TY - JOUR A1 - Mackert, Jürgen T1 - Auf den Schultern von Robert Merton? BT - zu Peter Hedströms Analytischer Soziologie JF - die analytische Soziologie in der Diskussion Y1 - 2010 SN - 978-3-531-16914-9 SP - 91 EP - 115 PB - VS, Verl. für Sozialwiss. CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mackert, Jürgen T1 - The secret society and the social dynamics of terrorist behavior T1 - La société secrète et les dynamiques sociales de l’action terroriste T1 - Die Geheime Gesellschaft und die sozialen Dynamiken terroristischen Handelns JF - Revue de Synthèse N2 - The article argues that individualist accounts cannot adequately explain the social dynamics of terrorist behavior as they turn analyses of terrorism into analyses of terrorists. A relational approach that concentrates on the social relations between terrorist organizations and their members would be able to do this, however. Therefore, the article presents a formal analysis that makes the “secret society” of terrorists the lynchpin of an explanation of how terrorist organizations shape the behavioral conditions of volunteers and suicide terrorists in a manner that triggers a type of behavior we might call terrorism. N2 - Les approches individualistes ne parviennent pas à produire d’explications satisfaisantes des dynamiques sociales qui sous-tendent les actes terroristes puisqu’elles ne fournissent pas d’analyses du terrorisme, mais des analyses sur les terroristes. C’est pourquoi cet article s’appuie sur l’analyse formelle de la « société secrète » telle que l’entend Simmel pour développer une explication sociologique qui éclaire la manière dont les relations sociales au sein des groupes terroristes façonne des structures d’opportunité de sorte à déclencher un acte qui peut être caractérisé de terroriste. N2 - Individualistische Ansätze können die sozialen Dynamiken terroristischen Handelns nur unzureichend erklären, da sie keine Terrorismusanalysen, sondern Analysen von Terroristen liefern. Der Aufsatz geht deshalb von Georg Simmels formaler Analyse der „Geheimen Gesellschaft“ aus und entwickelt auf dieser Grundlage eine soziologische Erklärung dafür, wie die sozialen Beziehungen innerhalb solcher Gruppierungen die Opportunitätsstrukturen ihrer Mitglieder so strukturieren, dass ein Handeln entsteht, das wir als terroristisch bezeichnen können. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11873-014-0261-z SN - 1955-2343 SN - 0035-1776 VL - 135 SP - 331 EP - 359 PB - Brill CY - Leiden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt-Wellenburg, Christian A1 - Mackert, Jürgen T1 - EU-Citizenship JF - Europasoziologie : Handbuch für Wissenschaft und Studium Y1 - 2018 SN - 978-3-8487-2456-7 SN - 978-3-8452-6615-2 SP - 120 EP - 129 PB - Nomos CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mackert, Jürgen T1 - Gewalt in Ordnungskonflikten als Problem der erklärenden Soziologie T1 - Towards a sociological explanation of violence in conflicts of social orders T1 - La violence dans les conflits concernant l’ordre social au prisme de la sociologie explicative JF - Berliner Journal für Soziologie N2 - Gewalttätige soziale und politische Auseinandersetzungen, wie sie sich jüngst in den Staaten Nordafrikas und des Nahen Ostens, in den französischen Banlieues oder in London ereignet haben, deuten darauf hin, dass die sozialen Ordnungen, in denen sie entstehen, nicht länger ungeteilt als legitim erachtet werden. Vielmehr werden sie von alternativen Ordnungsvorstellungen infrage gestellt und herausgefordert. Auf die Erklärung derartiger Ordnungskonflikte ist die Soziologie nicht gut vorbereitet. Der Aufsatz skizziert deshalb zunächst Probleme und offene Fragen einer Soziologie der Gewalt – von der klassischen Soziologie über begrifflich-konzeptionelle und theoretisch-methodologische Probleme bis hin zu problematischen modernisierungs- und zivilisationstheoretischen Annahmen über eine künftige Rolle von Gewalt in sozialen Prozessen. Eine Erklärung der genannten Phänomene, so die These, wird nur dann möglich, wenn eine Soziologie der Gewalt den konstitutiven Zusammenhang von Phänomenen physischer Gewalt und Formen sozialer Ordnung in den Mittelpunkt stellt. Eine erklärende Soziologie, die „Warum“- und „Wie“-Fragen nicht auseinanderreißt, muss sich dazu auf die sozialen Mechanismen der Gewaltentstehung in Prozessen der Produktion und Reproduktion sozialer Ordnung konzentrieren. N2 - The article argues that the uprisings during the Arab Spring as well as the riots in either the banlieues of French cities or in London have to be considered as violent conflicts that pose a serious threat to the social orders in which they emerge. These different kinds of social resistance have in common that they communicate more or less developed alternative conceptions of social orders that challenge what has been considered legitimate so far. Until now, sociology has neither successfully explained such kinds of conflicts nor the way they are triggered. Therefore, the article discusses crucial problems of a sociology of violence, i.e. violence as term and concept, theoretical and methodological deficits and, finally, assumptions about the role of violence in conflict-ridden processes of modernization and civilization in general. The article argues that a sociology of violence should concentrate on the nexus of social order and violence in order to explain how and why violent conflicts emerge in specific social contexts. Thus, a sociology of violence should take an effort to reconstruct the crucial social mechanisms that underlie the dynamics of emerging violence in processes of production and reproduction of social order. N2 - Les affrontements sociaux et politiques violents tels que ceux qui se sont produits récemment dans les États d’Afrique du Nord et du Proche-Orient ou encore dans les banlieues françaises et à Londres sont le signe que les ordres sociaux dans lesquels ils surviennent ne sont plus considérés unanimement comme légitimes. Ils sont au contraire remis en question et contestés par des conceptions alternatives de l’ordre social. La sociologie est mal préparée pour expliquer les conflits de ce type. Aussi cet article offre-t-il tout d’abord un aperçu des problèmes et des questions en suspens qui se posent à la sociologie de la violence – de la sociologie classique aux hypothèses problématiques des théories de la modernisation et de la civilisation sur le rôle futur de la violence dans les processus sociaux en passant par les problèmes conceptuels, théoriques et méthodologiques liés à la violence. La thèse défendue ici est qu’une explication de ces phénomènes n’est possible que si la sociologie de la violence place le lien constitutif entre les phénomènes de violence physique et les formes d’ordre social au centre de l’analyse. Pour ce faire, une sociologie explicative qui ne sépare par la question du «pourquoi» et du «comment» doit se concentrer sur les mécanismes sociaux qui président à l’apparition de la violence dans les processus de production et de reproduction de l’ordre social. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11609-013-0210-y SN - 0863-1808 SN - 1862-2593 VL - 23 IS - 1 SP - 91 EP - 113 PB - Springer CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mackert, Jürgen T1 - Im Auftrag des Staates T1 - In the name of the state T1 - Pour le compte de l’État BT - die geheime Gesellschaft der Folterer BT - the secret society of the torturers BT - la société secrète des tortionnaires JF - Berliner Journal für Soziologie N2 - Folter ist ein Akt extremer kollektiver Gewalt, der im Auftrag eines Staates im Geheimen ausgeübt wird. Die Frage, was Menschen dazu bringt, anderen Menschen diese extreme Gewalt anzutun, verengt den Blick für ein Verständnis der Folter allzu schnell auf individualistische Erklärungsversuche. Der vorliegende Aufsatz geht im Gegensatz dazu von der Gruppe der Folterer aus und rückt die sozialen Beziehungen dieser Form der Vergesellschaftung und die von ihnen ausgehenden sozialen Dynamiken und Effekte in den Mittelpunkt. In einem ersten Schritt werden Georg Simmels formale Bestimmungen der geheimen Gesellschaft rekonstruiert und auf die geheime Gesellschaft der Folterer angewandt und spezifiziert; auf dieser Grundlage werden im zweiten Schritt Handlungsbedingungen der Mitglieder der geheimen Gesellschaft der Folterer herausgearbeitet; der dritte Schritt bestimmt die eigendynamischen Prozesse des Phänomens der Folter, die aus der Eskalation politischer Konflikte, der Gruppe der Folterer und der Situation der Folter erwachsen. Die These lautet, dass sich aus der Perspektive einer relationalen Soziologie ein theoretischer Zugriff auf das Problem der Folter ergibt, der weiterführende Erklärungen des Phänomens ermöglicht. N2 - Torture is an extreme act of collective violence that is secretly executed in the name of a state. In order to explain the reasons why people torture others, individualist approaches concentrate on individuals’ motives or interests. Contrary to that, the article argues that torture should be understood as a social relation. Thus, it takes the social relations of the group of torturers as a starting point. Firstly, following Georg Simmel’s analysis of the secret society the paper argues that the group of torturers can adequately be conceptualized as a secret society; secondly, against this background the article reconstructs the conditions which structure torturers’ agency; finally, this article offers an outline of the processes and dynamics that allows for explaining the phenomenon of torture. The thesis of the article argues that a relational sociology helps better explain and understand the social phenomenon of torture. N2 - La torture est un acte de violence collective extrême accompli pour le compte d’un État. La question des motivations poussant les tortionnaires à agir restreint quelque peu hâtivement la compréhension de la torture à des tentatives d’explication individualistes. La présente approche part au contraire du groupe des tortionnaires et se focalise sur les relations sociales de cette forme de socialisation ainsi que sur les dynamiques sociales qui en découlent et leurs effets. Dans un premier temps, nous reconstruisons les éléments formels de la société secrète tels que définis par Simmel pour les appliquer à la société secrète des tortionnaires. Nous dégageons ensuite les conditions d’action des membres de la société secrète des tortionnaires. Enfin, nous identifions au sein du phénomène de la torture les processus possédant une dynamique propre résultant de l’escalade des conflits politiques, du groupe des tortionnaires et de la situation de torture. Nous défendons la thèse que la sociologie relationnelle rend possible une approche théorique de la torture offrant des explications plus approfondies du phénomène. KW - Folter KW - Geheime Gesellschaft der Folterer KW - Georg Simmel KW - Relationale Soziologie KW - Prozesse KW - Dynamiken KW - Erklärung KW - Torture KW - Secret society of torturers KW - Relational sociology KW - Processes KW - Dynamics KW - Explanation KW - Société secrète des tortionnaires KW - Sociologie relationnelle KW - Processus KW - Dynamiques KW - Explications Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11609-011-0165-9 SN - 0863-1808 SN - 1862-2593 VL - 21 IS - 3 SP - 431 EP - 459 PB - Springer CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mackert, Jürgen T1 - In the name of the state the secret society of the torturers JF - Berliner Journal für Soziologie = Journal de sociologie de Berlin N2 - Torture is an extreme act of collective violence that is secretly executed in the name of a state. In order to explain the reasons why people torture others, individualist approaches concentrate on individuals' motives or interests. Contrary to that, the article argues that torture should be understood as a social relation. Thus, it takes the social relations of the group of torturers as a starting point. Firstly, following Georg Simmel's analysis of the secret society the paper argues that the group of torturers can adequately be conceptualized as a secret society; secondly, against this background the article reconstructs the conditions which structure torturers' agency; finally, this article offers an outline of the processes and dynamics that allows for explaining the phenomenon of torture. The thesis of the article argues that a relational sociology helps better explain and understand the social phenomenon of torture. KW - Torture KW - Secret society of torturers KW - Georg Simmel KW - Relational sociology KW - Processes KW - Dynamics KW - Explanation Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11609-011-0165-9 SN - 0863-1808 VL - 21 IS - 3 SP - 431 EP - 459 PB - Springer CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wolf, Hannah A1 - Mackert, Jürgen ED - Mackert, Jürgen ED - Turner, Bryan S. ED - Wolf, Hannah T1 - Introduction BT - Urban warfare – neo-liberalism’s assault on democratic life in the city JF - Urban Change and Citizenship in Times of Crisis Vol. 2. Urban Neo-liberalisation N2 - The processes of neo-liberalisation, coined as ‘actually existing neo-liberalism’ are by their very nature variegated and context-specific and can appear in multi-faceted and contradictory forms. Consequentially, sociological reflection has tried to conceptualise ongoing processes of transforming the city under the concept of urban neo-liberalism which is generally understood as the contextually specific and path-dependent realisation of neo-liberal restructuration projects, embedded in varying social, political, economic, and cultural ‘regulatory landscapes’. As much as neo-liberalism as ideology and political programme aims at erasing any democratic participation in society, its proponents have taken sides pushing ahead the re-conceptualisation of the city as a market with the right of the stronger ‘to do down the weaker’. The city has become a focal point for neo-liberalism’s war against democracy and citizens. Turning social relations into market transactions in order to restructure cities is not a new idea from the neo-liberals but one of the non-negotiable dogmas of their religion called science. Y1 - 2020 SN - 978-0-42926-228-9 SN - 978-0-429-55288-5 SN - 978-0-429-56182-5 SN - 978-0-429-55735-4 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Routledge CY - London ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mackert, Jürgen A1 - Turner, Bryan S. T1 - Introduction BT - a politcal economy of citizenship T2 - The Transformation of Citizenship : Volume 1 Political Economy N2 - In the course of the last four decades, neo-liberalism has established itself as the dominant form of governing both national societies and global affairs. On the foundation of both Keynesian economic policies and the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates among currencies, the world economy recovered. The classical sociological meaning and concept of citizenship as defined by T. H. Marshall and others after World War II rests on an analysis of the relationship between the capitalist economy and political democracy against the background of 'embedded liberalism'. Today, however, the enforcement of neo-liberal principles in order to turn modern democracies into 'market societies' impinges heavily on our idea of citizenship. The critical aspects of a flawed citizenship go directly to the heart of the idea of citizenship itself, as both democratic and social participation and a substantial conception of individual liberty all seem to be under attack from the global politico-economic regime. Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-1-138-67290-1 (print) SN - 978-1-315-56228-5 (online) U6 - https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315562285 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Routledge Taylor CY - London ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mackert, Jürgen A1 - Turner, Bryan S. T1 - Introduction BT - citizenship and political struggle T2 - The Transformation of Citizenship : Volume 3 Struggle, Resistance and Violence N2 - The history of citizenship is one of social struggle against pre-modern authorities, nobles and aristocracies, of class struggles and the demands of social movements, and no less of cultural, ethnic, indigenous protests against the long history of colonialism. Paths to citizenship in Europe have taken very different directions, as Charles Tilly has shown with regard to England, the Netherlands, Russia or Prussia. Max Weber's dictum of defining the state by the accomplishment of the monopolisation of the legitimate means of violence is of utmost significance for the history of citizenship. There can be no doubt that the experience of World War II prepared the ground for the twentieth-century idea of citizenship. Consequently the Western concept of citizenship has been promoted as a role model in the march towards modernity as peaceful, democratic and universalistic. Finally, this chapter presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this book. Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-1-138-67288-8 (print) SN - 978-1-315-56227-8 (online) U6 - https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315562278 IS - 3 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Routledge Taylor CY - London ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mackert, Jürgen A1 - Turner, Bryan S. T1 - Introduction BT - citizenship and its boundaries T2 - The Transformation of Citizenship : Volume 2 Boundaries of Inclusion and Exclusion N2 - This introduction presents an overview of the concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this book. The book examines the role of Frontex in the European Union as an agency to protect its external borders in the Mediterranean from irregular or 'illegal' migration. It discusses that Europe is an arrangement for European citizens only – and for some privileged non-citizens as in the Swiss case. The book explains the points to the possibility of a transnational membership regime that, however, bears certain antinomies that also point to unresolved problems. It offers an interesting view on the symbolic boundary between the citizen and the consumer, discussing this nexus from the perspective of citizenship studies, consumer culture and surveillance studies. Among the many far-reaching transformations that both societies and citizens have faced in recent years, the European migration crisis has most urgently brought to mind the fact that modern citizenship has always been about boundaries and about processes of inclusion and exclusion Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-1-138-67289-5 (print) SN - 978-1-315-56226-1 (online) U6 - https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315562261 IS - 2 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Routledge Taylor CY - London ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mackert, Jürgen ED - Fitzi, Gregor ED - Mackert, Jürgen ED - Turner, Bryan S. T1 - Introduction BT - is there such a thing as populism? T2 - Populism and the crisis of democracy Volume 1 Concepts and Theory N2 - The rise of populism has promoted a broad, vivid and flourishing debate in the social sciences that seems to have arisen even in the face of the ties between right-wing populism and the extreme right. The social sciences are struggling with how properly to conceptualise and theorise populism as a social and political phenomenon. Incongruity or asynchrony of events in factual history and their being conceptualised is obviously critical with regard to the problems that arise with defining and conceptualising populism. The plurality of usages, applications and meanings of populism thus only shows how, in a vivid debate, scholars can observe a contest for coming to terms with a concept that remains in flux and that needs to be continually revised given rapidly changing social conditions. The chapter also presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in this book. Y1 - 2018 SN - 978-1-138-09136-8 SN - 978-1-315-10807-0 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Routledge CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wolf, Hannah A1 - Mackert, Jürgen T1 - Introduction JF - Urban Change and Citizenship in Times of Crisis N2 - The processes of neo-liberalisation, coined as ‘actually existing neo-liberalism’ are by their very nature variegated and context-specific and can appear in multi-faceted and contradictory forms. Consequentially, sociological reflection has tried to conceptualise ongoing processes of transforming the city under the concept of urban neo-liberalism which is generally understood as the contextually specific and path-dependent realisation of neo-liberal restructuration projects, embedded in varying social, political, economic, and cultural ‘regulatory landscapes’. As much as neo-liberalism as ideology and political programme aims at erasing any democratic participation in society, its proponents have taken sides pushing ahead the re-conceptualisation of the city as a market with the right of the stronger ‘to do down the weaker’. The city has become a focal point for neo-liberalism’s war against democracy and citizens. Turning social relations into market transactions in order to restructure cities is not a new idea from the neo-liberals but one of the non-negotiable dogmas of their religion called science. Y1 - 2020 SN - 978-0-429-26228-9 SN - 978-0-367-20564-5 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Routledge CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mackert, Jürgen T1 - Introduction JF - The condition of democracy. - Volume 3 : Postcolonial and settler colonial contexts JF - a `master-race democracy` : mythos and lies of Western liberal civilization Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-0-367-74538-7 SN - 978-1-003-15838-7 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Routledge CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mackert, Jürgen T1 - Lebenschancen und die Dynamik sozialer Ungleichheit BT - Grundzüge eines schliessungstheoretischen Erklärungsansatzes JF - Soziale Ungleichheiten Y1 - 2010 SN - 978-3-03-777067-2 SP - 11 EP - 33 PB - Seismo CY - Zürich ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mackert, Jürgen T1 - Opportunitätsstrukturen und Lebenschancen T1 - Opportunity structures and life-chances T1 - Structures d’opportunités et chances de vie JF - Berliner Journal für Soziologie N2 - Der Beitrag diskutiert Genese, Bedeutungsgehalt und theoretischen Kontext des Merton’schen Konzepts der Opportunitätsstruktur und des von ihm bei Weber entliehenen Konzepts der Lebenschancen. Die These lautet, dass beide Konzepte konflikttheoretisch interpretiert werden müssen, damit sie ihr volles analytisches und erklärendes Potenzial zur Analyse zentraler sozialer Konflikte entfalten können. Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass beide Konzepte in ihrem Bedeutungsgehalt konvergieren, ein konflikttheoretisch inspiriertes Verständnis aber unterschiedliche theoretische Strategien erfordert. Während die Opportunitätsstrukturen jenseits des Merton’schen Verständnisses reinterpretiert werden müssen, um verstehen zu können, dass das Handeln sozialer Akteure die Optionen anderer beschränken kann, ist für die Lebenschancen ein Zurück zu Max Webers ursprünglicher Idee angezeigt, um der Bedeutung sozialer Schließung als sozialen Mechanismus einer Auseinandersetzung um knappe Güter nachgehen zu können N2 - The article discusses the development, meaning and theoretical context of both Robert Merton’s concept of “opportunity structure” and the concept of “life-chances” that he took up from Max Weber. In order to analyze crucial social conflicts, I argue that both concepts should follow along the lines of conflict theory. While they converge in terms of meaning, we need different theoretical strategies to make their analytical and explanatory power explicit. First, a reinterpretation of the concept of opportunity structure shows that social actors might reduce others’ access to options while realizing their own aims; second, life-chances should be put again in a Weberian perspective for two reasons. On the one hand Weber already conceptualizes them in the context of social struggles, on the other hand he shows that the mechanism of social closure helps to understand how people exclude others from life-chances by monopolizing resources. N2 - Cet article discute la genèse, la signification et le contexte théorique du concept mertonien de structure d’opportunités et du concept wébérien de chances de vie (Lebenschancen) dont il s’inspire. La thèse défendue ici est que ces deux concepts doivent être interprétés à la lumière de la théorie du conflit pour révéler tout leur potentiel analytique et explicatif pour l’analyse de conflits sociaux majeurs. Nous partons de l’idée que ces deux concepts, qui sont la plupart du temps utilisés de manière intuitive, ont une signification convergente et nécessitent une compréhension inspirée par la théorie du conflit mais différentes stratégies théoriques. Tandis qu’il faut réinterpréter les structures d’opportunités au-delà de leur acception mertonienne pour comprendre que l’action des acteurs sociaux peut limiter les options d’autres acteurs, il convient pour le concept de chances de vie de revenir à l’idée originelle de Max Weber pour mettre en évidence la signification de la clôture sociale comme un mécanisme social de lutte pour des biens rares. KW - Opportunitätsstruktur KW - Lebenschancen KW - Sozialstruktur KW - Konflikttheorie KW - Soziale Schließung KW - Opportunity structure KW - Life-chances KW - Social structure KW - Conflict theory KW - Social closure KW - Structure d’opportunités KW - Chances de vie KW - Structure sociale KW - Théorie du conflit KW - Clôture sociale Y1 - 2010 U6 - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11609-010-0135-7 SN - 1862-2593 SN - 0863-1808 VL - 20 IS - 3 SP - 401 EP - 420 PB - Springer CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mackert, Jürgen T1 - Reorganiszation and Stabilization BT - social mechanisms in ́Emile Durkheim’s professional ethics and civicMorals: a contribution to the explanation of social processes JF - Journal of classical sociology N2 - The consequences of economic globalization have created a new interest in ́EmileDurkheim’s conception of an institutional and moral reorganization of modernsociety that he developed in Professional Ethics and Civic Morals. Contrary toexisting attempts to explain these political processes towards democratization, thisarticle argues for a causal analysis of social change and concentrates on the socialmechanisms that trigger the reorganization process of modern society. Two thesesare entertained. The first thesis argues that the programme of an institutional andmoral reorganization of modern society can be reanalysed as a causal process ofdemocratization. This process takes two steps. While social mechanisms of reorgan-izationbring about the institutional and moral reorganization of modern society,social mechanisms of stabilizationguarantee the functioning of the emergingdemocratic system. Further, the second thesis argues that this kind of explanationcan be applied to Durkheim’s vision of a European confederation. The analysisreveals that his idea of a ‘post-national’ constellation refers to crucial problems ofthe recent debate regarding a democratic deficit in the European Union, and itshows that Durkheim’s contribution to both political sociology and historical-comparative research has been misconceived and prematurely repudiated. Y1 - 2004 UR - https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/epdf/10.1177/1468795X04046970 SN - 1468-795X SN - 1741-2897 VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - 311 EP - 336 PB - Sage Publ. CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mackert, Jürgen T1 - Schließung, soziale JF - Max Weber-Handbuch : Leben - Werk - Wirkung Y1 - 2014 SN - 978-3-534-26348-6 SP - 122 EP - 124 PB - WBG CY - Darmstadt ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mackert, Jürgen ED - Müller, Hans-Peter ED - Sigmund, Steffen T1 - Schließung, soziale T2 - Max Weber-Handbuch N2 - In Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft führt Weber das Konzept »offener« und »geschlossener« sozialer Beziehungen (s. Kap. II.4) als § 10 der Soziologischen Grundbegriffe systematisch nach der Unterscheidung von »Vergemeinschaftung « und »Vergesellschaftung« (WuG, 21 § 9) ein. Während das soziale Handeln (s. Kap. II.16) bei der ersten dieser beiden Formen sozialer Beziehungen auf affektuell oder traditional begründeter Zusammengehörigkeit von Individuen beruht, gründet es bei der zweiten auf der wert- oder zweckrationalen Orientierung ihres Handelns. Trotz dieser wichtigen, anhand seiner Handlungstypen getroffenen Unterscheidung, macht Weber dann allerdings zugleich deutlich, dass im Hinblick auf Prozesse sozialer Schließung kein Unterschied darin besteht, ob es sich um subjektiv gefühlte oder rational motivierte Zusammengehörigkeiten dreht. Vielmehr gilt jegliche soziale Beziehung nach außen hin als »offen«, »wenn und insoweit die Teilnahme an dem an ihrem Sinngehalt orientierten gegenseitigen Handeln, welches sie konstituiert, nach ihren geltenden Ordnungen niemand verwehrt wird, der dazu tatsächlich in der Lage und geneigt ist« (ebd., 23). Y1 - 2020 SN - 978-3-476-05141-7 SN - 978-3-476-05142-4 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-476-05142-4_39 SP - 156 EP - 158 PB - J.B. Metzler CY - Stuttgart ET - 2., aktualisierte und erweiterte Auflage ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mackert, Jürgen T1 - Social Closure JF - Oxford Bibliographies N2 - “Social closure” is one of the most basic terms and concepts in sociology. Basically, closure refers to processes of drawing boundaries, constructing identities, and building communities in order to monopolize scarce resources for one’s own group, thereby excluding others from using them. Society is not a homogenous entity but is instead internally structured and subdivided by processes of social closure. Some social formations, such as groups, organizations, or institutions, may be open to everybody, provided they are capable of participation, while access to most others is limited due to certain criteria that either allow people to become members or exclude them from membership. Therefore, social closure is a ubiquitous, everyday phenomenon that can be observed in almost every sphere and place in the social world. Members of societies experience closure from the very beginning of their social life. To be excluded from certain groups starts at school, where presumably homogenous classes begin to subdivide into distinct peer groups or sports teams. Here, exclusion may be rather arbitrary, but the experience of having a door slammed in one’s face proceeds in cases, where inclusion depends on formal rules or preconditions. Access to private schools follows explicit rules and depends on financial capacities; access to university depends on a certificate or diploma, eventually from certain schools only; membership in a highly prestigious club depends on economic and social capital and the respective social networks; and finally, in the case of migration, people will have to be eligible for citizenship and pass the thorny path of naturalization. However, it is not just the enormous plurality of forms that makes social closure crucial for sociology. Rather, the process of closure of social relations—of groups, organizations, institutions, and even national societies—is the fundamental process of both “communal” (Vergemeinschaftung) and “associative” relationships (Vergesellschaftung), and neither would be possible without social closure. In this broad and fundamental sense, social closure is not restricted to processes in national societies. It even allows for understanding crucial processes of the way the social world is organized at the regional or global level. Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199756384-0084 PB - Oxford University CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mackert, Jürgen T1 - Social life as collective struggle BT - closure theory and the problem of solidarity JF - sozialpolitik.ch N2 - In recent years, all over the globe we have seen intensifying economic exploitation, political disenfranchisement, social marginalization and cultural repression in all kinds of political regimes, from liberal democratic to authoritarian and dictatorial. Although the strategies vary with regard to regime and context, in all of them we observe that while a growing number of social groups are speaking out and rising against them, a presumably much higher number of groups do not. In this article, I argue that all these processes can be conceived as aspects of ongoing closure struggles in social life. However, in order to understand why some social groups are able to fight against closure strategies while others are not, closure theory in its current state of elaboration is not of any help. While it operates with the term solidarization, it does not offer any explanation of how such acting in solidarity may become possible in closure struggles. The article is a mainly theoretical contribution of how to solve this problem. KW - social closure KW - struggle KW - solidarization KW - democracy Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.18753/2297-8224-174 SN - 2297-8224 IS - 1 PB - Universität CY - Freiburg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mackert, Jürgen T1 - Soziale Schließung JF - Politische Soziologie : Handbuch für Wissenschaft und Studium Y1 - 2023 SN - 978-3-8487-4836-5 PB - Nomos CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mackert, Jürgen T1 - The secret society of torturers BT - the social shaping of extremely violent behaviour JF - Internationale journal of conflict and violence N2 - The Secret Society of Torturers107How do normal people become able to torture others? In order to explain this puzzling social phenomenon, we have to take secrecy – the characteristic trait of modern torture – as the lynchpin of the analysis. Following Georg Simmel’s formal analysis of the “secret society”, the contribution reconstructs structural and cultural aspects of the secret society of torturers that generate social processes that allow its members to behave extremely violently, forcing individuals to turn into torturers. The contribution argues that the form of social behaviour that we call torture is socially shaped. It goes beyond social psychology to de-velop an explanation from the perspective of relational sociology Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0070-ijcv-2015130 SN - 1864–1385 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 106 EP - 120 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mackert, Jürgen T1 - Towards a sociological explanation of violence in conflicts of social orders JF - Berliner Journal für Soziologie = Journal de sociologie de Berlin N2 - The article argues that the uprisings during the Arab Spring as well as the riots in either the banlieues of French cities or in London have to be considered as violent conflicts that pose a serious threat to the social orders in which they emerge. These different kinds of social resistance have in common that they communicate more or less developed alternative conceptions of social orders that challenge what has been considered legitimate so far. Until now, sociology has neither successfully explained such kinds of conflicts nor the way they are triggered. Therefore, the article discusses crucial problems of a sociology of violence, i.e. violence as term and concept, theoretical and methodological deficits and, finally, assumptions about the role of violence in conflict-ridden processes of modernization and civilization in general. The article argues that a sociology of violence should concentrate on the nexus of social order and violence in order to explain how and why violent conflicts emerge in specific social contexts. Thus, a sociology of violence should take an effort to reconstruct the crucial social mechanisms that underlie the dynamics of emerging violence in processes of production and reproduction of social order. KW - Social order KW - Conflicts of social orders KW - Conceptions of social orders KW - Legitimization KW - Social relations KW - Relational sociology KW - Collective violence Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11609-013-0210-y SN - 0863-1808 SN - 1862-2593 VL - 23 IS - 1 SP - 91 EP - 113 PB - Springer CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mackert, Jürgen A1 - Hartmann, Eddie T1 - Violence JF - Oxford Bibliographies sociology Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199756384-0137 PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mackert, Jürgen T1 - We the people BT - liberal and organic populism, and the politics of social closure T2 - Populism and the crisis of democracy Volume 1 Concepts and Theory N2 - The chapter argues that populism as a modern phenomenon is closely linked with the great democratic revolutions that, for the first time in history, addressed ‘the people’ as the sovereign, thereby constituting the modern citizen. Yet, ‘the people’ can and do draw boundaries between ‘us’ and ‘them’. In an analytical perspective the article suggests a distinction between three forms of populism, ‘organic populism’, ‘liberal economic populism’, and ‘liberal cultural populism’, that operate differently. Applying closure theory to these different forms allows understanding of the different processes of populist politics that today promote exclusion by applying differentiated strategies of social closure. Y1 - 2018 SN - 978-1-138-09136-8 SN - 978-1-315-10807-0 SP - 91 EP - 108 PB - Routledge CY - London ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mackert, Jürgen T1 - Why we need a new political economy of citizenship: neo-liberalism, the bank crisis and the 'Panama Papers' T2 - The Transformation of Citizenship : Political Economy Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-1-138-67290-1 (print) SN - 978-1-315-56228-5 (online) IS - 1 SP - 99 EP - 117 PB - Routledge Taylor CY - London ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Mackert, Jürgen A1 - Steinbicker, Jochen T1 - Zur Aktualität von Robert K. Merton T3 - Aktuelle und klassische Sozial- und KulturwissenschaftlerInnen N2 - Robert King Merton (1910 – 2003) gilt heute längst als Klassiker der Soziologie. Er kann als der bedeutendste Soziologe der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts und als Wegbereiter einer modernen Soziologie bezeichnet werden, die das konstitutive Verhältnis von soziologischer Theorie und empirischer Forschung ins Zentrum des Interesses gerückt hat. Aufgrund seiner Beiträge zur Sozialtheorie, zur Begriffsbildung in der Soziologie und seiner vielfältigen inhaltlichen und empirischen Arbeiten spielt Merton bis heute eine bedeutende Rolle in der Soziologie als wissenschaftlicher Disziplin. KW - Kultur KW - Merton, Robert K. KW - Soziologie KW - Soziologische Theorie KW - Strukturfunktionalismus Y1 - 2012 SN - 978-3-531-19040-2 SN - 978-3-531-18417-3 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-19040-2 SN - 2625-9389 SN - 2625-9397 PB - Springer CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mackert, Jürgen T1 - Zur Bedeutung und Analyse von Grenzen in der Soziologie T2 - Grenzen im Fokus der Wissenschaften Y1 - 2016 SP - 171 EP - 196 PB - Trafo CY - Berlin ER -