TY - BOOK A1 - Schwarzer, Ingo A1 - Weiß-Saoumi, Said A1 - Kittel, Roland A1 - Friedrich, Tobias A1 - Kaynak, Koraltan A1 - Durak, Cemil A1 - Isbarn, Andreas A1 - Diestel, Jörg A1 - Knittel, Jens A1 - Franz, Marquart A1 - Morra, Carlos A1 - Stahnke, Susanne A1 - Braband, Jens A1 - Dittmann, Johannes A1 - Griebel, Stephan A1 - Krampf, Andreas A1 - Link, Martin A1 - Müller, Matthias A1 - Radestock, Jens A1 - Strub, Leo A1 - Bleeke, Kai A1 - Jehl, Leander A1 - Kapitza, Rüdiger A1 - Messadi, Ines A1 - Schmidt, Stefan A1 - Schwarz-Rüsch, Signe A1 - Pirl, Lukas A1 - Schmid, Robert A1 - Friedenberger, Dirk A1 - Beilharz, Jossekin Jakob A1 - Boockmeyer, Arne A1 - Polze, Andreas A1 - Röhrig, Ralf A1 - Schäbe, Hendrik A1 - Thiermann, Ricky T1 - RailChain BT - Abschlussbericht N2 - The RailChain project designed, implemented, and experimentally evaluated a juridical recorder that is based on a distributed consensus protocol. That juridical blockchain recorder has been realized as distributed ledger on board the advanced TrainLab (ICE-TD 605 017) of Deutsche Bahn. For the project, a consortium consisting of DB Systel, Siemens, Siemens Mobility, the Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, TÜV Rheinland InterTraffic, and Spherity has been formed. These partners not only concentrated competencies in railway operation, computer science, regulation, and approval, but also combined experiences from industry, research from academia, and enthusiasm from startups. Distributed ledger technologies (DLTs) define distributed databases and express a digital protocol for transactions between business partners without the need for a trusted intermediary. The implementation of a blockchain with real-time requirements for the local network of a railway system (e.g., interlocking or train) allows to log data in the distributed system verifiably in real-time. For this, railway-specific assumptions can be leveraged to make modifications to standard blockchains protocols. EULYNX and OCORA (Open CCS On-board Reference Architecture) are parts of a future European reference architecture for control command and signalling (CCS, Reference CCS Architecture – RCA). Both architectural concepts outline heterogeneous IT systems with components from multiple manufacturers. Such systems introduce novel challenges for the approved and safety-relevant CCS of railways which were considered neither for road-side nor for on-board systems so far. Logging implementations, such as the common juridical recorder on vehicles, can no longer be realized as a central component of a single manufacturer. All centralized approaches are in question. The research project RailChain is funded by the mFUND program and gives practical evidence that distributed consensus protocols are a proper means to immutably (for legal purposes) store state information of many system components from multiple manufacturers. The results of RailChain have been published, prototypically implemented, and experimentally evaluated in large-scale field tests on the advanced TrainLab. At the same time, the project showed how RailChain can be integrated into the road-side and on-board architecture given by OCORA and EULYNX. Logged data can now be analysed sooner and also their trustworthiness is being increased. This enables, e.g., auditable predictive maintenance, because it is ensured that data is authentic and unmodified at any point in time. N2 - Das Projekt RailChain hat einen verteilten Juridical Recorder entworfen, implementiert und experimentell evaluiert, der auf einem echtzeitfähigen verteilten Konsensprotokoll basiert. Dieser Juridical Blockchain Recorder wurde als distributed ledger an Bord des advanced TrainLabs der Deutschen Bahn (ICE-TD 605 017) umgesetzt. Für das Projekt hat sich ein Konsortium aus DB Systel, Siemens, Siemens Mobility, dem Hasso-Plattner-Institut für Digital Engineering, der Technischen Universität Braunschweig, sowie TÜV Rheinland InterTraffic und Spherity formiert und dabei Kompetenzen aus den Bereichen Bahnbetrieb, Informatik und Zulassungswesen gebündelt. Die Partner kombinieren Erfahrungen aus der Industrie und die akademische Forschung mit der Aufbruchstimmung aus dem Start-Up-Umfeld. Distributed-Ledger-Technologien (DLTs) definieren verteilte Datenbanken und stellen ein digitales Protokoll für Transaktionen zwischen Geschäftspartnern dar, ohne dass ein Mittelsmann beteiligt sein müsste. Die Implementierung einer Blockchain mit Echtzeitanforderungen für das lokale Netzwerk einer Eisenbahnanlage (z. B. Stellwerk oder Zug) erlaubt es, die im verteilten System entstehenden Daten nachweislich in Echtzeit zu protokollieren. Dabei können eisenbahnspezifische Randbedingungen ausgenutzt werden, um Standard-Blockchain-Protokolle anzupassen. EULYNX und OCORA (Open CCS On-board Reference Architecture) sind Bestandteile einer zukünftigen europäischen Referenzarchitektur für das Leit- und Sicherungssystem (Reference CCS Architecture – RCA, Control Command and Signalling – CCS). Beide Architekturkonzepte skizzieren herstellerübergreifende, komponentenbasierende heterogene IT-Systeme. Solche Systeme bergen neue Herausforderungen, die bislang im Kontext der zugelassenen, sicherheitsrelevanten Leit- und Sicherungstechnik der Bahn weder strecken- noch fahrzeugseitig adressiert werden mussten. Logbuch-Implementierungen, wie der gängige Juridical Recorder auf Fahrzeugen, können nun nicht mehr als zentrale Systemkomponente eines einzelnen Herstellers umgesetzt werden. Alle zentralisierten Lösungsansätze sind in Frage gestellt. Das mFUND-geförderte Forschungsprojekt erbringt den praktischen Nachweis, dass Zustandsinformationen über eine Vielzahl von Systemkomponenten herstellerübergreifend und gerichtsfest mittels verteilten Konsensprotokollen gespeichert werden können. Ergebnisse von RailChain wurden publiziert, prototypisch implementiert und in großen Feldtests auf dem advanced TrainLab experimentell evaluiert. Gleichzeitig wurde aufgezeigt, wie sich RailChain in den mit OCORA und EULYNX vorgegebenen fahrzeug- und streckenseitigen Architekturentwurf integrieren lässt. Daten können dadurch zeitnaher ausgewertet werden und gleichzeitig wird ihre Vertrauenswürdigkeit erhöht. Dies ermöglicht u. a. nachvollziehbare zustandsorientierte Wartung, denn es kann jederzeit sichergestellt werden, dass die Daten authentisch sind und auch nicht verändert wurden. T3 - Technische Berichte des Hasso-Plattner-Instituts für Digital Engineering an der Universität Potsdam - 152 KW - Distributed-Ledger-Technologie (DLT) KW - juridical recording KW - Konsensprotokolle KW - consensus protocols KW - Digitalisierung KW - digitalization KW - Bahnwesen KW - railways KW - Blockchain KW - asset management KW - selbstbestimmte Identitäten KW - self-sovereign identity KW - dezentrale Identitäten KW - decentral identities KW - überprüfbare Nachweise KW - verifiable credentials KW - Echtzeit KW - real-time KW - Standardisierung KW - standardization KW - Verlässlichkeit KW - dependability KW - Fehlertoleranz KW - fault tolerance Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-577409 SN - 978-3-86956-550-7 SN - 1613-5652 SN - 2191-1665 IS - 152 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rojahn, Marcel A1 - Weber, Edzard A1 - Gronau, Norbert T1 - Towards a standardization in scheduling models BT - assessing the variety of homonyms JF - International journal of industrial and systems engineering N2 - Terminology is a critical instrument for each researcher. Different terminologies for the same research object may arise in different research communities. By this inconsistency, many synergistic effects get lost. Theories and models will be more understandable and reusable if a common terminology is applied. This paper examines the terminological (in)consistence for the research field of job-shop scheduling by a literature review. There is an enormous variety in the choice of terms and mathematical notation for the same concept. The comparability, reusability and combinability of scheduling methods is unnecessarily hampered by the arbitrary use of homonyms and synonyms. The acceptance in the community of used variables and notation forms is shown by means of a compliance quotient. This is proven by the evaluation of 240 scientific publications on planning methods. KW - job-shop scheduling KW - JSP KW - terminology KW - notation KW - standardization Y1 - 2023 UR - https://publications.waset.org/10013137/pdf SN - 1748-5037 SN - 1748-5045 VL - 17 IS - 6 SP - 401 EP - 408 PB - Inderscience Enterprises CY - Genève ER - TY - GEN A1 - Reuschl, Andreas A1 - Tiberius, Victor A1 - Filser, Matthias A1 - Qiu, Yixin T1 - Value configurations in sharing economy business models T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - The sharing economy gains momentum and develops a major economic impact on traditional markets and firms. However, only rudimentary theoretical and empirical insights exist on how sharing networks, i.e., focal firms, shared goods providers and customers, create and capture value in their sharing-based business models. We conduct a qualitative study to find key differences in sharing-based business models that are decisive for their value configurations. Our results show that (1) customization versus standardization of shared goods and (2) the centralization versus particularization of property rights over the shared goods are two important dimensions to distinguish value configurations. A second, quantitative study confirms the visibility and relevance of these dimensions to customers. We discuss strategic options for focal firms to design value configurations regarding the two dimensions to optimize value creation and value capture in sharing networks. Firms can use this two-dimensional search grid to explore untapped opportunities in the sharing economy. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliche Reihe - 178 KW - sharing economy KW - business model KW - customization KW - standardization KW - property rights KW - value creation KW - value capture KW - value configuration Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-608468 SN - 1867-5808 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reuschl, Andreas A1 - Tiberius, Victor A1 - Filser, Matthias A1 - Qiu, Yixin T1 - Value configurations in sharing economy business models JF - Review of managerial science N2 - The sharing economy gains momentum and develops a major economic impact on traditional markets and firms. However, only rudimentary theoretical and empirical insights exist on how sharing networks, i.e., focal firms, shared goods providers and customers, create and capture value in their sharing-based business models. We conduct a qualitative study to find key differences in sharing-based business models that are decisive for their value configurations. Our results show that (1) customization versus standardization of shared goods and (2) the centralization versus particularization of property rights over the shared goods are two important dimensions to distinguish value configurations. A second, quantitative study confirms the visibility and relevance of these dimensions to customers. We discuss strategic options for focal firms to design value configurations regarding the two dimensions to optimize value creation and value capture in sharing networks. Firms can use this two-dimensional search grid to explore untapped opportunities in the sharing economy. KW - sharing economy KW - business model KW - customization KW - standardization KW - property rights KW - value creation KW - value capture KW - value configuration Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-020-00433-w SN - 1863-6683 SN - 1863-6691 VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - 89 EP - 112 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hildebrandt, Dieter T1 - A software reference architecture for service-oriented 3D geovisualization systems JF - ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information KW - 3D geovisualization KW - software reference architecture KW - spatial data infrastructure KW - service-oriented architecture KW - standardization KW - image-based representation Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi3041445 SN - 2220-9964 VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - 1445 EP - 1490 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hildebrandt, Dieter T1 - A software reference architecture for service-oriented 3D geovisualization systems T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Modern 3D geovisualization systems (3DGeoVSs) are complex and evolving systems that are required to be adaptable and leverage distributed resources, including massive geodata. This article focuses on 3DGeoVSs built based on the principles of service-oriented architectures, standards and image-based representations (SSI) to address practically relevant challenges and potentials. Such systems facilitate resource sharing and agile and efficient system construction and change in an interoperable manner, while exploiting images as efficient, decoupled and interoperable representations. The software architecture of a 3DGeoVS and its underlying visualization model have strong effects on the system's quality attributes and support various system life cycle activities. This article contributes a software reference architecture (SRA) for 3DGeoVSs based on SSI that can be used to design, describe and analyze concrete software architectures with the intended primary benefit of an increase in effectiveness and efficiency in such activities. The SRA integrates existing, proven technology and novel contributions in a unique manner. As the foundation for the SRA, we propose the generalized visualization pipeline model that generalizes and overcomes expressiveness limitations of the prevalent visualization pipeline model. To facilitate exploiting image-based representations (IReps), the SRA integrates approaches for the representation, provisioning and styling of and interaction with IReps. Five applications of the SRA provide proofs of concept for the general applicability and utility of the SRA. A qualitative evaluation indicates the overall suitability of the SRA, its applications and the general approach of building 3DGeoVSs based on SSI. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1131 KW - 3D geovisualization KW - software reference architecture KW - spatial data infrastructure KW - service-oriented architecture KW - standardization KW - image-based representation Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-475831 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 1131 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grimm, Volker A1 - Berger, Uta A1 - Bastiansen, Finn A1 - Eliassen, Sigrunn A1 - Ginot, Vincent A1 - Giske, Jarl A1 - Goss-Custard, John A1 - Grand, Tamara A1 - Heinz, Simone K. A1 - Huse, Geir A1 - Huth, Andreas A1 - Jepsen, Jane U. A1 - Jorgensen, Christian A1 - Mooij, Wolf M. A1 - Mueller, Birgit A1 - Piou, Cyril A1 - Railsback, Steven Floyd A1 - Robbins, Andrew M. A1 - Robbins, Martha M. A1 - Rossmanith, Eva A1 - Rueger, Nadja A1 - Strand, Espen A1 - Souissi, Sami A1 - Stillman, Richard A. A1 - Vabo, Rune A1 - Visser, Ute A1 - DeAngelis, Donald L. T1 - A standard protocol for describing individual-based and agent-based models JF - Ecological modelling : international journal on ecological modelling and engineering and systems ecolog N2 - Simulation models that describe autonomous individual organisms (individual based models, IBM) or agents (agent-based models, ABM) have become a widely used tool, not only in ecology, but also in many other disciplines dealing with complex systems made up of autonomous entities. However, there is no standard protocol for describing such simulation models, which can make them difficult to understand and to duplicate. This paper presents a proposed standard protocol, ODD, for describing IBMs and ABMs, developed and tested by 28 modellers who cover a wide range of fields within ecology. This protocol consists of three blocks (Overview, Design concepts, and Details), which are subdivided into seven elements: Purpose, State variables and scales, Process overview and scheduling, Design concepts, Initialization, Input, and Submodels. We explain which aspects of a model should be described in each element, and we present an example to illustrate the protocol in use. In addition, 19 examples are available in an Online Appendix. We consider ODD as a first step for establishing a more detailed common format of the description of IBMs and ABMs. Once initiated, the protocol will hopefully evolve as it becomes used by a sufficiently large proportion of modellers. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - individual-based model KW - agent-based model KW - model description KW - scientific communication KW - standardization Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.04.023 SN - 0304-3800 VL - 198 SP - 115 EP - 126 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER -