TY - JOUR A1 - Üstün, Suayib A1 - Sheikh, Arsheed A1 - Gimenez-Ibanez, Selena A1 - Jones, Alexandra A1 - Ntoukakis, Vardis A1 - Börnke, Frederik T1 - The Proteasome Acts as a Hub for Plant Immunity and Is Targeted by Pseudomonas Type III Effectors JF - Plant physiology : an international journal devoted to physiology, biochemistry, cellular and molecular biology, biophysics and environmental biology of plants N2 - Recent evidence suggests that the ubiquitin-proteasome system is involved in several aspects of plant immunity and that a range of plant pathogens subvert the ubiquitin-proteasome system to enhance their virulence. Here, we show that proteasome activity is strongly induced during basal defense in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Mutant lines of the proteasome subunits RPT2a and RPN12a support increased bacterial growth of virulent Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 (Pst) and Pseudomonas syringae pv maculicola ES4326. Both proteasome subunits are required for pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity responses. Analysis of bacterial growth after a secondary infection of systemic leaves revealed that the establishment of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is impaired in proteasome mutants, suggesting that the proteasome also plays an important role in defense priming and SAR. In addition, we show that Pst inhibits proteasome activity in a type III secretion-dependent manner. A screen for type III effector proteins from Pst for their ability to interfere with proteasome activity revealed HopM1, HopAO1, HopA1, and HopG1 as putative proteasome inhibitors. Biochemical characterization of HopM1 by mass spectrometry indicates that HopM1 interacts with several E3 ubiquitin ligases and proteasome subunits. This supports the hypothesis that HopM1 associates with the proteasome, leading to its inhibition. Thus, the proteasome is an essential component of pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity and SAR, which is targeted by multiple bacterial effectors. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.16.00808 SN - 0032-0889 SN - 1532-2548 VL - 172 SP - 1941 EP - 1958 PB - American Society of Plant Physiologists CY - Rockville ER - TY - JOUR A1 - ´Cwiek-Kupczynska, Hanna A1 - Altmann, Thomas A1 - Arend, Daniel A1 - Arnaud, Elizabeth A1 - Chen, Dijun A1 - Cornut, Guillaume A1 - Fiorani, Fabio A1 - Frohmberg, Wojciech A1 - Junker, Astrid A1 - Klukas, Christian A1 - Lange, Matthias A1 - Mazurek, Cezary A1 - Nafissi, Anahita A1 - Neveu, Pascal A1 - van Oeveren, Jan A1 - Pommier, Cyril A1 - Poorter, Hendrik A1 - Rocca-Serra, Philippe A1 - Sansone, Susanna-Assunta A1 - Scholz, Uwe A1 - van Schriek, Marco A1 - Seren, Ümit A1 - Usadel, Bjorn A1 - Weise, Stephan A1 - Kersey, Paul A1 - Krajewski, Pawel T1 - Measures for interoperability of phenotypic data: minimum information requirements and formatting JF - Plant Methods N2 - Background: Plant phenotypic data shrouds a wealth of information which, when accurately analysed and linked to other data types, brings to light the knowledge about the mechanisms of life. As phenotyping is a field of research comprising manifold, diverse and time-consuming experiments, the findings can be fostered by reusing and combining existing datasets. Their correct interpretation, and thus replicability, comparability and interoperability, is possible provided that the collected observations are equipped with an adequate set of metadata. So far there have been no common standards governing phenotypic data description, which hampered data exchange and reuse. Results: In this paper we propose the guidelines for proper handling of the information about plant phenotyping experiments, in terms of both the recommended content of the description and its formatting. We provide a document called "Minimum Information About a Plant Phenotyping Experiment", which specifies what information about each experiment should be given, and a Phenotyping Configuration for the ISA-Tab format, which allows to practically organise this information within a dataset. We provide examples of ISA-Tab-formatted phenotypic data, and a general description of a few systems where the recommendations have been implemented. Conclusions: Acceptance of the rules described in this paper by the plant phenotyping community will help to achieve findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable data. KW - Data standardisation and formatting KW - Experimental metadata KW - Minimum information recommendations KW - Plant phenotyping KW - Experiment description Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s13007-016-0144-4 SN - 1746-4811 VL - 12 PB - BioMed Central CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zühlke, Martin A1 - Riebe, Daniel A1 - Beitz, Toralf A1 - Löhmannsröben, Hans-Gerd A1 - Andreotti, Sandro A1 - Reinert, Knut A1 - Zenichowski, Karl A1 - Diener, Marc T1 - High-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization ion mobility spectrometry: Characterization, data management, and applications JF - Journal of separation science N2 - The combination of high-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization ion mobility spectrometry facilitates the two-dimensional separation of complex mixtures in the retention and drift time plane. The ion mobility spectrometer presented here was optimized for flow rates customarily used in high-performance liquid chromatography between 100 and 1500 mu L/min. The characterization of the system with respect to such parameters as the peak capacity of each time dimension and of the 2D spectrum was carried out based on a separation of a pesticide mixture containing 24 substances. While the total ion current chromatogram is coarsely resolved, exhibiting coelutions for a number of compounds, all substances can be separately detected in the 2D plane due to the orthogonality of the separations in retention and drift dimensions. Another major advantage of the ion mobility detector is the identification of substances based on their characteristic mobilities. Electrospray ionization allows the detection of substances lacking a chromophore. As an example, the separation of a mixture of 18 amino acids is presented. A software built upon the free mass spectrometry package OpenMS was developed for processing the extensive 2D data. The different processing steps are implemented as separate modules which can be arranged in a graphic workflow facilitating automated processing of data. KW - Amino acids KW - Electrospray ionization KW - Ion mobility spectrometry KW - Pesticides KW - Two-dimensional separations Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201600749 SN - 1615-9306 SN - 1615-9314 VL - 39 SP - 4756 EP - 4764 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zöller, Gert A1 - Holschneider, Matthias T1 - The Maximum Possible and the Maximum Expected Earthquake Magnitude for Production-Induced Earthquakes at the Gas Field in Groningen, The Netherlands JF - Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America N2 - The Groningen gas field serves as a natural laboratory for production-induced earthquakes, because no earthquakes were observed before the beginning of gas production. Increasing gas production rates resulted in growing earthquake activity and eventually in the occurrence of the 2012M(w) 3.6 Huizinge earthquake. At least since this event, a detailed seismic hazard and risk assessment including estimation of the maximum earthquake magnitude is considered to be necessary to decide on the future gas production. In this short note, we first apply state-of-the-art methods of mathematical statistics to derive confidence intervals for the maximum possible earthquake magnitude m(max). Second, we calculate the maximum expected magnitude M-T in the time between 2016 and 2024 for three assumed gas-production scenarios. Using broadly accepted physical assumptions and 90% confidence level, we suggest a value of m(max) 4.4, whereas M-T varies between 3.9 and 4.3, depending on the production scenario. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1785/0120160220 SN - 0037-1106 SN - 1943-3573 VL - 106 SP - 2917 EP - 2921 PB - Seismological Society of America CY - Albany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zöller, Gert A1 - Holschneider, Matthias T1 - The Earthquake History in a Fault Zone Tells Us Almost Nothing about m(max) JF - Seismological research letters N2 - In the present study, we summarize and evaluate the endeavors from recent years to estimate the maximum possible earthquake magnitude m(max) from observed data. In particular, we use basic and physically motivated assumptions to identify best cases and worst cases in terms of lowest and highest degree of uncertainty of m(max). In a general framework, we demonstrate that earthquake data and earthquake proxy data recorded in a fault zone provide almost no information about m(max) unless reliable and homogeneous data of a long time interval, including several earthquakes with magnitude close to m(max), are available. Even if detailed earthquake information from some centuries including historic and paleoearthquakes are given, only very few, namely the largest events, will contribute at all to the estimation of m(max), and this results in unacceptably high uncertainties. As a consequence, estimators of m(max) in a fault zone, which are based solely on earthquake-related information from this region, have to be dismissed. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1785/0220150176 SN - 0895-0695 SN - 1938-2057 VL - 87 SP - 132 EP - 137 PB - Seismological Society of America CY - Albany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zwickel, Theresa A1 - Kahl, Sandra M. A1 - Klaffke, Horst A1 - Rychlik, Michael A1 - Müller, Marina E. H. T1 - Spotlight on the Underdogs-An Analysis of Underrepresented Alternaria Mycotoxins Formed Depending on Varying Substrate, Time and Temperature Conditions JF - Toxins N2 - Alternaria (A.) is a genus of widespread fungi capable of producing numerous, possibly health-endangering Alternaria toxins (ATs), which are usually not the focus of attention. The formation of ATs depends on the species and complex interactions of various environmental factors and is not fully understood. In this study the influence of temperature (7 degrees C, 25 degrees C), substrate (rice, wheat kernels) and incubation time (4, 7, and 14 days) on the production of thirteen ATs and three sulfoconjugated ATs by three different Alternaria isolates from the species groups A. tenuissima and A. infectoria was determined. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was used for quantification. Under nearly all conditions, tenuazonic acid was the most extensively produced toxin. At 25 degrees C and with increasing incubation time all toxins were formed in high amounts by the two A. tenuissima strains on both substrates with comparable mycotoxin profiles. However, for some of the toxins, stagnation or a decrease in production was observed from day 7 to 14. As opposed to the A. tenuissima strains, the A. infectoria strain only produced low amounts of ATs, but high concentrations of stemphyltoxin III. The results provide an essential insight into the quantitative in vitro AT formation under different environmental conditions, potentially transferable to different field and storage conditions. KW - Alternaria infectoria KW - A. tenuissima KW - mycotoxin profile KW - wheat KW - rice KW - Alternaria toxin sulfates KW - modified Alternaria toxins KW - altertoxins KW - altenuic acid KW - HPLC-MS/MS Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins8110344 SN - 2072-6651 VL - 8 SP - 570 EP - 583 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zurnic, Irena A1 - Hütter, Sylvia A1 - Rzeha, Ute A1 - Stanke, Nicole A1 - Reh, Juliane A1 - Müllers, Erik A1 - Hamann, Martin V. A1 - Kern, Tobias A1 - Gerresheim, Gesche K. A1 - Lindel, Fabian A1 - Serrao, Erik A1 - Lesbats, Paul A1 - Engelman, Alan N. A1 - Cherepanov, Peter A1 - Lindemann, Dirk T1 - Interactions of Prototype Foamy Virus Capsids with Host Cell Polo-Like Kinases Are Important for Efficient Viral DNA Integration JF - PLoS Pathogens N2 - Unlike for other retroviruses, only a few host cell factors that aid the replication of foamy viruses (FVs) via interaction with viral structural components are known. Using a yeast-two-hybrid (Y2H) screen with prototype FV (PFV) Gag protein as bait we identified human polo-like kinase 2 (hPLK2), a member of cell cycle regulatory kinases, as a new interactor of PFV capsids. Further Y2H studies confirmed interaction of PFV Gag with several PLKs of both human and rat origin. A consensus Ser-Thr/Ser-Pro (S-T/S-P) motif in Gag, which is conserved among primate FVs and phosphorylated in PFV virions, was essential for recognition by PLKs. In the case of rat PLK2, functional kinase and polo-box domains were required for interaction with PFV Gag. Fluorescently-tagged PFV Gag, through its chromatin tethering function, selectively relocalized ectopically expressed eGFP-tagged PLK proteins to mitotic chromosomes in a Gag STP motif-dependent manner, confirming a specific and dominant nature of the Gag-PLK interaction in mammalian cells. The functional relevance of the Gag-PLK interaction was examined in the context of replication-competent FVs and single-round PFV vectors. Although STP motif mutated viruses displayed wild type (wt) particle release, RNA packaging and intra-particle reverse transcription, their replication capacity was decreased 3-fold in single-cycle infections, and up to 20-fold in spreading infections over an extended time period. Strikingly similar defects were observed when cells infected with single-round wt Gag PFV vectors were treated with a pan PLK inhibitor. Analysis of entry kinetics of the mutant viruses indicated a post-fusion defect resulting in delayed and reduced integration, which was accompanied with an enhanced preference to integrate into heterochromatin. We conclude that interaction between PFV Gag and cellular PLK proteins is important for early replication steps of PFV within host cells. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1005860 SN - 1553-7366 SN - 1553-7374 VL - 12 PB - PLoS CY - San Fransisco ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zohsel, Katrin A1 - Baldus, Christiane A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Thomasius, Rainer A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - Predicting later problematic cannabis use from psychopathological symptoms during childhood and adolescence: Results of a 25-year longitudinal study JF - Drug and alcohol dependence : an international journal on biomedical and psychosocial approaches N2 - Background: Cannabis is the most commonly used illegal substance among adolescents and young adults. Problematic cannabis use is often associated with comorbid psychopathological problems. The purpose of the current study was to elucidate the underlying developmental processes connecting externalizing and internalizing psychopathology in childhood and adolescence with problematic cannabis use in young adulthood. Methods: Data were drawn from the Mannheim Study of Children at Risk, an ongoing epidemiological cohort study from birth to adulthood. For n = 307 participants, symptom scores of conduct/oppositional defiant disorder, attention problems, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and internalizing disorders were available for the periods of childhood (4.5-11 years) and adolescence (15 years). At age 25 years, problematic cannabis use was assessed via clinical interview and a self-rating questionnaire. Results: At age 25 years, problematic cannabis use was identified in n = 28 participants (9.1%). Childhood conduct/oppositional behavior problems were predictive of problematic cannabis use during young adulthood when comorbid symptoms were controlled for. No such effect was found for childhood attention, hyperactivity/impulsivity or internalizing problems. With respect to psychopathological symptoms during adolescence, only attention problems were significantly related to later problematic cannabis use when controlling for comorbidity. Conclusions: The current study highlights the role of conduct/oppositional behavior problems during childhood and attention problems during adolescence in later problematic cannabis use. It sheds more light on the developmental sequence of childhood and adolescence psychopathology and young adult cannabis use, which is a prerequisite for effective prevention approaches. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - Problematic cannabis use KW - Externalizing behavior KW - Internalizing behavior KW - Childhood KW - Adolescence Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.04.012 SN - 0376-8716 SN - 1879-0046 VL - 163 SP - 251 EP - 255 PB - Elsevier CY - Clare ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Malte T1 - Predicate focus JF - The Oxford handbook of information structure Y1 - 2016 SN - 978-0-19-964267-0 SP - 314 EP - 335 PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas T1 - Finally...Or would rather less have been more? JF - Journal of International Criminal Justice N2 - In November 2015, the 14th Session of the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) adopted, by consensus, an amendment providing for the deletion of Article 124 of the ICC Statute, which so far enables contracting parties, when joining the Statute, to opt out from the ICC’s treaty-based war crimes-related jurisdiction. After considering the genesis of the provision and the practice arising under Article 124 of the ICC Statute so far, this article considers the arguments for and against the deletion of Article 124 in light of the increasingly small number of accessions to the ICC Statute that have been forthcoming in the last few years. It also analyses the quite strict requirements for the entry into force of the amendment, as well as the effect of the entry into force of the amendment on possible declarations having been made pending such entry into force. It ends by considering the positive effect a continued applicability of Article 124 may have on states so far being reluctant to accede to the ICC Statute. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqw012 VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - 505 EP - 517 PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas T1 - Finally ... Or Would Rather Less Have Been More? The Recent Amendment on the Deletion of Article 124 of the Rome Statute and the Continued Quest for the Universality of the International Criminal Court JF - Journal of international criminal justice N2 - In November 2015, the 14th Session of the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) adopted, by consensus, an amendment providing for the deletion of Article 124 of the ICC Statute, which so far enables contracting parties, when joining the Statute, to opt out from the ICC’s treaty-based war crimes-related jurisdiction. After considering the genesis of the provision and the practice arising under Article 124 of the ICC Statute so far, this article considers the arguments for and against the deletion of Article 124 in light of the increasingly small number of accessions to the ICC Statute that have been forthcoming in the last few years. It also analyses the quite strict requirements for the entry into force of the amendment, as well as the effect of the entry into force of the amendment on possible declarations having been made pending such entry into force. It ends by considering the positive effect a continued applicability of Article 124 may have on states so far being reluctant to accede to the ICC Statute. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqw012 SN - 1478-1387 SN - 1478-1395 VL - 14 SP - 505 EP - 517 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Alexander A1 - Voss, Sebastian A1 - Metzger, Johanna Clara A1 - Hildebrandt, Anke A1 - Zimmermann, Beate T1 - estimating mean throughfall JF - Journal of hydrology N2 - The selection of an appropriate spatial extent of a sampling plot is one among several important decisions involved in planning a throughfall sampling scheme. In fact, the choice of the extent may determine whether or not a study can adequately characterize the hydrological fluxes of the studied ecosystem. Previous attempts to optimize throughfall sampling schemes focused on the selection of an appropriate sample size, support, and sampling design, while comparatively little attention has been given to the role of the extent. In this contribution, we investigated the influence of the extent on the representativeness of mean throughfall estimates for three forest ecosystems of varying stand structure. Our study is based on virtual sampling of simulated throughfall fields. We derived these fields from throughfall data sampled in a simply structured forest (young tropical forest) and two heterogeneous forests (old tropical forest, unmanaged mixed European beech forest). We then sampled the simulated throughfall fields with three common extents and various sample sizes for a range of events and for accumulated data. Our findings suggest that the size of the study area should be carefully adapted to the complexity of the system under study and to the required temporal resolution of the throughfall data (i.e. event-based versus accumulated). Generally, event-based sampling in complex structured forests (conditions that favor comparatively long autocorrelations in throughfall) requires the largest extents. For event-based sampling, the choice of an appropriate extent can be as important as using an adequate sample size. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - Throughfall KW - Sampling KW - Extent KW - Hydrological monitoring KW - Tropical forest KW - European beech forest Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.09.047 SN - 0022-1694 SN - 1879-2707 VL - 542 SP - 781 EP - 789 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziegler, Moritz O. A1 - Rajabi, Mojtaba A1 - Heidbach, Oliver A1 - Hersir, Gylfi Pall A1 - Agustsson, Kristjan A1 - Arnadottir, Sigurveig A1 - Zang, Arno T1 - The stress pattern of Iceland JF - Tectonophysics : international journal of geotectonics and the geology and physics of the interior of the earth N2 - Iceland is located on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge which is the plate boundary between the Eurasian and the North American plates. It is one of the few places on earth where an active spreading centre is located onshore but the stress pattern has not been extensively investigated so far. In this paper we present a comprehensive compilation of the orientation of maximum horizontal stress (S-Hmax). In particular we interpret borehole breakouts and drilling induced fractures from borehole image logs in 57 geothermal wells onshore Iceland. The borehole results are combined with other stress indicators including earthquake focal mechanism solutions, geological information and overcoring measurements resulting in a dataset with 495 data records for the S-Hmax orientation. The reliability of each indicator is assessed according to the quality criteria of the World Stress Map project The majority of S-Hmax orientation data records in Iceland is derived from earthquake focal mechanism solutions (35%) and geological fault slip inversions (26%). 20% of the data are borehole related stress indicators. In addition minor shares of S-Hmax orientations are compiled, amongst others, from focal mechanism inversions and the alignment of fissure eruptions. The results show that the S-Hmax orientations derived from different depths and stress indicators are consistent with each other. The resulting pattern of the present-day stress in Iceland has four distinct subsets of S-Hmax orientations. The S-Hmax orientation is parallel to the rift axes in the vicinity of the active spreading regions. It changes from NE-SW in the South to approximately N-S in central Iceland and NNW-SSE in the North. In the Westfjords which is located far away from the ridge the regional S-Hmax rotates and is parallel to the plate motion. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - Iceland KW - Stress field KW - Stress pattern KW - Borehole image logs Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.02.008 SN - 0040-1951 SN - 1879-3266 VL - 674 SP - 101 EP - 113 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziegler, Moritz O. A1 - Heidbach, Oliver A1 - Reinecker, John A1 - Przybycin, Anna M. A1 - Scheck-Wenderoth, Magdalena T1 - A multi-stage 3-D stress field modelling approach exemplified in the Bavarian Molasse Basin JF - Solid earth Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1365-2016 SN - 1869-9510 SN - 1869-9529 VL - 7 SP - 1365 EP - 1382 PB - Copernicus CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zibulski, Romy A1 - Herzschuh, Ulrike A1 - Pestryakova, Luidmila Agafyevna T1 - Vegetation patterns along micro-relief and vegetation type transects in polygonal landscapes of the Siberian Arctic JF - Journal of vegetation science N2 - QuestionHow important is the effect of micro-relief and vegetation type on the characteristics of vascular plants and bryophytes in low-centred polygons? LocationSiberian Arctic, Russia. MethodsEight low-centred polygons in northern Siberia were surveyed for vegetation along transects running from the rim to the pond via the rim-pond transition of each polygon and across a vegetation type gradient from open forest to tundra. ResultsThe cover of vascular plants and bryophytes displays no significant differences between the rim and rim-pond transition but is significantly lower in the pond section of the polygons. Alpha-diversity of vascular plants decreases strongly from rim to pond, whereas bryophyte diversity in pond plots is significantly distinct from the rim and the rim-pond transition. There is no clear trend in cover for either plant group along the vegetation type transect and only a weak trend in -diversity. However, both gradients are reflected in the compositional turnover. The applied indicator species analysis identified taxa characteristic of certain environmental conditions. Among others, we found vascular plants primarily characteristic of the rim and bryophyte taxa characteristic of each micro-relief level and vegetation type. ConclusionsThe observed gradual pattern in -diversity and composition of polygonal vegetation suggests that micro-relief is the main driver of changes in the vegetation composition, while vegetation type and the related forest cover change are of subordinate importance for polygonal vegetation patterns along the Siberian tree line. KW - Bryophytes KW - Indicator species KW - Low-centred polygon KW - NMDS KW - Russia KW - Tree line KW - Tundra KW - Vascular plants Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.12356 SN - 1100-9233 SN - 1654-1103 VL - 27 SP - 377 EP - 386 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhu, Fangjun A1 - Schlupp, Ingo A1 - Tiedemann, Ralph T1 - Sequence Evolution and Expression of the Androgen Receptor and Other Pathway-Related Genes in a Unisexual Fish, the Amazon Molly, Poecilia formosa, and Its Bisexual Ancestors JF - PLoS one N2 - The all-female Amazon molly (Poecilia formosa) originated from a single hybridization of two bisexual ancestors, Atlantic molly (Poecilia mexicana) and sailfin molly (Poecilia latipinna). As a gynogenetic species, the Amazon molly needs to copulate with a heterospecific male, but the genetic information of the sperm-donor does not contribute to the next generation, as the sperm only acts as the trigger for the diploid eggs’ embryogenesis. Here, we study the sequence evolution and gene expression of the duplicated genes coding for androgen receptors (ars) and other pathway-related genes, i.e., the estrogen receptors (ers) and cytochrome P450, family19, subfamily A, aromatase genes (cyp19as), in the Amazon molly, in comparison to its bisexual ancestors. Mollies possess–as most other teleost fish—two copies of the ar, er, and cyp19a genes, i.e., arα/arβ, erα/erβ1, and cyp19a1 (also referred as cyp19a1a)/cyp19a2 (also referred to as cyp19a1b), respectively. Non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among the ancestral bisexual species were generally predicted not to alter protein function. Some derived substitutions in the P. mexicana and one in P. formosa are predicted to impact protein function. We also describe the gene expression pattern of the ars and pathway-related genes in various tissues (i.e., brain, gill, and ovary) and provide SNP markers for allele specific expression research. As a general tendency, the levels of gene expression were lowest in gill and highest in ovarian tissues, while expression levels in the brain were intermediate in most cases. Expression levels in P. formosa were conserved where expression did not differ between the two bisexual ancestors. In those cases where gene expression levels significantly differed between the bisexual species, P. formosa expression was always comparable to the higher expression level among the two ancestors. Interestingly, erβ1 was expressed neither in brain nor in gill in the analyzed three molly species, which implies a more important role of erα in the estradiol synthesis pathway in these tissues. Furthermore, our data suggest that interactions of steroid-signaling pathway genes differ across tissues, in particular the interactions of ars and cyp19as. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156209 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 11 PB - PLoS CY - San Fransisco ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhu, Fangjun A1 - Schlupp, Ingo A1 - Tiedemann, Ralph T1 - Sequence Evolution and Expression of the Androgen Receptor and Other Pathway-Related Genes in a Unisexual Fish, the Amazon Molly, Poecilia formosa, and Its Bisexual Ancestors JF - PLoS one N2 - The all-female Amazon molly (Poecilia formosa) originated from a single hybridization of two bisexual ancestors, Atlantic molly (Poecilia mexicana) and sailfin molly (Poecilia latipinna). As a gynogenetic species, the Amazon molly needs to copulate with a heterospecific male, but the genetic information of the sperm-donor does not contribute to the next generation, as the sperm only acts as the trigger for the diploid eggs’ embryogenesis. Here, we study the sequence evolution and gene expression of the duplicated genes coding for androgen receptors (ars) and other pathway-related genes, i.e., the estrogen receptors (ers) and cytochrome P450, family19, subfamily A, aromatase genes (cyp19as), in the Amazon molly, in comparison to its bisexual ancestors. Mollies possess–as most other teleost fish—two copies of the ar, er, and cyp19a genes, i.e., arα/arβ, erα/erβ1, and cyp19a1 (also referred as cyp19a1a)/cyp19a2 (also referred to as cyp19a1b), respectively. Non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among the ancestral bisexual species were generally predicted not to alter protein function. Some derived substitutions in the P. mexicana and one in P. formosa are predicted to impact protein function. We also describe the gene expression pattern of the ars and pathway-related genes in various tissues (i.e., brain, gill, and ovary) and provide SNP markers for allele specific expression research. As a general tendency, the levels of gene expression were lowest in gill and highest in ovarian tissues, while expression levels in the brain were intermediate in most cases. Expression levels in P. formosa were conserved where expression did not differ between the two bisexual ancestors. In those cases where gene expression levels significantly differed between the bisexual species, P. formosa expression was always comparable to the higher expression level among the two ancestors. Interestingly, erβ1 was expressed neither in brain nor in gill in the analyzed three molly species, which implies a more important role of erα in the estradiol synthesis pathway in these tissues. Furthermore, our data suggest that interactions of steroid-signaling pathway genes differ across tissues, in particular the interactions of ars and cyp19as. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0156209 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 11 IS - 6 PB - PLoS CY - Lawrence, Kan. ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhou, Ying A1 - Zeng, Lanting A1 - Fu, Xiumin A1 - Mei, Xin A1 - Cheng, Sihua A1 - Liao, Yinyin A1 - Deng, Rufang A1 - Xu, Xinlan A1 - Jiang, Yueming A1 - Duan, Xuewu A1 - Baldermann, Susanne A1 - Yang, Ziyin T1 - The sphingolipid biosynthetic enzyme Sphingolipid delta8 desaturase is important for chilling resistance of tomato JF - Scientific reports N2 - The physiological functions of sphingolipids in animals have been intensively studied, while less attention has been paid to their roles in plants. Here, we reveal the involvement of sphingolipid delta8 desaturase (SlSLD) in the chilling resistance of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom). We used the virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) approach to knock-down SlSLD expression in tomato leaves, and then evaluated chilling resistance. Changes in leaf cell structure under a chilling treatment were observed by transmission electron microscopy. In control plants, SlSLD was highly expressed in the fruit and leaves in response to a chilling treatment. The degree of chilling damage was greater in SlSLD-silenced plants than in control plants, indicating that SlSLD knock-down significantly reduced the chilling resistance of tomato. Compared with control plants, SlSLD-silenced plants showed higher relative electrolytic leakage and malondialdehyde content, and lower superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities after a chilling treatment. Chilling severely damaged the chloroplasts in SlSLD-silenced plants, resulting in the disruption of chloroplast membranes, swelling of thylakoids, and reduced granal stacking. Together, these results show that SlSLD is crucial for chilling resistance in tomato. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/srep38742 SN - 2045-2322 VL - 6 PB - Nature Publ. Group CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhou, Renjie A1 - Schoenbohm, Lindsay M. A1 - Sobel, Edward A1 - Carrapa, Barbara A1 - Davis, Donald W. T1 - Sedimentary record of regional deformation and dynamics of the thick-skinned southern Puna Plateau, central Andes (26-27 degrees S) JF - Earth & planetary science letters N2 - The Puna Plateau, adjacent Eastern Cordillera and the Sierras Pampeanas of the central Andes are largely characterized by thick-skinned, basement-involved deformation. The Puna Plateau hosts similar to N-S trending bedrock ranges bounded by deep-seated reverse faults and sedimentary basins. We contribute to the understanding of thick-skinned dynamics in the Puna Plateau by constraining regional kinematics of the poorly understood southern Puna Plateau through a multidisciplinary approach. On the southeastern plateau, sandstone modal composition and detrital zircon U-Pb and apatite fission-track data from Cenozoic strata indicate basin accumulation during the late Eocene to early Oligocene (similar to 38-28 Ma). Provenance analysis reveals the existence of a regional-scale basin covering the southern Puna Plateau during late Eocene to early Oligocene time (similar to 38-28 Ma) that was sourced from both the western plateau and the eastern plateau margin and had a depocenter located to the west. Petrographic and detrital zircon U-Pb data reveal erosion of proximal western and eastern sources after 12 Ma, in mid-late Miocene time. This indicates that the regional basin was compartmentalized into small-scale depocenters by the growth of basement-cored ranges continuing into the late Miocene (similar to 12-8 Ma). We suggest that the Cenozoic history of the southern Puna Plateau records the formation of a regional basin that was possibly driven by lithospheric flexure during the late Eocene to early Oligocene, before the growth of distributed basement-cored ranges starting as early as the late Oligocene. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - Puna Plateau KW - regional deformation KW - basin analysis KW - thick-skinned deformation KW - zircon U-Pb geochronology KW - apatite fission-track thermochronology Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.012 SN - 0012-821X SN - 1385-013X VL - 433 SP - 317 EP - 325 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhou, Qihui A1 - Wuennemann, Patrick A1 - Kuhn, Philipp Till A1 - de Vries, Joop A1 - Helmin, Marta A1 - Böker, Alexander A1 - van Kooten, Theo G. A1 - van Rijn, Patrick T1 - Mechanical Properties of Aligned Nanotopologies for Directing Cellular Behavior JF - Advanced materials interfaces N2 - Tailoring cell–surface interactions is important for the of design medical implants as well as regenerative medicine and tissue engineering materials. Here the single parameter system is transcended via translating hard nanotopology into soft polymeric hydrogel structures via hydrogel imprinting lithography. The response of these cells to the nanotopology of the same dimensions but with different mechanical properties displays unexpected behavior between “hard” tissue cells and “soft” tissue cells. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201600275 SN - 2196-7350 VL - 3 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhou, Bin A1 - Lauwaet, Dirk A1 - Hooyberghs, Hans A1 - De Ridder, Koen A1 - Kropp, Jürgen A1 - Rybski, Diego T1 - Assessing Seasonality in the Surface Urban Heat Island of London JF - Journal of applied meteorology and climatology N2 - This paper assesses the seasonality of the urban heat island (UHI) effect in the Greater London area (United Kingdom). Combining satellite-based observations and urban boundary layer climate modeling with the UrbClim model, the authors are able to address the seasonality of UHI intensity, on the basis of both land surface temperature (LST) and 2-m air temperature, for four individual times of the day (0130, 1030, 1330, and 2230 local time) and the daily means derived from them. An objective of this paper is to investigate whether the UHI intensities that are based on both quantities exhibit a similar hysteresis-like trajectory that is observed for LST when plotting the UHI intensity against the background temperature. The results show that the UrbClim model can satisfactorily reproduce both the observed urban rural LSTs and 2-m air temperatures as well as their differences and the hysteresis in the surface UHI. The hysteresis-like seasonality is largely absent in both the observed and modeled 2-m air temperatures, however. A sensitivity simulation of the UHI intensity to incoming solar radiation suggests that the hysteresis of the LST can mainly be attributed to the seasonal variation in incoming solar radiation. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-15-0041.1 SN - 1558-8424 SN - 1558-8432 VL - 55 SP - 493 EP - 505 PB - American Meteorological Soc. CY - Boston ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhong, Qi A1 - Metwalli, Ezzeldin A1 - Rawolle, Monika A1 - Kaune, Gunar A1 - Bivigou Koumba, Achille Mayelle A1 - Laschewsky, Andre A1 - Papadakis, Christine M. A1 - Cubitt, Robert A1 - Wang, Jiping A1 - Müller-Buschbaum, Peter T1 - Influence of Hydrophobic Polystyrene Blocks on the Rehydration of Polystyrene-block-poly(methoxy diethylene glycol acrylate)-block-polystyrene Films Investigated by in Situ Neutron Reflectivity JF - Macromolecules : a publication of the American Chemical Society N2 - The rehydration of thermoresponsive polystyrene-block-poly(methoxy diethylene glycol acrylate)-block-polystyrene (PS-b-PMDEGA-b-PS) films forming a lamellar microphase-separated structure is investigated by in situ neutron reflectivity in a D2O vapor atmosphere. The rehydration of collapsed PS-b-PMDEGA-b-PS films is realized by a temperature change from 45 to 23 degrees C and comprises (1) condensation and absorption of D2O, (2) evaporation of D2O, and (3) reswelling of the film due to internal rearrangement. The hydrophobic PS layers hinder the absorption of condensed D2O, and a redistribution of embedded D2O between the hydrophobic PS layers and the hydrophilic PMDEGA layers is observed. In contrast, the rehydration of semiswollen PS-b-PMDEGA-b-PS films (temperature change from 35 to 23 degrees C) shows two prominent differences: A thicker D2O layer condenses on the surface, causing a more enhanced evaporation of D2O. The rehydrated films differ in film thickness and volume fraction of D2O, which is due to the different thermal protocols, although the final temperature is identical. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02279 SN - 0024-9297 SN - 1520-5835 VL - 49 SP - 317 EP - 326 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhelavskaya, Irina A1 - Spasojevic, M. A1 - Shprits, Yuri Y. A1 - Kurth, William S. T1 - Automated determination of electron density from electric field measurements on the Van Allen Probes spacecraft JF - Journal of geophysical research : Space physics N2 - We present the Neural-network-based Upper hybrid Resonance Determination (NURD) algorithm for automatic inference of the electron number density from plasma wave measurements made on board NASA's Van Allen Probes mission. A feedforward neural network is developed to determine the upper hybrid resonance frequency, fuhr, from electric field measurements, which is then used to calculate the electron number density. In previous missions, the plasma resonance bands were manually identified, and there have been few attempts to do robust, routine automated detections. We describe the design and implementation of the algorithm and perform an initial analysis of the resulting electron number density distribution obtained by applying NURD to 2.5 years of data collected with the Electric and Magnetic Field Instrument Suite and Integrated Science (EMFISIS) instrumentation suite of the Van Allen Probes mission. Densities obtained by NURD are compared to those obtained by another recently developed automated technique and also to an existing empirical plasmasphere and trough density model. KW - Van Allen Probes KW - electron number density KW - neural networks Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA022132 SN - 2169-9380 SN - 2169-9402 VL - 121 SP - 4611 EP - 4625 PB - American Geophysical Union CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhang, Shengrui A1 - Xu, Qinghai A1 - Gaillard, Marie-Jose A1 - Cao, Xianyong A1 - Li, Jianyong A1 - Zhang, Liyan A1 - Li, Yuecong A1 - Tian, Fang A1 - Zhou, Liping A1 - Lin, Fengyou A1 - Yang, Xiaolan T1 - Characteristic pollen source area and vertical pollen dispersal and deposition in a mixed coniferous and deciduous broad-leaved woodland in the Changbai mountains, northeast China JF - Vegetation History and Archaeobotany N2 - Pollen influx (number of pollen grains cm−2 year−1) can objectively reflect the dispersal and deposition features of pollen within a certain time and space, and is often used as a basis for the quantitative reconstruction of palaeovegetation; however, little is known about the features and mechanisms of vertical dispersal of pollen. Here we present the results from a 5 year (2006–2010) monitoring program using pollen traps placed at different heights from ground level up to 60 m and surface soil samples in a mixed coniferous and deciduous broad-leaved woodland in the Changbai mountains, northeastern China. The pollen percentages and pollen influx from the traps have very similar characteristics to the highest values for Betula, Fraxinus, Quercus and Pinus, among the tree taxa and Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae and Asteraceae among the herb taxa. Pollen influx values vary significantly with height and show major differences between three distinct layers, above-canopy (≥32 m), within the trunk layer (8 ≤ 32 m) and on the ground (0 m). These differences in pollen influx are explained by differences in (i) the air flows in each of these layers and (ii) the fall speed of pollen of the various taxa. We found that the pollen recorded on the ground surface is a good representation of the major part of the pollen transported in the trunk space of the woodland. Comparison of the pollen influx values with the theoretical, calculated “characteristic pollen source area” (CPSA) of 12 selected taxa indicates that the pollen deposited on the ground surface of the woodland is a fair representation with 85–90 % of the total pollen deposited at a wind speed of 2.4 m s−1 coming from within ca. 1–5 km for Pinus and Quercus, ca. 5–10 km for Ulmus, Tilia, Oleaceae and Betula, ca. 20–40 km for Fraxinus, Poaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Populus and Salix, and ca. 30–60 km for Artemisia; it is also a good representation with 90–98 % of the total pollen deposited coming from within 60 km at a wind speed of 2.4 m s−1, or 100 km at a wind speed: 6 m s−1, for the 12 selected taxa used in the CPSA calculation. Furthermore, comparison with the vegetation map of the area around the sampling site shows that the pollen deposited on the ground represents all plant communities which grow in the study area within 70 km radius of the sampling site. In this study, the pollen percentages obtained from the soil surface samples are significantly biased towards pollen taxa with good preservation due to thick and robust pollen walls. Therefore, if mosses are available instead, soil samples should be avoided for pollen studies, in particular for the study of pollen-vegetation relationships, the estimation of pollen productivities and quantitative reconstruction of past vegetation. The results also indicate that the existing model of pollen dispersal and deposition, Prentice’s model, provides a fair description of the actual pollen dispersal and deposition in this kind of woodland, which suggests that the application of the landscape reconstruction algorithm would be relevant for reconstruction of this type of woodland in the past. KW - Changbai mountains KW - Mixed coniferous and deciduous broad-leaved woodland KW - Vertical pollen dispersal and deposition KW - Characteristic pollen source area Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-015-0532-0 SN - 0939-6314 SN - 1617-6278 VL - 25 SP - 29 EP - 43 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhang, Pengfei A1 - Behl, Marc A1 - Peng, Xingzhou A1 - Razzaq, Muhammad Yasar A1 - Lendlein, Andreas T1 - Ultrasonic Cavitation Induced Shape-Memory Effect in Porous Polymer Networks JF - Macromolecular rapid communications N2 - Inspired by the application of ultrasonic cavitation based mechanical force (CMF) to open small channels in natural soft materials (skin or tissue), it is explored whether an artificial polymer network can be created, in which shape-changes can be induced by CMF. This concept comprises an interconnected macroporous rhodium-phosphine (Rh-P) coordination polymer network, in which a CMF can reversibly dissociate the Rh-P microphases. In this way, the ligand exchange of Rh-P coordination bonds in the polymer network is accelerated, resulting in a topological rearrangement of molecular switches. This rearrangement of molecular switches enables the polymer network to release internal tension under ultrasound exposure, resulting in a CMF-induced shape-memory capability. The interconnected macroporous structure with thin pore walls is essential for allowing the CMF to effectively permeate throughout the polymer network. Potential applications of this CMF-induced shape-memory polymer can be mechanosensors or ultrasound controlled switches. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.201600439 SN - 1022-1336 SN - 1521-3927 VL - 37 SP - 1897 EP - 1903 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zerson, Mario A1 - Neumann, Martin A1 - Steyrleuthner, Robert A1 - Neher, Dieter A1 - Magerle, Robert T1 - Surface Structure of Semicrystalline Naphthalene Diimide-Bithiophene Copolymer Films Studied with Atomic Force Microscopy JF - Macromolecules : a publication of the American Chemical Society Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00988 SN - 0024-9297 SN - 1520-5835 VL - 49 SP - 6549 EP - 6557 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zeng, Ting A1 - Frasca, Stefano A1 - Rumschöttel, Jens A1 - Koetz, Joachim A1 - Leimkühler, Silke A1 - Wollenberger, Ursula T1 - Role of Conductive Nanoparticles in the Direct Unmediated Bioelectrocatalysis of Immobilized Sulfite Oxidase JF - Electroanalysis : an international journal devoted to fundamental and practical aspects of electroanalysis KW - Direct electron transfer KW - Protein voltammetry KW - Human sulfite oxidase KW - Bioelectrocatalysis KW - Nanoparticles Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.201600246 SN - 1040-0397 SN - 1521-4109 VL - 28 SP - 2303 EP - 2310 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zemp, Roland A1 - Fliesser, Michael A1 - Wippert, Pia-Maria A1 - Taylor, William R. A1 - Lorenzetti, Silvio T1 - Occupational sitting behaviour and its relationship with back pain - A pilot study JF - Applied ergonomics : human factors in technology and society N2 - Nowadays, working in an office environment is ubiquitous. At the same time, progressively more people suffer from occupational musculoskeletal disorders. Therefore, the aim of this pilot study was to analyse the influence of back pain on sitting behaviour in the office environment. A textile pressure mat (64-sensor-matrix) placed on the seat pan was used to identify the adopted sitting positions of 20 office workers by means of random forest classification. Additionally, two standardised questionnaires (Korff, BPI) were used to assess short and long-term back pain in order to divide the subjects into two groups (with and without back pain). Independent t-test indicated that subjects who registered back pain within the last 24 h showed a clear trend towards a more static sitting behaviour. Therefore, the developed sensor system has successfully been introduced to characterise and compare sitting behaviour of subjects with and without back pain. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licensesiby-nc-nd/4.0/). KW - Office chair KW - Pressure distribution KW - Musculoskeletal disorders Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2016.03.007 SN - 0003-6870 SN - 1872-9126 VL - 56 SP - 84 EP - 91 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zehbe, Rolf A1 - Zehbe, Kerstin T1 - Strontium doped poly-epsilon-caprolactone composite scaffolds made by reactive foaming JF - The European journal of the history of economic thought N2 - In the reconstruction and regeneration of bone tissue, a primary goal is to initiate bone growth and to stabilize the surrounding bone. In this regard, a potentially useful component in biomaterials for bone tissue engineering is strontium, which acts as cationic active agent, triggering certain intracellular pathways and acting as so called dual action bone agent which inhibits bone resorption while stimulating bone regeneration. In this study we established a novel processing for the foaming of a polymer (poly-epsilon-caprolactone) and simultaneous chemical reaction of a mixture of calcium and strontium hydroxides to the respective carbonates using supercritical carbon dioxide. The resultant porous composite scaffold was optimized in composition and strontium content and was characterized via different spectroscopic (infrared and Raman spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), imaging (SEM, mu CT), mechanical testing and in vitro methods (fluorescence vital staining, MTT-assay). As a result, the composite scaffold showed good in vitro biocompatibility with partly open pore structure and the expected chemistry. First mechanical testing results indicate sufficient mechanical stability to support future in vivo applications. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - Strontium KW - Poly-epsilon-caprolactone KW - Porous scaffold KW - CAL-72 osteoblasts KW - L-929 fibroblasts KW - Reactive foaming KW - mu CT imaging KW - Spectroscopy Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.05.045 SN - 0928-4931 SN - 1873-0191 VL - 67 SP - 259 EP - 266 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zehbe, Rolf A1 - Zaslansky, Paul A1 - Mochales, Carolina A1 - Mueller, Wolf-Dieter A1 - Fleck, Claudia T1 - Synchrotron micro tomographic evaluation of multilayered zirconia ceramics-Volumetric effects after indentation JF - Journal of the European Ceramic Society N2 - Electrophoretic deposition was used to produce zirconia specimen consisting of alternating layers of fully stabilized cubic zirconia and partially stabilized tetragonal zirconia. In this configuration, the tetragonal stabilized zirconia layers can undergo transformation toughening upon mechanical induced stresses, while the cubic stabilized layers can act as confining element. To understand the volumetric changes due to transformation toughening in these layered materials after indentation, we used an advanced synchrotron-based X-ray mu CT setup and compared the results with surface sensitive methods like Raman spectroscopy, AFM and white light interferometry. The high spatial resolution and the adapted beam energy between the absorption edges of zirconia and yttria allowed discriminating between individual layers due to differences in their yttria content. Furthermore we were able to identify single indents and link volume changes to different physical effects in the different stabilized zirconia parts and visualize the three dimensional volume around only few micrometre sized indents. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - Yttria stabilized zirconia multilayers KW - X-ray mu CT KW - Electrophoretic deposition KW - Transformation toughening Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2015.09.015 SN - 0955-2219 SN - 1873-619X VL - 36 SP - 171 EP - 177 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zehbe, Rolf A1 - Mochales, Carolina A1 - Radzik, Daniela A1 - Mueller, Wolf-Dieter A1 - Fleck, Claudia T1 - Electrophoretic deposition of multilayered (cubic and tetragonal stabilized) zirconia ceramics for adapted crack deflection JF - Journal of the European Ceramic Society N2 - The electrophoretic deposition process was used to produce multi-layered ceramics consisting of alternating layers of fully stabilized cubic zirconia and partially stabilized tetragonal zirconia to make use of their different mechanical behaviour, investigating the possibility to deflect advancing cracks at the interfaces of the different layers. This crack deflection is apparently impacted by a toughening mechanism only found in the tetragonal stabilized zirconia polymorph and is characterized by the stress induced transformation of the metastable tetragonal phase into the monoclinic one, which is accompanied by a volume increase resulting in a closing mechanism for advancing cracks. While improving the electrophoretic deposition process, we investigated the transformation toughening mechanism at the layer interfaces and their effect on crack propagation. Investigations involved a combination of different imaging methods, including light microscopy, white light interferometry, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - Electrophoretic deposition KW - Yttria stabilized zirconia KW - Transformation toughening KW - Multilayer KW - Crack deflection Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2015.08.022 SN - 0955-2219 SN - 1873-619X VL - 36 SP - 357 EP - 364 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zehbe, Kerstin A1 - Kollosche, Matthias A1 - Lardong, Sebastian A1 - Kelling, Alexandra A1 - Schilde, Uwe A1 - Taubert, Andreas T1 - Ionogels Based on Poly(methyl methacrylate) and Metal-Containing Ionic Liquids: Correlation between Structure and Mechanical and Electrical Properties JF - International journal of molecular sciences N2 - Ionogels (IGs) based on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and the metal-containing ionic liquids (ILs) bis-1-butyl-3-methlimidazolium tetrachloridocuprate(II), tetrachloride cobaltate(II), and tetrachlorido manganate(II) have been synthesized and their mechanical and electrical properties have been correlated with their microstructure. Unlike many previous examples, the current IGs show a decreasing stability in stress-strain experiments on increasing IL fractions. The conductivities of the current IGs are lower than those observed in similar examples in the literature. Both effects are caused by a two-phase structure with micrometer-sized IL-rich domains homogeneously dispersed an IL-deficient continuous PMMA phase. This study demonstrates that the IL-polymer miscibility and the morphology of the IGs are key parameters to control the (macroscopic) properties of IGs. KW - microstructure KW - ionogels KW - ionic liquids KW - phase separation KW - mechanical properties KW - ionic conductivity Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17030391 SN - 1422-0067 VL - 17 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zancolli, Giulia A1 - Baker, Timothy G. A1 - Barlow, Axel A1 - Bradley, Rebecca K. A1 - Calvete, Juan J. A1 - Carter, Kimberley C. A1 - de Jager, Kaylah A1 - Owens, John Benjamin A1 - Price, Jenny Forrester A1 - Sanz, Libia A1 - Scholes-Higham, Amy A1 - Shier, Liam A1 - Wood, Liam A1 - Wüster, Catharine E. A1 - Wüster, Wolfgang T1 - Is Hybridization a Source of Adaptive Venom Variation in Rattlesnakes? A Test, Using a Crotalus scutulatus x viridis Hybrid Zone in Southwestern New Mexico JF - Toxins N2 - Venomous snakes often display extensive variation in venom composition both between and within species. However, the mechanisms underlying the distribution of different toxins and venom types among populations and taxa remain insufficiently known. Rattlesnakes (Crotalus, Sistrurus) display extreme inter-and intraspecific variation in venom composition, centered particularly on the presence or absence of presynaptically neurotoxic phospholipases A2 such as Mojave toxin (MTX). Interspecific hybridization has been invoked as a mechanism to explain the distribution of these toxins across rattlesnakes, with the implicit assumption that they are adaptively advantageous. Here, we test the potential of adaptive hybridization as a mechanism for venom evolution by assessing the distribution of genes encoding the acidic and basic subunits of Mojave toxin across a hybrid zone between MTX-positive Crotalus scutulatus and MTX-negative C. viridis in southwestern New Mexico, USA. Analyses of morphology, mitochondrial and single copy-nuclear genes document extensive admixture within a narrow hybrid zone. The genes encoding the two MTX subunits are strictly linked, and found in most hybrids and backcrossed individuals, but not in C. viridis away from the hybrid zone. Presence of the genes is invariably associated with presence of the corresponding toxin in the venom. We conclude that introgression of highly lethal neurotoxins through hybridization is not necessarily favored by natural selection in rattlesnakes, and that even extensive hybridization may not lead to introgression of these genes into another species. KW - adaptation KW - Crotalus KW - evolution KW - hybridization KW - introgression KW - Mojave toxin KW - molecular evolution KW - venom Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins8060188 SN - 2072-6651 VL - 8 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zaks, Michael A. A1 - Tomov, Petar T1 - Onset of time dependence in ensembles of excitable elements with global repulsive coupling JF - Physical review : E, Statistical, nonlinear and soft matter physics N2 - We consider the effect of global repulsive coupling on an ensemble of identical excitable elements. An increase of the coupling strength destabilizes the synchronous equilibrium and replaces it with many attracting oscillatory states, created in the transcritical heteroclinic bifurcation. The period of oscillations is inversely proportional to the distance from the critical parameter value. If the elements interact with the global field via the first Fourier harmonics of their phases, the stable equilibrium is in one step replaced by the attracting continuum of periodic motions. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.93.020201 SN - 2470-0045 SN - 2470-0053 VL - 93 PB - American Physical Society CY - College Park ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zaklan, Aleksandar A1 - Abrell, Jan A1 - Neumann, Anne T1 - Stationarity changes in long-run energy commodity prices JF - Energy economics N2 - Situated at the intersection of the literatures on speculative storage and non-renewable commodity scarcity, this paper considers whether changes in persistence have occurred in long-run U.S. prices of the energy commodities crude oil, natural gas and bituminous coal. We allow for a structural break when testing for a break in persistence to avoid a change in the stochastic properties of prices being confounded by an unaccounted-for deterministic shift in the price series. We find that coal prices are trend stationary throughout their evolution and that oil prices change from stationarity to non-stationarity in the decade between the late 1960s to late 1970s. The result on gas prices is ambiguous. Our results demonstrate the importance of accounting for a possible structural shift when testing for breaks in persistence, while being robust to the exact date of the structural break. Based on our analysis we caution against viewing long-run energy commodity prices as being non-stationary and conclude in favor of modeling commodity market fundamentals as stationary, meaning that speculative storage will tend to have a dampening effect on prices. We also cannot reject that long-run prices of coal and, with some hesitation, gas follow a Hotelling-type rule. In contrast, we reject the Hotelling rule for oil prices since the late 1960s/early 1970s. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - Non-renewable commodity prices KW - Competitive storage KW - Resource scarcity KW - Stationarity KW - Structural breaks Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2016.07.022 SN - 0140-9883 SN - 1873-6181 VL - 59 SP - 96 EP - 103 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zakariás, Lilla A1 - Keresztes, Attila A1 - Marton, Klara A1 - Wartenburger, Isabell T1 - Positive effects of a computerised working memory and executive function JF - Neuropsychological rehabilitation N2 - Aphasia, the language disorder following brain damage, is frequently accompanied by deficits of working memory (WM) and executive functions (EFs). Recent studies suggest that WM, together with certain EFs, can play a role in sentence comprehension in individuals with aphasia (IWA), and that WM can be enhanced with intensive practice. Our aim was to investigate whether a combined WM and EF training improves the understanding of spoken sentences in IWA. We used a pre-post-test case control design. Three individuals with chronic aphasia practised an adaptive training task (a modified n-back task) three to four times a week for a month. Their performance was assessed before and after the training on outcome measures related to WM and spoken sentence comprehension. One participant showed significant improvement on the training task, another showed a tendency for improvement, and both of them improved significantly in spoken sentence comprehension. The third participant did not improve on the training task, however, she showed improvement on one measure of spoken sentence comprehension. Compared to controls, two individuals improved at least in one condition of the WM outcome measures. Thus, our results suggest that a combined WM and EF training can be beneficial for IWA. KW - Aphasia rehabilitation KW - transfer effect KW - updating training KW - interference control KW - sentence comprehension deficit Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2016.1159579 SN - 0960-2011 SN - 1464-0694 VL - 28 IS - 3 SP - 369 EP - 386 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zabel, André A1 - Winter, Alette A1 - Kelling, Alexandra A1 - Schilde, Uwe A1 - Strauch, Peter T1 - Tetrabromidocuprates(II)-Synthesis, Structure and EPR JF - International journal of molecular sciences N2 - Metal-containing ionic liquids (ILs) are of interest for a variety of technical applications, e.g., particle synthesis and materials with magnetic or thermochromic properties. In this paper we report the synthesis of, and two structures for, some new tetrabromidocuprates(II) with several “onium” cations in comparison to the results of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic analyses. The sterically demanding cations were used to separate the paramagnetic Cu(II) ions for EPR measurements. The EPR hyperfine structure in the spectra of these new compounds is not resolved, due to the line broadening resulting from magnetic exchange between the still-incomplete separated paramagnetic Cu(II) centres. For the majority of compounds, the principal g values (g|| and gK) of the tensors could be determined and information on the structural changes in the [CuBr4]2- anions can be obtained. The complexes have high potential, e.g., as ionic liquids, as precursors for the synthesis of copper bromide particles, as catalytically active or paramagnetic ionic liquids. KW - tetrabromidocuprate(II) KW - X-ray structure KW - electron paramagnetic resonance KW - copper(II) Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17040596 VL - 17 IS - 4 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zabel, Andre A1 - Winter, Alette A1 - Kelling, Alexandra A1 - Schilde, Uwe A1 - Strauch, Peter T1 - Tetrabromidocuprates(II)-Synthesis, Structure and EPR JF - International journal of molecular sciences N2 - Metal-containing ionic liquids (ILs) are of interest for a variety of technical applications, e.g., particle synthesis and materials with magnetic or thermochromic properties. In this paper we report the synthesis of, and two structures for, some new tetrabromidocuprates(II) with several "onium" cations in comparison to the results of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic analyses. The sterically demanding cations were used to separate the paramagnetic Cu(II) ions for EPR measurements. The EPR hyperfine structure in the spectra of these new compounds is not resolved, due to the line broadening resulting from magnetic exchange between the still-incomplete separated paramagnetic Cu(II) centres. For the majority of compounds, the principal g values (g|| and g(perpendicular to)) of the tensors could be determined and information on the structural changes in the [CuBr4](2-) anions can be obtained. The complexes have high potential, e.g., as ionic liquids, as precursors for the synthesis of copper bromide particles, as catalytically active or paramagnetic ionic liquids. KW - tetrabromidocuprate(II) KW - X-ray structure KW - electron paramagnetic resonance KW - copper(II) Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17040596 SN - 1422-0067 VL - 17 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yepes, Hugo A1 - Audin, Laurence A1 - Alvarado, Alexandra A1 - Beauval, Celine A1 - Aguilar, Jorge A1 - Font, Yvonne A1 - Cotton, Fabrice T1 - A new view for the geodynamics of Ecuador: Implication in seismogenic source definition and seismic hazard assessment JF - Tectonics N2 - A new view of Ecuador's complex geodynamics has been developed in the course of modeling seismic source zones for probabilistic seismic hazard analysis. This study focuses on two aspects of the plates' interaction at a continental scale: (a) age-related differences in rheology between Farallon and Nazca plates—marked by the Grijalva rifted margin and its inland projection—as they subduct underneath central Ecuador, and (b) the rapidly changing convergence obliquity resulting from the convex shape of the South American northwestern continental margin. Both conditions satisfactorily explain several characteristics of the observed seismicity and of the interseismic coupling. Intermediate-depth seismicity reveals a severe flexure in the Farallon slab as it dips and contorts at depth, originating the El Puyo seismic cluster. The two slabs position and geometry below continental Ecuador also correlate with surface expressions observable in the local and regional geology and tectonics. The interseismic coupling is weak and shallow south of the Grijalva rifted margin and increases northward, with a heterogeneous pattern locally associated to the Carnegie ridge subduction. High convergence obliquity is responsible for the North Andean Block northeastward movement along localized fault systems. The Cosanga and Pallatanga fault segments of the North Andean Block-South American boundary concentrate most of the seismic moment release in continental Ecuador. Other inner block faults located along the western border of the inter-Andean Depression also show a high rate of moderate-size earthquake production. Finally, a total of 19 seismic source zones were modeled in accordance with the proposed geodynamic and neotectonic scheme. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/2015TC003941 SN - 0278-7407 SN - 1944-9194 VL - 35 SP - 1249 EP - 1279 PB - American Geophysical Union CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yarman, Aysu A1 - Scheller, Frieder W. T1 - MIP-esterase/Tyrosinase Combinations for Paracetamol and Phenacetin JF - Electroanalysis : an international journal devoted to fundamental and practical aspects of electroanalysis N2 - A new electrochemical MIP sensor for the most frequently used drug paracetamol (PAR) was prepared by electropolymerization of mixtures containing the template molecule and the functional monomers ophenylenediamine, resorcinol and aniline. The imprinting factor of 12 reflects the effective target binding to the MIP as compared with the non-imprinted electropolymer. Combination of the MIP with a nonspecific esterase allows the measurement of phenacetin - another analgesic drug. In the second approach the PAR containing sample solution was pretreated with tyrosinase in order to prevent electrochemical interferences by ascorbic acid and uric acid. Interference-free indication at a very low electrode potential without fouling of the electrode surface was achieved with the o-phenylenediamine: resorcinol-based MIP. KW - Paracetamol KW - Molecularly imprinted polymers KW - Electropolymerization KW - Tyrosinase KW - Esterase KW - Phenacetin Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.201600042 SN - 1040-0397 SN - 1521-4109 VL - 28 SP - 2222 EP - 2227 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yang, Jie A1 - Gühr, Markus A1 - Vecchione, Theodore A1 - Robinson, Matthew Scott A1 - Li, Renkai A1 - Hartmann, Nick A1 - Shen, Xiaozhe A1 - Coffee, Ryan A1 - Corbett, Jeff A1 - Fry, Alan A1 - Gaffney, Kelly A1 - Gorkhover, Tais A1 - Hast, Carsten A1 - Jobe, Keith A1 - Makasyuk, Igor A1 - Reid, Alexander A1 - Robinson, Joseph A1 - Vetter, Sharon A1 - Wang, Fenglin A1 - Weathersby, Stephen A1 - Yoneda, Charles A1 - Wang, Xijie A1 - Centurion, Martin T1 - Femtosecond gas phase electron diffraction with MeV electrons JF - Faraday discussions N2 - We present results on ultrafast gas electron diffraction (UGED) experiments with femtosecond resolution using the MeV electron gun at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. UGED is a promising method to investigate molecular dynamics in the gas phase because electron pulses can probe the structure with a high spatial resolution. Until recently, however, it was not possible for UGED to reach the relevant timescale for the motion of the nuclei during a molecular reaction. Using MeV electron pulses has allowed us to overcome the main challenges in reaching femtosecond resolution, namely delivering short electron pulses on a gas target, overcoming the effect of velocity mismatch between pump laser pulses and the probe electron pulses, and maintaining a low timing jitter. At electron kinetic energies above 3 MeV, the velocity mismatch between laser and electron pulses becomes negligible. The relativistic electrons are also less susceptible to temporal broadening due to the Coulomb force. One of the challenges of diffraction with relativistic electrons is that the small de Broglie wavelength results in very small diffraction angles. In this paper we describe the new setup and its characterization, including capturing static diffraction patterns of molecules in the gas phase, finding time-zero with sub-picosecond accuracy and first time-resolved diffraction experiments. The new device can achieve a temporal resolution of 100 fs root-mean-square, and sub-angstrom spatial resolution. The collimation of the beam is sufficient to measure the diffraction pattern, and the transverse coherence is on the order of 2 nm. Currently, the temporal resolution is limited both by the pulse duration of the electron pulse on target and by the timing jitter, while the spatial resolution is limited by the average electron beam current and the signal-to-noise ratio of the detection system. We also discuss plans for improving both the temporal resolution and the spatial resolution. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/c6fd00071a SN - 1359-6640 SN - 1364-5498 VL - 194 SP - 563 EP - 581 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yang, Jie A1 - Gühr, Markus A1 - Vecchione, Theodore A1 - Robinson, Matthew Scott A1 - Li, Renkai A1 - Hartmann, Nick A1 - Shen, Xiaozhe A1 - Coffee, Ryan A1 - Corbett, Jeff A1 - Fry, Alan A1 - Gaffney, Kelly A1 - Gorkhover, Tais A1 - Hast, Carsten A1 - Jobe, Keith A1 - Makasyuk, Igor A1 - Reid, Alexander A1 - Robinson, Joseph A1 - Vetter, Sharon A1 - Wang, Fenglin A1 - Weathersby, Stephen A1 - Yoneda, Charles A1 - Centurion, Martin A1 - Wang, Xijie T1 - Diffractive imaging of a rotational wavepacket in nitrogen molecules with femtosecond megaelectronvolt electron pulses JF - Nature Communications N2 - Imaging changes in molecular geometries on their natural femtosecond timescale with sub-Angstrom spatial precision is one of the critical challenges in the chemical sciences, as the nuclear geometry changes determine the molecular reactivity. For photoexcited molecules, the nuclear dynamics determine the photoenergy conversion path and efficiency. Here we report a gas-phase electron diffraction experiment using megaelectronvolt (MeV) electrons, where we captured the rotational wavepacket dynamics of nonadiabatically laser-aligned nitrogen molecules. We achieved a combination of 100 fs root-mean-squared temporal resolution and sub-Angstrom (0.76 angstrom) spatial resolution that makes it possible to resolve the position of the nuclei within the molecule. In addition, the diffraction patterns reveal the angular distribution of the molecules, which changes from prolate (aligned) to oblate (anti-aligned) in 300 fs. Our results demonstrate a significant and promising step towards making atomically resolved movies of molecular reactions. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11232 SN - 2041-1723 VL - 7 PB - Nature Publ. Group CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yang, Jie A1 - Guehr, Markus A1 - Shen, Xiaozhe A1 - Li, Renkai A1 - Vecchione, Theodore A1 - Coffee, Ryan A1 - Corbett, Jeff A1 - Fry, Alan A1 - Hartmann, Nick A1 - Hast, Carsten A1 - Hegazy, Kareem A1 - Jobe, Keith A1 - Makasyuk, Igor A1 - Robinson, Joseph A1 - Robinson, Matthew Scott A1 - Vetter, Sharon A1 - Weathersby, Stephen A1 - Yoneda, Charles A1 - Wang, Xijie A1 - Centurion, Martin T1 - Diffractive Imaging of Coherent Nuclear Motion in Isolated Molecules JF - Physical review letters N2 - Observing the motion of the nuclear wave packets during a molecular reaction, in both space and time, is crucial for understanding and controlling the outcome of photoinduced chemical reactions. We have imaged the motion of a vibrational wave packet in isolated iodine molecules using ultrafast electron diffraction with relativistic electrons. The time-varying interatomic distance was measured with a precision 0.07 angstrom and temporal resolution of 230 fs full width at half maximum. The method is not only sensitive to the position but also the shape of the nuclear wave packet. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.153002 SN - 0031-9007 SN - 1079-7114 VL - 117 PB - American Physical Society CY - College Park ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Wenhao A1 - Chen, Dijun A1 - Kaufmann, Kerstin T1 - Efficient multiplex mutagenesis by RNA-guided Cas9 and its use in the characterization of regulatory elements in the AGAMOUS gene JF - Plant methods N2 - Background The efficiency of multiplex editing in plants by the RNA-guided Cas9 system is limited by efficient introduction of its components into the genome and by their activity. The possibility of introducing large fragment deletions by RNA-guided Cas9 tool provides the potential to study the function of any DNA region of interest in its ‘endogenous’ environment. Results Here, an RNA-guided Cas9 system was optimized to enable efficient multiplex editing in Arabidopsis thaliana. We demonstrate the flexibility of our system for knockout of multiple genes, and to generate heritable large-fragment deletions in the genome. As a proof of concept, the function of part of the second intron of the flower development gene AGAMOUS in Arabidopsis was studied by generating a Cas9-free mutant plant line in which part of this intron was removed from the genome. Further analysis revealed that deletion of this intron fragment results 40 % decrease of AGAMOUS gene expression without changing the splicing of the gene which indicates that this regulatory region functions as an activator of AGAMOUS gene expression. Conclusions Our modified RNA-guided Cas9 system offers a versatile tool for the functional dissection of coding and non-coding DNA sequences in plants. KW - RNA-guided Cas9 KW - Multiplex mutagenesis KW - Large fragment deletion KW - Germline transmission Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s13007-016-0125-7 SN - 1746-4811 VL - 12 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - BioMed Central CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Wenhao A1 - Chen, Dijun A1 - Kaufmann, Kerstin T1 - Efficient multiplex mutagenesis by RNA-guided Cas9 and its use in the characterization of regulatory elements in the AGAMOUS gene JF - Plant Methods N2 - Results: Here, an RNA-guided Cas9 system was optimized to enable efficient multiplex editing in Arabidopsis thaliana. We demonstrate the flexibility of our system for knockout of multiple genes, and to generate heritable large-fragment deletions in the genome. As a proof of concept, the function of part of the second intron of the flower development gene AGAMOUS in Arabidopsis was studied by generating a Cas9-free mutant plant line in which part of this intron was removed from the genome. Further analysis revealed that deletion of this intron fragment results 40 % decrease of AGAMOUS gene expression without changing the splicing of the gene which indicates that this regulatory region functions as an activator of AGAMOUS gene expression. Conclusions: Our modified RNA-guided Cas9 system offers a versatile tool for the functional dissection of coding and non-coding DNA sequences in plants. KW - RNA-guided Cas9 KW - Multiplex mutagenesis KW - Large fragment deletion KW - Germline transmission Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s13007-016-0125-7 SN - 1746-4811 VL - 12 SP - 2381 EP - 2389 PB - BioMed Central CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Wan A1 - Fang, Liang A1 - Nöchel, Ulrich A1 - Kratz, Karl A1 - Lendlein, Andreas T1 - Influence of programming strain rates on the shape-memory performance of semicrystalline multiblock copolymers JF - Journal of polymer science : B, Polymer physics N2 - Multiblock copolymers named PCL-PIBMD consisting of crystallizable poly(epsilon-caprolactone) segments and crystallizable poly[oligo(3S-iso-butylmorpholine-2,5-dione)] segments coupled by trimethyl hexamethylene diisocyanate provide a versatile molecular architecture for achieving shape-memory effects (SMEs) in polymers. The mechanical properties as well as the SME performance of PCL-PIBMD can be tailored by the variation of physical parameters during programming such as deformation strain or applied temperature protocols. In this study, we explored the influence of applying different strain rates during programming on the resulting nanostructure of PCL-PIBMD. Programming was conducted at 50 degrees C by elongation to epsilon(m)=50% with strain rates of 1 or 10 or 50 mmmin(-1). The nanostructural changes were visualized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements and investigated by in situ wide and small angle X-ray scattering experiments. With increasing the strain rate, a higher degree of orientation was observed in the amorphous domains. Simultaneously the strain-induced formation of new PIBMD crystals as well as the fragmentation of existing large PIBMD crystals occurred. The observed differences in shape fixity ratio and recovery stress of samples deformed with various strain rates can be attributed to their different nanostructures. The achieved findings can be relevant parameters for programming the shape-memory polymers with designed recovery forces. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016, 54, 1935-1943 KW - atomic force microscopy (AFM) KW - crystal structures KW - crystallization KW - multiblock copolymer KW - stimuli-sensitive polymers KW - SAXS KW - shape-memory effect KW - WAXS KW - X-ray scattering Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.24097 SN - 0887-6266 SN - 1099-0488 VL - 54 SP - 1935 EP - 1943 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Robert A1 - Friemel, Martin A1 - Aloisi, Claudia A1 - Huynen, Martijn A1 - Taylor, Ian A. A1 - Leimkühler, Silke A1 - Pastore, Annalisa T1 - The Eukaryotic-Specific ISD11 Is a Complex-Orphan Protein with Ability to Bind the Prokaryotic IscS JF - PLoS one N2 - The eukaryotic protein Isd11 is a chaperone that binds and stabilizes the central component of the essential metabolic pathway responsible for formation of iron-sulfur clusters in mitochondria, the desulfurase Nfs1. Little is known about the exact role of Isd11. Here, we show that human Isd11 (ISD11) is a helical protein which exists in solution as an equilibrium between monomer, dimeric and tetrameric species when in the absence of human Nfs1 (NFS1). We also show that, surprisingly, recombinant ISD11 expressed in E. coli co-purifies with the bacterial orthologue of NFS1, IscS. Binding is weak but specific suggesting that, despite the absence of Isd11 sequences in bacteria, there is enough conservation between the two desulfurases to retain a similar mode of interaction. This knowledge may inform us on the conservation of the mode of binding of Isd11 to the desulfurase. We used evolutionary evidence to suggest Isd11 residues involved in the interaction. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157895 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 11 SP - 383 EP - 395 PB - PLoS CY - San Fransisco ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - CarPrice versus CarpRice: Word Boundary Ambiguity Influences Saccade Target Selection During the Reading of Chinese Sentences JF - Journal of experimental psychology : Learning, memory, and cognition N2 - As a contribution to a theoretical debate about the degree of high-level influences on saccade targeting during sentence reading, we investigated eye movements during the reading of structurally ambiguous Chinese character strings and examined whether parafoveal word segmentation could influence saccade-target selection. As expected, ambiguous strings took longer to process. More critically there were theoretically relevant interactions between ambiguity and launch site when first-fixation location and saccade amplitude served as dependent variables: Ambiguous strings in the parafovea triggered longer saccades and more rightward fixations for close launch sites than unambiguous ones; the reverse result was obtained for far launch sites. These crossover interactions indicate that parafoveal word segmentation influences saccade generation in Chinese and provide support of the hypothesis that high-level information can be involved in the decision about where to fixate next. KW - Chinese KW - ambiguity KW - fixation location KW - parafoveal KW - word segmentation Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000276 SN - 0278-7393 SN - 1939-1285 VL - 42 SP - 1832 EP - 1838 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yadavalli, Nataraja Sekhar A1 - Loebner, Sarah A1 - Papke, Thomas A1 - Sava, Elena A1 - Hurduc, Nicolae A1 - Santer, Svetlana T1 - A comparative study of photoinduced deformation in azobenzene containing polymer films JF - Soft matter N2 - In this paper two groups supporting different views on the mechanism of light induced polymer deformation argue about the respective underlying theoretical conceptions, in order to bring this interesting debate to the attention of the scientific community. The group of Prof. Nicolae Hurduc supports the model claiming that the cyclic isomerization of azobenzenes may cause an athermal transition of the glassy azobenzene containing polymer into a fluid state, the so-called photo-fluidization concept. This concept is quite convenient for an intuitive understanding of the deformation process as an anisotropic flow of the polymer material. The group of Prof. Svetlana Santer supports the re-orientational model where the mass-transport of the polymer material accomplished during polymer deformation is stated to be generated by the light-induced re-orientation of the azobenzene side chains and as a consequence of the polymer backbone that in turn results in local mechanical stress, which is enough to irreversibly deform an azobenzene containing material even in the glassy state. For the debate we chose three polymers differing in the glass transition temperature, 32 degrees C, 87 degrees C and 95 degrees C, representing extreme cases of flexible and rigid materials. Polymer film deformation occurring during irradiation with different interference patterns is recorded using a homemade set-up combining an optical part for the generation of interference patterns and an atomic force microscope for acquiring the kinetics of film deformation. We also demonstrated the unique behaviour of azobenzene containing polymeric films to switch the topography in situ and reversibly by changing the irradiation conditions. We discuss the results of reversible deformation of three polymers induced by irradiation with intensity (IIP) and polarization (PIP) interference patterns, and the light of homogeneous intensity in terms of two approaches: the re-orientational and the photo-fluidization concepts. Both agree in that the formation of opto-mechanically induced stresses is a necessary prerequisite for the process of deformation. Using this argument, the deformation process can be characterized either as a flow or mass transport. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/c6sm00029k SN - 1744-683X SN - 1744-6848 VL - 12 SP - 2593 EP - 2603 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Xue, Zhike A1 - Yan, Xiaoli A1 - Cheng, Xin A1 - Yang, Liheng A1 - Su, Yingna A1 - Kliem, Bernhard A1 - Zhang, Jun A1 - Liu, Zhong A1 - Bi, Yi A1 - Xiang, Yongyuan A1 - Yang, Kai A1 - Zhao, Li T1 - Observing the release of twist by magnetic reconnection in a solar filament eruption JF - Nature Communications N2 - Magnetic reconnection is a fundamental process of topology change and energy release, taking place in plasmas on the Sun, in space, in astrophysical objects and in the laboratory. However, observational evidence has been relatively rare and typically only partial. Here we present evidence of fast reconnection in a solar filament eruption using high-resolution H-alpha images from the New Vacuum Solar Telescope, supplemented by extreme ultraviolet observations. The reconnection is seen to occur between a set of ambient chromospheric fibrils and the filament itself. This allows for the relaxation of magnetic tension in the filament by an untwisting motion, demonstrating a flux rope structure. The topology change and untwisting are also found through nonlinear force-free field modelling of the active region in combination with magnetohydrodynamic simulation. These results demonstrate a new role for reconnection in solar eruptions: the release of magnetic twist. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11837 SN - 2041-1723 VL - 7 PB - Nature Publ. Group CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Xu, Siyao A1 - Yan, Huirong A1 - Lazarian, A. T1 - DAMPING OF MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC TURBULENCE IN PARTIALLY IONIZED PLASMA: IMPLICATIONS FOR COSMIC RAY PROPAGATION JF - The astrophysical journal : an international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics N2 - We study the damping processes of both incompressible and compressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence in a partially ionized medium. We start from the linear analysis of MHD waves, applying both single-fluid and two-fluid treatments. The damping rates derived from the linear analysis are then used in determining the damping scales of MHD turbulence. The physical connection between the damping scale of MHD turbulence and the cutoff boundary of linear MHD waves is investigated. We find two branches of slow modes propagating in ions and neutrals, respectively, below the damping scale of slow MHD turbulence, and offer a thorough discussion of their propagation and dissipation behavior. Our analytical results are shown to be applicable in a variety of partially ionized interstellar medium (ISM) phases and the solar chromosphere. The importance of neutral viscosity in damping the Alfvenic turbulence in the interstellar warm neutral medium and the solar chromosphere is demonstrated. As a significant astrophysical utility, we introduce damping effects to the propagation of cosmic rays in partially ionized ISM. The important role of turbulence damping in both transit-time damping and gyroresonance is identified. KW - cosmic rays KW - magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) KW - turbulence Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/826/2/166 SN - 0004-637X SN - 1538-4357 VL - 826 PB - IOP Publ. Ltd. CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Xiong, Chao A1 - Stolle, Claudia A1 - Lühr, Hermann T1 - The Swarm satellite loss of GPS signal and its relation to ionospheric plasma irregularities JF - Space Weather: The International Journal of Research and Applications N2 - In this study we investigated conditions for loss of GPS signals observed by the Swarm satellites during a 2 year period, from December 2013 to November 2015. Our result shows that the Swarm satellites encountered most of the total loss of GPS signal at the ionization anomaly crests, between +/- 5 degrees and +/- 20 degrees magnetic latitude, forming two bands along the magnetic equator, and these low-latitude events mainly appear around postsunset hours from 19: 00 to 22: 00 local time. By further checking the in situ electron density measurements of Swarm, we found that practically, all the total loss of GPS signal events at low latitudes are related to equatorial plasma irregularities (EPIs) that show absolute density depletions larger than 10 x 10(11) m(-3); then, the Swarm satellites encountered for up to 95% loss of GPS signal for at least one channel and up to 45% tracked less than four GPS satellites (making precise orbit determination impossible). For those EPIs with density depletions less than 10 x 10(11) m(-3), the chance of tracked GPS signals less than four reduces to only 1.0%. Swarm also observed total loss of all GPS signal at high latitudes, mainly around local noon, and these events are related to large spatial density gradients due to polar patches or increased geomagnetic/auroral activities. We further found that the loss of GPS signals were less frequent after appropriate settings of the Swarm GPS receivers had been updated. However, the more recent period of the mission, e.g., after the GPS receiver settings have been updated, also coincides with less severe electron density depletions due to the declining solar cycle, making GPS loss events less likely. We conclude that both lower electron density gradients and appropriate GPS receiver settings reduce the probability for Swarm satellites loss of GPS signals. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/2016SW001439 SN - 1542-7390 VL - 14 SP - 563 EP - 577 PB - American Geophysical Union CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Xiong, Chao A1 - Stolle, Claudia A1 - Luehr, Hermann A1 - Park, Jaeheung A1 - Fejer, Bela G. A1 - Kervalishvili, Guram N. T1 - Scale analysis of equatorial plasma irregularities derived from Swarm constellation JF - Earth, planets and space N2 - In this study, we investigated the scale sizes of equatorial plasma irregularities (EPIs) using measurements from the Swarm satellites during its early mission and final constellation phases. We found that with longitudinal separation between Swarm satellites larger than 0.4 degrees, no significant correlation was found any more. This result suggests that EPI structures include plasma density scale sizes less than 44 km in the zonal direction. During the Swarm earlier mission phase, clearly better EPI correlations are obtained in the northern hemisphere, implying more fragmented irregularities in the southern hemisphere where the ambient magnetic field is low. The previously reported inverted-C shell structure of EPIs is generally confirmed by the Swarm observations in the northern hemisphere, but with various tilt angles. From the Swarm spacecrafts with zonal separations of about 150 km, we conclude that larger zonal scale sizes of irregularities exist during the early evening hours (around 1900 LT). KW - Equatorial plasma irregularities KW - Ionospheric scale lengths KW - Swarm constellation Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-016-0502-5 SN - 1880-5981 VL - 68 SP - 189 EP - 202 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wyrwa, Ulrich T1 - The Language of Anti-Semitism in the Catholic Newspapers II Veneto Cattolico/La Difesa in Late Nineteenth-Century Venice JF - Church history and religious culture N2 - The dispute between social versus religious interpretations of anti-Semitism pervaded the whole history of scholarly research. Whereas socio-historical interpretations had underlined the social aspects, current studies on anti-Semitism focus on religious motifs. The thesis that anti-Semitism was a result of a religious conflict, however, is far more alleged than substantially proved by the sources. So it seems necessary to go back to the sources. Therefore this paper analyzes the language of the Venetian Catholic newspaper Il Veneto Cattolico/La Difesa from the foundation of the newspaper in 1867 up to the First World War. Just a few years before the term anti-Semitism was coined, Catholic journalists of Venice had created the new semantic of secular anti-Semitism. They turned back to religious issues when they tried to systematize their anti-Jewish sentiments. Thus one can observe in the coverage of the Venetian Catholic journals the invention of an anti-Semitic tradition. KW - anti-Semitism KW - anti-Judaism KW - Venice KW - Catholic Church KW - nineteenth century Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1163/18712428-09603002 SN - 1871-241X SN - 1871-2428 VL - 96 SP - 346 EP - 369 PB - Brill CY - Leiden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wutke, Saskia A1 - Benecke, Norbert A1 - Sandoval-Castellanos, Edson A1 - Döhle, Hans-Jürgen A1 - Friederich, Susanne A1 - Gonzalez Soto, Javier Esteban A1 - Hallsson, Jon Hallsteinn A1 - Hofreiter, Michael A1 - Lougas, Lembi A1 - Magnell, Ola A1 - Morales-Muniz, Arturo A1 - Orlando, Ludovic A1 - Palsdottir, Albina Hulda A1 - Reissmann, Monika A1 - Ruttkay, Matej A1 - Trinks, Alexandra A1 - Ludwig, Arne T1 - Spotted phenotypes in horses lost attractiveness in the Middle Ages JF - Scientific reports N2 - Horses have been valued for their diversity of coat colour since prehistoric times; this is especially the case since their domestication in the Caspian steppe in similar to 3,500 BC. Although we can assume that human preferences were not constant, we have only anecdotal information about how domestic horses were influenced by humans. Our results from genotype analyses show a significant increase in spotted coats in early domestic horses (Copper Age to Iron Age). In contrast, medieval horses carried significantly fewer alleles for these phenotypes, whereas solid phenotypes (i.e., chestnut) became dominant. This shift may have been supported because of (i) pleiotropic disadvantages, (ii) a reduced need to separate domestic horses from their wild counterparts, (iii) a lower religious prestige, or (iv) novel developments in weaponry. These scenarios may have acted alone or in combination. However, the dominance of chestnut is a remarkable feature of the medieval horse population. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/srep38548 SN - 2045-2322 VL - 6 PB - Nature Publ. Group CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wurzbacher, Christian A1 - Warthmann, Norman A1 - Bourne, Elizabeth Charlotte A1 - Attermeyer, Katrin A1 - Allgaier, Martin A1 - Powell, Jeff R. A1 - Detering, Harald A1 - Mbedi, Susan A1 - Großart, Hans-Peter A1 - Monaghan, Michael T. T1 - High habitat-specificity in fungal communities in oligo-mesotrophic, temperate Lake Stechlin (North-East Germany) JF - MycoKeys N2 - Freshwater fungi are a poorly studied ecological group that includes a high taxonomic diversity. Most studies on aquatic fungal diversity have focused on single habitats, thus the linkage between habitat heterogeneity and fungal diversity remains largely unexplored. We took 216 samples from 54 locations representing eight different habitats in the meso-oligotrophic, temperate Lake Stechlin in North-East Germany. These included the pelagic and littoral water column, sediments, and biotic substrates. We performed high throughput sequencing using the Roche 454 platform, employing a universal eukaryotic marker region within the large ribosomal subunit (LSU) to compare fungal diversity, community structure, and species turnover among habitats. Our analysis recovered 1027 fungal OTUs (97% sequence similarity). Richness estimates were highest in the sediment, biofilms, and benthic samples (189-231 OTUs), intermediate in water samples (42-85 OTUs), and lowest in plankton samples (8 OTUs). NMDS grouped the eight studied habitats into six clusters, indicating that community composition was strongly influenced by turnover among habitats. Fungal communities exhibited changes at the phylum and order levels along three different substrate categories from littoral to pelagic habitats. The large majority of OTUs (> 75%) could not be classified below the order level due to the lack of aquatic fungal entries in public sequence databases. Our study provides a first estimate of lake-wide fungal diversity and highlights the important contribution of habitat heterogeneity to overall diversity and community composition. Habitat diversity should be considered in any sampling strategy aiming to assess the fungal diversity of a water body. KW - Freshwater fungi KW - aquatic fungi KW - metabarcoding KW - LSU KW - GMYC KW - habitat specificity KW - Chytridiomycota KW - Cryptomycota KW - Rozellomycota KW - community ecology KW - lake ecosystem KW - biofilm KW - sediment KW - plankton KW - water sample KW - benthos KW - reed KW - fungal diversity Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.16.9646 SN - 1314-4057 SN - 1314-4049 VL - 41 SP - 17 EP - 44 PB - Pensoft Publ. CY - Sofia ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wulf, Hendrik A1 - Bookhagen, Bodo A1 - Scherler, Dirk T1 - Differentiating between rain, snow, and glacier contributions to river discharge in the western Himalaya using remote-sensing data and distributed hydrological modeling JF - Advances in water resources N2 - Rivers draining the southern Himalaya provide most of the water supply for the densely populated Indo-Gangetic plains. Despite the importance of water resources in light of climate change, the relative contributions of rainfall, snow and glacier melt to discharge are not well understood, due to the scarcity of ground-based data in this complex terrain. Here, we quantify discharge sources in the Sutlej Valley, western Himalaya, from 2000 to 2012 with a distributed hydrological model that is based on daily, ground-calibrated remote-sensing observation. Based on the consistently good model performance, we analyzed the spatiotemporal distribution of hydrologic components and quantified their contribution to river discharge. Our results indicate that the Sutlej River's annual discharge at the mountain front is sourced to 55% by effective rainfall (rainfall reduced by evapotranspiration), 35% by snow melt and 10% by glacier melt. In the high-elevation orogenic interior glacial runoff contributes ∼30% to annual river discharge. These glacier melt contributions are especially important during years with substantially reduced rainfall and snowmelt runoff, as during 2004, to compensate for low river discharge and ensure sustained water supply and hydropower generation. In 2004, discharge of the Sutlej River totaled only half the maximum annual discharge; with 17.3% being sourced by glacier melt. Our findings underscore the importance of calibrating remote-sensing data with ground-based data to constrain hydrological models with reasonable accuracy. For instance, we found that TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) product 3B42 V7 systematically overestimates rainfall in arid regions of our study area by a factor of up to 5. By quantifying the spatiotemporal distribution of water resources we provide an important assessment of the potential impact of global warming on river discharge in the western Himalaya. Given the near-global coverage of the utilized remote-sensing datasets this hydrological modeling approach can be readily transferred to other data-sparse regions. KW - Runoff modeling KW - MODIS KW - TRMM KW - Mountain hydrology KW - Sutlej River Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.12.004 SN - 0309-1708 SN - 1872-9657 VL - 88 SP - 152 EP - 169 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wuennemann, Patrick A1 - Noyong, Michael A1 - Kreuels, Klaus A1 - Bruex, Roland A1 - Gordiichuk, Pavlo A1 - van Rijn, Patrick A1 - Plamper, Felix A. A1 - Simon, Ulrich A1 - Böker, Alexander T1 - Microstructured Hydrogel Templates for the Formation of Conductive Gold Nanowire Arrays JF - Macromolecular rapid communications N2 - Microstructured hydrogel allows for a new template-guided method to obtain conductive nanowire arrays on a large scale. To generate the template, an imprinting process is used in order to synthesize the hydrogel directly into the grooves of wrinkled polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The resulting poly(N-vinylimidazole)-based hydrogel is defined by the PDMS stamp in pattern and size. Subsequently, tetrachloroaurate(III) ions from aqueous solution are coordinated within the humps of the N-vinylimidazole-containing polymer template and reduced by air plasma. After reduction and development of the gold, to achieve conductive wires, the extension perpendicular to the long axis (width) of the gold strings is considerably reduced compared to the dimension of the parental hydrogel wrinkles (from approximate to 1 mu m down to 200-300 nm). At the same time, the wire-to-wire distance and the overall length of the wires is preserved. The PDMS templates and hydrogel structures are analyzed with scanning force microscopy (SFM) and the gold structures via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The conductivity measurements of the gold nanowires are performed in situ in the SEM, showing highly conductive gold leads. Hence, this method can be regarded as a facile nonlithographic top-down approach from micrometer-sized structures to nanometer-sized features. KW - 1D structures KW - Au nanoarrays KW - microgel KW - nanoimprint KW - lithography KW - thin films Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.201600287 SN - 1022-1336 SN - 1521-3927 VL - 37 SP - 1446 EP - 1452 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wu, Lei A1 - Glebe, Ulrich A1 - Böker, Alexander T1 - Synthesis of Hybrid Silica Nanoparticles Densely Grafted with Thermo and pH Dual-Responsive Brushes via Surface-Initiated ATRP JF - Macromolecules : a publication of the American Chemical Society Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01792 SN - 0024-9297 SN - 1520-5835 VL - 49 SP - 9586 EP - 9596 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wright, Justin P. A1 - Ames, Gregory M. A1 - Mitchelll, Rachel M. T1 - The more things change, the more they stay the same? When is trait variability important for stability of ecosystem function in a changing environment JF - Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London : B, Biological sciences N2 - The importance of intraspecific trait variability for community dynamics and ecosystem functioning has been underappreciated. There are theoretical reasons for predicting that species that differ in intraspecific trait variability will also differ in their effects on ecosystem functioning, particularly in variable environments. We discuss whether species with greater trait variability are likely to exhibit greater temporal stability in their population dynamics, and under which conditions this might lead to stability in ecosystem functioning. Resolving this requires us to consider several questions. First, are species with high levels of variation for one trait equally variable in others? In particular, is variability in response and effects traits typically correlated? Second, what is the relative contribution of local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity to trait variability? If local adaptation dominates, then stability in function requires one of two conditions: (i) individuals of appropriate phenotypes present in the environment at high enough frequencies to allow for populations to respond rapidly to the changing environment, and (ii) high levels of dispersal and gene flow. While we currently lack sufficient information on the causes and distribution of variability in functional traits, filling in these key data gaps should increase our ability to predict how changing biodiversity will alter ecosystem functioning. KW - biodiversity KW - intraspecific variation KW - ecosystem function KW - functional traits KW - phenotypic plasticity Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0272 SN - 0962-8436 SN - 1471-2970 VL - 371 PB - Royal Society CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wong, Joseph K. -H. A1 - Ast, Sandra A1 - Yu, Mingfeng A1 - Flehr, Roman A1 - Counsell, Andrew J. A1 - Turner, Peter A1 - Crisologo, Patrick A1 - Todd, Matthew H. A1 - Rutledge, Peter J. T1 - Synthesis and Evaluation of 1,8-Disubstituted-Cyclam/Naphthalimide Conjugates as Probes for Metal Ions JF - ChemistryOpen : including thesis treasury N2 - Fluorescent molecular probes for metal ions have a raft of potential applications in chemistry and biomedicine. We report the synthesis and photophysical characterisation of 1,8-disubstituted-cyclam/naphthalimide conjugates and their zinc complexes. An efficient synthesis of 1,8-bis-(2-azidoethyl)cyclam has been developed and used to prepare 1,8-disubstituted triazolyl-cyclam systems, in which the pendant group is connected to triazole C4. UV/Vis and fluorescence emission spectra, zinc binding experiments, fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime measurements and pH titrations of the resultant bis-naphthalimide ligand elucidate a complex pattern of photophysical behaviour. Important differences arise from the inclusion of two fluorophores in the one probe and from the variation of triazole substitution pattern (dye at C4 vs. N1). Introducing a second fluorophore greatly extends fluorescence lifetimes, whereas the altered substitution pattern at the cyclam amines exerts a major influence on fluorescence output and metal binding. Crystal structures of two key zinc complexes evidence variations in triazole coordination that mirror the solution-phase behaviour of these systems. KW - chromophores KW - click triazoles KW - fluorescent probes KW - macrocyclic compounds KW - photophysics Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/open.201600010 SN - 2191-1363 VL - 5 SP - 375 EP - 385 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wollny, Anna A1 - Fay, Doris A1 - Urbach, Tina T1 - Personal initiative in middle childhood: Conceptualization and measurement development JF - Learning and individual differences N2 - Drawing on research on personal initiative in adults, this paper present the conceptualization of personal initiative in the middle childhood, and the development and validation of an eight-item teacher and parent rating scale of children's and adolescents' personal initiative. The psychometric properties and construct validity of the measure were tested in two samples of children in middle childhood (N = 1069–1657) and middle childhood to adolescence (N = 1533). Both the teacher and parent rating scale showed good item characteristics. Results of confirmatory factor analyses supported their hypothesized factorial structure. The agreement of teacher and parent ratings was satisfactory. Evidence on the construct validity of the scale was further derived from a nomological network comprising control cognitions, motivational orientations, and cognitive ability. The measures proved to be invariant across school years and raters. We discuss several avenues for future research on personal initiative in the fields of development and education. KW - Personal initiative KW - Proactivity KW - Childhood and adolescence KW - Scale development Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2016.05.004 SN - 1041-6080 SN - 1873-3425 VL - 49 SP - 59 EP - 73 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wolff, Wanja A1 - Schindler, Sebastian A1 - Englert, Christoph A1 - Brand, Ralf A1 - Kissler, Johanna T1 - Uninstructed BIAT faking when ego depleted or in normal state: differential effect on brain and behavior JF - BMC neuroscience N2 - Background: Deception can distort psychological tests on socially sensitive topics. Understanding the cerebral processes that are involved in such faking can be useful in detection and prevention of deception. Previous research shows that faking a brief implicit association test (BIAT) evokes a characteristic ERP response. It is not yet known whether temporarily available self-control resources moderate this response. We randomly assigned 22 participants (15 females, 24.23 +/- 2.91 years old) to a counterbalanced repeated-measurements design. Participants first completed a Brief-IAT (BIAT) on doping attitudes as a baseline measure and were then instructed to fake a negative doping attitude both when self-control resources were depleted and non-depleted. Cerebral activity during BIAT performance was assessed using high-density EEG. Conclusions: Results indicate that temporarily available self-control resources do not affect overt faking success on a BIAT. However, differences were found on an electrophysiological level. This indicates that while on a phenotypical level self-control resources play a negligible role in deliberate test faking the underlying cerebral processes are markedly different. KW - EEG/ERP KW - Implicit association test (IAT) KW - Faking KW - Deception KW - Ego depletion KW - Cognitive control Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-016-0249-8 SN - 1471-2202 VL - 17 PB - BioMed Central CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wolff, Wanja A1 - Sandouqa, Yaser A1 - Brand, Ralf T1 - Using, the simple sample count to estimate the frequency of prescription drug neuroenhancement in a sample of Jordan employees JF - International journal of drug policy N2 - Background: Epidemiological research indicates that the use of prescription drugs to enhance cognitive functioning is prevalent in Western countries, however, research on this phenomenon in Arab countries is lacking. Our study aimed to investigate the frequency of neuroenhancement (NE) using prescription drugs in a sample of employees in Jordan. Methods: A sample of 1186 employees (37.11 +/- 8.37 years old, 495 female), of whom 723 (35.65 +/- 7.53 years old, 396 female) served as teachers, completed a paper-pencil questionnaire. The single sample count technique (SSC) was used in order to secure confidential, self-reporting of prescription drug NE. Results: The 12-month prevalence of NE, estimated with the SSC was 15.43%. At 26.16%, the prevalence estimate was markedly higher in the subsample of teachers compared to non-teachers, 0.29%. Surprisingly, 336 participants did not use the SSC and directly affirmed or denied prescription drug NE. These direct responses yielded a prevalence of 11.57% for the full sample, 9.73% for the teachers and 15.60% for the non-teachers. Conclusion: This is the first study of the frequency of NE in an Arab sample. Results indicate that the use of prescription drug NE is not limited to Western countries and that teachers in Jordan might constitute a high-risk population. Further, participants seem to differ in their use of indirect estimation methods for reporting prescription drug NE. For future research, it might be useful to triangulate standard self reports and indirect estimation methods to assess NE. Possible cultural differences and specific high-risk populations for NE should be investigated further. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - Neuroenhancement KW - Jordan KW - Single sample count Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.12.014 SN - 0955-3959 SN - 1873-4758 VL - 31 SP - 51 EP - 55 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wisotzki, Lutz A1 - Bacon, Roland A1 - Blaizot, J. A1 - Brinchmann, Jarle A1 - Herenz, Edmund Christian A1 - Schaye, Joop A1 - Bouche, Nicolas A1 - Cantalupo, Sebastiano A1 - Contini, Thierry A1 - Carollo, C. M. A1 - Caruana, Joseph A1 - Courbot, J. -B. A1 - Emsellem, E. A1 - Kamann, S. A1 - Kerutt, Josephine Victoria A1 - Leclercq, F. A1 - Lilly, S. J. A1 - Patricio, V. A1 - Sandin, C. A1 - Steinmetz, Matthias A1 - Straka, Lorrie A. A1 - Urrutia, Tanya A1 - Verhamme, A. A1 - Weilbacher, Peter Michael A1 - Wendt, Martin T1 - Extended Lyman alpha haloes around individual high-redshift galaxies revealed by MUSE JF - Science N2 - We report the detection of extended Ly alpha emission around individual star-forming galaxies at redshifts z = 3-6 in an ultradeep exposure of the Hubble Deep Field South obtained with MUSE on the ESO-VLT. The data reach a limiting surface brightness (1 sigma) of similar to 1 x 10(-19) erg s(-1) cm(-2) arcsec(-2) in azimuthally averaged radial profiles, an order of magnitude improvement over previous narrowband imaging. Our sample consists of 26 spectroscopically confirmed Ly alpha-emitting, but mostly continuum-faint (m(AB) greater than or similar to 27) galaxies. In most objects the Ly alpha emission is considerably more extended than the UV continuum light. While five of the faintest galaxies in the sample show no significantly detected Ly alpha haloes, the derived upper limits suggest that this is due to insufficient S/N. Ly alpha haloes therefore appear to be ubiquitous even for low-mass (similar to 10(8)-10(9) M-circle dot) star-forming galaxies at z > 3. We decompose the Ly alpha emission of each object into a compact component tracing the UV continuum and an extended halo component, and infer sizes and luminosities of the haloes. The extended Ly alpha emission approximately follows an exponential surface brightness distribution with a scale length of a few kpc. While these haloes are thus quite modest in terms of their absolute sizes, they are larger by a factor of 5-15 than the corresponding rest-frame UV continuum sources as seen by HST. They are also much more extended, by a factor similar to 5, than Ly alpha haloes around low-redshift star-forming galaxies. Between similar to 40% and greater than or similar to 90% of the observed Ly alpha flux comes from the extended halo component, with no obvious correlation of this fraction with either the absolute or the relative size of the Ly alpha halo. Our observations provide direct insights into the spatial distribution of at least partly neutral gas residing in the circumgalactic medium of low to intermediate mass galaxies at z > 3. KW - galaxies: high-redshift KW - galaxies: evolution KW - galaxies: formation KW - cosmology: observations KW - intergalactic medium Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201527384 SN - 1432-0746 VL - 587 PB - EDP Sciences CY - Les Ulis ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wirth, Jonas A1 - Schacht, Julia A1 - Saalfrank, Peter A1 - Paulus, Beate T1 - Fluorination of the Hydroxylated alpha-Al2O3 (0001) and Its Implications for Water Adsorption: A Theoretical Study JF - The journal of physical chemistry : C, Nanomaterials and interfaces N2 - Fluorination of the hydroxylated alpha-Al2O3 (0001) surface is studied using periodic density functional theory calculations. On the basis of a hypothetical reaction substituting surface hydroxyl groups with fluorine atoms, we find surface fluorination to be strongly exergonic but kinetically hindered. Fluorinated surface areas turn out to be rather hydrophobic as compared to hydroxylated areas, suggesting fluorination as a potential route for tuning oxide surface properties such as hydrophilicity. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b10975 SN - 1932-7447 VL - 120 SP - 9713 EP - 9718 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wirth, Jonas A1 - Kirsch, Harald A1 - Wlosczyk, Sebastian A1 - Tong, Yujin A1 - Saalfrank, Peter A1 - Campen, Richard Kramer T1 - Characterization of water dissociation on alpha-Al2O3(1(1)over-bar02): theory and experiment JF - Physical chemistry, chemical physics : a journal of European Chemical Societies N2 - The interaction of water with a-alumina (i.e. alpha-Al2O3) surfaces is important in a variety of applications and a useful model for the interaction of water with environmentally abundant aluminosilicate phases. Despite its significance, studies of water interaction with alpha-Al2O3 surfaces other than the (0001) are extremely limited. Here we characterize the interaction of water (D2O) with a well defined alpha-Al2O3(1 (1) over bar 02) surface in UHV both experimentally, using temperature programmed desorption and surface-specific vibrational spectroscopy, and theoretically, using periodic-slab density functional theory calculations. This combined approach makes it possible to demonstrate that water adsorption occurs only at a single well defined surface site (the so-called 1-4 configuration) and that at this site the barrier between the molecularly and dissociatively adsorbed forms is very low: 0.06 eV. A subset of OD stretch vibrations are parallel to this dissociation coordinate, and thus would be expected to be shifted to low frequencies relative to an uncoupled harmonic oscillator. To quantify this effect we solve the vibrational Schrodinger equation along the dissociation coordinate and find fundamental frequencies red-shifted by more than 1500 cm(-1). Within the context of this model, at moderate temperatures, we further find that some fraction of surface deuterons are likely delocalized: dissociatively and molecularly absorbed states are no longer distinguishable. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/c6cp01397j SN - 1463-9076 SN - 1463-9084 VL - 18 SP - 14822 EP - 14832 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wippert, Pia-Maria A1 - Fliesser, Michael T1 - National doping prevention guidelines : Intent, efficacy and lessons learned BT - A 4-year evaluation JF - Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy N2 - Background Doping presents a potential health risk for young athletes. Prevention programs are intended to prevent doping by educating athletes about banned substances. However, such programs have their limitations in practice. This led Germany to introduce the National Doping Prevention Plan (NDPP), in hopes of ameliorating the situation among young elite athletes. Two studies examined 1) the degree to which the NDPP led to improved prevention efforts in elite sport schools, and 2) the extent to which newly developed prevention activities of the national anti-doping agency (NADA) based on the NDPP have improved knowledge among young athletes within elite sports schools. Methods The first objective was investigated in a longitudinal study (Study I: t0 = baseline, t1 = follow-up 4 years after NDPP introduction) with N = 22 teachers engaged in doping prevention in elite sports schools. The second objective was evaluated in a cross-sectional comparison study (Study II) in N = 213 elite sports school students (54.5 % male, 45.5 % female, age M = 16.7 ± 1.3 years (all students had received the improved NDDP measure in school; one student group had received additionally NADA anti-doping activities and a control group did not). Descriptive statistics were calculated, followed by McNemar tests, Wilcoxon tests and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). Results Results indicate that 4 years after the introduction of the NDPP there have been limited structural changes with regard to the frequency, type, and scope of doping prevention in elite sport schools. On the other hand, in study II, elite sport school students who received further NADA anti-doping activities performed better on an anti-doping knowledge test than students who did not take part (F(1, 207) = 33.99, p <0.001), although this difference was small. Conclusion The integration of doping-prevention in elite sport schools as part of the NDPP was only partially successful. The results of the evaluation indicate that the introduction of the NDPP has contributed more to a change in the content of doping prevention activities than to a structural transformation in anti-doping education in elite sport schools. Moreover, while students who did receive additional education in the form of the NDPP“booster sessions” had significantly more knowledge about doping than students who did not receive such education, this difference was only small and may not translate to actual behavior. KW - Doping KW - Anti-doping program KW - Anti-doping guideline KW - Elite sports schools Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-016-0079-9 SN - 1747-597X VL - 11 PB - BioMed Central CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wippert, Pia-Maria A1 - Fliesser, Michael T1 - National doping prevention guidelines: Intent, efficacy and lessons learned - A 4-year evaluation JF - Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy N2 - Background: Doping presents a potential health risk for young athletes. Prevention programs are intended to prevent doping by educating athletes about banned substances. However, such programs have their limitations in practice. This led Germany to introduce the National Doping Prevention Plan (NDPP), in hopes of ameliorating the situation among young elite athletes. Two studies examined 1) the degree to which the NDPP led to improved prevention efforts in elite sport schools, and 2) the extent to which newly developed prevention activities of the national anti-doping agency (NADA) based on the NDPP have improved knowledge among young athletes within elite sports schools. Methods: The first objective was investigated in a longitudinal study (Study I: t0 = baseline, t1 = follow-up 4 years after NDPP introduction) with N = 22 teachers engaged in doping prevention in elite sports schools. The second objective was evaluated in a cross-sectional comparison study (Study II) in N = 213 elite sports school students (54. 5 % male, 45.5 % female, age M = 16.7 +/- 1.3 years (all students had received the improved NDDP measure in school; one student group had received additionally NADA anti-doping activities and a control group did not). Descriptive statistics were calculated, followed by McNemar tests, Wilcoxon tests and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). Results: Results indicate that 4 years after the introduction of the NDPP there have been limited structural changes with regard to the frequency, type, and scope of doping prevention in elite sport schools. On the other hand, in study II, elite sport school students who received further NADA anti-doping activities performed better on an anti-doping knowledge test than students who did not take part (F(1, 207) = 33.99, p < 0.001), although this difference was small. Conclusion: The integration of doping-prevention in elite sport schools as part of the NDPP was only partially successful. The results of the evaluation indicate that the introduction of the NDPP has contributed more to a change in the content of doping prevention activities than to a structural transformation in anti-doping education in elite sport schools. Moreover, while students who did receive additional education in the form of the NDPP "booster sessions" had significantly more knowledge about doping than students who did not receive such education, this difference was only small and may not translate to actual behavior. KW - Doping KW - Anti-doping program KW - Anti-doping guideline KW - Elite sports schools Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-016-0079-9 SN - 1747-597X VL - 11 PB - BioMed Central CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Winkler, Michael A1 - Abel, Markus T1 - Optimized setup for two-dimensional convection experiments in thin liquid films JF - Review of scientific instruments : a monthly journal devoted to scientific instruments, apparatus, and techniques N2 - We present a novel experimental setup to investigate two-dimensional thermal convection in a freestanding thin liquid film. Such films can be produced in a controlled way on the scale of 5-1000 nm. Our primary goal is to investigate convection patterns and the statistics of reversals in Rayleigh-Benard convection with varying aspect ratio. Additionally, questions regarding the physics of liquid films under controlled conditions can be investigated, like surface forces, or stability under varying thermodynamical parameters. The film is suspended in a frame which can be adjusted in height and width to span an aspect ratio range of Gamma = 0.16-10. The top and bottom frame elements can be set to specific temperature within T = 15 degrees C to 55 degrees C. A thickness to area ratio of approximately 108 enables only two-dimensional fluid motion in the time scales relevant for turbulent motion. The chemical composition of the film is well-defined and optimized for film stability and reproducibility and in combination with carefully controlled ambient parameters allows the comparison to existing experimental and numerical data. Published by AIP Publishing. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4950871 SN - 0034-6748 SN - 1089-7623 VL - 87 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wilting, A. A1 - Patel, R. A1 - Pfestorf, Hans A1 - Kern, C. A1 - Sultan, K. A1 - Ario, A. A1 - Penaloza, F. A1 - Kramer-Schadt, S. A1 - Radchuk, Viktoriia A1 - Foerster, D. W. A1 - Fickel, Jörns T1 - Evolutionary history and conservation significance of the Javan leopard Panthera pardus melas JF - Journal of zoology : proceedings of the Zoological Society of London N2 - The leopard Panthera pardus is widely distributed across Africa and Asia; however, there is a gap in its natural distribution in Southeast Asia, where it occurs on the mainland and on Java but not on the interjacent island of Sumatra. Several scenarios have been proposed to explain this distribution gap. Here, we complemented an existing dataset of 68 leopard mtDNA sequences from Africa and Asia with mtDNA sequences (NADH5+ ctrl, 724bp) from 19 Javan leopards, and hindcasted leopard distribution to the Pleistocene to gain further insights into the evolutionary history of the Javan leopard. Our data confirmed that Javan leopards are evolutionarily distinct from other Asian leopards, and that they have been present on Java since the Middle Pleistocene. Species distribution projections suggest that Java was likely colonized via a Malaya-Java land bridge that by-passed Sumatra, as suitable conditions for leopards during Pleistocene glacial periods were restricted to northern and western Sumatra. As fossil evidence supports the presence of leopards on Sumatra at the beginning of the Late Pleistocene, our projections are consistent with a scenario involving the extinction of leopards on Sumatra as a consequence of the Toba super volcanic eruption (similar to 74kya). The impact of this eruption was minor on Java, suggesting that leopards managed to survive here. Currently, only a few hundred leopards still live in the wild and only about 50 are managed in captivity. Therefore, this unique and distinctive subspecies requires urgent, concerted conservation efforts, integrating insitu and ex situ conservation management activities in a One Plan Approach to species conservation management. KW - biogeography KW - evolutionary history KW - Felidae KW - Southeast Asia KW - Toba eruption KW - One Plan Approach KW - Pleistocene KW - Javan leopard Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12348 SN - 0952-8369 SN - 1469-7998 VL - 299 SP - 239 EP - 250 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wilde, Sandra Catharina A1 - Treitz, Christian A1 - Keppler, Julia Katharina A1 - Koudelka, Tomas A1 - Palani, Kalpana A1 - Tholey, Andreas A1 - Rawel, Harshadrai Manilal A1 - Schwarz, Karin T1 - beta-Lactoglobulin as nanotransporter - Part II: Characterization of the covalent protein modification by allicin and diallyl disulfide JF - Food chemistry N2 - The whey protein beta-lactoglobulin has been proposed as a transporter for covalent bound bioactive compounds in order to enhance their stability and reduce their sensory perception. The garlic derived compounds allicin and diallyl disulfide were bound covalently to the native and heat denatured protein. The binding site and the influence of the modification on the digestibility were determined by mass spectrometric analysis of the modified beta-lactoglobulin. Further, the conformation of the modified protein was assessed by circular dichroism and dynamic light scattering. The free thiol group of Cys(121) turned out to be the major binding site. After proteolysis with trypsin at pH 7 but not with pepsin at pH 2, a limited transfer to other cysteinyl residues was observed. The covalently bound ligands did not mask any proteolytic cleavage sites of pepsin, trypsin or chymotrypsin. The modified beta-lactoglobulin showed a native like conformation, besides a moderate loosening of protein folding. The covalent binding of organosulfur compounds to beta-lactoglobulin provides a bioactive ingredient without impairing the digestibility and functional properties of the protein. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - Beta-lactoglobulin KW - Covalent modification KW - LC-MS KW - CD, DLS KW - Thiol KW - Allicin KW - Garlic KW - Diallyl disulfide Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.011 SN - 0308-8146 SN - 1873-7072 VL - 197 SP - 1022 EP - 1029 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wiese, Heike A1 - Rehbein, Ines T1 - Coherence in new urban dialects: A case study JF - Lingua : international review of general linguistics N2 - This paper investigates evidence for linguistic coherence in new urban dialects that evolved in multiethnic and multilingual urban neighbourhoods. We propose a view of coherence as an interpretation of empirical observations rather than something that would be "out there in the data", and argue that this interpretation should be based on evidence of systematic links between linguistic phenomena, as established by patterns of covariation between phenomena that can be shown to be related at linguistic levels. In a case study, we present results from qualitative and quantitative analyses for a set of phenomena that have been described for Kiezdeutsch, a new dialect from multilingual urban Germany. Qualitative analyses point to linguistic relationships between different phenomena and between pragmatic and linguistic levels. Quantitative analyses, based on corpus data from KiDKo (www.kiezdeutschkorpus.de), point to systematic advantages for the Kiezdeutsch data from a multiethnic and multilingual context provided by the main corpus (KiDKo/Mu), compared to complementary corpus data from a mostly monoethnic and monolingual (German) context (KiDKo/Mo). Taken together, this indicates patterns of covariation that support an interpretation of coherence for this new dialect: ourfindings point to an interconnected linguistic system, rather than to a mere accumulation of individual features. In addition to this internal coherence, the data also points to external coherence: Kiezdeutsch is not disconnected on the outside either, but fully integrated within the general domain of German, an integration that defies a distinction of "autochthonous" and "allochthonous" German, not only at the level of speakers, but also at the level of linguistic systems. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - Covariation KW - Internal and external coherence KW - Kiezdeutsch KW - Urban dialects KW - Bare NPs KW - Light verbs KW - Directive particles KW - German forefield Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2015.10.016 SN - 0024-3841 SN - 1872-6135 VL - 172 SP - 45 EP - 61 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wiemers, Michael A1 - Fischer, Martin H. T1 - Effects of Hand Proximity and Movement Direction in Spatial and Temporal Gap Discrimination JF - Frontiers in psychology KW - attention KW - perception and action KW - two visual systems KW - visual perception KW - movement preparation Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01930 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 7 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wickert, Andrew D. T1 - Open-source modular solutions for flexural isostasy: gFlex v1.0 JF - Geoscientific model development : an interactive open access journal of the European Geosciences Union N2 - Isostasy is one of the oldest and most widely applied concepts in the geosciences, but the geoscientific community lacks a coherent, easy-to-use tool to simulate flexure of a realistic (i.e., laterally heterogeneous) lithosphere under an arbitrary set of surface loads. Such a model is needed for studies of mountain building, sedimentary basin formation, glaciation, sea-level change, and other tectonic, geodynamic, and surface processes. Here I present gFlex (for GNU flexure), an open-source model that can produce analytical and finite difference solutions for lithospheric flexure in one (profile) and two (map view) dimensions. To simulate the flexural isostatic response to an imposed load, it can be used by itself or within GRASS GIS for better integration with field data. gFlex is also a component with the Community Surface Dynamics Modeling System (CSDMS) and Landlab modeling frameworks for coupling with a wide range of Earth-surface-related models, and can be coupled to additional models within Python scripts. As an example of this in-script coupling, I simulate the effects of spatially variable lithospheric thickness on a modeled Iceland ice cap. Finite difference solutions in gFlex can use any of five types of boundary conditions: 0-displacement, 0-slope (i.e., clamped); 0-slope, 0-shear; 0-moment, 0-shear (i.e., broken plate); mirror symmetry; and periodic. Typical calculations with gFlex require << 1 s to similar to 1 min on a personal laptop computer. These characteristics - multiple ways to run the model, multiple solution methods, multiple boundary conditions, and short compute time - make gFlex an effective tool for flexural isostatic modeling across the geosciences. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-997-2016 SN - 1991-959X SN - 1991-9603 VL - 9 SP - 997 EP - 1017 PB - Copernicus CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wichitsa-Nguan, Korakot A1 - Läuter, Henning A1 - Liero, Hannelore T1 - Estimability in Cox models JF - Statistical Papers N2 - Our procedure of estimating is the maximum partial likelihood estimate (MPLE) which is the appropriate estimate in the Cox model with a general censoring distribution, covariates and an unknown baseline hazard rate . We find conditions for estimability and asymptotic estimability. The asymptotic variance matrix of the MPLE is represented and properties are discussed. KW - Cox model KW - Estimability KW - Asymptotic variance of maximum partial likelihood estimate Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00362-016-0755-x SN - 0932-5026 SN - 1613-9798 VL - 57 SP - 1121 EP - 1140 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - White, Alec F. A1 - Heide, Chiara Josephine A1 - Saalfrank, Peter A1 - Head-Gordon, Martin A1 - Luppi, Eleonora T1 - Computation of high-harmonic generation spectra of the hydrogen molecule using time-dependent configuration-interaction JF - Molecular physics N2 - Here we apply and expand the knowledge developed in the case of the H atom to describe high-harmonic generation (HHG) for the H-2 molecule by using time-dependent configuration interaction with single excitations. The implications of using a finite atomic orbital basis set and the impact of a heuristic lifetime model which addresses ionisation losses are discussed. We also examine the influence of the angular momentum of the basis on the computed HHG spectra. Moreover, we discuss the impact of adding diffuse functions and ghost atoms in different geometrical configurations around the molecule. The effects of these additional centres on the HHG spectra are correlated with the physical interpretation of this nonlinear optical phenomenon as given by the three-step model, relating the maximal radial extent of the electron as predicted by the model to the radial extent of the Gaussian basis sets. [GRAPHICS] . KW - High-harmonic generation KW - strong field KW - time-dependent configuration interaction Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/00268976.2015.1119900 SN - 0026-8976 SN - 1362-3028 VL - 114 SP - 947 EP - 956 PB - Springer CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weyrich, Alexandra A1 - Lenz, Dorina A1 - Jeschek, Marie A1 - Tzu Hung Chung, A1 - Ruebensam, Kathrin A1 - Goeritz, Frank A1 - Jewgenow, Katarina A1 - Fickel, Jörns T1 - Paternal intergenerational epigenetic response to heat exposure in male Wild guinea pigs JF - Molecular ecology N2 - Epigenetic modifications, of which DNA methylation is the best studied one, can convey environmental information through generations via parental germ lines. Past studies have focused on the maternal transmission of epigenetic information to the offspring of isogenic mice and rats in response to external changes, whereas heterogeneous wild mammals as well as paternal epigenetic effects have been widely neglected. In most wild mammal species, males are the dispersing sex and have to cope with differing habitats and thermal changes. As temperature is a major environmental factor we investigated if genetically heterogeneous Wild guinea pig (Cavia aperea) males can adapt epigenetically to an increase in temperature and if that response will be transmitted to the next generation(s). Five adult male guinea pigs (F0) were exposed to an increased ambient temperature for 2 months, i.e. the duration of spermatogenesis. We studied the liver (as the main thermoregulatory organ) of F0 fathers and F1 sons, and testes of F1 sons for paternal transmission of epigenetic modifications across generation(s). Reduced representation bisulphite sequencing revealed shared differentially methylated regions in annotated areas between F0 livers before and after heat treatment, and their sons’ livers and testes, which indicated a general response with ecological relevance. Thus, paternal exposure to a temporally limited increased ambient temperature led to an ‘immediate’ and ‘heritable’ epigenetic response that may even be transmitted to the F2 generation. In the context of globally rising temperatures epigenetic mechanisms may become increasingly relevant for the survival of species. KW - adaptation KW - Cavia aperea KW - DNA methylation KW - environmental factor KW - global change KW - plasticity KW - temperature increase Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13494 SN - 0962-1083 SN - 1365-294X VL - 25 SP - 1729 EP - 1740 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weyrich, Alexandra A1 - Benz, Stephanie A1 - Karl, Stephan A1 - Jeschek, Marie A1 - Jewgenow, Katarina A1 - Fickel, Jörns T1 - Paternal heat exposure causes DNA methylation and gene expression changes of Stat3 in Wild guinea pig sons JF - Ecology and evolution N2 - Epigenetic mechanisms convey environmental information through generations and can regulate gene expression. Epigenetic studies in wild mammals are rare, but enable understanding adaptation processes as they may occur in nature. In most wild mammal species, males are the dispersing sex and thus often have to cope with differing habitats and thermal changes more rapidly than the often philopatric females. As temperature is a major environmental selection factor, we investigated whether genetically heterogeneous Wild guinea pig (Cavia aperea) males adapt epigenetically to an increase in temperature, whether that response will be transmitted to the next generation(s), and whether it regulates mRNA expression. Five (F0) adult male guinea pigs were exposed to an increased ambient temperature for 2 months, corresponding to the duration of the species' spermatogenesis. To study the effect of heat, we focused on the main thermoregulatory organ, the liver. We analyzed CpG-methylation changes of male offspring (F1) sired before and after the fathers' heat treatment (as has recently been described in Weyrich et al. [Mol. Ecol., 2015]). Transcription analysis was performed for the three genes with the highest number of differentially methylated changes detected: the thermoregulation gene Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (Stat3), the proteolytic peptidase gene Cathepsin Z (Ctsz), and Sirtuin 6 (Sirt6) with function in epigenetic regulation. Stat3 gene expression was significantly reduced (P < 0.05), which indicated a close link between CpG-methylation and expression levels for this gene. The two other genes did not show gene expression changes. Our results indicate the presence of a paternal transgenerational epigenetic effect. Quick adaptation to climatic changes may become increasingly relevant for the survival of wildlife species as global temperatures are rising. KW - Adaptation KW - DNA methylation KW - nonmodel species KW - Paternal effects KW - thermoregulation KW - transgenerational epigenetic inheritance Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1993 SN - 2045-7758 VL - 6 SP - 2657 EP - 2666 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wettstein, Christoph A1 - Kano, Kenji A1 - Schaefer, Daniel A1 - Wollenberger, Ursula A1 - Lisdat, Fred T1 - Interaction of Flavin-Dependent Fructose Dehydrogenase with Cytochrome c as Basis for the Construction of Biomacromolecular Architectures on Electrodes JF - Analytical chemistry N2 - The creation of electron transfer (ET) chains based on the defined arrangement of enzymes and redox proteins on electrode surfaces represents an interesting approach within the field of bioelectrocatalysis. In this study, we investigated the ET reaction of the flavin-dependent enzyme fructose dehydrogenase (FDH) with the redox protein cytochrome c (cyt c). Two different pH optima were found for the reaction in acidic and neutral solutions. When cyt c was adsorbed on an electrode surface while the enzyme remained in solution, ET proceeded efficiently in media of neutral pH. Interprotein ET was also observed in acidic media; however, it appeared to be less efficient. These findings suggest that two different ET pathways between the enzyme and cyt c may occur. Moreover, cyt c and FDH were immobilized in multiple layers on an electrode surface by means of another biomacromolecule: DNA (double stranded) using the layer -by -layer technique. The biprotein multilayer architecture showed a catalytic response in dependence on the fructose concentration, indicating that the ET reaction between both proteins is feasible even in the immobilized state. The electrode showed a defined response to fructose and a good storage stability. Our results contribute to the better understanding of the ET reaction between FDH and cyt c and provide the basis for the creation of all-biomolecule based fructose sensors the sensitivity of which can be controlled by the layer preparation. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00815 SN - 0003-2700 SN - 1520-6882 VL - 88 SP - 6382 EP - 6389 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Westphal, Andrea A1 - Becker, Michael A1 - Vock, Miriam A1 - Maaz, Kai A1 - Neumann, Marko A1 - McElvany, Nele T1 - The link between teacher-assigned grades and classroom socioeconomic composition: The role of classroom behavior, motivation, and teacher characteristics JF - Contemporary educational psychology N2 - Teacher judgments in terms of grades, proficiency assessments, and recommending placement in ability groups can have important consequences for a child’s future educational path. Whether or not students’ sociodemographic background characteristics are systematically related to teacher judgments has been a controversial topic of discussion. Using data from the TIMSS-Transition Study (N = 3285 fourth graders) administered across 13 German federal states in the 2006–2007 school year and survey data from parents and teachers, we investigated whether or not the average classroom socioeconomic status is reflected in teacher judgments and also examined possible underlying processes. We also probed the role of teachers’ own socioeconomic backgrounds (at the age of 16) in their later susceptibility to differentially judge students from different socioeconomic backgrounds and in differentially composed classrooms. Multilevel regression analyses revealed that, after controlling for differences in achievement (as indicated by standardized tests), teachers’ judgments were associated with the classrooms’ socioeconomic composition, and this finding could not be attributed to the average levels of motivation or behavior in the classroom. Teachers were similarly likely to exhibit such differential judgments regardless of their own socioeconomic background. These findings are discussed in the context of their implications for educational policy. KW - Teacher judgments KW - Grading KW - Classroom composition KW - Teacher background KW - Multilevel modeling Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2016.06.004 SN - 0361-476X SN - 1090-2384 VL - 46 SP - 218 EP - 227 PB - Elsevier CY - San Diego ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Westbury, Michael V. A1 - Prost, Stefan A1 - Seelenfreund, Andrea A1 - Ramirez, Jose-Miguel A1 - Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth A. A1 - Knapp, Michael T1 - First complete mitochondrial genome data from ancient South American camelids - The mystery of the chilihueques from Isla Mocha (Chile) JF - Scientific reports Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/srep38708 SN - 2045-2322 VL - 6 PB - Nature Publ. Group CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wessig, Pablo A1 - Gerngross, Maik A1 - Freyse, Daniel A1 - Bruhn, P. A1 - Przezdziak, Marc A1 - Schilde, Uwe A1 - Kelling, Alexandra T1 - Molecular Rods Based on Oligo-spiro-thioketals JF - The journal of organic chemistry N2 - We report on an extension of the previously established concept of oligospiroketal (OSK) rods by replacing a part or all ketal moieties by thioketals leading to oligospirothioketal (OSTK) rods. In this way, some crucial problems arising from the reversible formation of ketals are circumvented. Furthermore, the stability of the rods toward hydrolysis is considerably improved. To successfully implement this concept, we first developed a number of new oligothiol building blocks and improved the synthetic accessibility of known oligothiols, respectively. Another advantage of thioacetals is that terephthalaldehyde (TAA) sleeves, which are too flexible in the case of acetals can be used in OSTK rods. The viability of the OSTK approach was demonstrated by the successful preparation of some OSTK rods with a length of some nanometers. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.joc.5b02670 SN - 0022-3263 VL - 81 SP - 1125 EP - 1136 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wessig, Pablo A1 - Behrends, Nicole A1 - Kumke, Michael Uwe A1 - Eisold, Ursula A1 - Meiling, Til A1 - Hille, Carsten T1 - Two-photon FRET pairs based on coumarin and DBD dyes JF - RSC Advances N2 - The synthesis and photophysical properties of two new FRET pairs based on coumarin as a donor and DBD dye as an acceptor are described. The introduction of a bromo atom dramatically increases the two-photon excitation (2PE) cross section providing a 2PE-FRET system, which is also suitable for 2PE-FLIM. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra03983a SN - 2046-2069 VL - 6 SP - 33510 EP - 33513 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wessig, Pablo A1 - Behrends, Nicole A1 - Kumke, Michael Uwe A1 - Eisold, Ursula T1 - FRET Pairs with Fixed Relative Orientation of Chromophores JF - European journal of organic chemistry N2 - Synthetic routes to different oligospirothioketal (OSTK) Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) constructs are described and the photophysics of these constructs were explored in different solvents. The FRET efficiencies were determined from the experimental data and compared with theoretical values. The influence of the outstanding rigidity of the novel OSTK compounds on the FRET is discussed. KW - Fluorescence KW - Energy transfer KW - FRET KW - Chromophores KW - Spiro compounds Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.201600489 SN - 1434-193X SN - 1099-0690 VL - 145 SP - 4476 EP - 4486 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wenzel, Bertolt T1 - Organizing coordination in a public marine research and management advice organization: The case of the Norwegian Institute of Marine Research JF - Marine policy N2 - Public organizations involved in marine management are increasingly confronted with coordination challenges in marine governance. This study examines why and how the Norwegian Institute of Marine Research (IMR) reorganized its formal coordination structures between the areas of fisheries management and marine environmental management The findings indicate that organizing efficient and, at the same time, legitimate coordination structures between different areas of marine governance is a "wicked" organizational problem with no ultimate and single optimal solution. In contrast to the assumptions of classical organization and management theory, the study finds that the reorganization of formal coordination structures is not necessarily driven for reasons of efficiency and perceived coordination problems. Instead, public marine management organizations also change their organizational structures to live up to external expectations to adopt modern management concepts, such as the Ecosystem Approach to Management (EAM). However, the study indicates that the adoption of the EAM has stimulated coordination and integration efforts in the research and advisory activities of the IMR. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - Public organizations KW - Coordination KW - Wicked problems KW - Ecosystem approach KW - Fisheries management KW - Marine environmental management Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2015.11.017 SN - 0308-597X SN - 1872-9460 VL - 64 SP - 159 EP - 167 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wenz, Leonie A1 - Levermann, Anders T1 - Enhanced economic connectivity to foster heat stress-related losses JF - Science Advances N2 - Assessing global impacts of unexpected meteorological events in an increasingly connected world economy is important for estimating the costs of climate change. We show that since the beginning of the 21st century, the structural evolution of the global supply network has been such as to foster an increase of climate-related production losses. We compute first- and higher-order losses from heat stress-induced reductions in productivity under changing economic and climatic conditions between 1991 and 2011. Since 2001, the economic connectivity has augmented in such a way as to facilitate the cascading of production loss. The influence of this structural change has dominated over the effect of the comparably weak climate warming during this decade. Thus, particularly under future warming, the intensification of international trade has the potential to amplify climate losses if no adaptation measures are taken. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501026 SN - 2375-2548 VL - 2 PB - American Assoc. for the Advancement of Science CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wenz, Leonie A1 - Kalkuhl, Matthias A1 - Steckel, Jan Christoph A1 - Creutzig, Felix T1 - Teleconnected food supply shocks JF - Environmental research letters N2 - The 2008-2010 food crisis might have been a harbinger of fundamental climate-induced food crises with geopolitical implications. Heat-wave-induced yield losses in Russia and resulting export restrictions led to increases in market prices for wheat across the Middle East, likely contributing to the Arab Spring. With ongoing climate change, temperatures and temperature variability will rise, leading to higher uncertainty in yields for major nutritional crops. Here we investigate which countries are most vulnerable to teleconnected supply-shocks, i.e. where diets strongly rely on the import of wheat, maize, or rice, and where a large share of the population is living in poverty. We find that the Middle East is most sensitive to teleconnected supply shocks in wheat, Central America to supply shocks in maize, and Western Africa to supply shocks in rice. Weighing with poverty levels, Sub-Saharan Africa is most affected. Altogether, a simultaneous 10% reduction in exports of wheat, rice, and maize would reduce caloric intake of 55 million people living in poverty by about 5%. Export bans in major producing regions would put up to 200 million people below the poverty line at risk, 90% of which live in Sub-Saharan Africa. Our results suggest that a region-specific combination of national increases in agricultural productivity and diversification of trade partners and diets can effectively decrease future food security risks. KW - food security KW - trade shocks KW - vulnerability KW - climate change KW - teleconnections Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/3/035007 SN - 1748-9326 VL - 11 PB - IOP Publ. Ltd. CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wentrup, Curt A1 - Koch, Rainer A1 - Kleinpeter, Erich T1 - Twisted C=C Double Bonds with Very Low Rotational Barriers in Dioxanediones and Isoxazolones Determined by Low-Temperature Dynamic NMR Spectroscopy and Computational Chemistry JF - European journal of organic chemistry KW - NMR spectroscopy KW - Twisted double bonds KW - Push-pull effect KW - Density functional calculations Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.201600931 SN - 1434-193X SN - 1099-0690 SP - 4985 EP - 4990 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wendi, Dadiyorto A1 - Liong, Shie-Yui A1 - Sun, Yabin A1 - Doan, Chi Dung T1 - An innovative approach to improve SRTM DEM using multispectral imagery and artificial neural network JF - Journal of advances in modeling earth systems N2 - Although the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission [SRTM) data are a publicly accessible Digital Elevation Model [DEM) provided at no cost, its accuracy especially at forested area is known to be limited with root mean square error (RMSE) of approx. 14 m in Singapore's forested area. Such inaccuracy is attributed to the 5.6 cm wavelength used by SRTM that does not penetrate vegetation well. This paper considers forested areas of central catchment of Singapore as a proof of concept of an approach to improve the SRTM data set. The approach makes full use of (1) the introduction of multispectral imagery (Landsat 8), of 30 m resolution, into SRTM data; (2) the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to flex its known strengths in pattern recognition and; (3) a reference DEM of high accuracy (1 m) derived through the integration of stereo imaging of worldview-1 and extensive ground survey points. The study shows a series of significant improvements of the SRTM when assessed with the reference DEM of 2 different areas, with RMSE reduction of ∼68% (from 13.9 m to 4.4 m) and ∼52% (from 14.2 m to 6.7 m). In addition, the assessment of the resulting DEM also includes comparisons with simple denoising methodology (Low Pass Filter) and commercially available product called NEXTMap® World 30™. KW - SRTM improvements KW - Landsat 8 KW - ANN Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/2015MS000536 SN - 1942-2466 VL - 8 SP - 691 EP - 702 PB - American Geophysical Union CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weiler, Markus A1 - Menzel, Christoph A1 - Pertsch, Thomas A1 - Alaee, Rasoul A1 - Rockstuhl, Carsten A1 - Pacholski, Claudia T1 - Bottom-Up Fabrication of Hybrid Plasmonic Sensors: Gold-Capped Hydrogel Microspheres Embedded in Periodic Metal Hole Arrays JF - Polymer : the international journal for the science and technology of polymers N2 - The high potential of bottom-up fabrication strategies for realizing sophisticated optical sensors combining the high sensitivity of a surface plasmon resonance with the exceptional properties of stimuli-responsive hydrogel is demonstrated. The sensor is composed of a periodic hole array in a gold film whose holes are filled with gold-capped poly(N-isoproyl-acrylamide) (polyNIPAM) microspheres. The production of this sensor relies on a pure chemical approach enabling simple, time-efficient, and cost-efficient preparation of sensor platforms covering areas of cm(2). The transmission spectrum of this plasmonic sensor shows a strong interaction between propagating surface plasmon polaritons at the metal film surface and localized surface plasmon resonance of the gold cap on top of the polyNIPAM microspheres. Computer simulations support this experimental observation. These interactions lead to distinct changes in the transmission spectrum, which allow for the simultaneous, sensitive optical detection of refractive index changes in the surrounding medium and the swelling state of the embedded polyNIPAM microsphere under the gold cap. The volume of the polyNIPAM microsphere located underneath the gold cap can be changed by certain stimuli such as temperature, pH, ionic strength, and distinct molecules bound to the hydrogel matrix facilitating the detection of analytes which do not change the refractive index of the surrounding medium significantly. KW - bottom-up KW - hydrogel KW - hole array KW - sensor KW - surface plasmon resonance Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b08636 SN - 1944-8244 VL - 8 SP - 26392 EP - 26399 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wehrhan, Marc A1 - Rauneker, Philipp A1 - Sommer, Michael T1 - UAV-Based Estimation of Carbon Exports from Heterogeneous Soil Landscapes-A Case Study from the CarboZALF Experimental Area JF - SENSORS N2 - The advantages of remote sensing using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are a high spatial resolution of images, temporal flexibility and narrow-band spectral data from different wavelengths domains. This enables the detection of spatio-temporal dynamics of environmental variables, like plant-related carbon dynamics in agricultural landscapes. In this paper, we quantify spatial patterns of fresh phytomass and related carbon (C) export using imagery captured by a 12-band multispectral camera mounted on the fixed wing UAV Carolo P360. The study was performed in 2014 at the experimental area CarboZALF-D in NE Germany. From radiometrically corrected and calibrated images of lucerne (Medicago sativa), the performance of four commonly used vegetation indices (VIs) was tested using band combinations of six near-infrared bands. The highest correlation between ground-based measurements of fresh phytomass of lucerne and VIs was obtained for the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) using near-infrared band b(899). The resulting map was transformed into dry phytomass and finally upscaled to total C export by harvest. The observed spatial variability at field- and plot-scale could be attributed to small-scale soil heterogeneity in part. KW - VI KW - soil landscape KW - carbon export KW - agriculture KW - multispectral KW - UAV Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/s16020255 SN - 1424-8220 VL - 16 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weck, Florian A1 - Grikscheit, Florian A1 - Höfling, Volkmar A1 - Kordt, Anne A1 - Hamm, Alfons O. A1 - Gerlach, Alexander L. A1 - Alpers, Georg W. A1 - Arolt, Volker A1 - Kircher, Tilo A1 - Pauli, Paul A1 - Rief, Winfried A1 - Lang, Thomas T1 - The role of treatment delivery factors in exposure-based cognitive behavioral therapy for panic disorder with agoraphobia JF - Journal of anxiety disorders N2 - Treatment delivery factors (i.e., therapist adherence, therapist competence, and therapeutic alliance) are considered to be important for cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for panic disorder and agoraphobia (PD/AG). In the current study, four independent raters conducted process evaluations based on 168 two-hour videotapes of 84 patients with PD/AG treated with exposure-based CBT. Two raters evaluated patients’ interpersonal behavior in Session 1. Two raters evaluated treatment delivery factors in Session 6, in which therapists provided the rationale for conducting exposure exercises. At the 6-month follow-up, therapists’ adherence (r = 0.54) and therapeutic alliance (r = 0.31) were significant predictors of changes in agoraphobic avoidance behavior; therapist competence was not associated with treatment outcomes. Patients’ interpersonal behavior in Session 1 was a significant predictor of the therapeutic alliance in Session 6 (r = 0.17). The findings demonstrate that treatment delivery factors, particularly therapist adherence, are relevant to the long-term success of CBT for PD/AG. KW - Interpersonal behavior KW - Panic disorder with agoraphobia KW - Therapeutic alliance KW - Therapist adherence KW - Therapist competence Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.05.007 SN - 0887-6185 SN - 1873-7897 VL - 42 SP - 10 EP - 18 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Warschburger, Petra A1 - Kröller, Katja A1 - Haerting, Johannes A1 - Unverzagt, Susanne A1 - van Egmond-Fröhlich, Andreas T1 - Empowering Parents of Obese Children (EPOC): A randomized controlled trial on additional long-term weight effects of parent training JF - Appetite : multidisciplinary research on eating and drinking N2 - Although inpatient lifestyle treatment for obese children and adolescents can be highly effective in the short term, long-term results are unconvincing. One possible explanation might be that the treatment takes place far from parents' homes, limiting the possibility to incorporate the parents, who play a major role in establishing and maintaining a healthy lifestyle in childhood and adolescence. The main goal was to develop a brief behaviorally oriented parent training program that enhances ‘obesity-specific’ parenting skills in order to prevent relapse. We hypothesized that the inclusion of additional parent training would lead to an improved long-term weight course of obese children. Parents of obese children (n = 686; 7–13 years old) either participated in complementary cognitive-behavioral group sessions (n = 336) or received written information only (n = 350) during the inpatient stay. Children of both groups attended multidisciplinary inpatient rehabilitation. BMI-SDS as a primary outcome was evaluated at baseline, post-intervention and at 6- and 12-month follow-up. Intention-to-treat (ITT) as well as per-protocol analyses (PPA) were performed. A significant within-group decrease of 0.24 (95% CI 0.18 to 0.30) BMI-SDS points from the beginning of the inpatient stay through the first year was found, but no group difference at the one-year follow-up (mean difference 0.02; 95% CI -0.04 to 0.07). We also observed an increase in quality of life scores, intake of healthy food and exercise for both groups, without differences between groups (ITT and PPA). Thus, while the inpatient treatment proved highly effective, additional parent training did not lead to better results in long-term weight maintenance or to better psychosocial well-being compared to written psycho-educational material. Further research should focus on subgroups to answer the question of differential treatment effects. KW - Obesity KW - Children KW - Randomized controlled trial KW - Weight KW - Parent training KW - Quality of life Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.04.007 SN - 0195-6663 SN - 1095-8304 VL - 103 SP - 148 EP - 156 PB - Elsevier CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Warschburger, Petra A1 - Kröller, Katja T1 - Loss to follow-up in a randomized controlled trial study for pediatric weight management (EPOC) JF - BMC pediatrics N2 - Background Attrition is a serious problem in intervention studies. The current study analyzed the attrition rate during follow-up in a randomized controlled pediatric weight management program (EPOC study) within a tertiary care setting. Methods Five hundred twenty-three parents and their 7–13-year-old children with obesity participated in the randomized controlled intervention trial. Follow-up data were assessed 6 and 12 months after the end of treatment. Attrition was defined as providing no objective weight data. Demographic and psychological baseline characteristics were used to predict attrition at 6- and 12-month follow-up using multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results Objective weight data were available for 49.6 (67.0) % of the children 6 (12) months after the end of treatment. Completers and non-completers at the 6- and 12-month follow-up differed in the amount of weight loss during their inpatient stay, their initial BMI-SDS, educational level of the parents, and child’s quality of life and well-being. Additionally, completers supported their child more than non-completers, and at the 12-month follow-up, families with a more structured eating environment were less likely to drop out. On a multivariate level, only educational background and structure of the eating environment remained significant. Conclusions The minor differences between the completers and the non-completers suggest that our retention strategies were successful. Further research should focus on prevention of attrition in families with a lower educational background. KW - Attrition KW - Obesity KW - Child KW - Predictors KW - Weight management trial Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-016-0727-2 SN - 1471-2431 VL - 16 PB - BioMed Central CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Warschburger, Petra A1 - Kröller, Katja T1 - Loss to follow-up in a randomized controlled trial study for pediatric weight management (EPOC) JF - BMC PEDIATRICS N2 - Background: Attrition is a serious problem in intervention studies. The current study analyzed the attrition rate during follow-up in a randomized controlled pediatric weight management program (EPOC study) within a tertiary care setting. Methods: Five hundred twenty-three parents and their 7-13-year-old children with obesity participated in the randomized controlled intervention trial. Follow-up data were assessed 6 and 12 months after the end of treatment. Attrition was defined as providing no objective weight data. Demographic and psychological baseline characteristics were used to predict attrition at 6- and 12-month follow-up using multivariate logistic regression analyses. Conclusions: The minor differences between the completers and the non-completers suggest that our retention strategies were successful. Further research should focus on prevention of attrition in families with a lower educational background. KW - Attrition KW - Obesity KW - Child KW - Predictors KW - Weight management trial Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-016-0727-2 SN - 1471-2431 VL - 16 PB - BioMed Central CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wanner, Manfred A1 - Seidl-Lampa, Barbara A1 - Höhn, Axel A1 - Puppe, Daniel A1 - Meisterfeld, Ralf A1 - Sommer, Michael T1 - Culture growth of testate amoebae under different silicon concentrations JF - European journal of protistology N2 - Testate amoebae with self-secreted siliceous shell platelets ("idiosomes") play an important role in terrestrial silicon (Si) cycles. In this context, Si-dependent culture growth dynamics of idiosomic testate amoebae are of interest. Clonal cultures of idiosomic testate amoebae were analyzed under three different Si concentrations: low (50 mu mol L-1), moderate/site-specific (150 mu mol L-1) and high Si supply (500 mu mol L-1). Food (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was provided in surplus. (i) Shell size of four different clones of idiosomic testate amoebae either decreased (Trinema galeata, Euglypha filifera cf.), increased (E. rotunda cf.), or did not change (E. rotunda) under the lowest Si concentration (50 mu mol Si L-1). (ii) Culture growth of idiosomic Euglypha rotunda was dependent on Si concentration. The more Si available in the culture medium, the earlier the entry into exponential growth phase. (iii) Culture growth of idiosomic Euglypha rotunda was dependent on origin of inoculum. Amoebae previously cultured under a moderate Si concentration revealed highest sustainability in consecutive cultures. Amoebae derived from cultures with high Si concentrations showed rapid culture growth which finished early in consecutive cultures. (iv) Si (diluted in the culture medium) was absorbed by amoebae and fixed in the amoeba shells resulting in decreased Si concentrations. (C) 2016 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. KW - Amoebal silicon KW - Sommer et al. 2006 KW - Biosilicification KW - Consumption KW - Culture growth dynamics KW - Euglyphida KW - Terrestrial Si cycle Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejop.2016.08.008 SN - 0932-4739 SN - 1618-0429 VL - 56 SP - 171 EP - 179 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Jena ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wang, Xinxin A1 - Huang, Xianyu A1 - Sachse, Dirk A1 - Hu, Yu A1 - Xue, Jiantao A1 - Meyers, Philip A. T1 - Comparisons of lipid molecular and carbon isotopic compositions in two particle-size fractions from surface peat and their implications for lipid preservation JF - Environmental earth sciences N2 - Knowledge of the possible impacts of early diagenesis on lipid biomarkers in geologic settings is important for robust applications of lipid proxies for paleoclimate reconstructions. In this study, molecular distributions and carbon isotopic compositions of lipids were compared in two particle-size fractions (<0.3 mm and >0.3 mm) of twelve surface peat samples collected from Dajiuhu peatland, central China. The average chain length (ACL) values of long-chain n-alkanes, n-fatty alcohols, n-fatty acids and n-alkan-2-ones show no significant differences between the finer and coarser fractions. In contrast, the carbon preference index values of long-chain n-alkanes, n-fatty alcohols and n-alkan-2-ones have relatively smaller values in the finer fractions than in the coarser ones. Stanols were also more abundant in the finer fractions. In addition, the delta C-13 values of odd-numbered n-alkanes (C-23-C-33) were generally less negative in the finer fractions. Our results indicate that (1) the finer fractions probably experienced stronger degradation than the coarser fractions; (2) the less negative delta(CC)-C-13 values of odd-numbered n-alkanes (C-23-C-33) in the finer fractions were largely a result of greater heterotrophic reworking during degradation; (3) ACL values of long-chain n-alkyl lipids (n-alkanes, n-fatty alcohols and n-fatty acids, n-alkan-2-ones) appear to be reliable proxies to trace lipid sources and their associated paleoenvironmental signals in peat deposits. KW - Peat KW - Lipids KW - Compound-specific carbon isotope KW - Particle-size fractions KW - Decomposition Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-5960-3 SN - 1866-6280 SN - 1866-6299 VL - 75 SP - 375 EP - 385 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wang, Xinxin A1 - Huang, Xianyu A1 - Sachse, Dirk A1 - Ding, Weihua A1 - Xue, Jiantao T1 - Molecular Paleoclimate Reconstructions over the Last 9 ka from a Peat Sequence in South China JF - PLoS one N2 - To achieve a better understanding of Holocene climate change in the monsoon regions of China, we investigated the molecular distributions and carbon and hydrogen isotope compositions delta C-13 and delta D values) of long-chain n-alkanes in a peat core from the Shiwangutian SWGT) peatland, south China over the last 9 ka. By comparisons with other climate records, we found that the delta C-13 values of the long-chain n-alkanes can be a proxy for humidity, while the dD values of the long-chain n-alkanes primarily recorded the moisture source dD signal during 9-1.8 ka BP and responded to the dry climate during 1.8-0.3 ka BP. Together with the average chain length ACL) and the carbon preference index CPI) data, the climate evolution over last 9 ka in the SWGT peatland can be divided into three stages. During the first stage 9-5 ka BP), the delta C-13 values were depleted and CPI and Paq values were low, while ACL values were high. They reveal a period of warm and wet climate, which is regarded as the Holocene optimum. The second stage 5-1.8 ka BP) witnessed a shift to relatively cool and dry climate, as indicated by the more positive delta C-13 values and lower ACL values. During the third stage 1.8-0.3 ka BP), the delta C-13, delta D, CPI and Paq values showed marked increase and ACL values varied greatly, implying an abrupt change to cold and dry conditions. This climate pattern corresponds to the broad decline in Asian monsoon intensity through the latter part of the Holocene. Our results do not support a later Holocene optimum in south China as suggested by previous studies. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160934 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 11 PB - PLoS CY - San Fransisco ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wang, Rong A1 - Biskaborn, Boris A1 - Ramisch, Arne A1 - Ren, Jian A1 - Zhang, Yongzhan A1 - Gersonde, Rainer A1 - Diekmann, Bernhard T1 - Modern modes of provenance and dispersal of terrigenous sediments in the North Pacific and Bering Sea: implications and perspectives for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions JF - Geo-marine letters : an international journal of marine geology N2 - During expedition 202 aboard the RV Sonne in 2009, 39 seafloor surface sediment sites were sampled over a wide sector of the North Pacific and adjoining Bering Sea. The data served to infer land-ocean linkages of terrigenous sediment supply in terms of major sources and modes of sediment transport within an over-regional context. This is based on an integrated approach dealing with grain-size analysis, bulk mineralogy and clay mineralogy in combination with statistical data evaluation (end-member modelling of grain-size data, fuzzy cluster analysis of mineralogical data). The findings on clay mineralogy served to update those of earlier work extracted from the literature. Today, two processes of terrigenous sediment supply prevail in the study area: far-distance aeolian sediment supply to the pelagic North Pacific, and hemipelagic sediment dispersal from nearby land sources via ocean currents along the continental margins and island arcs. Aeolian particles show the finest grain sizes (clay and fine silt), whereas hemipelagic sediments have high abundances of coarse silt. Exposed sites on seamounts and the continental slope are partly swept by strong currents, leading to residual enrichment of fine sand. Four sediment sources can be distinguished on the basis of distinct index minerals revealed by statistical data analysis: dust plumes from central Asia (quartz, illite), altered materials from the volcanic regions of Kamchatka and the Aleutian Arc (smectite), detritus from the Alaskan Cordillera (chlorite, hornblende), and fluvial detritus from far-eastern Siberia and the Alaska mainland (quartz, feldspar, illite). These findings confirm those of former studies but considerably expand the geographic range of this suite of proxies as far south as 39A degrees N in the open North Pacific. The present integrated methodological approach proved useful in identifying the major modern processes of terrigenous sediment supply to the study region. This aspect deserves attention in the selection of sediment core sites for future palaeoenvironmental reconstructions related to aeolian and glacial dynamics, as well as the recognition of palaeo-ocean circulation patterns in general. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-016-0445-7 SN - 0276-0460 SN - 1432-1157 VL - 36 SP - 259 EP - 270 PB - Springer CY - New York ER -