards single phase manganese nitride and manganese nitride/oxide nano-composites embedded in carbon, while the second part of the thesis is focusing on the use of the “saccharide route” (namely cellulose, sucrose, glucose and lignin) towards metal (Ni0), metal alloy (Pd0.9Ni0.1, Pd0.5Ni0.5, Fe0.5Ni0.5, Cu0.5Ni0.5 and W0.15Ni0.85) and ternary carbide (Mn0.75Fe2.25C) nanoparticles embedded in carbon. In the interest of battery application, MnN0.43 nanoparticles surrounded by a graphitic shell and embedded in carbon with a high surface area (79 m^2/g) were synthesized, following a previously set route.The comparison of the material characteristics before and after the discharge showed no remarkable difference in terms of composition and just slight differences in the morphological point of view, meaning the particles are stable but agglomerate. The graphitic shell is contributing to the resistance of the material and leads to a fine cyclic stability over 140 cycles of 230 mAh/g after the first charge/discharge and coulombic efficiencies close to 100%. Due to the low voltage towards Li/Li+ and the low polarization, it might be an attractive anode material for lithium ion batteries. However, the capacity is still noticeably lower than the theoretical value for MnN0.43. A mixture of MnN0.43 and MnO nanoparticles embedded in carbon (surface area 93 m^2/g) was able to improve the cyclic stability to over 160 cycles giving a capacity of 811 mAh/g, which is considerably higher than the capacity of the conventional material graphite (372 mAh/g). This nano-composite seems to agglomerate less during the process of discharge. Interestingly, although the capacity is much higher than of the single phase manganese nitride, the nano-composite seems to only contain MnN0.43 nanoparticles after the process of discharge with no oxide phase to be found. Concerning catalysis application, different metal, metal alloy, and metal carbide nanoparticles were synthesized using the saccharide route. At first, systems that were already investigated before, being Pd0.9Ni0.1, Pd0.5Ni0.5, Fe0.5Ni0.5 and Mn0.75Fe2.25C using cellulose as the carbon source were prepared and tested in an alkylation reaction of toluene with benzylchloride. Unexpectedly, the metal alloys did not show any catalytic activity, but the ternary carbide Mn0.75Fe2.25C showed fine catalytic activity of 98% conversion after 9 hour reaction time (110 °C). In a second step, the saccharide route was modified towards other carbon sources and carbon to metal ratios in order to improve the homogeneity of the samples and accessibility of the particle surfaces. The used carbon sources sucrose and glucose are similar in their basic structure of carbohydrates, but reducing the (polymeric) chain length. Indeed, the cellulose could be successfully replaced by sucrose and glucose. A lower carbon to metal ratio was found to influence the size, homogeneity and accessibility (as evidenced by TEM) of the samples. Since sucrose is an aliment, glucose is the better choice as a carbon source. Using glucose, the synthesis of Cu0.5Ni0.5 and W0.15Ni0.85 nano-composites was also possible, although the later was never obtained as pure phase. These alloy nano-composites were tested, along with nickel0 nanoparticles also prepared with glucose and on their catalytic activity towards the reduction of phenylacetylene. The results obtained let believe that any (poly) saccharide, including lignin, could be used as carbon source. The nickel0 nano-composites prepared with lignin as a carbon source were tested along with those prepared with cellulose and sucrose for their catalytic activity in the transfer hydrogenation of nitrobenzene (results compared with exposed nickel nanoparticles and nickel supported on carbon) leading to very promising results. Based on the urea-glass route and the saccharide route, simple equipment and transition metals, it was possible to have a one-pot synthesize with scale-up possibilities towards new material that can be applied in catalysis and battery systems. N2 - Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird sowohl die Synthese von Mangannitrid- und -oxid-Nanopartikeln, als auch die Synthese verschiedener Metall- und Legierungsnanopartikel untersucht. Einen Schwerpunkt stellt dabei die Optimierung der Synthese unter den Gesichtspunkten der Nachhaltigkeit dar, was sich insbesondere in der Verwendung diverser nachwachsender Rohstoffe als Kohlenstoffquelle äußert. Für eine mögliche Anwendung in Akkumulatoren werden mit Graphit ummantelte MnN0.43-Nanopartikel mit einer großen Oberfläche (79 m^2/g) synthetisiert. Diese werden exemplarischen Ladezyklen unterzogen, wobei eine strukturelle und auch elektrochemische Stabilität festgestellt werden kann. Eine Mischung der Mangannitride mit Manganoxiden führt zu einer weiteren Verbesserung der Ladekapazität und einer weiteren Oberflächenvergrößerung (93 m^2/g). Die Langlebigkeit der Strukturen wird durch die Einbettung der Nanopartikel in Kohlenstoff unterstützt und kann zu einer Anwendung als Anodenmaterial in den heutzutage vielfach verwendeten Lithiumionen-Akkus führen. Im Sinne der Nachhaltigkeit ist auch die Entwicklung von Katalysatoren. Dabei soll insbesondere die Verwendung von Lignin, was als Bestandteil vieler Pflanzen zwar leicht verfügbar, aber unglücklicherweise bisher chemisch unverwertbar ist, fokussiert werden. Um sich diesem Ziel zu nähern und entsprechende Mechanismen zur Reduktion des Lignins zu entwickeln, werden in dieser Arbeit zunächst verschiedene Kohlenstoffquellen (wie Cellulose, Sucrose und Glucose) zur Synthese von reduktiven Katalysatoren untersucht. Der Kohlenstoff dient dabei sowohl als preiswertes Reduktionsmittel für Metallsalze zur Gewinnung von Metallnanopartikel als auch zur Stabilisierung ebendieser. Es werden vielfältige Legierungen mit Nickel (z.B. Pd0.9Ni0.1, Pd0.5.Ni0.5, Fe0.5.Ni0.5, und Cu0.5.Ni0.5) aber auch ternäre Carbide (z.B. Mn0.75Fe2.25C) erhalten, die schon in ersten Alkylierungs- und Hydrierungsreaktionen ein großes Potential als Katalysatoren zeigen. Um die erhaltenen Nanopartikel in zukünftigen Anwendungen nutzbar zu machen, ist eine ausführliche Charakterisierung unabdingbar. Auch die Ergebnisse der zahlreichen durchgeführten Analysen werden in dieser Arbeit zusammengestellt und bilden gemeinsam mit den optimierten Syntheserouten einen tiefgreifenden Überblick über dieses Forschungsfeld. KW - Nanopartikel KW - Katalyse KW - Übergangsmetall KW - grüne Chemie KW - carbothermisch KW - nanoparticles KW - catalysis KW - transition metal KW - green chemistry KW - carbothermal Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-69835 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sorgenfrei, Nomi A1 - Giangrisostomi, Erika A1 - Jay, Raphael Martin A1 - Kühn, Danilo A1 - Neppl, Stefan A1 - Ovsyannikov, Ruslan A1 - Sezen, Hikmet A1 - Svensson, Svante A1 - Föhlisch, Alexander T1 - Photodriven transient picosecond top-layer semiconductor to metal phase-transition in p-doped molybdenum disulfide JF - Advanced materials N2 - Visible light is shown to create a transient metallic S-Mo-S surface layer on bulk semiconducting p-doped indirect-bandgap 2H-MoS2. Optically created electron-hole pairs separate in the surface band bending region of the p-doped semiconducting crystal causing a transient accumulation of electrons in the surface region. This triggers a reversible 2H-semiconductor to 1T-metal phase-transition of the surface layer. Electron-phonon coupling of the indirect-bandgap p-doped 2H-MoS2 enables this efficient pathway even at a low density of excited electrons with a distinct optical excitation threshold and saturation behavior. This mechanism needs to be taken into consideration when describing the surface properties of illuminated p-doped 2H-MoS2. In particular, light-induced increased charge mobility and surface activation can cause and enhance the photocatalytic and photoassisted electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction of water on 2H-MoS2. Generally, it opens up for a way to control not only the surface of p-doped 2H-MoS2 but also related dichalcogenides and layered systems. The findings are based on the sensitivity of time-resolved electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis with photon-energy-tuneable synchrotron radiation. KW - catalysis KW - dichalcogenides KW - hydrogen evolution reaction KW - phase transitions KW - photoelectron spectroscopy Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202006957 SN - 0935-9648 SN - 1521-4095 VL - 33 IS - 14 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Qin, Qing A1 - Oschatz, Martin T1 - Overcoming chemical inertness under ambient conditions BT - a critical view on recent developments in Ammonia synthesis via electrochemical N-2 reduction by asking five questions JF - ChemElectroChem N2 - Ammonia (NH3) synthesis by the electrochemical N-2 reduction reaction (NRR) is increasingly studied and proposed as an alternative process to overcome the disadvantages of Haber-Bosch synthesis by a more energy-efficient, carbon-free, delocalized, and sustainable process. An ever-increasing number of scientists are working on the improvement of the faradaic efficiency (FE) and NH3 production rate by developing novel catalysts, electrolyte concepts, and/or by contributing theoretical studies. The present Minireview provides a critical view on the interplay of different crucial aspects in NRR from the electrolyte, over the mechanism of catalytic activation of N-2, to the full electrochemical cell. Five critical questions are asked, discussed, and answered, each coupled with a summary of recent developments in the respective field. This article is not supposed to be a complete summary of recent research about NRR but provides a rather critical personal view on the field. It is the major aim to give an overview over crucial influences on different length scales to shine light on the sweet spots into which room for revolutionary instead of incremental improvements may exist. KW - N-2 reduction KW - ammonia synthesis KW - catalysis KW - catalysts KW - electrolytes Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201901970 SN - 2196-0216 VL - 7 IS - 4 SP - 878 EP - 889 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Balischewski, Christian A1 - Choi, Hyung-Seok A1 - Behrens, Karsten A1 - Beqiraj, Alkit A1 - Körzdörfer, Thomas A1 - Gessner, Andre A1 - Wedel, Armin A1 - Taubert, Andreas T1 - Metal sulfide nanoparticle synthesis with ionic liquids state of the art and future perspectives JF - ChemistryOpen N2 - Metal sulfides are among the most promising materials for a wide variety of technologically relevant applications ranging from energy to environment and beyond. Incidentally, ionic liquids (ILs) have been among the top research subjects for the same applications and also for inorganic materials synthesis. As a result, the exploitation of the peculiar properties of ILs for metal sulfide synthesis could provide attractive new avenues for the generation of new, highly specific metal sulfides for numerous applications. This article therefore describes current developments in metal sulfide nano-particle synthesis as exemplified by a number of highlight examples. Moreover, the article demonstrates how ILs have been used in metal sulfide synthesis and discusses the benefits of using ILs over more traditional approaches. Finally, the article demonstrates some technological challenges and how ILs could be used to further advance the production and specific property engineering of metal sulfide nanomaterials, again based on a number of selected examples. KW - Ionic liquids KW - ionic liquid crystals KW - ionic liquid precursors KW - metal KW - sulfides KW - catalysis KW - electrochemistry KW - energy materials KW - LED KW - solar KW - cells Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/open.202000357 SN - 2191-1363 VL - 10 IS - 2 SP - 272 EP - 295 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - THES A1 - Lettau, Kristian T1 - Katalytische molekular geprägte Polymere : Herstellung und Anwendung in einem Thermistor T1 - Catalytically molecular imprinted polymers : synthesis and application in a thermistor N2 - Biomakromoleküle sind in der Natur für viele Abläufe in lebenden Organismen verantwortlich. Dies reicht vom Aufbau der extrazellulären Matrix und dem Cytoskelett über die Erkennung von Botenstoffen durch Rezeptoren bis hin zur Katalyse der verschiedensten Reaktionen in den Zellen selbst. Diese Aufgaben werden zum größten Teil von Proteinen übernommen, und besonders das spezifische Erkennen der Interaktionspartner ist für alle diese Moleküle äußerst wichtig, um eine fehlerfreie Funktion zu gewährleisten. Als Alternative zur evolutiven Erzeugung von optimalen Bindern und Katalysatoren auf der Basis von Aminosäuren und Nukleotiden wurden von Wulff, Shea und Mosbach synthetische molekular geprägte Polymere (molecularly imprinted polymers, MIPs) konzipiert. Das Prinzip dieser künstlichen Erkennungselemente beruht auf der Tatsache, dass sich funktionelle Monomere spezifisch um eine Schablone (Templat) anordnen. Werden diese Monomere dann vernetzend polymerisiert, entsteht ein Polymer mit molekularen Kavitäten, in denen die Funktionalitäten komplementär zum Templat fixiert sind. Dadurch ist die selektive Bindung des Templats in diese Kavitäten möglich. Aufgrund ihrer hohen chemischen und thermischen Stabilität und ihrer geringen Kosten haben “bio-inspirierte” molekular geprägte Polymere das Potential, biologische Erkennungselemente in der Affinitätschromatographie sowie in Biosensoren und Biochips zu ersetzen. Trotz einiger publizierter Sensorkonfigurationen steht der große Durchbruch noch aus. Ein Hindernis für Routineanwendungen ist die Signalgenerierung bei Bindung des Analyten an das Polymer. Eine Möglichkeit für die markerfreie Detektion ist die Benutzung von Kalorimetern, die Bindungs- oder Reaktionswärmen direkt messen können. In der Enzymtechnologie wird der Enzym-Thermistor für diesen Zweck eingesetzt, da enzymatische Reaktionen eine Enthalpie in einer Größenordnung von 5 – 100 kJ/mol besitzen. In dieser Arbeit wird die Herstellung von katalytisch geprägten Polymeren nach dem Verfahren des Oberflächenprägens erstmalig beschrieben. Die Methode zur Immobilisierung des Templats auf der Oberfläche von porösem Kieselgel sowie die Polymerzusammensetzung wurden optimiert. Weiter wird die Evaluation der katalytischen Eigenschaften über einen optischen Test, sowie das erste Mal die Kombination eines kalorimetrischen Transduktors – des Thermistors – mit der Analyterkennung durch ein katalytisch aktives MIP gezeigt. Bei diesen Messungen konnte zum ersten Mal gleichzeitig die Bindung/Desorption, sowie die katalytische Umwandlung des Substrats durch konzentrationsabhängige Wärmesignale nachgewiesen werden. N2 - Bio macromolecules are responsible in nature for many reactions in living organisms. This reaches from the structure of the extra cellular matrix and the cytoskeleton over the recognition of ligands by receptors up to the catalysis of the most diverse reactions in the cells themselves. These tasks are taken over to the largest part by proteins, and particularly specific recognizing of the interaction partners is extremely important for all these molecules, in order to ensure an error free function. As alternative to the evolutionary production of optimal binders and catalysts on the basis of amino acids and nucleotides, synthetic molecularly imprinted polymer (MIPs) were invented by Wulff, Shea and Moosbach. The principle of these artificial recognition elements is based on the fact that functional monomers specifically arrange themselves around a template. If these monomers are copolymerized with crosslinking monomers, a polymer with molecular cavities is created, in which the functionalities are fixed complementary to the template. Thus the selective binding of the template is possible into these cavities. Due to their high chemical and thermal stability and their small costs "bioinspired" molecularly imprinted polymers have the potential to replace biological recognition elements in affinity chromatography as well as in biosensors and biochips. Despite some published sensor configurations the large break-through is still pending. An obstacle for routine application of is the signal generation on connection of the analyte to the polymer. A possibility for marker-free detection is the use of calorimeters, which can measure heats of reaction or adsorption directly. In enzyme technology the enzyme thermistor is used for this purpose, as enzymatic reactions possess enthalpies in an order of 5 - 100 kJ/mol. In this work the production of catalytically imprinted polymers is described for the first time by the procedure of surface imprinting. The method for immobilization of the template on the surface of porous silicagel as well as the polymer composition were optimized. The evaluation of the catalytic characteristics is shown by an optical test, as well as the first time the combination of a calorimetric transducer - the thermistor - with the analyte recognition by a catalytically active MIP. With these measurements for the first time the binding/desorption, as well as the catalytic transformation of the substrate could be proven at the same time by concentration-dependent heat signals. KW - Katalyse KW - molekular geprägte Polymere KW - Kalorimetrie KW - Enzymmodelle KW - Biosensoren KW - catalysis KW - molecularly imprinted polymers KW - calorimetry KW - enzyme models KW - biosensors Y1 - 2007 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14804 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Yarman, Aysu A1 - Scheller, Frieder W. T1 - How reliable is the electrochemical readout of MIP-sensors? T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Electrochemical methods offer the simple characterization of the synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and the readouts of target binding. The binding of electroinactive analytes can be detected indirectly by their modulating effect on the diffusional permeability of a redox marker through thin MIP films. However, this process generates an overall signal, which may include nonspecific interactions with the nonimprinted surface and adsorption at the electrode surface in addition to (specific) binding to the cavities. Redox-active low-molecular-weight targets and metalloproteins enable a more specific direct quantification of their binding to MIPs by measuring the faradaic current. The in situ characterization of enzymes, MIP-based mimics of redox enzymes or enzyme-labeled targets, is based on the indication of an electroactive product. This approach allows the determination of both the activity of the bio(mimetic) catalyst and of the substrate concentration. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 960 KW - molecularly imprinted polymers KW - electropolymerization KW - direct electron transfer KW - catalysis KW - redox marker KW - gate effect Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-471608 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 960 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yarman, Aysu A1 - Scheller, Frieder W. T1 - How reliable is the electrochemical readout of MIP sensors? JF - Sensors N2 - Electrochemical methods offer the simple characterization of the synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and the readouts of target binding. The binding of electroinactive analytes can be detected indirectly by their modulating effect on the diffusional permeability of a redox marker through thin MIP films. However, this process generates an overall signal, which may include nonspecific interactions with the nonimprinted surface and adsorption at the electrode surface in addition to (specific) binding to the cavities. Redox-active low-molecular-weight targets and metalloproteins enable a more specific direct quantification of their binding to MIPs by measuring the faradaic current. The in situ characterization of enzymes, MIP-based mimics of redox enzymes or enzyme-labeled targets, is based on the indication of an electroactive product. This approach allows the determination of both the activity of the bio(mimetic) catalyst and of the substrate concentration. KW - molecularly imprinted polymers KW - electropolymerization KW - direct electron KW - transfer KW - catalysis KW - redox marker KW - gate effect Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/s20092677 SN - 1424-8220 VL - 20 IS - 9 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - THES A1 - Lama, Sandy M. G. T1 - Functionalization of Porous Carbon Materials with Heteroatoms and Application as Supports in Industrial Heterogeneous Catalysis T1 - Funktionalisierung von porösen Kohlenstoffmaterialien mit Heteroatomen und Anwendung als Träger in der industriellen heterogenen Katalyse N2 - Due to a challenging population growth and environmental changes, a need for new routes to provide required chemicals for human necessities arises. An effective solution discussed in this thesis is industrial heterogeneous catalysis. The development of an advanced industrial heterogeneous catalyst is investigated herein by considering porous carbon nano-material as supports and modifying their surface chemistry structure with heteroatoms. Such modifications showed a significant influence on the performance of the catalyst and provided a deeper insight regarding the interaction between the surface structure of the catalyst and the surrounding phase. This thesis contributes to the few present studies about heteroatoms effect on the catalyst performance and emphasizes on the importance of understanding surface structure functionalization in a catalyst in different phases (liquid and gaseous) and for different reactions (hydrogenolysis, oxidation, and hydrogenation/ polymerization). Herein, the heteroatoms utilized for the modifications are hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N). The heteroatoms effect on the metal particle size, on the polarity of the support/ the catalyst, on the catalytic performance (activity, selectivity, and stability), and on the interaction with the surrounding phase has been explored. First hierarchical porous carbon nanomaterials functionalized with heteroatoms (N) is synthesized and applied as supports for nickel nanoparticles for hydrogenolysis process of kraft lignin in liquid phase. This reaction has been performed in batch and flow reactors for three different catalysts, two of comparable hierarchical porosity, yet one is modified with N and the other is not, and a third is a prepared catalyst from a commercial carbon support. The reaction production and analyses show that the catalysts with hierarchical porosity perform catalytically much better than in presence of a commercial carbon support with lower surface area. Moreover, the modification with N-heteroatoms enhanced the catalytic performance because the heteroatom modified porous carbon material with nickel nanoparticles catalyst (Ni-NDC) performed highest among the other catalysts. In the flow reactor, Ni-NDC selectively degraded the ether bonds (β-O-4) in kraft lignin with an activity of 2.2 x10^-4 mg lignin mg Ni-1 s-1 for 50 h at 350°C and 3.5 mL min-1 flow, providing ~99 % conversion to shorter chained chemicals (mainly guaiacol derivatives). Then, the functionalization of carbon surface was further studied in selective oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid using < 1 wt. % of gold (Au) deposited on the previously-mentioned synthesized carbon (C) supports with different functionalities (Au-CGlucose, Au-CGlucose-H, Au-CGlucose-O, Au-CGlucoseamine). Except for Au-CGlucose-O, the other catalysts achieved full glucose conversion within 40-120 min and 100% selectivity towards gluconic acid with a maximum activity of 1.5 molGlucose molAu-1 s-1 in an aqueous phase at 45 °C and pH 9. Each heteroatom influenced the polarity of the carbon differently, affecting by that the deposition of Au on the support and thus the activity of the catalyst and its selectivity. The heteroatom effect was further investigated in a gas phase. The Fischer-Tropsch reaction was applied to convert synthetic gas (CO and H2) to short olefins and paraffins using surface-functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with heteroatoms as supports for ion (Fe) deposition in presence and absence of promoters (Na and S). The results showed the promoted Fe-CNT doped with nitrogen catalyst to be stable up to 180 h and selective to the formation of olefins (~ 47 %) and paraffins (~6 %) with a conversion of CO ~ 92 % at a maximum activity of 94 *10^-5 mol CO g Fe-1 s-1. The more information given regarding this topic can open wide range of applications not only in catalysis, but in other approaches as well. In conclusion, incorporation of heteroatoms can be the next approach for an advanced industrial heterogeneous catalyst, but also for other applications (e.g. electrocatalysis, gas adsorption, or supercapacitors). N2 - Herausforderungen wie Bevölkerungszuwachs und Umweltveränderungen erfordern neue Wege, chemische Substanzen zu erzeugen, um menschliche Anforderungen zu befriedigen. Eine mögliche effektive Lösung dafür, welche in dieser Arbeit diskutiert wird ist die industrielle heterogene Katalyse. Es werden unter dem Einsatz poröser Kohlenstoffträger neue industrielle Katalysatoren untersucht und entwickelt wobei die Oberflächenstruktur dieser Trägermaterialien mit Heteroatomen modifiziert wird. Diese Modifikationen zeigten einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Eigenschaften der Katalysatoren und erlaubten Rückschlüsse hinsichtlich der Interaktion zwischen Katalysatoroberfläche und umgebender Phase. Die vorliegende Arbeit trägt zu einigen wenigen existierenden Studien bei die sich mit den Einflüssen solcher Heteroatome auf Katalysatoren beschäftigen. Es wird versucht, die Wichtigkeit dieser Oberflächeneigenschaften in Reaktionen (Hydrogenolyse, Oxidation, Hydrierung/ Polymerisation) in verschiedenen Phasen (flüssig oder gasförmig) zu verstehen. Die für die Modifikationen eingesetzten Heteroatome sind Wasserstoff (H), Sauerstoff (O) und Stickstoff (N). Ihr Effekt auf die Größe der Metallpartikel, die Polarität der Träger bzw. Katalysatoren, die eigentlichen katalytischen Eigenschaften und die Interaktion mit der umgebenden Phase wurde untersucht. Zuerst wurden hierarchisch poröse Kohlenstoffmaterialien hergestellt, die mit Stickstoff als Heteroatome funktionalisiert wurden. Diese wurden als Trägermaterialien für Nickel-Nanopartikel in der Hydrogenolyse von Kraft Lignin in flüssiger Phase eingesetzt. Diese Reaktion wurde mit drei unterschiedlichen Katalysatoren in Batch- und Flussreaktoren durchgeführt. Zwei der Katalysatoren hatten vergleichbare hierarchische Porosität. Einer davon war mit Heteroatomen funktionalisiert, einer dagegen nicht. Ein dritter Katalysator wurde mit einem kommerziell erhältlichen Kohlenstoffmaterial hergestellt. Die Reaktion zeigte, dass die Katalysatoren mit hierarchischer Porosität deutlich bessere Eigenschaften zeigen als das kommerzielle Trägermaterial mit geringerer Oberfläche. Darüber hinaus zeigte sich, dass die Modifizierung mit Stickstoffatomen die katalytischen Eigenschaften verbessert, da das modifizierte Kohlenstoffmaterial mit den Nickelpartikeln (Ni-NDC) die besten Ergebnisse aller untersuchten Katalysatoren zeigte. Im Durchflussreaktor wurden von Ni-NDC die Etherbindungen des Kraft Lignins (β-O-4) selektiv mit einer Aktivität von 2.2 x10^-4 mg lignin mg Ni-1 s-1 für 50 h bei 99% Umsatz zu kurzkettigeren Strukturen (hauptsächlich Guajakol-Derivat) gespalten. Außerdem wurde der Einfluss der Funktionalisierung der Kohlenstoffoberfläche in der selektiven Oxidation von Glucose zu Gluconsäure mit 1 Gew.% Gold (Au) auf den vorher angesprochenen Kohlenstoffträgermaterialien mit unterschiedlichen Oberflächenfunktionalitäten (Au-CGlucose, Au-CGlucose-H, Au-CGlucose-O, Au-CGlucoseamine) untersucht. Mit Ausnahme von Au-CGlucose-O erreichten alle Katalysatoren innerhalb von 40-120 min 100% Glucose Umsatz bei 100%iger Selektivität zu Gluconsäure und einer maximalen katalytischen Aktivität von 1.5 molGlucose molAu-1 s-1 in wässriger Phase bei 45°C und pH 9. Die unterschiedlichen Heteroatome wirkten sich unterschiedlich auf die Polarität der Kohlenstoffe und damit auch auf die Abscheidung der Goldpartikel auf die Trägermaterialien und die Katalysatoraktivität und -selektivität aus. Der Einfluss der Heteroatome wurde außerdem in einer Gasphasenreaktion untersucht. Die Fischer-Tropsch Reaktion kam zum Einsatz um Synthesegas (CO und H2) mit Hilfe von Katalysatoren bestehend aus Eisen (Fe) auf Heteroatomfunktionalisierten Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen (engl. Carbon nanotubes, CNTs) in Gegenwart und Abwesenheit von Promotoren (Na und S) zu kurzkettigen Olefinen und Paraffinen umzuwandeln. Die Ergebnisse zeigten dass die Fe-CNT Katalysatoren mit Promotoren und stickstoffdotierten Trägern bis zu 180 h stabil waren und Olefine (~ 47 %) sowie Paraffine (~6 %) mit guten Selektivitäten bei einem CO Umsatz von 92% und einer maximalen Aktivität von 94 *10^-5 mol CO gFe-1 s-1 hergestellt werden konnten. Je mehr Informationen zu diesem Thema zur Verfügung gestellt werden, kann dies zu einer großen Bandbreite von Anwendungen nicht nur in der Katalyse, sondern auch in anderen Ansätzen beitragen. Zusammenfassend kann der Einbau von Heteroatomen der nächste Ansatz für einen fortgeschrittenen industriellen heterogenen Katalysator sein, aber auch für andere Anwendungen (z.B. Elektrokatalyse, Gasadsorption oder Superkondensatoren). KW - catalysis KW - carbon material KW - carbon supports KW - glucose oxidation KW - Kraft lignin hydrogenolysis KW - Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis KW - Syngas Hydrogenation KW - gold-carbon catalysts KW - nickel-carbon catalysts KW - iron-carbon nanotube catalysts KW - hierarchical porosity KW - heteroatom modification KW - catalyst functionalization KW - Katalyse KW - Kohlenstoffmaterial KW - Kohlenstoffträger KW - Glukoseoxidation KW - Kraftlignin KW - Hydrogenolyse KW - Fischer-Tropsch-Synthese KW - Syngashydrierung KW - Gold-Kohlenstoff-Katalysatoren KW - Nickel-Kohlenstoff-Katalysatoren KW - Eisen-Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhrchen-Katalysatoren KW - hierarchische Porosität KW - Heteroatom-Modifikation KW - Funktionalisierung von Katalysatoren Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-415797 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grebenkov, Denis S. T1 - An encounter-based approach for restricted diffusion with a gradient drift JF - Journal of physics : A, Mathematical and theoretical N2 - We develop an encounter-based approach for describing restricted diffusion with a gradient drift toward a partially reactive boundary. For this purpose, we introduce an extension of the Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator and use its eigenbasis to derive a spectral decomposition for the full propagator, i.e. the joint probability density function for the particle position and its boundary local time. This is the central quantity that determines various characteristics of diffusion-influenced reactions such as conventional propagators, survival probability, first-passage time distribution, boundary local time distribution, and reaction rate. As an illustration, we investigate the impact of a constant drift onto the boundary local time for restricted diffusion on an interval. More generally, this approach accesses how external forces may influence the statistics of encounters of a diffusing particle with the reactive boundary. KW - boundary local time KW - reflected Brownian motion KW - diffusion-influenced KW - reactions KW - surface reactivity KW - Robin boundary condition KW - Heterogeneous KW - catalysis Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1751-8121/ac411a SN - 1751-8113 SN - 1751-8121 VL - 55 IS - 4 PB - IOP Publ. Ltd. CY - Bristol ER -