TY - THES A1 - Schaefer, Christin T1 - „Gestärkt für den Lehrerberuf“ T1 - "Strengthened for the teaching profession" BT - psychische Gesundheit durch Förderung berufsbezogener Kompetenzen ; Entwicklung und Evaluation eines stärkenfokussierten Interventionsprogramms für Lehramtsstudierende BT - mental health by promoting professional skills ; development and evaluation of a strengths-based intervention program for student teachers N2 - In einer quasiexperimentellen Längsschnittstudie mit 380 Lehramtsstudierenden wurde das Interventionsprogramm „Gestärkt für den Lehrerberuf“, welches Elemente eines Self-Assessments der berufsrelevanten Kompetenzen mit konkreten Beratungsmöglichkeiten und einem Zieleffektivitätstraining (Dargel, 2006) zur Entwicklung individueller berufsbezogener Kompetenzen verbindet, auf seine Wirksamkeit (Reflexionskompetenz, Lehrerselbstwirksamkeit, berufsbezogene Kompetenzen, Beanspruchungserleben, Widerstandsfähigkeit) und den Wirkungsprozess (Zielbindung, Zielrealisierbarkeit, Zieleffektivität) hin überprüft. In dem Prä-Post-Follow-up-Test-Vergleichsgruppen-Design wurden eine Interventionsgruppe, deren Treatment auf dem Stärkenansatz basiert (1), eine defizitorientierte Interventionsgruppe (2), sowie eine kombinierte Interventionsgruppe, bei der der Stärkenansatz durch den Defizitansatz ergänzt wird (3), einer unbehandelten Kontrollgruppe sowie einer alternativ behandelten Kontrollgruppe, die ausschließlich in ihren sozial-kommunikativer Kompetenzen geschult wurde, gegenübergestellt. Es gelang zum Post- und Follow-up-Test, sowohl die individuellen beruflichen Kompetenzen als auch die Reflexionskompetenz von Teilnehmern der Interventionsgruppen im Vergleich zur unbehandelten Kontrollgruppe zu fördern. Die Teilnehmer der kombinierten Intervention profitierten im Vergleich zu den Teilnehmern der anderen beiden Interventionsgruppen stärker im Bereich Lehrerselbstwirksamkeit, Widerstandsfähigkeit und Zieleffektivität. Gegenüber der alternativen Kontrollgruppe zeigten sie ebenfalls einen stärkeren Zuwachs in der Entwicklung ihrer berufsrelevanten Kompetenzen und in ihrer Widerstandsfähigkeit. Die Studie liefert erste Hinweise darauf, dass ein Ansatz, welcher Stärkenfokussierung und Defizitorientierung integriert, besonders effektiv wirkt. N2 - In a sample of 380 student teachers this longitudinal study examined the effectiveness of a strengths-based intervention program that combined elements from a self-assessment of work related competencies with peer-coaching and a goal effectiveness training (Dargel, 2006). The intervention intended to improve work related competencies, reflectivity, teacher self-efficacy, strategies to cope with occupational stress, hardiness and the process of competence development (goal commitment, goal planning, goal accomplishment). The participants were assigned to three treatment conditions: (1) focus on their individual work related strengths, (2) focus on work related weaknesses or (3) integration of strengths and weaknesses and compared to a no-treatment control group and an alternative control group that focused on developing social-communicative competencies. Both at posttest and at follow-up-test the students in the three intervention conditions outperformed control students in measures of reflexivity and work related competencies. Relative to students, who focused on strengths or weaknesses only, students in the combined intervention were better able to maintain training induced teacher self-efficacy, hardiness and goal attainment. Compared to the alternative control group they showed a greater increase of work related competencies and hardiness. The study provides preliminary results that a combined treatment that integrated the training of work related strengths and weaknesses is more effective than a training that focuses either on strengths or relative weaknesses. KW - Lehrergesundheit KW - Lehrertraining KW - stärkenbasierte Intervention KW - Kompetenzentwicklung KW - Trainingsevaluation KW - Zieleffektivitätstraining KW - teachers health KW - teacher training KW - strengths-based intervention KW - competence development KW - training evaluation KW - goal effectiveness training Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-63487 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Moffitt, Ursula Elinor A1 - Juang, Linda P. T1 - “We don’t do that in Germany!” A critical race theory examination of Turkish heritage young adults’ school experiences JF - Ethnicities N2 - Turkish heritage students are underrepresented at university-track secondary schools in Germany, yet the institutional discrimination contributing to this ongoing disparity often remains unquestioned, situated within inequitable norms of belonging. Drawing on critical race theory and a risk and resilience framework, the current study investigated the interplay between institutional and interpersonal discrimination in relation to exclusionary norms enacted in university-track schools. Using thematic analysis, interviews with eight Turkish German young adults from multiple regions of Germany were analyzed, highlighting the need for culturally responsive teaching, more teacher reflexivity regarding bias, a greater focus on equity, and more direct discussions of racism and its impact. KW - Turkish German KW - secondary education KW - institutional discrimination KW - thematic analysis KW - critical race theory KW - risk and resilience Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796818788596 SN - 1468-7968 SN - 1741-2706 VL - 19 IS - 5 SP - 830 EP - 857 PB - Sage Publ. CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - van Egmond-Fröhlich, Andreas A1 - Mößle, Thomas A1 - Ahrens-Eipper, Sabine A1 - Schmid-Ott, Gerhard A1 - Hüllinghorst, Rolf A1 - Warschburger, Petra T1 - Übermässiger Medienkonsum von Kindern und Jugendlichen : Risiken für Psyche und Körper Y1 - 2007 UR - http://www.aerzteblatt.de/v4/archiv/artikel.asp?src=suche&p=&id=56968 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kirsch, Bärbel T1 - Überblick über das Forschungsprojekt "Problemerleben und -belastung sowie Problembewältigung bei Jugendlichen im Alter von 12 - 18 Jahren" Y1 - 1993 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Über rezeptive Gedächtnisse Y1 - 2005 SN - 978-3-9522759-5-5 ER - TY - THES A1 - Oehme, Astrid T1 - Ästhetisches Verständnis und ästhetische Wertschätzung von Automobildesign : eine Frage der Expertise T1 - Aesthetic understanding and aesthetic appreciation of automotive design : a question of expertise N2 - Automobildesigner haben als Gestaltungsexperten die Aufgabe, die Identität und damit die Werte einer Marke in Formen zu übersetzen, welche eine Vielzahl von Kunden ansprechen (Giannini & Monti, 2003; Karjalainen, 2002). Für diesen Übersetzungsprozess ist es zielführend, ästhetische Kundenbedürfnisse zu kennen, denn die Qualität einer Designlösung hängt auch davon ab, inwieweit der Designer Kundenbe-dürfnisse und damit das Designproblem richtig erfasst hat (Ulrich, 2006). Eine Grundlage hierfür entsteht durch eine erfolgreiche Designer-Nutzer-Interaktion und den Aufbau eines gemeinsamen Kontextwissens (Lee, Popovich, Blackler & Lee, 2009). Zwischen Designern und Kunden findet jedoch häufig kein direkter Austausch statt (Zeisel, 2006). Zudem belegen Befunde der Kunst- und Produktästhetikforschung, dass der Erwerb von gestalterischem Wissen und damit die Entwicklung ästhetischer Expertise mit Veränderungen der kognitiven Verarbeitung ästhetischer Objekte einhergeht, die sich in Wahrnehmung, Bewertung und Verhalten manifestieren. Damit ist auch zu erwarten, dass die Präferenzurteile von Designern und Kunden bei der ästhetischen Bewertung von Design nicht immer konvergieren. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war daher die systematische Untersuchung dieser expertisebedingten Wahrnehmungs- und Bewertungsunterschiede zwischen designge-schulten und ungeschulten Personen bei der Betrachtung von Automobildesign. Damit sollten Perzeption, Verarbeitung und Bewertung von Automobildesign durch design-ungeschulte Personen transparenter gemacht und mit der Verarbeitung designgeschul-ter Personen verglichen werden, um einen Beitrag zur gemeinsamen Wissensbasis und damit einer erfolgreichen Designer-Nutzer-Interaktion zu leisten. Die theoretische Einbettung der Arbeit basierte auf dem Modell ästhetischer Erfahrung und ästheti-schen Urteilens von Leder, Belke, Oeberst und Augustin (2004), welches konkrete Annahmen zu Verarbeitungsunterschieden von ästhetischen Objekten zwischen Experten und Laien bietet, die bisher allerdings noch nicht umfassend geprüft wurden. Den ersten Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit bildete die Untersuchung von Unter-schieden zwischen Designern und designungeschulten Rezipienten bei der Beschrei-bung und Bewertung auf dem Markt vorhandenen Fahrzeugdesigns. Dabei sollte auch geprüft werden, ob eine lexikalische Verbindung zwischen Beschreibungsattributen von Fahrzeugrezipienten und den postulierten Markenwerten von Automobilmarken hergestellt werden kann. Diesem ersten Untersuchungsanliegen wurde in zwei Studien nachgegangen: Studie I diente der Erhebung von Beschreibungsattributen mittels Triadenvergleich in Anlehnung an Kelly (1955). Es wurde geprüft, ob designgeschulte Teilnehmer produkti-ver verbalisieren, dabei anteilig mehr symbolbezogene als formbezogene Attribute generieren und innerhalb ihrer Gruppe häufiger gleiche Attribute nutzen als designun-geschulte Teilnehmer. Hierfür beschrieben 20 designgeschulte Probanden und 20 designungeschulte Probanden mit selbst gewählten Adjektiven die Unterschiede zwischen vier präsentierten Fahrzeugen. Die Gruppen nutzten dabei entgegen der Annahmen sehr ähnliche Attribute und unterschieden sich somit auch nicht in ihrer Verwendung symbolbezogener und formbezogener Attribute. Die generierten Attribute wurden mittels Prototypenansatz (Amelang & Zielinski, 2002) den ermittelten und nachfolgend kategorisierten Markenwerten von 10 Automobilherstellern zugeordnet, so dass sechs Skalen zur Erfassung der ästhetischen Wirkung von Fahrzeugen entstanden. In Studie II wurde ein diese sechs Skalen umfassender Fragebogen an einer Stichprobe von 83 Designern und Designstudierenden sowie 98 Probanden ohne Designausbildung in einer Onlinebefragung hinsichtlich Skalenkonsistenz geprüft. Außerdem wurden erste Annahmen aus dem Modell von Leder et al. (2004) abgeleitet und durch einen Vergleich der beiden Teilnehmergruppen hinsichtlich der Bewertung der vier präsentierten Fahrzeugmodelle für die Skalen mit guter interner Konsistenz (Attraktivität, Dynamik, Fortschritt, Qualität), sowie eines ästhetischen Gesamturteils, der benötigten Bewertungszeit und der Automobilaffinität überprüft. Hierbei vergaben Designstudierende und insbesondere ausgebildete Designer radikalere Bewertungen als Designlaien, benötigten mehr Zeit bei der Bewertung und waren automobilaffiner als die ungeschulten Befragungsteilnehmer. Den zweiten Schwerpunkt der Arbeit bildete eine konzeptionelle Zusammen-führung der Annahmen des Modells von Leder et al. (2004) und der Postulate zur Wirkung von Objekteigenschaften auf ästhetische Urteile (Berlyne, 1971; Martindale, 1988; Silvia, 2005b). Konkret sollte geprüft werden, welchen Einfluss marktrelevante Objekteigenschaften, wie z.B. das Ausmaß an Innovativität, auf die durch Expertise moderierte Bewertung von Design haben. In den Studien III und IV wurden hierfür systematisch bezüglich Innovativität und Balance gestufte Linienmodelle von Fahrzeu-gen präsentiert. In Studie III wurden die Modelle in einer Onlinebefragung durch 18 Designstudierende und 20 Studenten der Fahrzeugtechnik hinsichtlich Attraktivität, Innovativität und Balance bewertet. Im Einklang mit den Annahmen konnte gezeigt werden, dass sehr neuartiges Design von den designungeschulten Probanden als weniger attraktiv bewertet wird als von Betrachtern eines Designstudienganges. In Studie IV wurden neben den Ästhetikbewertungen zusätzlich das Blickverhal-ten und der affektiver Zustand der Versuchsteilnehmer in einem Messwiederholungs-design mit einer zwischengelagerten Phase elaborierter Designbewertung, in welcher der in Studie II geprüfte Fragebogen eingesetzt wurde, erhoben. An der Laborstudie nahmen je 11 Designer, Ingenieure, und Geisteswissenschaftler teil. Wiederum wurde innovatives Design von den designungeschulten Gruppen als weniger attraktiv bewertet. Dieser Unterschied reduzierte sich jedoch nach wiederholter Bewertung der Modelle. Die Manifestation expertisebedingten Blickverhaltens konnte nicht beobach-tet werden, wie auch die durch eine angenommene bessere Bewältigung einherge-hende positivere Stimmung oder höhere Zufriedenheit in der Expertengruppe. Gemeinsam mit den Befunden aus den Studien II und III wurde deutlich, dass Designausbildung und, noch ausgeprägter, Designexpertise neben einer höheren Attraktivitätsbewertung innovativen Designs auch zu einer differenzierteren Beurtei-lung von Innovativität führt. Dies wurde mit der Erweiterung des mentalen Schemas für Fahrzeuge durch die Beschäftigung mit vielfältigen Modellvarianten bereits während des Studiums interpretiert. Es wurden Hinweise auf eine stilbezogene, elaboriertere Verarbeitung von Fahrzeugdesign durch designgeschulte Betrachter beobachtet sowie eine mit Expertise einhergehende Autonomität ästhetischer Urteile als Ausdruck einer hohen ästhetischen Entwicklungsstufe (Parsons, 1987). Mit diesen bei unterschiedlichen Stichproben beobachteten, stabilen expertisebedingten Bewer-tungsunterschieden wurde eine begründete Basis für die geforderte Sensibilisierung für ästhetische Kundenbedürfnisse im Gestaltungsprozess geschaffen. Der in dieser Arbeit entwickelte Fragebogen kann hierbei für eine elaborierte Messung von Fahrzeugdesignpräferenzen, zum Vergleich der ästhetischen Wirkung mit den intendierten Markenwerten sowie für die Diskussion von Nutzereindrücken eingesetzt werden. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeiten tragen somit zur Erweiterung und Präzisierung des theoretischen Verständnisses von Ästhetikbewertungen bei und lassen sich gleichzeitig in die Praxis der Designausbildung und des Designprozesses übertragen. N2 - Car designers are experts in creating car exteriors that transport a brand’s identity by giving a form to its values which has to appeal to a multitude of customers (Giannini & Monti, 2003; Karjalainen, 2002). In this process of translating values into forms it is quintessential to apprehend the customers’ requirements, as the designers understanding of these needs and thus of the design problem itself has a major impact on the quality of the design (Ulrich, 2011). One basis for this apprehension is shared contextual knowledge stemming from a successful interaction between the designer and the user (Lee, Popovich, Blackler & Lee, 2009). Unfortunately, there often is no direct exchange between designers and users (Zeisel, 2006). What is more, findings from research on the fine arts and product aesthetics prove that acquiring design knowledge and aesthetic expertise distinctly alters one’s cognitive processing of aesthetic objects, which also manifests in one’s perception, assessment, and behaviour. One should also expect experts’ preferential assessments to differ from the ones of users as far as aesthetic assessment is concerned. Considering these propositions, the goal of this doctoral thesis was to systematically examine these expertise-induced differences between design experts and laymen in perceiving and assessing automotive design. This thesis also contibutes to furthering the interaction between designers and users by establishing a shared knowledge basis and does so by analyzing the perception, processing, and assessment of car design by designers and laymen. Theoretical assumptions are based on the model of aesthetic appreciation by Leder, Belke, Oeberst and Augustin (2004), which provides detailed but hitherto untested assumptions on how experts and laymen differ in their processing of aesthetic objects. The thesis first focussed on examining the expertiseinduced differences in describing and assessing car design available „in the wild“, i.e. on the market. This and the lexical link between customers’ descriptive attributes and brand values as intended by the car companies were tested in two studies: Study I collected descriptive attributes by using Kelly’s (1955) method of triadic comparions. It also tested the assumption that experts verbalise more productively, generate a higher ratio of symbol-related to form-related attributes and are more homogenous in their use of attributes. In this study, 20 experts and 20 laymen were presented four cars and were to describe the differences between them using self-chosen adjectives. Contrary to the initial assumption, both groups used similar attributes and did thus also not differ in the ratio of symbol-related and form-related attributes. The attributes generated in this study were matched to the collected and categorised values of ten brands using a prototype approach (cp. Amelang & Zielinski, 2002), which resulted in six scales for covering the aesthetic impression of cars. Study II tested these scales for consistency on 83 designers and students of design and 98 design laymen in an online questionnaire. In addition, first predictions were derived from the model by Leder et al. (2004) and tested by comparing these two groups regarding their assessment of four cars on the scales that had shown a high level of internal consistency (attractiveness, dynamics, progressiveness and quality) as well as regarding their overall aesthetic appreciation, response time, and affinity for cars. In this study, the experts were more radical in their assessments, took more time working in the tasks, and cherished cars more than the laymen. The second focus of this work was to combine the assumptions of the model by Leder et al. (2004) and the postulations on how the characteristics of aesthetic objects influence aesthetic assessments (Berlyne, 1971; Martindale, 1988; Silvia, 2005b): Inhowfar do market-relevant characteristics such as innovativeness affect expertise-induced assessment of design? Study III and IV used line art models that were systematically graduated for innovativeness and balance to answer this question. In study III, 18 design students and 20 engineering students assessed these models in an online questionnaire regarding attractiveness, innovativeness, and balance. The results were in line with the assumptions and showed that laymen rated highly innovative design less attractive than experts. Study IV collected data on the aesthetic assessment, gaze behavior, and the participants’ affective state in a repeated measures design that included an intermediary phase of elaborately assessing design by using the questionnaire developed in study II. The sample consisted of 11 designers, 11 engineers, and 11 humanities scholars. Although highly innovative design – as in study III – was rated less attractive by the laymen, repeated measurement decreased this group difference. The study assumed but could not show effects of expertise-induced gaze behaviour, and an expertise-induced better coping with the task resulting in a greater satisfaction with one’s task performance. The findings of this thesis demonstrate that experience with design and – even more pronounced – expertise in this field result in a greater appreciation for innovative design and a more nuanced assessment of innovativeness. Probably, designers constantly enhance their mental schema due to being confronted with various variations of and solutions for a design problem. The studies suggest that experts process car design in a more style-related, elaborate manner and also that designers, due to their more advanced aesthetic level of development (Parsons, 1987) and expertise, are more autonomous in their assessment. These stable expertise-induced differences in assessment between laymen and experts could be demonstrated for various samples. Thus, they are a valid basis for dealing more sensitively with customers’ requirements in the design process. The questionnaire developed in this thesis can be applied to measure design preferences in detail, to compare the aesthetic impact to the intended brand statement, and to discuss users’ impressions. To conclude, the results presented in this thesis contribute to the theory of aesthetic assessment in providing a more precise understanding of aesthetic assessments and can also be applied to design education and design processes. T3 - Potsdam Cognitive Science Series - 4 KW - Expertise KW - Automobildesign KW - Produkterleben KW - Innovativität KW - ästhetische Nutzeranforderungen KW - ästhetische Präferenzen KW - expertise KW - automotive design KW - product experience KW - innovativeness KW - aesthetic user requirements KW - aesthetic preferences Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-62013 SN - 978-3-86956-210-0 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schaarschmidt, Uwe T1 - Älterwerden und berufliche Eignung von Lehrerinnen und Lehrern Y1 - 1998 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fries, Stefan T1 - Zur Wirksamkeit eines motivational optimierten Denktrainings für Groß- und Kleingruppen Y1 - 1998 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Zur Wahrnehmung und (Selbst-)Attribution von Kausalität Y1 - 2007 SN - 978-3-939818-07-6 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meckelmann, Viola T1 - Zur sozialen Entwicklung im Jugendalter-Entwicklungsbesonderheiten 12-18jähriger Schüler Y1 - 1992 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Zur Renaissance des idiographischen Ansatzes in der Persönlichkeitsforschung : eine Zwischenbilanz T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 191 Y1 - 1991 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-45607 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meckelmann, Viola T1 - Zur Problembewältigung bei Potsdamer Jugendlichen : ausgewählte Ergebnisse der Querschnittsuntersuchungen 1991, 1992, 1993 und 1994 Y1 - 1995 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bohn, Christiane A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Zur Interaktion von Verarbeitungstiefe und dem Wortvorhersagbarkeitseffekt beim Lesen von Sätzen T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 243 Y1 - 2008 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57036 ER - TY - THES A1 - Brademann, Thomas T1 - Zur Entwicklung geistiger Fähigkeiten in der gymnasialen Oberstufe : Potsdamer Längsschnittstudie Y1 - 1992 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meckelmann, Viola T1 - Zur Entwicklung des Selbstkonzepts im Jugendalter Y1 - 1993 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kuhn, J. A1 - Metz, Anna-Marie T1 - Zur Einführung : Gesundheit und Familie als Rahmenbedingungen der Gestaltung von Arbeit Y1 - 2003 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Niehaus, Susanna T1 - Zur Anwendbarkeit inhaltlicher Glaubhaftigkeitsmerkmale bei Zeugenaussagen unterschiedlichen Wahrheitsgehaltes T3 - Europäische Hochschulschriften : Reihe 6, Psychologie N2 - Vor Gericht stellt sich häufig die Frage, ob man Zeugenaussagen Glauben schenken kann. Bei der Begutachtung kindlicher Zeugen soll die merkmalsorientierte Inhaltsanalyse zur Beantwortung dieser Frage beitragen. Nach einer kritischen Würdigung des Verfahrens und bisheriger empirischer Überprüfungen weist die Autorin auf mögliche Schwachstellen hin und entwickelt Verbesserungsvorschläge. In einer methodisch sehr aufwendigen Simulationsstudie wird u.a. untersucht, inwieweit das Verfahren zur Wahrheitsfindung beitragen kann, wenn Falschaussagende nicht frei phantasieren, sondern auf ähnliche Erfahrungen zurückgreifen können. Die Befunde stützen die Brauchbarkeit der Methodik, verweisen jedoch auf Grenzen ihrer Anwendbarkeit und legen eine Modifizierung des traditionellen Merkmalssystems nahe. Y1 - 2001 SN - 3-631-36940-9 VL - 675 PB - Lang CY - Frankfurt am Main ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bangeow, Petjo T1 - Zur Abschaffung des Gutachterverfahrens in der Vertragspsychotherapie – ein Qualitätsverlust? JF - Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie N2 - Objectives: This article investigates whether or not the abolishment of the expertise procedure for an outpatient psychotherapy is a reliable quality feature; and whether or not the elimination of this procedure results in a reduction of quality in outpatient psychotherapy. Methods: We conducted a literature research that considered articles written between the years 2000 and 2020 dealing with the expertise procedure as a quality standard of outpatient psychotherapy. In order to discuss the different views of the cited authors, we also refer to further literature. Results: The expertise procedure is not a reliable quality feature of outpatient psychotherapy. The idea that abolishing the expertise procedure results in a reduction of quality in outpatient psychotherapy is not confirmed by the studies summarized. N2 - Zielsetzung: Der vorliegende Artikel befasst sich mit der Fragestellung, inwiefern das Gutachterverfahren in der Vertragspsychotherapie ein zuverlässiges Qualitätsinstrument darstellt und ob sich aus der geplanten Abschaffung des Gutachterverfahrens das Risiko einer Qualitätsminderung in der ambulanten Psychotherapie ergibt. Methodik: Es wurde eine Literaturrecherche durchgeführt. Arbeiten von den Jahren 2000 bis 2020 wurden berücksichtigt, welche sich mit dem Gutachterverfahren als Qualitätsmerkmal der ambulanten Psychotherapie befassen. Um die unterschiedlichen Standpunkte der zitierten Autor_innen zu diskutieren, wurde auch Bezug auf weiterführende Literatur genommen. Ergebnisse: Das Gutachterverfahren scheint empirisch nicht sicher als zuverlässiges Qualitätsmerkmal der ambulanten Psychotherapie herangezogen werden zu können. Die Annahme, dass sich durch eine gutachterbefreite Vertragspsychotherapie eine Qualitätsminderung der Psychotherapie ergibt, wird durch die hier zusammengefassten Arbeiten insgesamt nicht gestützt. T2 - The abolition of the expertise procedure for outpatient psychotherapy - A reduction of quality in the psychotherapy? KW - psychotherapy KW - guideline KW - expertise procedure KW - quality standards KW - outpatient psychotherapy KW - Psychotherapie KW - Richtlinie KW - Gutachterverfahren KW - Qualitätsstandard KW - ambulante Psychotherapie Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1024/1422-4917/a000778 SN - 1422-4917 SN - 1664-2880 VL - 49 IS - 1 SP - 64 EP - 72 PB - Hogrefe CY - Bern ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schaarschmidt, Uwe A1 - Fischer, Andreas W. T1 - Zum Zusammenhang von Alter und psychischer Gesundheit bei Lehrerinnen und Lehrern Y1 - 1996 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Franz, Sigrid T1 - Zum Zusammenhang Problemerleben und Selbstkonzept Y1 - 1993 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schaarschmidt, Uwe T1 - Zum Zusamenhang von Alter, Leistungsfähigkeit und psychischer Gesundheit im Lehrerberuf Y1 - 1996 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Zum Stand der Diskussion um den "self-serving bias" in der Attributionsforschung N2 - The 'fact or fiction1 controversy about self-serving attributional biases is discussed under two aspects: a) The lack of a clear conceptual definition of "bias" referring to cognitive models of causal attribution which specify unbiased, rational modes of causal inference; b) The empirical evidence with regard to the decision whether attributional distortions are due to self-protective and self-enhancing motives rather than errors and biases in information processing. It is concluded that progress in self-serving bias research is conditional upon a theoretical clarification and operational definition of self-serving biases explicitly derived from a rational standard of causal inference and based on a motivational analysis of the functions of causal attributions. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 183 Y1 - 1983 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-45286 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mallwitz, Gisela T1 - Zum Problemerleben und zur Problembewältigung besonders problembelasteter Potsdamer Schüler Y1 - 1995 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dietrich, Peter T1 - Zu den Erscheinungsformen und Ursachen von schulverweigerischem Verhalten - Ausgewählte Ergebnisse einer Brandenburger Studie Y1 - 1996 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vollmeyer, Regina A1 - Burns, Bruce D. A1 - Rheinberg, Falko T1 - Zielspezifität, Strategien und Motivation Y1 - 1999 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vollmeyer, Regina A1 - Holyoak, Keith J. T1 - Zielspezifität beim Problemlösen Y1 - 1994 ER - TY - BOOK ED - Esser, Günter T1 - Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie : Themenheft Entwicklungspsychopathologie ; Ergebnisse aus Langzeitstudien Y1 - 2000 SN - 0084-5345 PB - Hogrefe CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Shaki, Samuel A1 - Fischer, Martin H. T1 - Your neighbors define your value a study of spatial bias in number comparison JF - Acta psychologica : international journal of psychonomics N2 - Several chronometric biases in numerical cognition have informed our understanding of a mental number line (MNL). Complementing this approach, we investigated spatial performance in a magnitude comparison task. Participants located the larger or smaller number of a pair on a horizontal line representing the interval from 0 to 10. Experiments 1 and 2 used only number pairs one unit apart and found that digits were localized farther to the right with "select larger" instructions than with "select smaller" instructions. However, when numerical distance was varied (Experiment 3), digits were localized away from numerically near neighbors. This repulsion effect reveals context-specific distortions in number representation not previously noticed with chronometric measures. KW - Magnitude comparison KW - Mental number line KW - Numerical cognition KW - Spatial bias Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.01.004 SN - 0001-6918 VL - 142 IS - 3 SP - 308 EP - 313 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schad, Daniel A1 - Nuthmann, Antje A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - Your mind wanders weakly, your mind wanders deeply - objective measures reveal mindless reading at different levels JF - Cognition : international journal of cognitive science N2 - When the mind wanders, attention turns away from the external environment and cognitive processing is decoupled from perceptual information. Mind wandering is usually treated as a dichotomy (dichotomy-hypothesis), and is often measured using self-reports. Here, we propose the levels of inattention hypothesis, which postulates attentional decoupling to graded degrees at different hierarchical levels of cognitive processing. To measure graded levels of attentional decoupling during reading we introduce the sustained attention to stimulus task (SAST), which is based on psychophysics of error detection. Under experimental conditions likely to induce mind wandering, we found that subjects were less likely to notice errors that required high-level processing for their detection as opposed to errors that only required low-level processing. Eye tracking revealed that before errors were overlooked influences of high- and low-level linguistic variables on eye fixations were reduced in a graded fashion, indicating episodes of mindless reading at weak and deep levels. Individual fixation durations predicted overlooking of lexical errors 5 s before they occurred. Our findings support the levels of inattention hypothesis and suggest that different levels of mindless reading can be measured behaviorally in the SAST. Using eye tracking to detect mind wandering online represents a promising approach for the development of new techniques to study mind wandering and to ameliorate its negative consequences. KW - Mind wandering KW - Reading KW - Eye movements KW - Signal detection theory KW - Levels of processing KW - Sustained attention Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2012.07.004 SN - 0010-0277 VL - 125 IS - 2 SP - 179 EP - 194 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - GEN A1 - Cosco, Theodore D. A1 - Lemsalu, Liis A1 - Brehme, David F. A1 - Grigoruta, Nora A1 - Kaufmann, Lisa-Katrin A1 - Meex, Ruth A1 - Schuurmans, Angela A. T. A1 - Sener, Neslihan A1 - Stephan, Blossom C. M. A1 - Brayne, Carol T1 - Younger europeans' conceptualizations of successful aging T2 - Journal of the American Geriatrics Society Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.13307 SN - 0002-8614 SN - 1532-5415 VL - 63 IS - 3 SP - 609 EP - 611 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kayhan, Ezgi A1 - Heil, Lieke A1 - Kwisthout, Johan A1 - van Rooij, Iris A1 - Hunnius, Sabine A1 - Bekkering, Harold T1 - Young children integrate current observations, priors and agent information to predict others’ actions JF - PLOS ONE / Public Library of Science N2 - From early on in life, children are able to use information from their environment to form predictions about events. For instance, they can use statistical information about a population to predict the sample drawn from that population and infer an agent’s preferences from systematic violations of random sampling. We investigated whether and how young children infer an agent’s sampling biases. Moreover, we examined whether pupil data of toddlers follow the predictions of a computational model based on the causal Bayesian network formalization of predictive processing. We formalized three hypotheses about how different explanatory variables (i.e., prior probabilities, current observations, and agent characteristics) are used to predict others’ actions. We measured pupillary responses as a behavioral marker of ‘prediction errors’ (i.e., the perceived mismatch between what one’s model of an agent predicts and what the agent actually does). Pupillary responses of 24-month-olds, but not 18-month-olds, showed that young children integrated information about current observations, priors and agents to make predictions about agents and their actions. These findings shed light on the mechanisms behind toddlers’ inferences about agent-caused events. To our knowledge, this is the first study in which young children's pupillary responses are used as markers of prediction errors, which were qualitatively compared to the predictions by a computational model based on the causal Bayesian network formalization of predictive processing. Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200976 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 14 IS - 5 PB - PLOS CY - San Fransisco ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tschentscher, Nadja A1 - Hauk, Olaf A1 - Fischer, Martin H. A1 - Pulvermüller, Friedemann T1 - You can count on the motor cortex finger counting habits modulate motor cortex activation evoked by numbers JF - NeuroImage : a journal of brain function N2 - The embodied cognition framework suggests that neural systems for perception and action are engaged during higher cognitive processes. In an event-related fMRI study, we tested this claim for the abstract domain of numerical symbol processing: is the human cortical motor system part of the representation of numbers, and is organization of numerical knowledge influenced by individual finger counting habits? Developmental studies suggest a link between numerals and finger counting habits due to the acquisition of numerical skills through finger counting in childhood. In the present study, digits 1 to 9 and the corresponding number words were presented visually to adults with different finger counting habits, i.e. left- and right-starters who reported that they usually start counting small numbers with their left and right hand, respectively. Despite the absence of overt hand movements, the hemisphere contralateral to the hand used for counting small numbers was activated when small numbers were presented. The correspondence between finger counting habits and hemispheric motor activation is consistent with an intrinsic functional link between finger counting and number processing. KW - Embodied cognition KW - Numerical cognaion KW - Finger counting habits KW - SNARC effect Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.11.037 SN - 1053-8119 VL - 59 IS - 4 SP - 3139 EP - 3148 PB - Elsevier CY - San Diego ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rauh, Hellgard T1 - Wyss-Wanner, M., Ein Leben für Kinder: Leben und Werk von Marie Meierhofer, 1909-1998; Dietikon, Juris-Dr. u. Verl., 2000 BT - Ein Leben für Kinder: Leben und Werk von Marie Meierhofer, 1909-1998 Y1 - 2006 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laucht, Manfred A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. T1 - Wovor schützen Schutzfaktoren? : Anmerkungen zu einem populären Konzept der modernen Gesundheitsforschung Y1 - 1997 ER - TY - THES A1 - Muschalla, Beate T1 - Workplace-related anxieties and workplace phobia : a concept of domain-specific mental disorders T1 - Arbeitsplatzbezogene Ängste und Arbeitsplatzphobie : Konzeptualisierung einer lebensbereichsspezifischen psychischen Erkrankung N2 - Background: Anxiety in the workplace is a special problem as workplaces are especially prone to provoke anxiety: There are social hierarchies, rivalries between colleagues, sanctioning through superiors, danger of accidents, failure, and worries of job security. Workplace phobia is a phobic anxiety reaction with symptoms of panic occurring when thinking of or approaching the workplace, and with clear tendency of avoidance. Objectives: What characterizes workplace-related anxieties and workplace phobia as domain-specific mental disorders in contrast to conventional anxiety disorders? Method: 230 patients from an inpatient psychosomatic rehabilitation center were interviewed with the (semi-)structured Mini-Work-Anxiety-Interview and the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, concerning workplace-related anxieties and conventional mental disorders. Additionally, the patients filled in the self-rating questionnaires Job-Anxiety-Scale (JAS) and the Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R)measuring job-related and general psychosomatic symptom load. Results: Workplace-related anxieties occurred together with conventional anxiety disorders in 35% of the patients, but also alone in others (23%). Workplace phobia could be found in 17% of the interviewed, any diagnosis of workplace-related anxiety was stated in 58%. Workplace phobic patients had significantly higher scores in job-anxiety than patients without workplace phobia. Patients with workplace phobia were significantly longer on sick leave in the past 12 months (23,5 weeks) than patients without workplace phobia (13,4 weeks). Different qualities of workplace-related anxieties lead with different frequencies to work participation disorders. Conclusion: Workplace phobia cannot be described by only assessing the general level of psychosomatic symptom load and conventional mental disorders. Workplace-related anxieties and workplace phobia have an own clinical value which is mainly defined by specific workplace-related symptom load and work-participation disorders. They require special therapeutic attention and treatment instead of a “sick leave” certification by the general health physician. Workplace phobia should be named with a proper diagnosis according to ICD-10 chapter V, F 40.8: “workplace phobia”. N2 - Hintergrund: Angst am Arbeitsplatz ist ein spezielles Phänomen, da Arbeitsplätze ihrer Natur nach angstauslösende Charakteristika aufweisen: Vorgesetzte die sanktionieren, Rangkämpfe mit Kollegen, reale Unfallgefahren, Scheitern und Leistungsversagen, Unklarheit um plötzliche Veränderungen, Arbeitsplatzunsicherheit. Arbeitsplatzphobie ist eine phobische Angstreaktion mit Panikerleben beim Gedanken an oder bei Annäherung an den Arbeitsplatz. Fragestellung: Was charakterisiert arbeitsplatzbezogene Ängste und Arbeitsplatzphobie als lebensbereichsspezifische Angsterkrankungen in Abgrenzung zu klassischen Angsterkrankungen? Methode: 230 Patienten einer stationären psychosomatischen Rehabilitation wurden im halbstrukturierten Interview (Mini-Arbeits-Angst-Interview, Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview) hinsichtlich arbeitsplatzbezogener Ängste und klassischer psychischer Erkrankungen befragt. Selbsteinschätzungsurteile wurden hinsichtlich des Schweregrads der arbeitsbezogenen (Job-Angst-Skala, JAS) und allgemeinen psychosomatischen (Symptom-Checkliste, SCL-90-R) Symptombelastung erhoben. Ergebnisse: 58% der befragten Patienten litten an mindestens einer arbeitsplatzbezogenen Angstvariante. Arbeitsplatzbezogene Ängste kamen bei 35% der Befragten zusammen mit einer klassischen Angsterkrankung vor, bei 23% jedoch als allein stehende Angsterkrankung. 17% der Befragten erfüllten die Kriterien einer Arbeitsplatzphobie. Arbeitsplatzphobie-Patienten hatten signifikant höhere Job-Angst-Werte als Patienten ohne Arbeitsplatzphobie, und sie waren signifikant länger arbeitsunfähig in den letzten 12 Monaten (23,5 Wochen versus 13,4 Wochen). Schlussfolgerung: Arbeitsplatzbezogene Ängste und Arbeitsplatzphobie haben eine spezielle klinische Wertigkeit, die sich anhand arbeitsbezogener Partizipationsstörungen und spezifischer arbeitsbezogener Symptombelastung beschreiben lässt. Arbeitsplatzphobie erfordert besondere therapeutische Herangehensweisen anstelle von angsterhaltender da Vermeidungsverhalten fördernder „Krankschreibung“. Arbeitsplatzphobie sollte als Diagnose benannt werden entsprechend ICD-10 Kapitel V, F 40.8: “Arbeitsplatzphobie”. KW - Arbeitsplatzphobie KW - Angsterkrankung KW - Arbeitsplatz KW - Arbeitsunfähigkeit KW - Partizipationsstörung KW - workplace phobia KW - anxiety disorder KW - workplace KW - sick leave KW - participation disorder Y1 - 2008 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-20048 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Muschalla, Beate A1 - Linden, Michael T1 - Workplace phobia, workplace problems, and work ability among primary care patients with chronic mental disorders JF - Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine N2 - Purpose: Work-related anxieties are frequent and have a negative effect on the occupational performance of patients and absence due to sickness. Most important is workplace phobia, that is, panic when approaching or even thinking of the workplace. This study is the first to estimate the prevalence of workplace phobia among primary care patients suffering from chronic mental disorders and to describe which illness-related or workplace-specific context factors are associated with workplace phobia. Methods: A convenience sample of 288 primary care patients with chronic mental disorders (70% women) seen by 40 primary care clinicians in Germany were assessed using a standardized diagnostic interview about mental disorders and workplace problems. Workplace phobia was assessed by the Workplace Phobia Scale and a structured Diagnostic and Statical Manual of Mental Disorders-based diagnostic interview. In addition, capacity and participation restrictions, illness severity, and sick leave were assessed. Results: Workplace phobia was found in 10% of patients with chronic mental disorders, that is, approximately about 3% of all general practice patients. Patients with workplace phobia had longer durations of sick leave than patients without workplace phobia and were impaired to a higher degree in work-relevant capacities. They also had a higher degree of restrictions in participation in other areas of life. Conclusions: Workplace phobia seems to be a frequent problem in primary care. It may behoove primary care clinicians to consider workplace-related anxiety, including phobia, particularly when patients ask for a work excuse for nonspecific somatic complaints. KW - Anxiety KW - Mental Health KW - Sick Leave KW - Workplace Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2014.04.130308 SN - 1557-2625 SN - 1558-7118 VL - 27 IS - 4 SP - 486 EP - 494 PB - American Board of Family Medicine CY - Lexington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pliatsikas, Christos A1 - Verissimo, Joao Marques A1 - Babcock, Laura A1 - Pullman, Mariel Y. A1 - Glei, Dana A. A1 - Weinstein, Maxine A1 - Goldman, Noreen A1 - Ullman, Michael T. T1 - Working memory in older adults declines with age, but is modulated by sex and education JF - The quarterly journal of experimental psychology N2 - Working memory (WM), which underlies the temporary storage and manipulation of information, is critical for multiple aspects of cognition and everyday life. Nevertheless, research examining WM specifically in older adults remains limited, despite the global rapid increase in human life expectancy. We examined WM in a large sample (N=754) of healthy older adults (aged 58-89) in a non-Western population (Chinese speakers) in Taiwan, on a digit n-back task. We tested not only the influence of age itself and of load (1-back vs. 2-back) but also the effects of both sex and education, which have been shown to modulate WM abilities. Mixed-effects regression revealed that, within older adulthood, age negatively impacted WM abilities (with linear, not nonlinear, effects), as did load (worse performance at 2-back). In contrast, education level was positively associated with WM. Moreover, both age and education interacted with sex. With increasing age, males showed a steeper WM decline than females; with increasing education, females showed greater WM gains than males. Together with other findings, the evidence suggests that age, sex, and education all impact WM in older adults, but interact in particular ways. The results have both basic research and translational implications and are consistent with particular benefits from increased education for women. KW - Ageing KW - sex differences KW - education KW - working memory KW - n back Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/1747021818791994 SN - 1747-0218 SN - 1747-0226 VL - 72 IS - 6 SP - 1308 EP - 1327 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Goethe, Katrin A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Gendt, Anja A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Working memory in children tracing age differences and special educational needs to parameters of a formal model JF - Developmental psychology N2 - Parameters of a formal working-memory model were estimated for verbal and spatial memory updating of children. The model proposes interference though feature overwriting and through confusion of whole elements as the primary cause of working-memory capacity limits. We tested 2 age groups each containing 1 group of normal intelligence and I deficit group. For young children the deficit was developmental dyslexia; for older children it was a general learning difficulty. The interference model predicts less interference through overwriting but more through confusion of whole elements for the dyslexic children than for their age-matched controls. Older children exhibited less interference through confusion of whole elements and a higher processing rate than young children, but general learning difficulty was associated with slower processing than in the age-matched control group. Furthermore, the difference between verbal and spatial updating mapped onto several meaningful dissociations of model parameters. KW - working-memory capacity KW - interference model KW - dyslexia KW - general learning difficulty Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025660 SN - 0012-1649 VL - 48 IS - 2 SP - 459 EP - 476 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Göthe, Katrin A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Gendt, Anja A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Working memory in children : tracing age differences and special educational needs to parameters of a formal model N2 - Parameters of a formal working-memory model were estimated for verbal and spatial memory updating of children. The model proposes interference though feature overwriting and through confusion of whole elements as the primary cause of working-memory capacity limits. We tested 2 age groups each containing 1 group of normal intelligence and 1 deficit group. For young children the deficit was developmental dyslexia; for older children it was a general learning difficulty. The interference model predicts less interference through overwriting but more through confusion of whole elements for the dyslexic children than for their age-matched controls. Older children exhibited less interference through confusion of whole elements and a higher processing rate than young children, but general learning difficulty was associated with slower processing than in the age-matched control group. Furthermore, the difference between verbal and spatial updating mapped onto several meaningful dissociations of model parameters. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nicenboim, Bruno A1 - Vasishth, Shravan A1 - Gattei, Carolina A1 - Sigman, Mariano A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Working memory differences in long-distance dependency resolution JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - There is a wealth of evidence showing that increasing the distance between an argument and its head leads to more processing effort, namely, locality effects; these are usually associated with constraints in working memory (DLT: Gibson, 2000; activation-based model: Lewis and Vasishth, 2005). In SOV languages, however, the opposite effect has been found: antilocality (see discussion in Levy et al., 2013). Antilocality effects can be explained by the expectation-based approach as proposed by Levy (2008) or by the activation-based model of sentence processing as proposed by Lewis and Vasishth (2005). We report an eye-tracking and a self-paced reading study with sentences in Spanish together with measures of individual differences to examine the distinction between expectation- and memory-based accounts, and within memory-based accounts the further distinction between DLT and the activation-based model. The experiments show that (i) antilocality effects as predicted by the expectation account appear only for high-capacity readers; (ii) increasing dependency length by interposing material that modifies the head of the dependency (the verb) produces stronger facilitation than increasing dependency length with material that does not modify the head; this is in agreement with the activation-based model but not with the expectation account; and (iii) a possible outcome of memory load on low-capacity readers is the increase in regressive saccades (locality effects as predicted by memory-based accounts) or, surprisingly, a speedup in the self-paced reading task; the latter consistent with good-enough parsing (Ferreira et al., 2002). In sum, the study suggests that individual differences in working memory capacity play a role in dependency resolution, and that some of the aspects of dependency resolution can be best explained with the activation-based model together with a prediction component. KW - locality KW - antilocality KW - working memory capacity KW - individual differences KW - Spanish KW - activation KW - DLT KW - expectation Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00312 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 6 IS - 312 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - GEN A1 - Nicenboim, Bruno A1 - Vasishth, Shravan A1 - Gattei, Carolina A1 - Sigman, Mariano A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Working memory differences in long-distance dependency resolution N2 - There is a wealth of evidence showing that increasing the distance between an argument and its head leads to more processing effort, namely, locality effects; these are usually associated with constraints in working memory (DLT: Gibson, 2000; activation-based model: Lewis and Vasishth, 2005). In SOV languages, however, the opposite effect has been found: antilocality (see discussion in Levy et al., 2013). Antilocality effects can be explained by the expectation-based approach as proposed by Levy (2008) or by the activation-based model of sentence processing as proposed by Lewis and Vasishth (2005). We report an eye-tracking and a self-paced reading study with sentences in Spanish together with measures of individual differences to examine the distinction between expectation- and memory-based accounts, and within memory-based accounts the further distinction between DLT and the activation-based model. The experiments show that (i) antilocality effects as predicted by the expectation account appear only for high-capacity readers; (ii) increasing dependency length by interposing material that modifies the head of the dependency (the verb) produces stronger facilitation than increasing dependency length with material that does not modify the head; this is in agreement with the activation-based model but not with the expectation account; and (iii) a possible outcome of memory load on low-capacity readers is the increase in regressive saccades (locality effects as predicted by memory-based accounts) or, surprisingly, a speedup in the self-paced reading task; the latter consistent with good-enough parsing (Ferreira et al., 2002). In sum, the study suggests that individual differences in working memory capacity play a role in dependency resolution, and that some of the aspects of dependency resolution can be best explained with the activation-based model together with a prediction component. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 273 KW - locality KW - antilocality KW - working memory capacity KW - individual differences KW - Spanish KW - activation KW - DLT KW - expectation Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-75694 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rodriguez-Villagra, Odir Antonio A1 - Göthe, Katrin A1 - Oberauer, Klaus A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Working memory capacity in a go/no-go task - age differences in interference, processing speed, and attentional control JF - Developmental psychology N2 - We tested the limits of working-memory capacity (WMC) of young adults, old adults, and children with a memory-updating task. The task consisted of mentally shifting spatial positions within a grid according to arrows, their color signaling either only go (control) or go/no-go conditions. The interference model (IM) of Oberauer and Kliegl (2006) was simultaneously fitted to the data of all groups. In addition to the 3 main model parameters (feature overlap, noise, and processing rate), we estimated the time for switching between go and no-go steps as a new model parameter. In this study, we examined the IM parameters across the life span. The IM parameter estimates show that (a) conditions were not different in interference by feature overlap and interference by confusion; (b) switching costs time; (c) young adults and children were less susceptible than old adults to interference due to feature overlap; (d) noise was highest for children, followed by old and young adults; (e) old adults differed from children and young adults in lower processing rate; and (f) children and old adults had a larger switch cost between go steps and no-go steps. Thus, the results of this study indicated that across age, the IM parameters contribute distinctively for explaining the limits of WMC. KW - working memory capacity KW - interference model KW - inhibition KW - children KW - old adults and young adults Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030883 SN - 0012-1649 VL - 49 IS - 9 SP - 1683 EP - 1696 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Oberauer, Klaus A1 - Weidenfeld, Andrea A1 - Hörnig, Robin T1 - Working memory capacity and the construction of spatial mental models in comprehension and deductive reasoning N2 - We asked 149 high-school students who were pretested for their working memory capacity (WMC) to read spatial descriptions relating to five objects and to evaluate conclusions asserting an unmentioned relationship between two of the objects. Unambiguous descriptions were compatible with a single spatial arrangement, whereas ambiguous descriptions permitted two arrangements; a subset of the ambiguous descriptions still determined the relation asserted in the conclusion, whereas another subset did not. Two groups of participants received different instructions: The deduction group should accept conclusions only if they followed with logical necessity from the description, whereas the comprehension group should accept a conclusion if it agreed with their representation of the arrangement. Self-paced reading times increased on sentences that introduced an ambiguity, replicating previous findings in deductive reasoning experiments. This effect was also found in the comprehension group, casting doubt on the interpretation that people consider multiple possible arrangements online. Responses to conclusions could be modelled by a multinomial processing model with four parameters: the probability of constructing a correct mental model, the probability of detecting an ambiguity, and two guessing parameters. Participants with high and with low WMC differed mainly in the probability of successfully constructing a mental model Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.informaworld.com/openurl?genre=journal&issn=1747-0218 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/17470210500151717 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Soemer, Alexander A1 - Schiefele, Ulrich T1 - Working memory capacity and (in)voluntary mind wandering JF - Psychonomic bulletin & review : a journal of the Psychonomic Society N2 - According to influential accounts of mind wandering (MW), working memory capacity (WMC) plays a key role in controlling the amount of off-task thought during the execution of a demanding task. Whereas WMC has primarily been associated with reduced levels of involuntarily occurring MW episodes in prior research, here we demonstrate for the first time that high-WMC individuals exhibit lower levels of voluntary MW. One hundred and eighty participants carried out a demanding reading task and reported their attentional state in response to random thought probes. In addition, participants' WMC was measured with two common complex span tasks (operation span and symmetry span). As a result, WMC was negatively related to both voluntary and involuntary MW, and the two forms of MW partially mediated the positive effect of WMC on reading performance. Furthermore, the negative relation between voluntary WM and reading remained significant after controlling for interest. Thus, in contrast to prior research suggesting that voluntary MW might be more closely related to motivation rather than WMC, the present results demonstrate that high-WMC individuals tend to limit both involuntary and voluntary MW more strictly than low-WMC individuals. KW - mind wandering KW - intention KW - working memory KW - executive control Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-020-01737-4 SN - 1069-9384 SN - 1531-5320 VL - 27 IS - 4 SP - 758 EP - 767 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Oberauer, Klaus A1 - Suess, Heinz-Martin A1 - Schulze, Ralf A1 - Wilhelm, Otto A1 - Wittmann, W. W. T1 - Working memory capacity - facets of a cognitive ability construct Y1 - 2000 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Oberauer, Klaus A1 - Süß, Heinz-Martin T1 - Working memory and interference : a comment on Jenkins, Myerson, Hale, and Fry (1999) Y1 - 2000 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Oberauer, Klaus A1 - Schulze, Ralf A1 - Wilhelm, Oliver A1 - Süss, Heinz-Martin T1 - Working memory and intelligence : their correlation and their relation ; Comment on Ackerman, Beier, and Boyle (2005) N2 - On the basis of a mete-analysis of pairwise correlations between working memory tasks and cognitive ability measures, P. L. Ackerman. M. E. Beier, and M. O. Boyle (2005) claimed that working memory capacity (WMC) shares less than 25% of its variance with general intelligence (,;) and with reasoning ability. In this comment, the authors argue that this is an underestimation because of several methodological shortcomings and biases. A reanalysis of the data reported in Ackerman et al. using the correct statistical procedures demonstrates that g and WMC are very highly correlated. On a conceptual level. the authors point out that WMC should be regarded as an explanatory construct for intellectual abilities. Theories of working memory do not claim that WMC is isomorphic with intelligence factors but that it is a very strong predictor of reasoning ability and also predicts general fluid intelligence and g. Y1 - 2005 SN - 0033-2909 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Voltmer, Edgar A1 - Spahn, Claudia A1 - Schaarschmidt, Uwe A1 - Kieschke, Ulf T1 - Work-related behavior and experience patterns of entrepreneurs compared to teachers and physicians JF - International archives of occupational and environmental health N2 - Purpose This study examined the status of health-related behavior and experience patterns of entrepreneurs in comparison with teachers and physicians to identify specific health risks and resources. Methods Entrepreneurs (n = 632), teachers (n = 5,196), and physicians (n = 549) were surveyed in a cross-sectional design. The questionnaire Work-related Behavior and Experience Patterns (AVEM) was used for all professions and, in addition, two scales (health prevention and self-confidence) from the Checklist for Entrepreneurs in the sample of entrepreneurs. Results The largest proportion of the entrepreneurs (45%) presented with a healthy pattern (compared with 18.4% teachers and 18.3% physicians). Thirty-eight percent of entrepreneurs showed a risk pattern of overexertion and stress, followed by teachers (28.9%) and physicians (20.6%). Unambitious or burnout patterns were seen in only 9.3/8.2% of entrepreneurs, respectively, and 25.3/27.3% of teachers, and 39.6/21.5% of physicians. While the distribution of patterns in teachers and physicians differed significantly between genders, a gender difference was not found among entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs with the risk pattern of overexertion scored significantly (P < 0.01) lower in self-confidence and health care than those with the healthy pattern. Conclusions The development of a successful enterprise depends, in part, on the health of the entrepreneur. The large proportion of entrepreneurs with the healthy pattern irrespective of gender may support the notion that self-selection effects of healthy individuals in this special career might be important. At the same time, a large proportion was at risk for overexertion and might benefit from measures to cope with professional demands and stress and promote a healthy behavior pattern. KW - Entrepreneurs KW - Physicians KW - Teachers KW - Occupational stress KW - Psychosocial health risks and resources Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-011-0632-9 SN - 0340-0131 VL - 84 IS - 5 SP - 479 EP - 490 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Muschalla, Beate T1 - Work-related anxieties in research and practice JF - Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie : german journal of work and organizational psychology N2 - Workplaces contain by their very nature different anxiety-provoking characteristics. When workplace-related anxieties manifest, absenteeism, long-term-sick leave, and even disability pension can be the consequences. In medical-vocational rehabilitation about 30-60 % of the patients suffer from workplace-related anxieties that are often a barrier for return to work. Even in mentally healthy employees, 5 % said that they were prone to ask for a sick leave certificate due to workplace-related anxieties. Future research should focus on workplace-related anxieties not only in rehabilitation, but more earlier, i. e. in the workplace. The concept of workplace-related anxieties offers ideas which can be useful in mental-health-oriented work analysis, employee-workplace-fit, and job design. KW - workplace KW - anxiety KW - sick leave KW - mental health-oriented work analysis Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1026/0932-4089/a000166 SN - 0932-4089 SN - 2190-6270 VL - 58 IS - 4 SP - 206 EP - 214 PB - Hogrefe CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Muschalla, Beate T1 - Work-anxiety-coping intervention improves work-coping perception while a recreational intervention leads to deterioration BT - results from a randomized controlled trial JF - European journal of work and organizational psychology : the official journal of The European Association of Work and Organizational Psychology N2 - Work-anxieties are costly and need early intervention. The perception of being able to cope with work is a basic requirement for work ability. This randomized controlled trial investigates whether a cognitive behavioural, work-anxiety-coping group (WAG) intervention leads to better work-coping perception than an unspecific recreational group (RG). Heterogeneous people in medical rehabilitation, who were due to return to work, were interviewed concerning their work-anxieties, and either randomly assigned to a WAG (n=85) or a RG (n=95). The participants (with an average of 50years old [range 23-64]; 51% women; 70% workers or employees, 25% academics, 5% unskilled) followed the group intervention for four or six sessions. The perceived work-coping was assessed by self-rating (Inventory for Job-Coping and Return Intention JoCoRi) after each group session. Although participants had a slight temporary decrease in work-coping after group session two (from M-1=2.47 to M-2=2.28, d(Cohen)=-.22), the WAG led to the improvement of perceived work-coping over the intervention course (from M-1=2.47 to M-6=2.65, d(Cohen)=.18). In contrast, participants from the RG reported lower work-coping after six group sessions (from M-1=2.26 to M-6=2.02, d(Cohen)=-.18). It is considered that people with work-anxieties need training in work-coping. By focusing on recreation only, this may lead to deterioration of work-coping. Indeed, intervention designers should be aware of temporary deterioration (side effects) when confronting participants with work-coping. KW - Work-anxiety KW - work-coping KW - return to work KW - intervention KW - mental health Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2017.1384378 SN - 1359-432X SN - 1464-0643 VL - 26 IS - 6 SP - 858 EP - 869 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Eiteljoerge, Sarah F. V. A1 - Adam, Maurits A1 - Elsner, Birgit A1 - Mani, Nivedita T1 - Word-object and action-object association learning across early development JF - PLoS one N2 - Successful communication often involves comprehension of both spoken language and observed actions with and without objects. Even very young infants can learn associations between actions and objects as well as between words and objects. However, in daily life, children are usually confronted with both kinds of input simultaneously. Choosing the critical information to attend to in such situations might help children structure the input, and thereby, allow for successful learning. In the current study, we therefore, investigated the developmental time course of children’s and adults’ word and action learning when given the opportunity to learn both word-object and action-object associations for the same object. All participants went through a learning phase and a test phase. In the learning phase, they were presented with two novel objects which were associated with a distinct novel name (e.g., “Look, a Tanu”) and a distinct novel action (e.g., moving up and down while tilting sideways). In the test phase, participants were presented with both objects on screen in a baseline phase, then either heard one of the two labels or saw one of the two actions in a prime phase, and then saw the two objects again on screen in a recognition phase. Throughout the trial, participants’ target looking was recorded to investigate whether participants looked at the target object upon hearing its label or seeing its action, and thus, would show learning of the word-object and action-object associations. Growth curve analyses revealed that 12-month-olds showed modest learning of action-object associations, 36-month-olds learned word-object associations, and adults learned word-object and action-object associations. These results highlight how children attend to the different information types from the two modalities through which communication is addressed to them. Over time, with increased exposure to systematic word-object mappings, children attend less to action-object mappings, with the latter potentially being mediated by word-object learning even in adulthood. Thus, choosing between different kinds of input that may be more relevant in their rich environment encompassing different modalities might help learning at different points in development. Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220317 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 14 IS - 8 PB - PLoS CY - San Fransisco ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhou, Wei A1 - Wang, Aiping A1 - Shu, Hua A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Yan, Ming T1 - Word segmentation by alternating colors facilitates eye guidance in Chinese reading JF - Memory & cognition N2 - During sentence reading, low spatial frequency information afforded by spaces between words is the primary factor for eye guidance in spaced writing systems, whereas saccade generation for unspaced writing systems is less clear and under debate. In the present study, we investigated whether word-boundary information, provided by alternating colors (consistent or inconsistent with word-boundary information) influences saccade-target selection in Chinese. In Experiment 1, as compared to a baseline (i.e., uniform color) condition, word segmentation with alternating color shifted fixation location towards the center of words. In contrast, incorrect word segmentation shifted fixation location towards the beginning of words. In Experiment 2, we used a gaze-contingent paradigm to restrict the color manipulation only to the upcoming parafoveal words and replicated the results, including fixation location effects, as observed in Experiment 1. These results indicate that Chinese readers are capable of making use of parafoveal word-boundary knowledge for saccade generation, even if such information is unfamiliar to them. The present study provides novel support for the hypothesis that word segmentation is involved in the decision about where to fixate next during Chinese reading. KW - Chinese KW - Word segmentation KW - Fixation location KW - Parafoveal KW - Color Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-018-0797-5 SN - 0090-502X SN - 1532-5946 VL - 46 IS - 5 SP - 729 EP - 740 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hörnig, Robin A1 - Weskott, Thomas A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Fanselow, Gisbert T1 - Word order variation in spatial descriptions with adverbs N2 - Previous research has shown that in a three-term spatial reasoning task, the second premise of a German premise pair is especially easy to comprehend if (1) the prepositional object rather than the grammatical subject denotes the given entity, and if (2) the term denoting the given entity precedes the term denoting the new entity. Accordingly, the second premise is easiest to comprehend with noncanonical word order-that is, with the prepositional object in preverbal position denoting the given entity (e.g., To the right of the given object is the new subject). This finding is explained in terms of contextual licensing of noncanonical word order. Here, we discuss and tested two alternative accounts of contextual licensing, given-new and partially ordered set relations (Poset). The given-new account claims that noncanonical word order is licensed by the term denoting the given entity preceding the term denoting the new entity. On the Poset account, noncanonical word order is licensed if the preverbal constituent introduces a new entity that stands in a transitive, irreflexive, and asymmetric relation to a given entity. Comprehension times for second premises with spatial adverbs in four different word orders support both accounts of contextual licensing; Poset licensing was stronger than given-new licensing. Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.springerlink.com/content/0090-502x/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193264 SN - 0090-502X ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schad, Daniel A1 - Risse, Sarah A1 - Slattery, Timothy A1 - Rayner, Keith T1 - Word frequency in fast priming: Evidence for immediate cognitive control of eye movements during reading JF - Visual cognition N2 - Numerous studies have demonstrated effects of word frequency on eye movements during reading, but the precise timing of this influence has remained unclear. The fast priming paradigm was previously used to study influences of related versus unrelated primes on the target word. Here, we use this procedure to investigate whether the frequency of the prime word has a direct influence on eye movements during reading when the prime-target relation is not manipulated. We found that with average prime intervals of 32 ms readers made longer single fixation durations on the target word in the low than in the high frequency prime condition. Distributional analyses demonstrated that the effect of prime frequency on single fixation durations occurred very early, supporting theories of immediate cognitive control of eye movements. Finding prime frequency effects only 207 ms after visibility of the prime and for prime durations of 32 ms yields new time constraints for cognitive processes controlling eye movements during reading. Our variant of the fast priming paradigm provides a new approach to test early influences of word processing on eye movement control during reading. KW - Eye movements KW - Fast-priming KW - Distributional analyses KW - Reading KW - Word frequency Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/13506285.2014.892041 SN - 1350-6285 SN - 1464-0716 VL - 22 IS - 3-4 SP - 390 EP - 414 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Skowronski, Marika A1 - Busching, Robert A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Women’s exposure to sexualized TV, self-objectification, and consideration of cosmetic surgery BT - the role of age JF - Psychology of popular media N2 - Public Policy Relevance Statement TV is full of content presenting women in a sexualized way, with a focus on their sexual appearance and appeal to others. We found that across an age spectrum from 15 to 72 years, the more women watched sexualized TV, the more concerned they were about their body; a link between watching sexualized TV and considering cosmetic surgery was found only for women above the age of 31. Adding to the evidence documenting negative consequences of sexualized media use on young women's body image, this study is a first indicator that these might also apply to women across a broader age spectrum.
Extensive research has documented links between sexualized media use and body image concerns. Previous findings are based largely on female adolescents or young adults, although objectification theory predicts changes of body image concerns with age. Therefore, the current study investigated the link of sexualized TV exposure (STE) with self-objectification and consideration of cosmetic surgery within the framework of objectification theory in a sample of 519 female participants between the age of 15 and 72 (M = 39.43 years). Participants completed measures of STE, appearance-ideal internalization, valuing appearance over competence, body surveillance, and consideration of cosmetic surgery. Structural equation modeling revealed that STE was indirectly linked with consideration of cosmetic surgery via valuing appearance over competence and body surveillance. Age was negatively related to internalization, valuing appearance over competence, and body surveillance, but did not moderate the links between STE and body image. Older women scored lower on the body-related variables, but the associations between STE and self-objectification were the same across the age spectrum. STE predicted consideration of cosmetic surgery only for women over 31 years of age. Implications concerning the role of age in linking sexualized media to self-objectification are discussed. KW - television KW - sexualization KW - age KW - body image KW - self-objectification Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000348 SN - 2160-4143 SN - 2160-4142 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - 117 EP - 124 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Waizenhöfer, Eva A1 - Möller, Ingrid T1 - Women's sexual aggression against men : prevalence and predictors Y1 - 2003 ER - TY - THES A1 - Fries, Stefan T1 - Wollen und Können : ein Training zur gleichzeitigen Förderung des Leistungsmotivs und des induktiven Denkens T2 - Pädagogische Psychologie und Entwicklungspsychologie Y1 - 2002 SN - 3-8309-1031-2 VL - 31 PB - Waxmann CY - Münster ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fay, Doris A1 - Sonnentag, Sabine T1 - Within-person fluctuations of proactive behavior how affect and experienced competence regulate work behavior JF - Human performance N2 - This article studies proactive work behavior from a within-person perspective. Building on the broaden-and-build model and the mood-as-information approach, we hypothesized that negative trait affect and positive state affect predict the relative time spent on proactive behavior. Furthermore, based on self-determination theory we argued that persons want to feel competent and that proactive behavior is one way to experience competence. In an experience-sampling study, 52 employees responded to surveys 3 times a day for 5 days. Hierarchical linear modeling confirmed the hypotheses on trait and state affect. Analyses furthermore showed that although a higher level of experienced competence at core task activities was associated with a subsequent increase in time spent on these activities, low experienced competence predicted an increase in time spent on proactive behavior. Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2011.631647 SN - 0895-9285 VL - 25 IS - 1 SP - 72 EP - 93 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Philadelphia ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rothe, Heinz-Jürgen A1 - Timpe, K.-P. A1 - Seifert, R. T1 - Wissenspsychologische Beiträge zur Entwicklung von Unterstützungssystemen für die Störungsdiagnose Y1 - 1994 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Timpe, K.-P. A1 - Rothe, Heinz-Jürgen T1 - Wissenspsychiologische Beiträge zur rechnerunterstützten Störungsdiagnose Y1 - 1997 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rothe, Heinz-Jürgen T1 - Wissensorientierte Unterstützungssysteme Y1 - 1995 SN - 3-89429-968-1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ceglarek, Petra A1 - Rothe, Heinz-Jürgen T1 - Wissensmanagement in Call Centern - personale Aspekte Y1 - 2003 SN - 3-89334-374-1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Degener, Mirko T1 - Wissensmanagement im Entwicklungs- und Konstruktionsprozess Y1 - 1999 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Ceglarek, Petra A1 - Rothe, Heinz-Jürgen T1 - Wissensmanagement im Call Center T3 - CCall Report Y1 - 2002 VL - 16 PB - Verwaltungs-Berufsgenossenschaft CY - Hamburg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rothe, Heinz-Jürgen T1 - Wissenserfassung bei Konstrukteuren Y1 - 1994 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sonntag, Karlheinz A1 - Rothe, Heinz-Jürgen A1 - Schaper, Niclas T1 - Wissenserfassung bei diagnostischen Tätigkeiten in komplexen Fertigungssystemen als Grundlage für die Gestaltung beruflichen Trainings Y1 - 1994 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rothe, Heinz-Jürgen T1 - Wissensdiagnose auf der Basis von Assoziiren und Struktur-Legen Y1 - 2003 SN - 3-7910-2106-0 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Metz, Anna-Marie T1 - Wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiter an Hochschulen : Belastungen und Ressourcen Y1 - 2005 SN - 3-89334-431-4 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Wissenschaftliche Forschungspraxis und alltagspsychologische Wirklichkeit BT - ein Beitrag zur attributionstheoretischen Methodendiskussion N2 - Ausgehend von einer Kritik der vorherrschenden attributionstheoretischen Forschungspraxis werden drei methodologische Probleme der Erfassung von Kausalattributionen als laienpsychologische Erklärungskonzepte diskutiert: — Die Angemessenheit experimenteller Methoden zur Aktualisierung der motivationalen Voraussetzungen von Attributionsprozessen — Die Untersuchung der personalen und situativen Auslösebedingungen von Kausalinterpretationen — Die Erfassung und Systematisierung der Inhaltskategorien, die zur Kausalerklärung sozialer Ereignisse herangezogen werden. Auf der Basis weniger bisher vorliegender Untersuchungen werden theoretische und empirische Lösungsansätze zusammengetragen, die zu einer methodologischen Neuorientierung der Attributionsforschung im Sinne einer stärkeren Annäherung an die alltagspsychologische Erfahrungswelt führen können. N2 - Starting from a critical evaluation of current attributional methods, three methodological problems are discussed, concerning the analysis of causal attributions as lay people's ordinary explanations: — The adequacy of experimental methods for creating the motivational basis of attributional search — The exploration of necessary and sufficient conditions for instigating attribution processes — The systematic analysis of causal categories and causal distinctions used by naive psychologists to explain social events. On the basis of the scarce evidence available, theoretical and empirical starting points are suggested for a re-orientation of attributional methodology in terms of a closer approximation of scientific research to lay people's reality. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 186 Y1 - 1984 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-44157 SP - 180 EP - 193 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rothe, Heinz-Jürgen A1 - Timpe, K.-P. T1 - Wissensanforderungen bei der Störungsdiagnose an CNC-Werkzeugmaschinen Y1 - 1997 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Inversini, Simone T1 - Wirkungsvolles Change Management in Abhängigkeit von situativen Anforderungen : Zusammenfassung der Dissertation von Simone Inversini Y1 - 2005 UR - http://www.uni-potsdam.de/u/dekanat_philfak2/promotion/files/abstract_inversini.pdf ER - TY - THES A1 - Inversini, Simone T1 - Wirkungsvolles Change Management in Abhängigkeit von situativen Anforderungen : organisationale Veränderungsprozesse im Spannungsfeld von betrieblichen Voraussetzungen und Umweltanforderungen ... T1 - Effective change management as a function of situational requirements : organizational change processes in the framework of operational requirements and environmental demands in consideration of economic, organizational and qualification-related ... N2 - Die Beschäftigung mit dem Thema Change Management erfordert die Auseinandersetzung mit einem heterogenen Feld von Ansätzen und fachlichen Perspektiven. Es besteht ein Mangel an systematischen empirischen Untersuchungen zu diesem Thema. Insbesondere fehlen Arbeiten, die mehr als eine "Schule" des Change Managements berücksichtigen. Unterschiede in den situativen Anforderungen werden zudem theoretisch und empirisch oft unzureichend berücksichtigt. Die Vermutung liegt nahe, dass das Scheitern von Veränderungsprozessen häufig durch die stereotype Anwendung generalisierender Empfehlungen gängiger Ansätze verursacht wird. Um diesen Defiziten zu begegnen, sollten in dieser Arbeit Kontingenzen von situativen Anforderungen und Change Management empirisch überprüft werden. Der Untersuchung liegt eine Konzeption zugrunde, die hinsichtlich des Projekterfolgs von der idealen Passung (Kontingenz) zwischen situativer Anforderung und Change Management ausgeht und damit einhergehende prozessbezogene Einflussfaktoren berücksichtigt. Erfolg wird im Sinne der Nachhaltigkeit als Wirkungen wirtschaftlicher, organisationsbezogener und qualifikatorischer Art definiert. In drei Teilstudien wurden Beratende und betriebliche Beteiligte jeweils projektbezogen schriftlich und mündlich zu betrieblicher Ausgangslage, Veränderungsprinzipien, Wirkungen und prozessbezogenen Einflussfaktoren befragt. Die erste Teilstudie umfasst vier Fallstudien. Hier wurden insgesamt 18 Projektbeteiligte, jeweils Beratende, betriebliche Projektleitende und –mitarbeitende, befragt. Die zweite Teilstudie umfasst die schriftliche und mündliche Befragung von 31 Beratenden verschiedener Schulen des Change Managements. In der dritten Teilstudie wurden 47 betriebliche Veränderungsverantwortliche schriftlich befragt. Die Projekte der zweiten und dritten Teilstudie liessen sich in jeweils zwei statistisch abgesicherte Erfolgsgruppen einteilen, wobei sich die Erfolgsgruppen nicht systematisch auf Merkmalen der betrieblichen Ausgangslage unterscheiden. Folgendes sind die wichtigsten Ergebnisse: Bei traditionell-bürokratischen Organisationsstrukturen geht ein langfristig-kontinuierliches, graduell-anpassendes, pragmatisch-lösungsorientiertes Vorgehen, in flexiblen Strukturen dagegen ein kurzfristiges, tiefgreifendes und integrativ-konzeptuelles Vorgehen mit Projekterfolg einher.In traditionell-hierarchischen Führungsstrukturen erweist sich ein wenig humanzentriertes und wenig selbstbeurteilendes Vorgehen mit standardisierter Vorgehensmethode, in flexiblen Führungsstrukturen ein stark humanzentriertes und ausgeprägt selbstbeurteilendes Vorgehen mit angepasster Vorgehensmethode als erfolgsversprechend.Bei grossem betrieblichem Veränderungswissen erweist sich ein selbstbeurteilendes Vorgehen, bei geringem Veränderungswissen ein wenig selbstbeurteilendes Vorgehen als erfolgsversprechend.Angesichts ökonomischer Anforderungen geht ein langfristig-kontinuierliches, schnelles und rollend geplantes Vorgehen mit einem tiefgreifenden und integrativ-konzeptuellen Ansatz, unter wenig Einbezug von Fremdbeurteilungen mit positiven Wirkungen einher.Bei technologischen Anforderungen ist ein langfristig-kontinuierliches, langsames und tiefgreifendes Vorgehen mit wenig Fremdbeurteilung erfolgsversprechend.Für soziokulturelle Anforderungen erweist sich ein langsames, selbstbeurteilendes, graduell anpassendes und pragmatisch-fokussiertes Vorgehen als erfolgreich. Angesichts politisch-rechtlicher Anforderungen geht ein linear geplantes, zielfokussiertes, fachberaterisches und wenig prozessorientiertes Vorgehen mit Erfolg einher.Bei Gesamtreorganisationen als innerorganisationale Anforderungen erweist sich ein linear geplantes, fach- und prozessberaterisches sowie tiefgreifendes Vorgehen als erfolgsversprechend.Bei innerorganisationalen Anforderungen durch Führungswechsel geht ein kurzfristig-temporäres, integrativ-konzeptuelles Vorgehen mit angepasster Vorgehensmethode mit Erfolg einher. Hinsichtlich prozessbezogener Einflussfaktoren erweisen sich situationsspezifisches Beratendenhandeln, unterstützendes Führungsverhalten, grosse Akzeptanz der/des Beratenden, umfassender Einbezug der Mitarbeitenden, aktive Beteiligung und Engagement der Mitarbeitenden, Verankerung des Projekts in der Organisation und hoher wahrgenommener Nutzen der Veränderung als wichtigste unterstützende Faktoren. Widerstände aus der Belegschaft, problematisches Führungsverhalten im Veränderungsprozess, fehlende/mangelhafte neben Tagesgeschäft bereitgestellte Ressourcen, behindernde organisationale (nicht projektbezogene) Entwicklungen, Angst/Verunsicherung der Belegschaft sind die wichtigsten hemmenden Faktoren. N2 - Dealing with the theme of change management requires an examination of a heterogeneous field of approaches and subject perspectives. Systematic empirical investigations of this theme are lacking. In particular, works that take account of more than one school of thought regarding change management are scarce. Furthermore, differences in situational requirements are often insufficiently considered both from a theoretical and empirical point of view. It can be assumed that the failure of change processes is frequently caused by the stereotypical use of generalized recommendations of common approaches. In order to combat these deficits, this work aims to empirically examine contingencies of situational requirements and change management. The investigation is based on a concept that assumes that an ideal fit (contingency) between situational requirements and change management is necessary for the success of a project and takes into account the accompanying process-related influencing factors. Success is defined in the sense of sustainability as economic, organization and qualification-related types of effects. In three part studies, consultants and those involved on an operational level were, based on the relevant project, questioned in oral and written form on the operational starting positions, change principles, effects and process-related influencing factors. The first part study comprises four case studies in which a total of 18 persons involved in the project, made up of consultants, operational project leaders and project workers, were questioned. The second part study comprises the written and oral survey of 31 consultants from different schools of thought regarding change management. In the third part study, 47 persons responsible for operational change were questioned in a written survey. It was possible to divide each of the projects from the second and third part studies into two statistically valid success groups, whereby the success groups did not differ systematically in terms of features of the operational starting positions. The most important results are as follows: Project success in traditional-bureaucratic organization structures is associated with a long-term, continuous, gradually adaptive, pragmatic, solution-oriented procedure. In flexible structures, on the other hand, success comes with a short-term, far-reaching and integrational, conceptual procedure. In traditional-hierarchical management structures, a minimally human-centered and less self-evaluative process with a standardized procedure proves to be conducive to success, while in flexible management structures, a strongly human-centered and markedly self-evaluative procedure with an adaptive approach shows itself to be beneficial. In terms of great operational knowledge of change, a self-evaluative procedure proves to be most promising, while with little knowledge of change, a less self-evaluative procedure should be favored. In view of economic requirements, a long-term, continuous, quick and cascading procedure with a far-reaching and integrational, conceptual approach and little involvement of evaluation by others yields positive effects. In terms of technological requirements, a long-term, continuous, slow and far-reaching procedure with a low amount of evaluation by others is conducive to success. For socio-cultural requirements, a slow, self-evaluative, gradually adaptive and pragmatically focused procedure proves to be successful. In view of political and legal requirements, a procedure that is planned in a linear fashion, is goal-oriented, includes expert consultancy and a minimal amount of process orientation will bring about success. With complete reorganizations as requirements within an organization, a procedure that is planned in a linear fashion, has expert and process consulting aspects and is far-reaching is conducive to success. In terms of requirements within an organization brought about through management change, a short-term, temporary, integrational, conceptual procedure with an adaptive approach will lead to success. With regard to process-related influencing factors, a situation-specific approach by consultants, supportive management behavior, a high level of acceptance of the consultant, a comprehensive involvement of the employees, their active participation and commitment, anchoring of the project in the organization as well as high perceived use of the ensuing change prove to be the most important supporting factors. Resistance from staff, problematic management behavior in the change process, a lack of or deficient resources provided in addition to daily business, obstructive organizational (not project-related) developments and anxiety/uncertainty of the staff are the most important inhibitory factors. KW - Unternehmensentwicklung / Management KW - Organisationswandel KW - Organisationsentwicklung KW - Evaluation KW - Change Management KW - Kontingenzansatz KW - Situationsansatz KW - Veränderungsprinzipien KW - Situative Anforderungen KW - Change Management KW - organizational development KW - contingency approach KW - Evaluation KW - situational requirements Y1 - 2005 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-5496 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kusak, Guido A1 - Grune, Kerstin A1 - Hagendorf, Herbert A1 - Metz, Anna-Marie T1 - Wirkungen der Vorbelastung des Arbeitsgedächtnisses auf Komponenten evozierter Potentiale beim sequentiellen Einprägen verbalen Materials Y1 - 1997 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vollmeyer, Regina A1 - Rollett, Wolfram A1 - Rheinberg, Falko T1 - Wirkt Feedback beim Lernen auf Motivation oder Kognition? Y1 - 1998 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Blank, Sarah T1 - Wirksamkeit von Psychotherapie im Kindes- und Jugendalter N2 - Psychotherapeutic interventions require empirical as well as scientific assessment. Specifically, the proven efficacy of psychotherapy for children and adolescents is essential. Thus, studies examining treatment efficacy and meta- analyses are necessary to compare effect sizes of individual therapeutic interventions between treatment groups and waiting control groups. Assessment of 138 primary studies from 1993-2009 documented the efficacy of psychotherapy for children and adolescents. Furthermore, behavioural therapy outperformed non-behavioural interventions, as 90 % of behavioural interventions showed larger effect sizes compared to non-behavioural psychotherapy. Analysis of moderator variables demonstrated an improved treatment efficacy for individual therapy, inclusion of the family, treatment of internalised disorders, and in clinical samples. Stability of psychotherapeutic treatment effects over time was demonstrated. Y1 - 2011 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Bakhshayesh, Ali Reza A1 - Drüge, Sebastian A1 - Ihle, Wolfgang T1 - Wirksamkeit von Neuro- und EMG-Feedback bei Kindern mit ADHS : eine Follow-up-Studie Y1 - 2009 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rauh, Hellgard T1 - Wilken, E. (Hrsg.), Neue Perspektiven für Menschen mit Down-Syndrom, Rückersdorf, 1977 BT - Neue Perspektiven für Menschen mit Down-Syndrom Y1 - 1999 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kaufmann, Yvonne Marie A1 - Maiwald, Lisa Marie A1 - Schindler, Svenja A1 - Weck, Florian T1 - Wie wirkt sich mehrmaliges Kompetenz-Feedback auf psychotherapeutische Behandlungen aus? T1 - How does multiple competence feedback affect psychotherapeutic treatment? BT - eine qualitative Analyse BT - a qualitative analysis JF - Zeitschrift für klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie : Forschung und Praxis N2 - Theoretischer Hintergrund: Einflüsse von therapeutenorientiertem Kompetenz-Feedback in der Psychotherapieausbildung wurden bislang wenig untersucht. Fragestellung: Wie gehen Ausbildungstherapeuten mit Feedback um? Welchen Einfluss hat ein regelmäßiges Kompetenz-Feedback auf die Qualität psychotherapeutischer Behandlungen (insbesondere Therapiesitzungen, therapeutische Beziehung, Person des Therapeuten, Supervision)? Methode: Elf Therapeuten wurden mithilfe eines halbstrukturierten Interviewleitfadens befragt. Die Auswertung erfolgte mittels qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring (2015). Ergebnisse: Das auf Basis der Interviews erstellte Kategoriensystem umfasste die Kategorien „Erwartungen an das Feedback“, „Wahrnehmung des Feedbacks“, „Verarbeitung von und Umgang mit Feedback“, „Folgen, Auswirkungen und Veränderungen durch Feedback“ sowie „Verbesserungswünsche“. Schlussfolgerungen: Therapeuten streben eine Umsetzung des Feedbacks an, welches sich auf die Behandlung, die Supervision, die eigene Person und die therapeutische Beziehung auswirkt. N2 - Background: To date, the influence of therapist-oriented feedback in psychotherapy training has rarely been investigated. Objective: How do therapists in training deal with competence feedback? What influence does a regular competence feedback have on treatment quality (especially therapy sessions, therapeutic alliance, the therapist, supervision)? Method: We interviewed 11 therapists using a semistructured interview guide. The text material was analyzed with qualitative content analysis (Mayring, 2015). Results: The interview-based system of categories consists of: expectations toward feedback; perception of feedback; processing of feedback; consequences, effects, and changes due to feedback; and suggestions for improvement. Conclusion: Therapists strive to implement feedback. Competence feedback has an impact on treatment, supervision, the therapist, and the therapeutic alliance. KW - feedback KW - psychotherapy training KW - psychotherapeutic competencies KW - qualitative content analysis KW - clinical supervision Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1026/1616-3443/a000412 SN - 1616-3443 SN - 2190-6297 VL - 46 IS - 2 SP - 96 EP - 106 PB - Hogrefe CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schindke, Corinna A1 - Gisch, Ulrike Alexandra A1 - Gumz, Antje T1 - Wie sollte Yoga in der Therapie der Anorexia nervosa ausgeführt werden? T1 - How should yoga in Anorexia nervosa treatment be applied? BT - eine qualitative Pilotstudie zu hilfreich erlebten Yoga-Strategien aus Sicht von Patientinnen BT - a qualitative perspective JF - Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, medizinische Psychologie : PPmP ; Organ des Deutschen Kollegiums für Psychosomatische Medizin N2 - An altered interoception is a central correlate of anorexia nervosa (AN) and addressing this issue offers a promising approach in the treatment of AN. First results have shown the effectiveness of yoga as a body-focused intervention in the treatment of AN. However, to date there is a lack of empirical evidence regarding the question how yoga strategies and yoga elements (postures, relaxation, breath, meditation) should be applied. Against this background, we conducted a qualitative pilot study with n = 6 female patients with AN undergoing treatment in a specialist unit supporting re-insertion subsequent to a preceding inpatient AN treatment. Study participants received a weekly one-hour hatha-yoga intervention over at least 12 weeks. After the yoga intervention, semi-structured interviews (1/2 to 1 hour) were conducted to assess the experiences of the study participants during the yoga intervention. The data were analyzed using Grounded Theory. At the upper level of analysis, four categories were differentiated: information regarding 1) study participants' symptoms, 2) aspects of the setting experienced to be beneficial, 3) yoga strategies perceived to be beneficial and 4) perceived consequences of yoga strategies. With regard to the yoga strategies perceived to be beneficial, analyses revealed 4 subcategories: features of 1) postures and movements, 2) breath and meditation exercises, 3) relaxation exercises and 4) general information about the setting. The results give first indications regarding the conceptualization of yoga in the treatment of AN and potential mechanisms. Further qualitative and quantitative studies are needed, e.g., with regard to effectiveness, contraindications, mediators or moderators to better evaluate the potential of yoga in the treatment of AN. N2 - Eine veränderte Interozeption ist ein zentrales Korrelat der Anorexia nervosa (AN) und stellt einen potentiellen Ansatz in der Genesung der AN dar. Erste Ergebnisse zur Wirksamkeit von Yoga als körperorientierte Methode in der Therapie der AN sind vielversprechend. Dennoch liegen bislang unzureichende empirische Befunde bezüglich der Frage vor, auf welche Weise Yoga-Strategien und Yoga-Elemente wie Körperhaltungen, Entspannungs-, Atem-, und Meditationsübungen eingesetzt werden sollten. Vor diesem Hintergrund führten wir eine qualitative Pilotstudie mit einer Stichprobe von n=6 Patientinnen mit AN durch, die sich im Anschluss an eine klinische stationäre Behandlung in einer pädagogisch-therapeutischen Facheinrichtung der Jugend- und Eingliederungshilfe (SGB VIII/XII) befanden. Die Studienteilnehmerinnen erhielten eine einstündige Hatha-Yoga-Intervention über mindestens 12 Wochen. Nach der Yoga-Intervention wurden ½- bis 1-stündige halbstrukturierte Leitfadeninterviews zu den Erfahrungen mit den verwendeten Yoga-Strategien durchgeführt. Die Interviews wurden mittels Grounded Theory ausgewertet. Auf der obersten Analyseebene wurden 4 Kategorien differenziert: Angaben 1) zum Beschwerdebild der Studienteilnehmerinnen, 2) zu als hilfreich erlebten Elementen des therapeutischen Rahmens, 3) zu als hilfreich erlebten Yoga-Strategien sowie 4) zu subjektiv wahrgenommenen Konsequenzen der Yoga-Strategien. Bezüglich der als hilfreich erlebten Yoga-Strategien ergaben die Analysen 4 Subkategorien: Merkmale 1) der Bewegungselemente, 2) der Meditations- und Atemübungen, 3) der Entspannungsübungen sowie 4) allgemeine Hinweise zur Durchführung. Die Ergebnisse geben erste Hinweise für die Konzeption von Yoga in der Therapie der AN und zu potentiellen Wirkmechanismen. Weiterführende qualitative sowie quantitative Studien zu u. a. Wirksamkeit, Kontraindikationen oder Mediator- sowie Moderatorvariablen sind erforderlich, um das Potenzial von Yoga in der Therapie der AN noch besser bewerten zu können. KW - yoga KW - psychotherapy KW - eating disorders KW - anorexia nervosa KW - interoception KW - Psychotherapie KW - Essstörungen KW - Interozeption Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1390-4450 SN - 0937-2032 SN - 1439-1058 VL - 71 IS - 11 SP - 446 EP - 455 PB - Thieme CY - Stuttgart ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Theoharova, Simona A1 - Demmer, Ralf T1 - Wie klingt Motivation? T1 - The sound of motivation BT - Eine Analyse deutschsprachiger Begriffe und Redewendungen zur Tabakentwöhnung BT - an analysis of German-language terms and phrases on smoking cessation JF - Sucht - Zeitschrift für Wissenschaft und Praxis N2 - Zusammenfassung.Hintergrund/Fragestellung: Während einer erfolgreichen Psychotherapie – so Miller und Rollnick (2013) – initiiert der Therapeut ein lautes Nachdenken über Veränderung (change talk), das eine Verhaltensänderung einleitet und verschiedene Facetten der Motivation eines Patienten spiegelt. Auf den preparatory change talk (desire, ability, reasons, need) folgt der mobilizing change talk (commitment, activation, taking steps) und schließlich die Verhaltensänderung. Die vorliegende Studie ist ein erster Versuch, deutsche Begriffe und Redewendungen zu analysieren, um Therapeuten die Einschätzung der Motivation eines Patienten zu erleichtern. Methodik: Das schrittweise Vorgehen entsprach weitgehend einem in der englischsprachigen Literatur beschriebenen Verfahren zur Einschätzung von Begriffen und Redewendungen hinsichtlich der Motivation eines Sprechers (vgl. Amrhein, 2009): (1) Generierung einer Sammlung relevanter Begriffe und Redewendungen, (2) Einschätzung der Stärke einer Formulierung durch 430 Probanden, (3) Bestimmung der Retestreliabilität anhand der Einschätzungen von 63 Probanden, (4) Kategorisierung von 140 Begriffen und Redewendungen durch drei Experten. Ergebnisse: Die ausgewählten Begriffe und Phrasen lassen sich zuverlässig den von Miller und Rollnick (2013) beschriebenen Kategorien Preparatory Change Talk oder Mobilizing Change Talk zuordnen, κ = .83 (95 % CI, .80 ≤ κ≤ .85), p < .001, und spiegeln darüber hinaus verschiedene Ausprägungen der Motivation eines Sprechers wider. Die Einschätzungen der Stärke einer Formulierung sind jedoch nicht stabil (Retestreliabilität: .21 ≤ rtt ≤.70). Schlussfolgerungen: Die Beachtung typischer Schlüsselwörter kann das richtige Timing einer Intervention erleichtern und darüber hinaus Auskunft über die „Entschlossenheit“ eines Patienten geben. Im Rahmen von Forschungsprojekten könnten auf der Basis erweiterter Sammlungen relevanter Begriffe und Redewendungen Algorithmen entwickelt werden, die eine Einschätzung der Motivation und damit prognostisch bedeutsame Aussagen erlauben. N2 - Background/Aim: According to Miller and Rollnick (2013), successful treatment for mental illness and substance abuse, respectively, involves change talk about client motivation. A complete conversation about motivation comprises both preparatory (desire, ability, reasons, need) and mobilizing change talk (commitment. activation, taking steps). The present study seeks to adopt a well-established English-language assessment instrument used to classify clients change talk. Method: Therefore, 150 German-language phrases reflecting motivation for change were presented to 430 volunteers and three experts in motivational interviewing. Results: Assignment of phrases to the distinct categories of change talk was highly reliable, kappa = .83 (95% CI, .80 <= kappa <= .85), p < .001 . Most phrases reflected a modest level of motivation. Test-retest reliabilities of strength ratings ranged from r(tau tau) = .21 to r(tau tau) = .70. Conclusions: Careful listening to specific phrases reflecting client motivation may enable counsellors to adopt interventions to clients level of motivation. Future research may seek to expand the data basis of linguistic analyses by including a wider range of German-language phrases. An increased item pool may facilitate the identification of terms and phases related to subsequent behaviour change. KW - motivation KW - motivational interviewing KW - language KW - tobacco dependence Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1024/0939-5911/a000552 SN - 0939-5911 SN - 1664-2856 VL - 64 IS - 4 SP - 207 EP - 215 PB - Hogrefe CY - Bern ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Grüning, Th. A1 - Krug, W. A1 - May, P. A1 - Meiers, K. A1 - Trebert, M. T1 - Wie Kindern mit Lernschwierigkeiten wirksam helfen? Y1 - 2005 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hahn, Daniela A1 - Weck, Florian A1 - Witthöft, Michael A1 - Maiwald, Lisa Marie A1 - Foral, Annika A1 - Kühne, Franziska T1 - Wie erleben Psychotherapeut_innen in Ausbildung ihre Selbsterfahrung? BT - eine qualitative Untersuchung BT - a qualitative analysis JF - Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie N2 - Background: Self-experiential work is a central component of psychotherapy training. However, research on this matter has not received a lot of attention. Objective: This study explores the conditions and effects of helpful self-experiential work. Method: We interviewed 14 psychotherapists in training using a semistructured interview guide and applied qualitative content analysis according to Mayring (2015). Results: Different characteristics were associated with helpful self-experiential work: characteristics of the instructor (e. g., implementation skills), organization, willingness of the trainees to learn, topics and methods applied, and a sustainable working atmosphere. Among the positive effects reported was the promotion of the trainees' interpersonal competencies. Furthermore, we found some side effects and negative impact (e. g.. exhaustion). Conclusions: We were able to extract conditions that can guide the execution of helpful self-experiential work and the effects of self-experiential work from the perspective of the trainees. N2 - Theoretischer Hintergrund: Selbsterfahrung ist zentraler Bestandteil der Psychotherapieausbildung. Gleichzeitig wurde Selbsterfahrung selten empirisch untersucht. Fragestellung: Ziel unserer Studie war es, Bedingungen und Effekte hilfreicher Selbsterfahrung zu explorieren. Methode: Vierzehn verhaltenstherapeutische Ausbildungskandidat_innen wurden anhand halbstrukturierter Leitfadeninterviews befragt. Die Auswertung erfolgte mittels qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring (2015). Ergebnisse: Verschiedene Bedingungen wurden mit hilfreich erlebter Selbsterfahrung in Zusammenhang gebracht: Merkmale der Selbsterfahrungsleitung (u. a. Durchführungskompetenz), der Organisation, der Teilnehmer_innen (Lernbereitschaft), die behandelten Themen und die eingesetzten Techniken, sowie eine tragfähige Arbeitsbeziehung. Berichtete positive Effekte waren u. a. die Förderung interpersoneller Kompetenzen. Zudem wurden Nebenwirkungen und negative Effekte formuliert (u. a. Erschöpfung). Schlussfolgerungen: Bedingungen zur Durchführung von als hilfreich erlebter Selbsterfahrung und Effekte von Selbsterfahrung wurden aus Sicht der Teilnehmer_innen extrahiert. T2 - How do psychotherapists in training experience their own self-experiential work? KW - personal practice KW - psychotherapy training KW - qualitative content analysis KW - Selbsterfahrung KW - Psychotherapeutische Ausbildung KW - Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1026/1616-3443/a000626 SN - 1616-3443 SN - 2190-6297 VL - 50 IS - 2 SP - 78 EP - 89 PB - Hogrefe CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rheinberg, Falko T1 - Wie erfasse ich Motivation? : ein Diagnoseschema und die Klärung problematischer Fälle Y1 - 2004 SN - 3-8325-0467-2 ER - TY - THES A1 - Meiser, Susanne T1 - Wie dysfunktional sind Dysfunktionale Einstellungen? T1 - How dysfunctional are dysfunctional attitudes? BT - dysfunktionale Kognitionen und Depression im Kindes- und Jugendalter BT - dysfunctional cognitions and depression in children and adolescents N2 - Im kognitiven Vulnerabilitäts-Stress-Modell der Depression von A.T. Beck (1967, 1976) spielen dysfunktionale Einstellungen bei der Entstehung von Depression in Folge von erlebtem Stress eine zentrale Rolle. Diese Theorie prägt seit Jahrzehnten die ätiologische Erforschung der Depression, jedoch ist die Bedeutung dysfunktionaler Einstellungen im Prozess der Entstehung einer Depression insbesondere im Kindes- und Jugendalter nach wie vor unklar. Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich einigen in der bisherigen Forschung wenig behandelten Fragen. Diese betreffen u. a. die Möglichkeit nichtlinearer Effekte dysfunktionaler Einstellungen, Auswirkungen einer Stichprobenselektion, Entwicklungseffekte sowie die Spezifität etwaiger Zusammenhänge für eine depressive Symptomatik. Zur Beantwortung dieser Fragen wurden Daten von zwei Messzeitpunkten der PIER-Studie, eines großangelegten Längsschnittprojekts über Entwicklungsrisiken im Kindes- und Jugendalter, genutzt. Kinder und Jugendliche im Alter von 9 bis 18 Jahren berichteten zweimal im Abstand von ca. 20 Monaten im Selbstberichtsverfahren über ihre dysfunktionalen Einstellungen, Symptome aus verschiedenen Störungsbereichen sowie über eingetretene Lebensereignisse. Die Ergebnisse liefern Evidenz für ein Schwellenmodell, in dem dysfunktionale Einstellungen unabhängig von Alter und Geschlecht nur im höheren Ausprägungsbereich eine Wirkung als Vulnerabilitätsfaktor zeigen, während im niedrigen Ausprägungsbereich keine Zusammenhänge zur späteren Depressivität bestehen. Eine Wirkung als Vulnerabilitätsfaktor war zudem nur in der Subgruppe der anfänglich weitgehend symptomfreien Kinder und Jugendlichen zu beobachten. Das Schwellenmodell erwies sich als spezifisch für eine depressive Symptomatik, es zeigten sich jedoch auch (teilweise ebenfalls nichtlineare) Effekte dysfunktionaler Einstellungen auf die Entwicklung von Essstörungssymptomen und aggressivem Verhalten. Bei 9- bis 13-jährigen Jungen standen dysfunktionale Einstellungen zudem in Zusammenhang mit einer Tendenz, Stress in Leistungskontexten herbeizuführen. Zusammen mit den von Sahyazici-Knaak (2015) berichteten Ergebnissen aus der PIER-Studie weisen die Befunde darauf hin, dass dysfunktionale Einstellungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter – je nach betrachteter Subgruppe – Ursache, Symptom und Konsequenz der Depression darstellen können. Die in der vorliegenden Arbeit gezeigten nichtlinearen Effekte dysfunktionaler Einstellungen und die Effekte der Stichprobenselektion bieten eine zumindest teilweise Erklärung für die Heterogenität früherer Forschungsergebnisse. Insgesamt lassen sie auf komplexe – und nicht ausschließlich negative – Auswirkungen dysfunktionaler Einstellungen schließen. Für eine adäquate Beurteilung der „Dysfunktionalität“ der von A.T. Beck so betitelten Einstellungen erscheint daher eine Berücksichtigung der betrachteten Personengruppe, der absoluten Ausprägungen und der fraglichen Symptomgruppen geboten. N2 - In A. T. Beck´s prominent vulnerability-stress-model of depression (Beck 1967, 1976), dysfunctional attitudes represent the key vulnerability factor of depression. This theory has stimulated etiological research on depression for decades. However, the significance of dysfunctional attitudes for the emergence of depression in children and adolescents remains somewhat elusive. This dissertation addresses some questions unanswered by past studies, e.g. the possibility of nonlinear effects of dysfunctional attitudes, the impact of subject selection procedures, developmental effects and the specificity of dysfunctional attitudes for depressive symptomatology. These questions were examined using data from two measurement points of the PIER study, a large longitudinal project on developmental risks in childhood and adolescence. Children and adolescents aged 9 – 18 years reported dysfunctional attitudes, symptoms from various domains and stressful life events twice with a mean interval between assessments of 20 months. Results suggest a threshold model of cognitive vulnerability, in which only dysfunctional attitudes exceeding a certain threshold conferred vulnerability to depressive symptoms, while dysfunctional attitudes below the threshold were unrelated to future depressive symptoms. These effects were invariant across gender and age. Moreover, vulnerability effects of dysfunctional attitudes were observable in initially non-symptomatic participants only. The threshold model of dysfunctional attitudes turned out to be specific for the depressive symptom domain. However, relationships of different shapes were detected between dysfunctional attitudes and the development of aggressive and eating disorder symptoms. Moreover, dysfunctional attitudes in 9 – 13-year old boys predicted non-interpersonal stress generation. Along with evidence from the PIER study reported by Sahyazici-Knaak (2015), results suggest that dysfunctional attitudes in children and adolescents may represent a cause, symptom and consequence of depression, depending on the sub-population in question. The nonlinear effects of dysfunctional attitudes detected in this study might, at least in part, offer an explanation for the inconsistent results of past studies. In sum, findings of this dissertation suggest complex – and not exclusively negative - effects of dysfunctional attitudes. Thus, a judgement of the actual “dysfunctionality” of the “dysfunctional attitudes” proposed by A. T. Beck seems to require a close consideration of the absolute level of attitudes as well as the sub-population and symptom domains in question. KW - Depression KW - Ätiologie KW - Kognition KW - dysfunktionale Einstellungen KW - Kinder KW - Jugendliche KW - kognitive Vulnerabilität KW - depression KW - etiology KW - cognition KW - dysfunctional attitudes KW - children KW - adolescents KW - cognitive vulnerability Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-412483 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Miller, Jeff A1 - Ulrich, Rolf A1 - Schwarz, Wolfgang T1 - Why jackknifing yields good latency estimates N2 - We compared individual-participant and jackknife-based methods for scoring the onset latencies of event-related potential (ERP) components using a diffusion process as a model for an ERP. We studied "ramp-like" components in which the true ERP increases or decreases monotonically, except for noise. If the growth rates of such components vary across participants, the jackknife-based measure can easily have only 10%-20% as much error variance as the traditional method, and this advantage is magnified with more participants. We also studied boolean AND-shaped or "bump-like" components. Jackknifing generally yielded smaller error variances with these components too, especially when the component's peak amplitude varied across participants, but less so if the component's peak latency varied. These results help illuminate the reasons for the superiority of jackknife-based onset latency measures over traditional measures in recent simulations. Y1 - 2009 UR - http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/issn?DESCRIPTOR=PRINTISSN&VALUE=0048-5772 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00761.x SN - 0048-5772 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wilhelm, Oliver A1 - Oberauer, Klaus T1 - Why are reasoning ability and working memory capacity related to mental speed? An investigation of stimulus- response compatibility in choice reaction time tasks N2 - A study with 114 young adults investigated the correlations of intelligence factors and working-memory capacity with reaction time (RT) tasks. Within two sets of four-choice RT tasks, stimulus-response compatibility was varied over three levels: compatible, incompatible, and arbitrary mappings. Two satisfactory measurement models for the RTs could be established: A general factor model without constraints on the loadings and a nested model with two correlated factors, distinguishing compatible from arbitrary mappings, with constraints on the loadings. Structural models additionally including factors for working memory and intelligence showed that the nested model with correlated factors is superior in fit. Working-memory capacity and fluid intelligence were correlated strongly with the nested factor for the RT tasks with arbitrary mappings, and less with the general RT factor. The results support the hypothesis that working memory is needed to maintain arbitrary bindings between stimulus representations and response representations, and this could explain the correlation of working-memory capacity with speed in choice RT tasks Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/09541440500215921 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Verch, Ronald A1 - Stoll, Josefine A1 - Hadzic, Miralem A1 - Quarmby, Andrew James A1 - Völler, Heinz T1 - Whole-Body EMS Superimposed Walking and Nordic Walking on a Treadmill—Determination of Exercise Intensity to Conventional Exercise T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) is an increasingly popular training method and has become the focus of research in recent years. New EMS devices offer a wide range of mobile applications for whole-body EMS (WB-EMS) training, e.g., the intensification of dynamic low-intensity endurance exercises through WB-EMS. The present study aimed to determine the differences in exercise intensity between WB-EMS-superimposed and conventional walking (EMS-CW), and CON and WB-EMS-superimposed Nordic walking (WB-EMS-NW) during a treadmill test. Eleven participants (52.0 ± years; 85.9 ± 7.4 kg, 182 ± 6 cm, BMI 25.9 ± 2.2 kg/m2) performed a 10 min treadmill test at a given velocity (6.5 km/h) in four different test situations, walking (W) and Nordic walking (NW) in both conventional and WB-EMS superimposed. Oxygen uptake in absolute (VO2) and relative to body weight (rel. VO2), lactate, and the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured before and after the test. WB-EMS intensity was adjusted individually according to the feedback of the participant. The descriptive statistics were given in mean ± SD. For the statistical analyses, one-factorial ANOVA for repeated measures and two-factorial ANOVA [factors include EMS, W/NW, and factor combination (EMS*W/NW)] were performed (α = 0.05). Significant effects were found for EMS and W/NW factors for the outcome variables VO2 (EMS: p = 0.006, r = 0.736; W/NW: p < 0.001, r = 0.870), relative VO2 (EMS: p < 0.001, r = 0.850; W/NW: p < 0.001, r = 0.937), and lactate (EMS: p = 0.003, r = 0.771; w/NW: p = 0.003, r = 0.764) and both the factors produced higher results. However, the difference in VO2 and relative VO2 is within the range of biological variability of ± 12%. The factor combination EMS*W/NW is statistically non-significant for all three variables. WB-EMS resulted in the higher RPE values (p = 0.035, r = 0.613), RPE differences for W/NW and EMS*W/NW were not significant. The current study results indicate that WB-EMS influences the parameters of exercise intensity. The impact on exercise intensity and the clinical relevance of WB-EMS-superimposed walking (WB-EMS-W) exercise is questionable because of the marginal differences in the outcome variables. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 760 KW - electrical muscle stimulation KW - walking KW - Nordic walking KW - treadmill KW - exercise intensity Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-549575 SN - 1866-8364 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Endrejat, Paul C. A1 - Baumgarten, Franz A1 - Kauffeld, Simone T1 - When theory meets practice BT - Combining Lewin’s Ideas about Change with Motivational Interviewing to Increase Energy-Saving Behaviours Within Organizations JF - Journal of Change Management N2 - Although more than seven decades have passed since Lewin laid the foundation for how employees’ behaviour could be changed within organizations, his ideas are far from being obsolescent. Accordingly, this article demonstrates how Lewin’s concepts can still be of use in tackling current issues (i.e. the need to raise energy-saving behaviours within organizations). In order to revive Lewin’s concepts, we combine his approaches on organization change with Motivational Interviewing (MI), a facilitation approach that fits well with his democratic and participatory mind-set. After a theoretical consideration of how Lewin’s ideas could be accompanied by MI principles, we outline a practical concept for raising the level of employees’ energy-saving behaviours to a higher standard. The usefulness of our concept is highlighted on the basis of qualitative (a force field analysis) and quantitative (an increase of energy-saving norms and – behaviours) data. Lewin’s legacy for current organization development, and the theoretical as well as practical implications for how his ideas could be applied through a combination with MI practices, are discussed. KW - Kurt Lewin KW - field theory KW - group dynamics KW - motivational interviewing KW - energy-saving KW - organization development Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/14697017.2017.1299372 SN - 1469-7017 SN - 1479-1811 VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - 101 EP - 120 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Urbach, Tina A1 - Fay, Doris T1 - When proactivity produces a power struggle BT - how supervisors’ power motivation affects their support for employees’ promotive voice JF - European journal of work and organizational psychology : the official journal of The European Association of Work and Organizational Psychology N2 - Previous research informs us about facilitators of employees’ promotive voice. Yet little is known about what determines whether a specific idea for constructive change brought up by an employee will be approved or rejected by a supervisor. Drawing on interactionist theories of motivation and personality, we propose that a supervisor will be least likely to support an idea when it threatens the supervisor’s power motive, and when it is perceived to serve the employee’s own striving for power. The prosocial versus egoistic intentions attributed to the idea presenter are proposed to mediate the latter effect. We conducted three scenario-based studies in which supervisors evaluated fictitious ideas voiced by employees that – if implemented – would have power-related consequences for them as a supervisor. Results show that the higher a supervisors’ explicit power motive was, the less likely they were to support a power-threatening idea (Study 1, N = 60). Moreover, idea support was less likely when this idea was proposed by an employee that was described as high (rather than low) on power motivation (Study 2, N = 79); attributed prosocial intentions mediated this effect. Study 3 (N = 260) replicates these results. KW - Promotive voice KW - idea support KW - power motive KW - supervisor support KW - proactivity Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2018.1435528 SN - 1359-432X SN - 1464-0643 VL - 27 IS - 2 SP - 280 EP - 295 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sperlich, Anja A1 - Schad, Daniel A1 - Laubrock, Jochen T1 - When preview information starts to matter BT - Development of the perceptual span in German beginning readers JF - Journal of cognitive psychology N2 - How is reading development reflected in eye-movement measures? How does the perceptual span change during the initial years of reading instruction? Does parafoveal processing require competence in basic word-decoding processes? We report data from the first cross-sectional measurement of the perceptual span of German beginning readers (n = 139), collected in the context of the large longitudinal PIER (Potsdamer Intrapersonale Entwicklungsrisiken/Potsdam study of intra-personal developmental risk factors) study of intrapersonal developmental risk factors. Using the moving-window paradigm, eye movements of three groups of students (Grades 1-3) were measured with gaze-contingent presentation of a variable amount of text around fixation. Reading rate increased from Grades 1-3, with smaller increases for higher grades. Perceptual-span results showed the expected main effects of grade and window size: fixation durations and refixation probability decreased with grade and window size, whereas reading rate and saccade length increased. Critically, for reading rate, first-fixation duration, saccade length and refixation probability, there were significant interactions of grade and window size that were mainly based on the contrast between Grades 3 and 2 rather than Grades 2 and 1. Taken together, development of the perceptual span only really takes off between Grades 2 and 3, suggesting that efficient parafoveal processing presupposes that basic processes of reading have been mastered. KW - Eye movements KW - German KW - Moving window KW - Perceptual span KW - Reading development Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2014.993990 SN - 2044-5911 SN - 2044-592X VL - 27 IS - 5 SP - 511 EP - 530 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - INPR A1 - Schwarz, Wolfgang A1 - Miller, Jeff O. T1 - When less equals more: probability summation without sensitivity improvement T2 - Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance N2 - Many perceptual and cognitive tasks permit or require the integrated cooperation of specialized sensory channels, detectors, or other functionally separate units. In compound detection or discrimination tasks, 1 prominent general mechanism to model the combination of the output of different processing channels is probability summation. The classical example is the binocular summation model of Pirenne (1943), according to which a weak visual stimulus is detected if at least 1 of the 2 eyes detects this stimulus; as we review briefly, exactly the same reasoning is applied in numerous other fields. It is generally accepted that this mechanism necessarily predicts performance based on 2 (or more) channels to be superior to single channel performance, because 2 separate channels provide "2 chances" to succeed with the task. We argue that this reasoning is misleading because it neglects the increased opportunity with 2 channels not just for hits but also for false alarms and that there may well be no redundancy gain at all when performance is measured in terms of receiver operating characteristic curves. We illustrate and support these arguments with a visual detection experiment involving different spatial uncertainty conditions. Our arguments and findings have important implications for all models that, in one way or another, rest on, or incorporate, the notion of probability summation for the analysis of detection tasks, 2-alternative forced-choice tasks, and psychometric functions. KW - probability summation KW - compound detection or discrimination KW - redundancy gain KW - ROC curve KW - 2AFC KW - psychometric functions Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037548 SN - 0096-1523 SN - 1939-1277 VL - 40 IS - 5 SP - 2091 EP - 2100 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laubrock, Jochen A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Rolfs, Martin A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - When do microsaccades follow spatial attention? N2 - Following up on an exchange about the relation between microsaccades and spatial attention (Horowitz, Fencsik, Fine, Yurgenson, & Wolfe, 2007; Horowitz, Fine, Fencsik, Yurgenson, & Wolfe, 2007; Laubrock, Engbert, Rolfs, & Kliegl, 2007), we examine the effects of selection criteria and response modality. We show that for Posner cuing with saccadic responses, microsaccades go with attention in at least 75% of cases (almost 90% if probability matching is assumed) when they are first (or only) microsaccades in the cue target interval and when they occur between 200 and 400 msec after the cue. The relation between spatial attention and the direction of microsaccades drops to chance level for unselected microsaccades collected during manual-response conditions. Analyses of data from four cross-modal cuing experiments demonstrate an above-chance, intermediate link for visual cues, but no systematic relation for auditory cues. Thus, the link between spatial attention and direction of microsaccades depends on the experimental condition and time of occurrence, but it can be very strong. Y1 - 2010 UR - http://app.psychonomic-journals.org/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/APP.72.3.683 SN - 1943-3921 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fischer, Martin H. A1 - Brugger, Peter T1 - When digits help digits spatial-numerical associations point to finger counting as prime example of embodied cognition JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - Spatial numerical associations (SNAs) are prevalent yet their origin is poorly understood. We first consider the possible prime role of reading habits in shaping SNAs and list three observations that argue against a prominent influence of this role: (1) directional reading habits for numbers may conflict with those for non-numerical symbols, (2) short-term experimental manipulations can overrule the impact of decades of reading experience, (3) SNAs predate the acquisition of reading. As a promising alternative, we discuss behavioral, neuroscientific, and neuropsychological evidence in support of finger counting as the most likely initial determinant of SNAs. Implications of this "manumerical cognition" stance for the distinction between grounded, embodied, and situated cognition are discussed. KW - embodied cognition KW - finger counting KW - numerical cognition Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00260 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 2 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - THES A1 - Urbach, Tina T1 - What makes or breaks proactivity at work : how personal motives affect the evaluation of improvement suggestions Y1 - 2012 CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kröller, Katja A1 - Kröller, Alexander A1 - Warschburger, Petra T1 - What do you like to eat? Correlation between food familiarity and actual preference JF - Zeitschrift für Gesundheitspsychologie N2 - The preference for fruits and vegetables is the main predictor for the longtime healthy eating behavior. There are many factors which affect the development of food preferences. The familiarity with different foods seems to be a special aspect associated with the corresponding preference. To establish a preference for fruits and vegetables during early childhood, we need to know more about the factors that affect this preference development. So far, research has mostly concentrated on the food intake and less on the corresponding preference. Additionally, it is often based on studies of the mere-exposure effect or on older children and their ability to label fruits and vegetables correctly. Findings about the level of food familiarity in young children and its relation to the actual food preference are still missing. Our study focuses on different aspects of food familiarity as well as on their relationship to the child's preference and presents results from 213 children aged 2 to 10 years. Using standardized photos, the food preference was measured with a computer-based method that ran automatically without influence from parents or interviewer. The children knew fewer of the presented vegetables (66 %) than fruits or sweets (78 % each). About the same number of vegetables (63 %) had already been tasted by the children and were considered tasty. Only 48 % of the presented vegetables were named correctly - an ability that increases in older children. Concerning the relationship between the familiarity with vegetables and their preference, the different familiarity aspects showed that vegetables of lower preference were less often recognized, tasted, considered tasty, or named correctly. KW - food preference KW - familiarity KW - fruits and vegetables KW - children Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1026/0943-8149/a000089 SN - 0943-8149 VL - 21 IS - 2 SP - 53 EP - 61 PB - Hogrefe CY - Göttingen ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kühne, Franziska A1 - Heinze, Peter Eric A1 - Weck, Florian T1 - What do laypersons believe characterises a competent psychotherapist? T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Aim Although research and clinical definitions of psychotherapeutic competence have been proposed, less is known about the layperson perspective. The aim was to explore the views of individuals with different levels of psychotherapy experience regarding what-in their views-constitutes a competent therapist. Method In an online survey, 375 persons (64% female, mean age 33.24 years) with no experience, with professional experience, or with personal pre-experience with psychotherapy participated. To provide low-threshold questions, we first presented two qualitative items (i.e. "In your opinion, what makes a good/competent psychotherapist?"; "How do you recognize that a psychotherapist is not competent?") and analysed them using inductive content analysis techniques (Mayring, 2014). Then, we gave participants a 16-item questionnaire including items from previous surveys and from the literature and analysed them descriptively. Results Work-relatedprinciples, professionalism, personalitycharacteristics, caringcommunication, empathy and understandingwere important categories of competence. Concerning the quantitative questions, most participants agreed with items indicating that a therapist should be open, listen well, show empathy and behave responsibly. Conclusion Investigating layperson perspectives suggested that effective and professional interpersonal behaviour of therapists plays a central role in the public's perception of psychotherapy. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 857 KW - client preferences KW - expectancies KW - psychotherapeutic competencies KW - psychotherapy process KW - public involvement Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-544304 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kühne, Franziska A1 - Heinze, Peter Eric A1 - Weck, Florian T1 - What do laypersons believe characterises a competent psychotherapist? JF - Counselling and psychotherapy research N2 - Aim Although research and clinical definitions of psychotherapeutic competence have been proposed, less is known about the layperson perspective. The aim was to explore the views of individuals with different levels of psychotherapy experience regarding what-in their views-constitutes a competent therapist. Method In an online survey, 375 persons (64% female, mean age 33.24 years) with no experience, with professional experience, or with personal pre-experience with psychotherapy participated. To provide low-threshold questions, we first presented two qualitative items (i.e. "In your opinion, what makes a good/competent psychotherapist?"; "How do you recognize that a psychotherapist is not competent?") and analysed them using inductive content analysis techniques (Mayring, 2014). Then, we gave participants a 16-item questionnaire including items from previous surveys and from the literature and analysed them descriptively. Results Work-relatedprinciples, professionalism, personalitycharacteristics, caringcommunication, empathy and understandingwere important categories of competence. Concerning the quantitative questions, most participants agreed with items indicating that a therapist should be open, listen well, show empathy and behave responsibly. Conclusion Investigating layperson perspectives suggested that effective and professional interpersonal behaviour of therapists plays a central role in the public's perception of psychotherapy. KW - client preferences KW - expectancies KW - psychotherapeutic competencies KW - psychotherapy process KW - public involvement Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/capr.12343 SN - 1473-3145 SN - 1746-1405 VL - 21 IS - 3 SP - 660 EP - 671 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - THES A1 - Peter, Sandra T1 - Wertorientierte Arbeitsgestaltung am Beispiel von Arbeitszeiten : Struktur von arbeits- und lebensbezogenen Werten im Kontext unterschiedlicher Arbeitszeitmodelle und Konsequenzen nicht erfüllter arbeitsbezogener Wertvorstellungen Y1 - 2003 ER - TY - THES A1 - Zerle-Elsäßer, Claudia T1 - Wer wird Vater und wann? BT - Zur Kinderlosigkeit von Männern und dem Timing einer ersten Vaterschaft im Lebenslauf Y1 - 2014 SN - 978-3-86573-844-8 PB - Wiss. Verl. CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lund, Brigitte T1 - Wer ist denn nun begabt : ein Beitrag zum Thema Hochbegabung Y1 - 1995 ER -