TY - JOUR A1 - Zakariás, Lilla A1 - Salis, Christos A1 - Wartenburger, Isabell T1 - Transfereffekte nach Arbeitsgedächtnistraining bei Aphasie JF - Spektrum Patholinguistik Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-437799 SN - 978-3-86956-448-7 SN - 1866-9085 SN - 1866-9433 IS - 11 SP - 131 EP - 133 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zakariás, Lilla A1 - Keresztes, Attila A1 - Marton, Klara A1 - Wartenburger, Isabell T1 - Positive effects of a computerised working memory and executive function JF - Neuropsychological rehabilitation N2 - Aphasia, the language disorder following brain damage, is frequently accompanied by deficits of working memory (WM) and executive functions (EFs). Recent studies suggest that WM, together with certain EFs, can play a role in sentence comprehension in individuals with aphasia (IWA), and that WM can be enhanced with intensive practice. Our aim was to investigate whether a combined WM and EF training improves the understanding of spoken sentences in IWA. We used a pre-post-test case control design. Three individuals with chronic aphasia practised an adaptive training task (a modified n-back task) three to four times a week for a month. Their performance was assessed before and after the training on outcome measures related to WM and spoken sentence comprehension. One participant showed significant improvement on the training task, another showed a tendency for improvement, and both of them improved significantly in spoken sentence comprehension. The third participant did not improve on the training task, however, she showed improvement on one measure of spoken sentence comprehension. Compared to controls, two individuals improved at least in one condition of the WM outcome measures. Thus, our results suggest that a combined WM and EF training can be beneficial for IWA. KW - Aphasia rehabilitation KW - transfer effect KW - updating training KW - interference control KW - sentence comprehension deficit Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2016.1159579 SN - 0960-2011 SN - 1464-0694 VL - 28 IS - 3 SP - 369 EP - 386 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - THES A1 - Zakariás, Lilla T1 - Transfer effects after working memory training in post-stroke aphasia T1 - Transfereffekte nach Arbeitsgedächtnistraining bei Aphasie nach Schlaganfall N2 - Background: Individuals with aphasia after stroke (IWA) often present with working memory (WM) deficits. Research investigating the relationship between WM and language abilities has led to the promising hypothesis that treatments of WM could lead to improvements in language, a phenomenon known as transfer. Although recent treatment protocols have been successful in improving WM, the evidence to date is scarce and the extent to which improvements in trained tasks of WM transfer to untrained memory tasks, spoken sentence comprehension, and functional communication is yet poorly understood. Aims: We aimed at (a) investigating whether WM can be improved through an adaptive n-back training in IWA (Study 1–3); (b) testing whether WM training leads to near transfer to unpracticed WM tasks (Study 1–3), and far transfer to spoken sentence comprehension (Study 1–3), functional communication (Study 2–3), and memory in daily life in IWA (Study 2–3); and (c) evaluating the methodological quality of existing WM treatments in IWA (Study 3). To address these goals, we conducted two empirical studies – a case-controls study with Hungarian speaking IWA (Study 1) and a multiple baseline study with German speaking IWA (Study 2) – and a systematic review (Study 3). Methods: In Study 1 and 2 participants with chronic, post-stroke aphasia performed an adaptive, computerized n-back training. ‘Adaptivity’ was implemented by adjusting the tasks’ difficulty level according to the participants’ performance, ensuring that they always practiced at an optimal level of difficulty. To assess the specificity of transfer effects and to better understand the underlying mechanisms of transfer on spoken sentence comprehension, we included an outcome measure testing specific syntactic structures that have been proposed to involve WM processes (e.g., non-canonical structures with varying complexity). Results: We detected a mixed pattern of training and transfer effects across individuals: five participants out of six significantly improved in the n-back training. Our most important finding is that all six participants improved significantly in spoken sentence comprehension (i.e., far transfer effects). In addition, we also found far transfer to functional communication (in two participants out of three in Study 2) and everyday memory functioning (in all three participants in Study 2), and near transfer to unpracticed n-back tasks (in four participants out of six). Pooled data analysis of Study 1 and 2 showed a significant negative relationship between initial spoken sentence comprehension and the amount of improvement in this ability, suggesting that the more severe the participants’ spoken sentence comprehension deficit was at the beginning of training, the more they improved after training. Taken together, we detected both near far and transfer effects in our studies, but the effects varied across participants. The systematic review evaluating the methodological quality of existing WM treatments in stroke IWA (Study 3) showed poor internal and external validity across the included 17 studies. Poor internal validity was mainly due to use of inappropriate design, lack of randomization of study phases, lack of blinding of participants and/or assessors, and insufficient sampling. Low external validity was mainly related to incomplete information on the setting, lack of use of appropriate analysis or justification for the suitability of the analysis procedure used, and lack of replication across participants and/or behaviors. Results in terms of WM, spoken sentence comprehension, and reading are promising, but further studies with more rigorous methodology and stronger experimental control are needed to determine the beneficial effects of WM intervention. Conclusions: Results of the empirical studies suggest that WM can be improved with a computerized and adaptive WM training, and improvements can lead to transfer effects to spoken sentence comprehension and functional communication in some individuals with chronic post-stroke aphasia. The fact that improvements were not specific to certain syntactic structures (i.e., non-canonical complex sentences) in spoken sentence comprehension suggest that WM is not involved in the online, automatic processing of syntactic information (i.e., parsing and interpretation), but plays a more general role in the later stage of spoken sentence comprehension (i.e., post-interpretive comprehension). The individual differences in treatment outcomes call for future research to clarify how far these results are generalizable to the population level of IWA. Future studies are needed to identify a few mechanisms that may generalize to at least a subpopulation of IWA as well as to investigate baseline non-linguistic cognitive and language abilities that may play a role in transfer effects and the maintenance of such effects. These may require larger yet homogenous samples. N2 - Patienten mit einer Aphasie nach einem Schlaganfall weisen häufig auch Beeinträchtigungen des Arbeitsgedächtnisses auf. Studien, die das Zusammenspiel von Arbeitsgedächtnis und Sprachfähigkeit untersuchen führten zu der Hypothese, dass ein Training des Arbeitsgedächtnisses auch zu Verbesserungen der Sprache führen könnten (sogenannte Transfer-Effekte). Obwohl jüngste Therapiestudien nachweislich die Leistung des Arbeitsgedächtnisses verbessern konnten, gibt es derzeitig nur wenig Evidenzen, ob und in welchem Ausmaß sich Verbesserungen des Arbeitsgedächtnisses auch auf ungeübte Gedächtnisaufgaben, das auditive Satzverständnis und die Kommunikationsfähigkeit im Alltag auswirken können. Das vorliegende Dissertationsprojekt untersucht, ob (a) das Arbeitsgedächtnis bei Patienten mit einer Aphasie über ein adaptiertes N-Back-Training verbessert werden kann (Studie 1–3) und (b) das Arbeitsgedächtnistraining zu einem nahen Transfer auf ungeübte Arbeitsgedächtnisaufgaben (Studie 1–3) und zu einem weiten Transfer auf auditive Satzverständnisaufgaben (Studie 1–3), auf die Alltagskommunikation (Studie 2–3) und auf das Alltagsgedächtnis (Studie 2–3) bei Patienten mit einer Aphasie führt. Zudem evaluiert das vorliegende Projekt (c) die methodische Qualität bereits existierender Arbeitsgedächtnistrainings bei Patienten mit einer Aphasie (Studie 3). Zur Beantwortung der vorliegenden Studienfragen wurden zwei empirische Studien (Studie 1 und 2) sowie ein systematisches Review (Studie 3) durchgeführt. In Studie 1 und 2 durchliefen Studienteilnehmer mit einer chronischen Aphasie nach einem Schlaganfall ein adaptiertes N-Back-Training. Es zeigte sich ein sehr gemischtes Trainingsmuster und Transfereffekte bei den Studienteilnehmern: Fünf von sechs Probanden verbesserten sich signifikant beim N-Back-Training. Alle sechs Probanden zeigten zudem signifikante weite Transfereffekte auf das auditive Satzverständnis. Darüber hinaus konnte ein weiter Transfereffekt auf die Kommunikationsfähigkeit und das Gedächtnis im Alltag sowie ein naher Transfer auf ungeübte N-Back-Aufgaben nachgewiesen werden. Allerdings schwankte das Transferverhalten innerhalb der Probanden stark. Das systematische Review (Studie 3) zeigte eine schwache interne und externe Validität über die 17 eingeschlossenen Studien. Obwohl die Ergebnisse bezüglich des Arbeitsgedächtnisses, des auditiven Satzverständnisses und des Lesens trotz der methodischen Einschränkungen der untersuchten Studien vielversprechend sind, sollten Schlussfolgerungen über die positiven Transfereffekte von Arbeitsgedächtnistrainings dennoch mit Vorsicht betrachtet werden. Die Ergebnisse der empirischen Studien zeigten, dass sich mit Hilfe eines computergestützten und adaptiven Trainings das Arbeitsgedächtnis verbessert und zudem ein Transfer auf das auditive Satzverständnis und die Kommunikationsfähigkeit im Alltag bei einigen Patienten mit einer chronischen Aphasie nach einem Schlaganfall erzielt werden konnte. Es sind jedoch weitere Studien notwendig, um den Einfluss individueller Unterschiede auf die individuellen Transfermaße aufzudecken und eine Generalisierbarkeit der Ergebnisse auf Untergruppen aphasischer Teilnehmer zu beleuchten. Darüber hinaus werden zukünftige Studien benötigt, die die Rolle der Baseline nicht-linguistischer kognitiver Fähigkeiten und der Sprachproduktion sowie die Aufrechterhaltung von Transfereffekte weiter untersuchen. KW - aphasia KW - working memory KW - treatment KW - Aphasie KW - Arbeitsgedächtnis KW - Therapie Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-423600 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zakarias, Lilla A1 - Salis, Christos A1 - Wartenburger, Isabell T1 - Transfer effects on spoken sentence comprehension and functional communication after working memory training in stroke aphasia JF - Journal of neurolinguistics : an international journal for the study of brain function in language behavior and experience N2 - Recent treatment protocols have been successful in improving working memory (WM) in individuals with aphasia. However, the evidence to date is small and the extent to which improvements in trained tasks of WM transfer to untrained memory tasks, spoken sentence comprehension, and functional communication is yet poorly understood. To address these issues, we conducted a multiple baseline study with three German-speaking individuals with chronic post stroke aphasia. Participants practised two computerised WM tasks (n-back with pictures and aback with spoken words) four times a week for a month, targeting two WM processes: updating WM representations and resolving interference. All participants showed improvement on at least one measure of spoken sentence comprehension and everyday memory activities. Two of them showed improvement also on measures of WM and functional communication. Our results suggest that WM can be improved through computerised training in chronic aphasia and this can transfer to spoken sentence comprehension and functional communication in some individuals. KW - Aphasia KW - Working memory KW - n-back training KW - Transfer KW - Sentence comprehension KW - Verbal communication Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2017.12.002 SN - 0911-6044 VL - 48 SP - 47 EP - 63 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zakarias, Lilla A1 - Kelly, Helen A1 - Sails, Christos A1 - Code, Chris T1 - The methodological quality of short-term/working memory treatments in poststroke aphasia BT - a systematic review JF - Journal of speech, language, and hearing research N2 - Purpose: The aims of this systematic review are to provide a critical overview of short-term memory (STM) and working memory (WM) treatments in stroke aphasia and to systematically evaluate the internal and external validity of STM/WM treatments. Method: A systematic search was conducted in February 2014 and then updated in December 2016 using 13 electronic databases. We provided descriptive characteristics of the included studies and assessed their methodological quality using the Risk of Bias in N-of-1 Trials quantitative scale (Tate et al., 2015), which was completed by 2 independent raters. Results: The systematic search and inclusion/exclusion procedure yielded 17 single-case or case-series studies with 37 participants for inclusion. Nine studies targeted auditory STM consisting of repetition and/or recognition tasks, whereas 8 targeted attention and WM, such as attention process training including n-back tasks with shapes and clock faces as well as mental math tasks. In terms of their methodological quality, quality scores on the Risk of Bias in N-of-1 Trials scale ranged from 4 to 17 (M = 9.5) on a 0-30 scale, indicating a high risk of bias in the reviewed studies. Effects of treatment were most frequently assessed on STM, WM, and spoken language comprehension. Transfer effects on communication and memory in activities of daily living were tested in only 5 studies. Conclusions: Methodological limitations of the reviewed studies make it difficult, at present, to draw firm conclusions about the effects of STM/WM treatments in poststroke aphasia. Further studies with more rigorous methodology and stronger experimental control are needed to determine the beneficial effects of this type of intervention. To understand the underlying mechanisms of STM/WM treatment effects and how they relate to language functioning, a careful choice of outcome measures and specific hypotheses about potential improvements on these measures are required. Future studies need to include outcome measures of memory functioning in everyday life and psychosocial functioning more generally to demonstrate the ecological validity of STM and WM treatments. Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1044/2018_JSLHR-L-18-0057 SN - 1092-4388 SN - 1558-9102 VL - 62 IS - 6 SP - 1979 EP - 2001 PB - American Speech-Language-Hearing Assoc. CY - Rockville ER - TY - THES A1 - Zaccarella, Emiliano T1 - Breaking down complexity BT - the neural basis of the syntactic merge mechanism in the human brain T2 - MPI series human cognitive and brain sciences ; 175 N2 - The unbounded expressive capacity of human language cannot boil down to an infinite list of sentences stored in a finite brain. Our linguistic knowledge is rather grounded around a rule-based universal syntactic computation—called Merge—which takes categorized units in input (e.g. this and ship), and generates structures by binding words recursively into more complex hierarchies of any length (e.g. this ship; this ship sinks…). Here we present data from different fMRI datasets probing the cortical implementation of this fundamental process. We first pushed complexity down to a three-word level, to explore how Merge creates minimally hierarchical phrases and sentences. We then moved to the most fundamental two-word level, to directly assess the universal invariant nature of Merge, when no additive mechanisms are involved. Our most general finding is that Merge as the basic syntactic operation is primarily performed by confined area, namely BA 44 in the IFG. Activity reduces to its most ventral-anterior portion at the most fundamental level, following fine-grained sub-anatomical parcellation proposed for the region. The deep frontal operculum/anterior-dorsal insula (FOP/adINS), a phylogenetically older and less specialized region, rather appears to support word-accumulation processing in which the categorical information of the word is first accessed based on its lexical status, and then maintained on hold before further processing takes place. The present data confirm the general notion of BA 44 being activated as a function of complex structural hierarchy, but they go beyond this view by proposing that structural sensitivity in BA 44 is already appreciated at the lowest levels of complexity during which minimal phrase-structures are build up, and syntactic Merge is assessed. Further, they call for a redefinition of BA 44 from multimodal area to a macro-region with internal localizable functional profiles Y1 - 2015 SN - 978-3-941504-60-8 PB - Max-Planck-Institute CY - Leipzig ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yue, Jinxing A1 - Bastiaanse, Roelien A1 - Alter, Kai T1 - Cortical plasticity induced by rapid Hebbian learning of novel tonal word-forms: Evidence from mismatch negativity JF - Brain & language : a journal of the neurobiology of language N2 - Although several experiments reported rapid cortical plasticity induced by passive exposure to novel segmental patterns, few studies have devoted attention to the neural dynamics during the rapid learning of novel tonal word-forms in tonal languages, such as Chinese. In the current study, native speakers of Mandarin Chinese were exposed to acoustically matched real and novel segment-tone patterns. By recording their Mismatch Negativity (MMN) responses (an ERP indicator of long-term memory traces for spoken words), we found enhanced MMNs to the novel word-forms over the left-hemispheric region in the late exposure phase relative to the early exposure phase. In contrast, no significant changes were identified in MMN responses to the real word during familiarisation. Our results suggest a rapid Hebbian learning mechanism in the human neocortex which develops long-term memory traces for a novel segment-tone pattern by establishing new associations between the segmental and tonal representations. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. KW - Language KW - Rapid learning KW - Hebbian learning KW - Event-related potential KW - Novel word KW - Mismatch Negativity (MMN) KW - Oddball paradigm KW - Lexical tone KW - Mandarin Chinese Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2014.09.007 SN - 0093-934X SN - 1090-2155 VL - 139 SP - 10 EP - 22 PB - Elsevier CY - San Diego ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yue, Jinxing A1 - Alter, Kai-Uwe A1 - Howard, David A1 - Bastiaanse, Roelien T1 - Early access to lexical-level phonological representations of Mandarin word-forms BT - evidence from auditory N1 habituation JF - Language, cognition and neuroscience N2 - An auditory habituation design was used to investigate whether lexical-level phonological representations in the brain can be rapidly accessed after the onset of a spoken word. We studied the N1 component of the auditory event-related electrical potential, and measured the amplitude decrements of N1 associated with the repetition of a monosyllabic tone word and an acoustically similar pseudo-word in Mandarin Chinese. Effects related to the contrastive onset consonants were controlled for by introducing two control words. We show that repeated pseudo-words consistently elicit greater amplitude decrements in N1 than real words. Furthermore, this lexicality effect is free from sensory fatigue or rapid learning of the pseudo-word. These results suggest that a lexical-level phonological representation of a spoken word can be accessed as early as 110ms after the onset of the word-form. KW - Auditory N1 KW - short-term habituation KW - spoken word KW - Mandarin Chinese KW - language KW - event-related potential KW - lexical access Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2017.1290261 SN - 2327-3798 SN - 2327-3801 VL - 32 IS - 9 SP - 1148 EP - 1163 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yadav, Himanshu A1 - Husain, Samar A1 - Futrell, Richard T1 - Do dependency lengths explain constraints on crossing dependencies? JF - Linguistics vanguard : multimodal online journal N2 - In syntactic dependency trees, when arcs are drawn from syntactic heads to dependents, they rarely cross. Constraints on these crossing dependencies are critical for determining the syntactic properties of human language, because they define the position of natural language in formal language hierarchies. We study whether the apparent constraints on crossing syntactic dependencies in natural language might be explained by constraints on dependency lengths (the linear distance between heads and dependents). We compare real dependency trees from treebanks of 52 languages against baselines of random trees which are matched with the real trees in terms of their dependency lengths. We find that these baseline trees have many more crossing dependencies than real trees, indicating that a constraint on dependency lengths alone cannot explain the empirical rarity of crossing dependencies. However, we find evidence that a combined constraint on dependency length and the rate of crossing dependencies might be able to explain two of the most-studied formal restrictions on dependency trees: gap degree and well-nestedness. KW - crossing dependencies KW - dependency length KW - dependency treebanks KW - efficiency KW - language processing KW - syntax Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/lingvan-2019-0070 SN - 2199-174X VL - 7 PB - De Gruyter Mouton CY - Berlin ; New York, NY ER - TY - THES A1 - Yadav, Himanshu T1 - A computational evaluation of feature distortion and cue weighting in sentence comprehension T1 - Eine komputationale Evaluation von Feature-Verfälschung und Cue-Gewichtung in der Satzverarbeitung N2 - Successful sentence comprehension requires the comprehender to correctly figure out who did what to whom. For example, in the sentence John kicked the ball, the comprehender has to figure out who did the action of kicking and what was being kicked. This process of identifying and connecting the syntactically-related words in a sentence is called dependency completion. What are the cognitive constraints that determine dependency completion? A widely-accepted theory is cue-based retrieval. The theory maintains that dependency completion is driven by a content-addressable search for the co-dependents in memory. The cue-based retrieval explains a wide range of empirical data from several constructions including subject-verb agreement, subject-verb non-agreement, plausibility mismatch configurations, and negative polarity items. However, there are two major empirical challenges to the theory: (i) Grammatical sentences’ data from subject-verb number agreement dependencies, where the theory predicts a slowdown at the verb in sentences like the key to the cabinet was rusty compared to the key to the cabinets was rusty, but the data are inconsistent with this prediction; and, (ii) Data from antecedent-reflexive dependencies, where a facilitation in reading times is predicted at the reflexive in the bodybuilder who worked with the trainers injured themselves vs. the bodybuilder who worked with the trainer injured themselves, but the data do not show a facilitatory effect. The work presented in this dissertation is dedicated to building a more general theory of dependency completion that can account for the above two datasets without losing the original empirical coverage of the cue-based retrieval assumption. In two journal articles, I present computational modeling work that addresses the above two empirical challenges. To explain the grammatical sentences’ data from subject-verb number agreement dependencies, I propose a new model that assumes that the cue-based retrieval operates on a probabilistically distorted representation of nouns in memory (Article I). This hybrid distortion-plus-retrieval model was compared against the existing candidate models using data from 17 studies on subject-verb number agreement in 4 languages. I find that the hybrid model outperforms the existing models of number agreement processing suggesting that the cue-based retrieval theory must incorporate a feature distortion assumption. To account for the absence of facilitatory effect in antecedent-reflexive dependen� cies, I propose an individual difference model, which was built within the cue-based retrieval framework (Article II). The model assumes that individuals may differ in how strongly they weigh a syntactic cue over a number cue. The model was fitted to data from two studies on antecedent-reflexive dependencies, and the participant-level cue-weighting was estimated. We find that one-fourth of the participants, in both studies, weigh the syntactic cue higher than the number cue in processing reflexive dependencies and the remaining participants weigh the two cues equally. The result indicates that the absence of predicted facilitatory effect at the level of grouped data is driven by some, not all, participants who weigh syntactic cues higher than the number cue. More generally, the result demonstrates that the assumption of differential cue weighting is important for a theory of dependency completion processes. This differential cue weighting idea was independently supported by a modeling study on subject-verb non-agreement dependencies (Article III). Overall, the cue-based retrieval, which is a general theory of dependency completion, needs to incorporate two new assumptions: (i) the nouns stored in memory can undergo probabilistic feature distortion, and (ii) the linguistic cues used for retrieval can be weighted differentially. This is the cumulative result of the modeling work presented in this dissertation. The dissertation makes an important theoretical contribution: Sentence comprehension in humans is driven by a mechanism that assumes cue-based retrieval, probabilistic feature distortion, and differential cue weighting. This insight is theoretically important because there is some independent support for these three assumptions in sentence processing and the broader memory literature. The modeling work presented here is also methodologically important because for the first time, it demonstrates (i) how the complex models of sentence processing can be evaluated using data from multiple studies simultaneously, without oversimplifying the models, and (ii) how the inferences drawn from the individual-level behavior can be used in theory development. N2 - Bei der Satzverarbeitung muss der Leser richtig herausfinden, wer wem was angetan hat. Zum Beispiel muss der Leser in dem Satz „John hat den Ball getreten“ herausfinden, wer tat die Aktion des Tretens und was getreten wurde. Dieser Prozess des Identifizierens und Verbindens der syntaktisch verwandte Wörter in einem Satz nennt man Dependency-Completion. Was sind die kognitiven Mechanismen, die Dependency-Completion bestimmen? Eine weithin akzeptierte Theorie ist der Cue-based retrieval. Die Theorie besagt, dass die Dependency-Completion durch eine inhaltsadressierbare Suche nach der vorangetrieben wird Co-Abhängige im Gedächtnis. Der Cue-basierte Abruf erklärt ein breites Spektrum an empirischen Daten mehrere Konstruktionen, darunter Subjekt-Verb-Übereinstimmung, Subjekt-Verb-Nichtübereinstimmung, Plausibilität Mismatch-Konfigurationen und Elemente mit negativer Polarität. Es gibt jedoch zwei große empirische Herausforderungen für die Theorie: (i) Grammatische Sätze Daten aus Subjekt-Verb-Nummer-Dependency, bei denen die Theorie eine Verlangsamung vorhersagt das Verb in Sätzen wie „the key to the cabinet was rusty“ im Vergleich zu „the key to the cabinets was rusty“, aber die Daten stimmen nicht mit dieser Vorhersage überein; und (ii) Daten von Antezedenz-Reflexiv Strukturen, wo eine Leseerleichterung beim reflexiven „the bodybuilder who worked with the trainers injured themselves“ vs. „the bodybuilder who worked with the trainers injured themselves", aber die Daten zeigen keine vermittelnde Wirkung. Die in dieser Dissertation vorgestellte Arbeit widmet sich dem Aufbau einer allgemeineren Theorie von Dependency-Completion, die die beiden oben genannten Datensätze berücksichtigen kann, ohne das Original zu verlieren empirische Abdeckung der Cue-based Retrieval-Annahme. In zwei Zeitschriftenartikeln stelle ich Arbeiten zur Computermodellierung vor, die sich mit den beiden oben genannten empirischen Herausforderungen befassen. Um die Daten der grammatikalischen Sätze aus den Abhängigkeiten der Subjekt-Verb-Nummer-Übereinstimmung zu erklären, schlage ich ein neues Modell vor, das davon ausgeht, dass der Cue-basierte Abruf probabilistisch funktioniert verzerrte Darstellung von Substantiven im Gedächtnis (Artikel I). Dieses hybride Distortion-plus-Retrieval-Modell wurde anhand von Daten aus 17 Studien zu Subjekt-Verb mit den bestehenden Kandidatenmodellen verglichen Nummernvereinbarung in 4 Sprachen. Ich finde, dass das Hybridmodell die bestehenden Modelle übertrifft der Nummernvereinbarungsverarbeitung, was darauf hindeutet, dass die Cue-based Retrieval-Theorie Folgendes umfassen muss: a Annahme von Feature-Verfälschung. Um das Fehlen eines unterstützenden Effekts in antezedens-reflexiven Abhängigkeiten zu berücksichtigen, schlage ich ein individuelles Differenzmodell vor, das innerhalb des Cue-based Retrieval-Frameworks erstellt wurde (Artikel II). Das Modell geht davon aus, dass Individuen sich darin unterscheiden können, wie stark sie eine Syntax gewichten Cue über einem Nummern-Cue. Das Modell wurde an Daten aus zwei Studien zum Antezedenz-Reflexiv angepasst Abhängigkeiten, und die Cue-Gewichtung auf Teilnehmerebene wurde geschätzt. Wir finden, dass ein Viertel von Die Teilnehmer in beiden Studien gewichten bei der Verarbeitung den syntaktischen Cue höher als den numerischen Cue reflexive Abhängigkeiten und die verbleibenden Teilnehmer gewichten die beiden Cue gleichermaßen. Das Ergebnis weist darauf hin, dass das Fehlen des prognostizierten Erleichterungseffekts auf der Ebene der gruppierten Daten von einigen, nicht alle Teilnehmer, die syntaktische Cue höher gewichten als Zahlenhinweise. Allgemeiner gesagt, die Das Ergebnis zeigt, dass die Annahme einer differentiellen Hinweisgewichtung wichtig für eine Theorie von ist Dependency-Completion. Diese Idee der differentiellen Cue-Gewichtung wurde unabhängig unterstützt durch eine Modellierungsstudie zu Subjekt-Verb-Nichteinigungsabhängigkeiten (Artikel III). Insgesamt benötigt der Cue-basierte Abruf, der eine allgemeine Theorie der Abhängigkeitsvervollständigung ist um zwei neue Annahmen aufzunehmen: (i) die im Gedächtnis gespeicherten Substantive können einer Wahrscheinlichkeitsanalyse unterzogen werden Feature-Verfälschung, und (ii) die für den Abruf verwendeten sprachlichen Cue können unterschiedlich gewichtet werden. Das ist das kumulative Ergebnis der in dieser Dissertation vorgestellten Modellierungsarbeit.Die Dissertation leistet einen wichtigen theoretischen Beitrag: Satzverständnis in Der Mensch wird von einem Mechanismus getrieben, der einen hinweisbasierten Abruf, eine probabilistische Merkmalsverzerrung und eine differentielle Hinweisgewichtung annimmt. Diese Einsicht ist theoretisch wichtig, weil es einige gibt unabhängige Unterstützung für diese drei Annahmen in der Satzverarbeitung und im weiteren Gedächtnis Literatur. Die hier vorgestellten Modellierungsarbeiten sind auch methodisch wichtig, weil für die Zum ersten Mal wird gezeigt, (i) wie die komplexen Modelle der Satzverarbeitung evaluiert werden können Daten aus mehreren Studien gleichzeitig zu verwenden, ohne die Modelle zu stark zu vereinfachen, und (ii) wie die Schlussfolgerungen aus dem Verhalten auf individueller Ebene können in der Theorieentwicklung verwendet werden. KW - sentence comprehension KW - individual differences KW - cue-based retrieval KW - memory distortion KW - Approximate Bayesian Computation KW - cue reliability KW - ungefähre Bayessche Komputation KW - Cue-Gewichtung KW - Cue-basierter Retrieval KW - individuelle Unterschiede KW - Darstellung Verfälschung KW - Satzverarbeitung Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-585055 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Würzner, Kay-Michael A1 - Schroeder, Sascha T1 - Morphologische und phonologische Repräsentationen in childLex JF - Spektrum Patholinguistik (Band 8) - Schwerpunktthema: Besonders behandeln? : Sprachtherapie im Rahmen primärer Störungsbilder KW - Patholinguistik KW - Sprachtherapie KW - geistige Behinderung KW - primär progessive Aphasie KW - patholinguistics KW - speech therapy KW - mental deficiency KW - primary progessive aphasia Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-79842 SP - 183 EP - 200 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Würzner, Kay-Michael A1 - Heister, Julian A1 - Schroeder, Sascha T1 - Altersgruppeneffekte in childLex JF - Spektrum Patholinguistik N2 - 1 Einleitung 2 Stand der Forschung 3 Methode 4 Analysen 5 Diskussion 6 Literatur KW - Patholinguistik KW - Sprachtherapie KW - Hörstörungen KW - Cochlea-Implantat KW - Hören KW - patholinguistics KW - speech/language therapy KW - hearing loss KW - cochlear implant KW - hearing Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-71490 SN - 1866-9085 SN - 1866-9433 IS - 7 SP - 123 EP - 131 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wunderlich, Dieter T1 - Über naturnotwendige und kulturaffine Schritte in der Sprachentstehung und -entwicklung JF - Of trees and birds. A Festschrift for Gisbert Fanselow KW - Festschrift KW - Informationsstruktur KW - Linguistik KW - Morphologie KW - Syntax KW - festschrift KW - information structure KW - linguistics KW - morphology KW - syntax Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-433182 SN - 978-3-86956-457-9 SP - 383 EP - 394 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wulff, Peter A1 - Buschhüter, David A1 - Westphal, Andrea A1 - Nowak, Anna A1 - Becker, Lisa A1 - Robalino, Hugo A1 - Stede, Manfred A1 - Borowski, Andreas T1 - Computer-based classification of preservice physics teachers’ written reflections JF - Journal of science education and technology N2 - Reflecting in written form on one's teaching enactments has been considered a facilitator for teachers' professional growth in university-based preservice teacher education. Writing a structured reflection can be facilitated through external feedback. However, researchers noted that feedback in preservice teacher education often relies on holistic, rather than more content-based, analytic feedback because educators oftentimes lack resources (e.g., time) to provide more analytic feedback. To overcome this impediment to feedback for written reflection, advances in computer technology can be of use. Hence, this study sought to utilize techniques of natural language processing and machine learning to train a computer-based classifier that classifies preservice physics teachers' written reflections on their teaching enactments in a German university teacher education program. To do so, a reflection model was adapted to physics education. It was then tested to what extent the computer-based classifier could accurately classify the elements of the reflection model in segments of preservice physics teachers' written reflections. Multinomial logistic regression using word count as a predictor was found to yield acceptable average human-computer agreement (F1-score on held-out test dataset of 0.56) so that it might fuel further development towards an automated feedback tool that supplements existing holistic feedback for written reflections with data-based, analytic feedback. KW - reflection KW - teacher professional development KW - hatural language KW - processing KW - machine learning Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-020-09865-1 SN - 1059-0145 SN - 1573-1839 VL - 30 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wulff, Dirk U. A1 - De Deyne, Simon A1 - Jones, Michael N. A1 - Mata, Rui A1 - Austerweil, Joseph L. A1 - Baayen, R. Harald A1 - Balota, David A. A1 - Baronchelli, Andrea A1 - Brysbaert, Marc A1 - Cai, Qing A1 - Dennis, Simon A1 - Hills, Thomas T. A1 - Kenett, Yoed N. A1 - Keuleers, Emmanuel A1 - Marelli, Marco A1 - Pakhomov, Serguei A1 - Ramscar, Michael A1 - Schooler, Lael J. A1 - Shing, Yee Lee A1 - da Souza, Alessandra S. A1 - Siew, Cynthia S. Q. A1 - Storms, Gert A1 - Veríssimo, Joao Marques T1 - New Perspectives on the Aging Lexicon JF - Trends in cognitive science N2 - The field of cognitive aging has seen considerable advances in describing the linguistic and semantic changes that happen during the adult life span to uncover the structure of the mental lexicon (i.e., the mental repository of lexical and conceptual representations). Nevertheless, there is still debate concerning the sources of these changes, including the role of environmental exposure and several cognitive mechanisms associated with learning, representation, and retrieval of information. We review the current status of research in this field and outline a framework that promises to assess the contribution of both ecological and psychological aspects to the aging lexicon. Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2019.05.003 SN - 1364-6613 SN - 1879-307X VL - 23 IS - 8 SP - 686 EP - 698 PB - Elsevier CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wu, Fuyun A1 - Kaiser, Elsi A1 - Vasishth, Shravan T1 - Effects of early cues on the processing of chinese relative clauses BT - evidence for experience-based theories JF - Cognitive science : a multidisciplinary journal of anthropology, artificial intelligence, education, linguistics, neuroscience, philosophy, psychology ; journal of the Cognitive Science Society N2 - We used Chinese prenominal relative clauses (RCs) to test the predictions of two competing accounts of sentence comprehension difficulty: the experience-based account of Levy () and the Dependency Locality Theory (DLT; Gibson, ). Given that in Chinese RCs, a classifier and/or a passive marker BEI can be added to the sentence-initial position, we manipulated the presence/absence of classifiers and the presence/absence of BEI, such that BEI sentences were passivized subject-extracted RCs, and no-BEI sentences were standard object-extracted RCs. We conducted two self-paced reading experiments, using the same critical stimuli but somewhat different filler items. Reading time patterns from both experiments showed facilitative effects of BEI within and beyond RC regions, and delayed facilitative effects of classifiers, suggesting that cues that occur before a clear signal of an upcoming RC can help Chinese comprehenders to anticipate RC structures. The data patterns are not predicted by the DLT, but they are consistent with the predictions of experience-based theories. KW - Storage cost KW - Experience KW - Relative clause KW - Chinese KW - Classifiers KW - BEI Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12551 SN - 0364-0213 SN - 1551-6709 VL - 42 SP - 1101 EP - 1133 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Wotschack, Christiane T1 - Zum Einfluß von Lesestrategien auf Effekte der kognitiven Kontrolle Y1 - 2009 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wotschack, Christiane T1 - Zum Einfluss von Lesestrategien auf Effekte der kognitiven Kontrolle JF - Spektrum Patholinguistik N2 - Inhalt: 1. Einleitung 1.1 Blickbewegungen beim Lesen 1.2 Kognitive Kontrolle und verteilte Verarbeitung 2. Fragestellungen und Hypothesen 3. Methoden 3.1 Probanden 3.2 Material 3.3 Durchführung und Auswertung 4. Ergebnisse 4.1 Unterschiede in Effekten der Wortvorhersagbarkeit 4.2 Unterschiede in Effekten der Wortfrequenz 5. Diskussion 6. Literatur KW - Patholinguistik KW - Bilingualismus KW - Mehrsprachigkeit KW - Sprachtherapie KW - Sprachförderung KW - patholinguistics KW - bilingualism KW - speech and language therapy Y1 - 2009 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-32636 SN - 1866-9085 SN - 1866-9433 VL - 2 SP - 69 EP - 78 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Woolford, Ellen T1 - Aspect splits and parasitic marking JF - Linguistics in Potsdam N2 - Aspect splits can affect agreement, Case, and even preposition insertion. This paper discusses the functional ‘why’ and the theoretical ‘how’ of aspect splits. Aspect splits are an economical way to mark aspect by preserving or suppressing some independent element in one aspect. In formal terms, they are produced in the same way as coda conditions in phonology, with positional/contextual faithfulness.This approach captures the additive effects of cross-cutting splits. Aspect splits are analyzed here from Hindi, Nepali, Yucatec Maya, Chontal, and Palauan. KW - split ergative KW - nepali KW - mayan KW - palauan KW - contextual markedness Y1 - 2009 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-32236 SN - 1616-7392 SN - 1864-1857 IS - 28 SP - 39 EP - 72 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wollenberg, Maxi A1 - Stadie, Nicole A1 - Hanne, Sandra T1 - Therapie von Wortfindungsstörungen bei Restaphasien: Ein systematischer Literaturüberblick und ein exemplarisches Behandlungskonzept JF - Spektrum Patholinguistik Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-474970 SN - 978-3-86956-488-3 SN - 1866-9433 SN - 1869-3822 VL - 2020 IS - 13 SP - 123 EP - 137 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wolf-Bleiß, Birgit T1 - Neologismen BT - Sprachwandel im Bereich der Lexik JF - Sprachwandel und Entwicklungstendenzen als Themen im Deutschunterricht : fachliche Grundlagen – Unterrichtsanregungen – Unterrichtsmaterialien Y1 - 2009 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-37063 SN - 978-3-86956-003-8 SP - 83 EP - 101 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - THES A1 - Wolf, Angelika T1 - Sprachverstehen mit Cochlea-Implantat : EKP-Studien mit postlingual ertaubten erwachsenen CI-Trägern T2 - MPI series in human cognitive and brain sciences Y1 - 2004 SN - 3-936816-17-4 VL - 44 PB - Max-Planck-Institut für Kognitions- und Neurowissenschaften CY - Leipzig ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wittenberg, Eva A1 - Paczynski, Martin A1 - Wiese, Heike A1 - Jackendoff, Ray A1 - Kuperberg, Gina T1 - The difference between "giving a rose" and "giving a kiss": Sustained neural activity to the light verb construction JF - Journal of memory and language N2 - We used event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate the neurocognitive mechanisms associated with processing light verb constructions such as "give a kiss". These constructions consist of a semantically underspecified light verb ("give") and an event nominal that contributes most of the meaning and also activates an argument structure of its own ("kiss"). This creates a mismatch between the syntactic constituents and the semantic roles of a sentence. Native speakers read German verb-final sentences that contained light verb constructions (e.g., "Julius gave Anne a kiss"), non-light constructions (e.g., "Julius gave Anne a rose"), and semantically anomalous constructions (e.g., 'Julius gave Anne a conversation"). ERPs were measured at the critical verb, which appeared after all its arguments. Compared to non-light constructions, the light verb constructions evoked a widely distributed, frontally focused, sustained negative-going effect between 500 and 900 ms after verb onset. We interpret this effect as reflecting working memory costs associated with complex semantic processes that establish a shared argument structure in the light verb constructions. KW - Event-related potential KW - Sentence processing KW - Light verb constructions KW - Argument structure KW - Syntax-semantics interface KW - Sustained negativity Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2014.02.002 SN - 0749-596X SN - 1096-0821 VL - 73 SP - 31 EP - 42 PB - Elsevier CY - San Diego ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Winst, Silke T1 - Narration in the late middle ages seriality and complexity in the epic prose "Loher and Maller" JF - Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur Y1 - 2012 SN - 0005-8076 VL - 134 IS - 2 SP - 220 EP - 238 PB - Niemeyer CY - Tübingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wilzek, Alexa A1 - Frank, Ulrike A1 - van den Engl-Hoek, Lenie A1 - Huckabee, Maggie-Lee T1 - Normdatenerhebung für den »Test of Mastication and Swallowing Solids« für Kinder und Jugendliche im Altersbereich von 4 bis 14 Jahren JF - Spektrum Patholinguistik (Band 10) - Schwerpunktthema: Panorama Patholinguistik: Sprachwissenschaft trifft Sprachtherapie Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-405195 SN - 1866-9085 IS - 10 SP - 123 EP - 129 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Williams, Daniel Philip A1 - Escudero, Paola A1 - Gafos, Adamantios I. T1 - Spectral change and duration as cues in Australian English listeners' front vowel categorization JF - The journal of the Acoustical Society of America N2 - Australian English /iː/, /ɪ/, and /ɪə/ exhibit almost identical average first (F1) and second (F2) formant frequencies and differ in duration and vowel inherent spectral change (VISC). The cues of duration, F1 × F2 trajectory direction (TD) and trajectory length (TL) were assessed in listeners' categorization of /iː/ and /ɪə/ compared to /ɪ/. Duration was important for distinguishing both /iː/ and /ɪə/ from /ɪ/. TD and TL were important for categorizing /iː/ versus /ɪ/, whereas only TL was important for /ɪə/ versus /ɪ/. Finally, listeners' use of duration and VISC was not mutually affected for either vowel compared to /ɪ/. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5055019 SN - 0001-4966 SN - 1520-8524 VL - 144 IS - 3 SP - EL215 EP - EL221 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville ER - TY - GEN A1 - Williams, Daniel A1 - Escudero, Paola A1 - Gafos, Adamantios I. T1 - Perceptual sensitivity to spectral change in Australian English close front vowels BT - an electroencephalographic investigation T2 - 19 th annual conference of the international speech communicaton association (INTERSPEECH 2018), VOLS 1-6: Speech research for emerging marjets in multilingual societies N2 - Speech scientists have long noted that the qualities of naturally-produced vowels do not remain constant over their durations regardless of being nominally "monophthongs" or "diphthongs". Recent acoustic corpora show that there are consistent patterns of first (F1) and second (F2) formant frequency change across different vowel categories. The three Australian English (AusE) close front vowels /i:, 1, i/ provide a striking example: while their midpoint or mean F1 and F2 frequencies are virtually identical, their spectral change patterns distinctly differ. The results indicate that, despite the distinct patterns of spectral change of AusE /i:, i, la/ in production, its perceptual relevance is not uniform, but rather vowel-category dependent. KW - vowels KW - pre-attentive discrimination KW - speech perception KW - speech acoustics KW - English dialects Y1 - 2018 SN - 978-1-5108-7221-9 U6 - https://doi.org/10.21437/Interspeech.2018-2505 SN - 2308-457X SP - 1442 EP - 1446 PB - ISCA-International Speech Communication Association CY - Baixas ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wiese, Heike A1 - Oncu, Mehmet Tahir A1 - Bracker, Philip T1 - Verb-third-position in Turkish-German Language Contact BT - Information-structured Linearization of singular and multilingual Speakers JF - Deutsche Sprache : ds ; Zeitschrift für Theorie, Praxis, Dokumentation N2 - In present-day German we find new word order options, particularly well-known from Turkish-German bilingual speakers in the contexts of new urban dialects, which allow violations of the canonical verb-second position in independent declarative clauses. In these cases, two positions are occupied in the forefield in front of the finite verb, usually by an adverbial and a subject, which identify, at the level of information structure, frame-setter and topic, respectively. Our study investigates the influence of verbal versus language -independent information-structural preferences for this linearisation, comparing Turkish-German multilingual speakers who have grown up in Germany with monolingual German and Turkish speakers. For tasks, in which grammatical restrictions were largely minimised, the results indicate a general tendency to place verbs in a position after the frame-setter and the topic; in addition, we found language-specific influences that distinguish Turkish-German and monolingual German speakers from monolingual Turkish ones. We interpret this as evidence for an information-structural motivation for verb-third, and for a clear dominance of German for Turkish-German speakers in Germany. Y1 - 2017 SN - 0340-9341 SN - 1866-5233 VL - 45 IS - 1 SP - 31 EP - 52 PB - Erich Schmidt CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wiese, Heike A1 - Mayr, Katharina A1 - Krämer, Philipp A1 - Seeger, Patrick A1 - Müller, Hans-Georg A1 - Mezger, Verena T1 - Changing teachers' attitudes towards linguistic diversity BT - effects of an anti-bias programme JF - International Journal of Applied Linguistics N2 - We discuss an intervention programme for kindergarten and school teachers' continuing education in Germany that targets biases against language outside a perceived monolingual ‘standard’ and its speakers. The programme combines anti-bias methods relating to linguistic diversity with objectives of raising critical language awareness. Evaluation through teachers' workshops in Berlin and Brandenburg points to positive and enduring attitudinal changes in participants, but not in control groups that did not attend workshops, and effects were independent of personal variables gender and teaching subject and only weakly associated with age. We relate these effects to such programme features as indirect and inclusive methods that foster active engagement, and the combination of ‘safer’ topics targeting attitudes towards linguistic structures with more challenging ones dealing with the discrimination of speakers. N2 - Der Beitrag diskutiert ein Interventionsprogramm fur die Weiterbildung von Lehrer/inne/n und Erzieher/inne/n, das Vorurteile gegenuber sprachlichen Praktiken au ss erhalb eines vermeintlichen monolingualen Standarddeutschen und seinen Sprecher/inne/n fokussiert (). Das Programm verbindet Anti-bias -Methoden zur sprachlichen Vielfalt mit solchen, die auf eine Verstarkung kritischer Sprachbewusstheit abheben. Die Evaluation der Materialien in Lehrerfortbildungen in Berlin und Brandenburg weist auf positive und anhaltende Einstellungsveranderungen bei den Teilnehmer/inne/n, aber nicht bei Mitgliedern einer Kontrollgruppe, die nicht an den Fortbildungen teilnahm; die Effekte waren unabhangig von den personenbezogen Variablen Geschlecht und Lehrfach und nur schwach mit Alter assoziiert. Wir diskutieren diese Effekte im Zusammenhang mit Eigenschaften des Programms wie der Verwendung indirekter und inklusiver Methoden, die eine aktive Auseinandersetzung fordern, und der Verbindung von weniger bedrohlichen Themen, die sich auf Einstellungen gegenuber sprachlichen Strukturen beziehen, mit solchen, die die Diskrimierung von Sprecher/inne/n behandeln und daher eine gro ss ere Herausforderung darstellen KW - anti-bias KW - critical language awareness KW - language and education in multilingual settings KW - language attitudes KW - linguistic discrimination Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/ijal.12121 SN - 0802-6106 SN - 1473-4192 VL - 27 IS - 1 SP - 198 EP - 220 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wiese, Heike A1 - Alexiadou, Artemis A1 - Allen, Shanley A1 - Bunk, Oliver A1 - Gagarina, Natalia A1 - Iefremenko, Kateryna A1 - Martynova, Maria A1 - Pashkova, Tatiana A1 - Rizou, Vicky A1 - Schroeder, Christoph A1 - Shadrova, Anna A1 - Szucsich, Luka A1 - Tracy, Rosemarie A1 - Tsehaye, Wintai A1 - Zerbian, Sabine A1 - Zuban, Yulia T1 - Heritage speakers as part of the native language continuum JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - We argue for a perspective on bilingual heritage speakers as native speakers of both their languages and present results from a large-scale, cross-linguistic study that took such a perspective and approached bilinguals and monolinguals on equal grounds. We targeted comparable language use in bilingual and monolingual speakers, crucially covering broader repertoires than just formal language. A main database was the open-access RUEG corpus, which covers comparable informal vs. formal and spoken vs. written productions by adolescent and adult bilinguals with heritage-Greek, -Russian, and -Turkish in Germany and the United States and with heritage-German in the United States, and matching data from monolinguals in Germany, the United States, Greece, Russia, and Turkey. Our main results lie in three areas. (1) We found non-canonical patterns not only in bilingual, but also in monolingual speakers, including patterns that have so far been considered absent from native grammars, in domains of morphology, syntax, intonation, and pragmatics. (2) We found a degree of lexical and morphosyntactic inter-speaker variability in monolinguals that was sometimes higher than that of bilinguals, further challenging the model of the streamlined native speaker. (3) In majority language use, non-canonical patterns were dominant in spoken and/or informal registers, and this was true for monolinguals and bilinguals. In some cases, bilingual speakers were leading quantitatively. In heritage settings where the language was not part of formal schooling, we found tendencies of register leveling, presumably due to the fact that speakers had limited access to formal registers of the heritage language. Our findings thus indicate possible quantitative differences and different register distributions rather than distinct grammatical patterns in bilingual and monolingual speakers. This supports the integration of heritage speakers into the native-speaker continuum. Approaching heritage speakers from this perspective helps us to better understand the empirical data and can shed light on language variation and change in native grammars. Furthermore, our findings for monolinguals lead us to reconsider the state-of-the art on majority languages, given recurring evidence for non-canonical patterns that deviate from what has been assumed in the literature so far, and might have been attributed to bilingualism had we not included informal and spoken registers in monolinguals and bilinguals alike. KW - heritage speakers KW - registers KW - participles KW - word order KW - bare NPs KW - boundary tone KW - referent introduction KW - relative clause formation Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.717973 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 12 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wiese, Heike T1 - So as a focus marker in German JF - Linguistics : an interdisciplinary journal of the language sciences N2 - This paper discusses a hitherto undescribed usage of the particle so as a dedicated focus marker in contemporary German. I discuss grammatical and pragmatic characteristics of this focus marker, supporting my account with natural linguistic data and with controlled experimental evidence showing that so has a significant influence on speakers' understanding of what the focus expression in a sentence is. Against this background, I sketch a possible pragmaticalization path from referential usages of so via hedging to a semantically bleached focus marker, which, unlike particles such as auch 'also'/'too' or nur 'only', does not contribute any additional meaning. Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/LING.2011.028 SN - 0024-3949 VL - 49 IS - 5 SP - 991 EP - 1039 PB - De Gruyter Mouton CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wierzba, Marta A1 - Fanselow, Gisbert T1 - Factors influencing the acceptability of object fronting in German JF - The journal of comparative Germanic linguistics N2 - In this paper, we address some controversially debated empirical questions concerning object fronting in German by a series of acceptability rating studies. We investigated three kinds of factors: (i) properties of the subject (given/new, pronoun/full DP), (ii) emphasis, (iii) register. The first factor is predicted to play a crucial role by models in which object fronting possibilities are limited by prosodic properties. Two experiments provide converging evidence for a systematic effect of this factor: we find that the relative acceptability of object fronting across subjects that require an accent (new DPs) is lower than across deaccentable subjects (pronouns and given DPs). Other models predict object fronting across full phrases (but not across pronouns) to be limited to an emphatic interpretation. This prediction is also borne out, suggesting that both types of models capture an empirically valid generalization and can be seen as complementing each other rather than competing with each other. Finally, we find support for the view that informal register facilitates object fronting. In sum, our experiments contribute to clarifying the empirical basis concerning a phenomenon influenced by a range of interacting factors. This, in turn, informs theoretical approaches to the prefield position and helps to identify factors that need to be carefully controlled in this field of research. KW - German KW - Object fronting KW - Prefield KW - Givenness KW - Emphasis KW - Register KW - Experiments KW - Acceptability Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10828-020-09113-1 SN - 1383-4924 SN - 1572-8552 VL - 23 IS - 1 SP - 77 EP - 124 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - THES A1 - Wierzba, Marta T1 - Revisiting prosodic reconstruction T1 - Prosodische Rekonstruktion neu betrachtet BT - an interface-based approach to partial focus and topic fronting in German BT - eine schnittstellenbasierte Analyse partieller Fokus- und Topikvoranstellung im Deutschen N2 - In this thesis, I develop a theoretical implementation of prosodic reconstruction and apply it to the empirical domain of German sentences in which part of a focus or contrastive topic is fronted. Prosodic reconstruction refers to the idea that sentences involving syntactic movement show prosodic parallels with corresponding simpler structures without movement. I propose to model this recurrent observation by ordering syntax-prosody mapping before copy deletion. In order to account for the partial fronting data, the idea is extended to the mapping between prosody and information structure. This assumption helps to explain why object-initial sentences containing a broad focus or broad contrastive topic show similar prosodic and interpretative restrictions as sentences with canonical word order. The empirical adequacy of the model is tested against a set of gradient acceptability judgments. N2 - In dieser Dissertation wird ein theoretisches Modell prosodischer Rekonstruktion entwickelt und auf den empirischen Bereich deutscher Sätze mit teilweiser Voranstellung eines Fokus oder eines kontrastiven Topiks angewendet. Mit prosodischer Rekonstruktion ist die Idee gemeint, dass Sätze, die syntaktische Bewegung enthalten, prosodische Parallelen mit einfacheren Konstruktionen ohne Bewegung aufweisen. Es wird vorgeschlagen, diese Beobachtung dadurch zu modellieren, dass die Abbildungsoperation zwischen Syntax und Prosodie der Löschung von Kopien vorangeht. Auf diese Weise ist die Ausgangsposition bewegter Konstituenten noch zugänglich, wenn die prosodische Struktur bestimmt wird, und kann somit die Akzentverteilung beeinflussen. Um die Daten zu partieller Voranstellung mitzuerfassen, wird das Modell auf die Abbildung zwischen Prosodie und Informationsstruktur ausgeweitet. Diese Annahme trägt dazu bei zu erklären, wieso objektinitiale Sätze, die einen weiten Fokus oder ein weites kontrastives Topik enthalten, ähnliche prosodische und interpretative Beschränkungen aufweisen wie Sätze mit kanonischer Wortfolge. Die empirische Adäquatheit des Modells wird anhand eines neuen Datensatzes gradienter Akzeptabilitätsurteile getestet. KW - prosody KW - syntax KW - interface KW - focus KW - contrastive topic KW - Prosodie KW - Syntax KW - Schnittstelle KW - Fokus KW - kontrastives Topik Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-403152 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wiehe, Lea A1 - Weiland, Katharina A1 - Wirsam, Anke A1 - Hartung, Julia A1 - Wahl, Michael T1 - Pilotstudie zum lauten und leisen Lesen BT - Unterschiede von kindlichen Blickbewegungen in Abhängigkeit vom Lesemodus JF - Spektrum Patholinguistik Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-469539 SN - 978-3-86956-479-1 SN - 1866-9085 SN - 1866-9433 IS - 12 SP - 109 EP - 123 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wiehe, Lea A1 - Weiland, Katharina A1 - Wahl, Michael T1 - Prävalenz und Persistenz isolierter Lesestörungen in den Klassenstufen 1 bis 3: Eine Gegenüberstellung verschiedener Klassifikationskriterien JF - Spektrum Patholinguistik Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-475408 SN - 978-3-86956-488-3 SN - 1866-9433 SN - 1869-3822 VL - 2020 IS - 13 SP - 193 EP - 209 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Westermann, Antje A1 - Stadie, Nicole A1 - Frank, Ulrike T1 - Messung der Atem-Schluck-Koordination während normalem Schluck und unter Anwendung des Mendelsohn-Manövers JF - Spektrum Patholinguistik Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-54286 SN - 1869-3822 SN - 1866-9433 IS - 4 SP - 143 EP - 147 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Westermann, Antje A1 - Stadie, Nicole A1 - Frank, Ulrike T1 - Messung der Atem-Schluck-Koordination während normalem Schluck und unter Anwendung des Mendelsohn- Manövers Y1 - 2011 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weskott, Thomas A1 - Fanselow, Gisbert T1 - On the informativity of different measures of linguistic acceptability JF - Language : journal of the Linguistic Society of America N2 - This article deals with the claim that the MAGNITUDE ESTIMATION (ME) method of gathering acceptability judgments produces data that are more informative for linguists than binary or n-point scale judgments. We performed three acceptability-rating experiments that directly compared ME data to binary and seven-point scale data. The results clearly falsify the hypothesis that data gathered by the ME method carry a larger amount of information about the acceptability of a given linguistic phenomenon. The three measures are largely equivalent with respect to informativity. Moreover, ME judgments are shown to be more liable to producing spurious variance under certain circumstances.* KW - acceptability judgments KW - empirical syntax KW - magnitude estimation KW - informativity Y1 - 2011 SN - 0097-8507 VL - 87 IS - 2 SP - 249 EP - 273 PB - Linguistic Society of America CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weskott, Thomas T1 - Stopn bashing givenness! a note on Elke Kasimir's "Question-answer test and givenness" Y1 - 2005 SN - 3-937786-01-5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weskott, Thomas T1 - Stop bashing givenness! BT - A note on Elke Kasimir's "Questions-Answers Test and Givenness" JF - Interdisciplinary studies on information structure : ISIS ; working papers of the SFB 632 N2 - Elke Kasimir’s paper (in this volume) argues against employing the notion of Givenness in the explanation of accent assignment. I will claim that the arguments against Givenness put forward by Kasimir are inconclusive because they beg the question of the role of Givenness. It is concluded that, more generally, arguments against Givenness as a diagnostic for information structural partitions should not be accepted offhand, since the notion of Givenness of discourse referents is (a) theoretically simple, (b) readily observable and quantifiable, and (c) bears cognitive significance. KW - givenness Y1 - 2005 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-8718 SN - 1866-4725 SN - 1614-4708 IS - 3 SP - 53 EP - 62 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wenglarczyk, Anke A1 - Weise, Stefanie A1 - Heide, Judith T1 - Mapping-Therapie mit reversiblen Passivsätzen bei einer Patientin mit Agrammatismus Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wenglarczyk, Anke A1 - Weise, Stefanie A1 - Heid, Judith T1 - Mapping-Therapie mit reversiblen Passivsätzen bei einer Patientin mit Agrammatismus N2 - 1 Theoretischer Hintergrund und Ziel der Therapie 2 Material und Vorgehen 3 Ergebnisse und Interpretation 4 Diskussion KW - Patholinguistik KW - Sprachtherapie KW - Dysphagie KW - Schluckstörung KW - Schlucktherapie KW - patholinguistics KW - speech/language therapy KW - dysphagia KW - swallowing disorders KW - dysphagia therapy Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-62518 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wellmann, Caroline A1 - Holzgrefe-Lang, Julia A1 - Truckenbrodt, Hubert A1 - Wartenburger, Isabell A1 - Höhle, Barbara T1 - How each prosodic boundary cue matters evidence from German infants JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - Previous studies have revealed that infants aged 6-10 months are able to use the acoustic correlates of major prosodic boundaries, that is, pitch change, preboundary lengthening, and pause, for the segmentation of the continuous speech signal. Moreover, investigations with American-English- and Dutch-learning infants suggest that processing prosodic boundary markings involves a weighting of these cues. This weighting seems to develop with increasing exposure to the native language and to underlie crosslinguistic variation. In the following, we report the results of four experiments using the headturn preference procedure to explore the perception of prosodic boundary cues in German infants. We presented 8-month-old infants with a sequence of names in two different prosodic groupings, with or without boundary markers. Infants discriminated both sequences when the boundary was marked by all three cues (Experiment 1) and when it was marked by a pitch change and preboundary lengthening in combination (Experiment 2). The presence of a pitch change (Experiment 3) or preboundary lengthening (Experiment 4) as single cues did not lead to a successful discrimination. Our results indicate that pause is not a necessary cue for German infants. Pitch change and preboundary lengthening in combination, but not as single cues, are sufficient. Hence, by 8 months infants only rely on a convergence of boundary markers. Comparisons with adults' performance on the same stimulus materials suggest that the pattern observed with the 8-month-olds is already consistent with that of adults. We discuss our findings with respect to crosslinguistic variation and the development of a language-specific prosodic cue weighting. KW - infants KW - language acquisition KW - speech perception KW - prosodic bootstrapping KW - prosodic boundary cues KW - cue weighting KW - intonation phrase boundary KW - headturn preference procedure Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00580 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 3 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - THES A1 - Wellmann, Caroline T1 - Early sensitivity to prosodic phrase boundary cues: Behavioral evidence from German-learning infants T1 - Frühkindliche Wahrnehmung prosodischer Grenzmarkierungen: Behaviorale Untersuchungen mit Deutsch lernenden Säuglingen N2 - This dissertation seeks to shed light on the relation of phrasal prosody and developmental speech perception in German-learning infants. Three independent empirical studies explore the role of acoustic correlates of major prosodic boundaries, specifically pitch change, final lengthening, and pause, in infant boundary perception. Moreover, it was examined whether the sensitivity to prosodic phrase boundary markings changes during the first year of life as a result of perceptual attunement to the ambient language (Aslin & Pisoni, 1980). Using the headturn preference procedure six- and eight-month-old monolingual German-learning infants were tested on their discrimination of two different prosodic groupings of the same list of coordinated names either with or without an internal IPB after the second name, that is, [Moni und Lilli] [und Manu] or [Moni und Lilli und Manu]. The boundary marking was systematically varied with respect to single prosodic cues or specific cue combinations. Results revealed that six- and eight-month-old German-learning infants successfully detect the internal prosodic boundary when it is signaled by all the three main boundary cues pitch change, final lengthening, and pause. For eight-, but not for six-month-olds, the combination of pitch change and final lengthening, without the occurrence of a pause, is sufficient. This mirrors an adult-like perception by eight-months (Holzgrefe-Lang et al., 2016). Six-month-olds detect a prosodic phrase boundary signaled by final lengthening and pause. The findings suggest a developmental change in German prosodic boundary cue perception from a strong reliance on the pause cue at six months to a differentiated sensitivity to the more subtle cues pitch change and final lengthening at eight months. Neither for six- nor for eight-month-olds the occurrence of pitch change or final lengthening as single cues is sufficient, similar to what has been observed for adult speakers of German (Holzgrefe-Lang et al., 2016). The present dissertation provides new scientific knowledge on infants’ sensitivity to individual prosodic phrase boundary cues in the first year of life. Methodologically, the studies are pathbreaking since they used exactly the same stimulus materials – phonologically thoroughly controlled lists of names – that have also been used with adults (Holzgrefe-Lang et al., 2016) and with infants in a neurophysiological paradigm (Holzgrefe-Lang, Wellmann, Höhle, & Wartenburger, 2018), allowing for comparisons across age (six/ eight months and adults) and method (behavioral vs. neurophysiological methods). Moreover, materials are suited to be transferred to other languages allowing for a crosslinguistic comparison. Taken together with a study with similar French materials (van Ommen et al., 2020) the observed change in sensitivity in German-learning infants can be interpreted as a language-specific one, from an initial language-general processing mechanism that primarily focuses on the presence of pauses to a language-specific processing that takes into account prosodic properties available in the ambient language. The developmental pattern is discussed as an interplay of acoustic salience, prosodic typology (prosodic regularity) and cue reliability. N2 - Die Dissertation befasst sich mit der Bedeutung individueller prosodischer Hinweise für die Wahrnehmung einer prosodischen Phrasengrenze bei deutschsprachig aufwachsenden Säuglingen. In drei Studien wurde mit behavioralen Untersuchungen der Frage nachgegangen, welche Bedeutung die akustischen Merkmale Tonhöhenveränderung, finale Dehnung und das Auftreten von Pausen für die Erkennung einer prosodischen Grenze haben. Zudem wurde hinterfragt, ob sich die Sensitivität für diese prosodischen Grenzmarkierungen im ersten Lebensjahr verändert und einer perzeptuellen Reorganisation, also einer Anpassung an die Muttersprache (Attunement Theorie, Aslin & Pisoni, 1980), unterliegt. Mithilfe der Headturn Preference Procedure wurde getestet, ob 6 und 8 Monate alte Deutsch lernende Säuglinge zwei verschiedene prosodische Gruppierungen einer Aufzählung von Namen diskriminieren können (mit oder ohne eine interne prosodische Grenze, [Moni und Lilli] [und Manu] vs. [Moni und Lilli und Manu]). Die Grenze wurde bezüglich des Auftretens einzelner prosodischer Hinweise oder Kombinationen von Hinweisen systematisch variiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sowohl 6 als auch 8 Monate alte Deutsch lernende Säuglinge die interne prosodische Grenze in der Aufzählung erkennen, wenn sie durch alle drei Hinweise – Tonhöhenveränderung, finale Dehnung und das Auftreten einer Pause – markiert ist. Darüber hinaus zeigte sich, dass für 8, aber nicht für 6, Monate alte Säuglinge die Kombination aus Tonhöhe und finaler Dehnung ohne Pause ausreichend ist. 6 Monate alte Säuglinge erkennen eine Grenze, wenn sie durch eine Pause und finale Dehnung markiert ist. Damit zeigt sich eine Entwicklung der Sensitivität für prosodische Grenzmarkierungen von 6 zu 8 Monaten – weg von der Notwendigkeit der Pause hin zu einer differenzierten Wahrnehmung subtiler Hinweise wie Tonhöhe und finale Dehnung. Weder für 6 noch für 8 Monate alte Säuglinge ist die Markierung durch einen einzelnen Hinweis (Tonhöhe oder finale Dehnung) ausreichend. Dies deckt sich mit dem Verhaltensmuster erwachsener deutschsprachiger Hörer in einer Aufgabe zur prosodischen Strukturierung (Holzgrefe-Lang et al., 2016). Die vorgelegte Dissertation beleuchtet erstmalig für den frühen Erwerb des Deutschen die Bedeutung einzelner prosodischer Hinweise an Phrasengrenzen. Hierbei ist die Art der verwendeten Stimuli neu: phonologisch sorgfältig kontrollierte Aufzählungen von Namen, in denen einzelne prosodische Hinweise fein akustisch manipuliert werden können. Zudem kann dieses Material ideal in Untersuchungen mit anderen Methoden (z.B. EEG) eingesetzt werden und auf weitere Altersgruppen (Erwachsene) und andere Sprachen transferiert werden. Dies ermöglicht den direkten Vergleich der Ergebnisse zu denen anderer Studien mit ähnlichem Stimulusmaterial (Holzgrefe-Lang et al., 2016, 2018; van Ommen et al., 2020) und erlaubt die Interpretation einer sprachspezifischen Entwicklung. Das beobachtete Entwicklungsmuster wird als Produkt eines Wechselspiels von akustischer Salienz, prosodischer Typologie (prosodische Regularität) und Zuverlässigkeit eines prosodischen Hinweises (cue reliability) diskutiert. KW - prosody KW - language acquisition KW - infants KW - prosodic boundary cues KW - prosodic phrase boundary KW - perceptual attunement KW - Prosodie KW - Spracherwerb KW - Säuglinge KW - prosodische Grenzmarkierungen KW - prosodische Phrasengrenze KW - perzeptuelle Reorganisation Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-573937 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Welke, Lisa-Marie A1 - Frank, Ulrike T1 - Pilotfragebogenstudie zur praktischen Umsetzung und Koordination des Trachealkanülen-Managements in Berlin und Brandenburg JF - Spektrum Patholinguistik Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-437780 SN - 978-3-86956-448-7 SN - 1866-9085 SN - 1866-9433 IS - 11 SP - 115 EP - 129 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weissenborn, Jürgen A1 - Roeper, Thomas A1 - DeVilliers, Jill T1 - WH-acquisition in French and German : connections between case, WH- features and unique triggers Y1 - 1995 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weissenborn, Jürgen A1 - Penner, Zvi A1 - Schönberger, Manuela T1 - The acquisition of object placement in early German and Swiss German Y1 - 1994 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weissenborn, Jürgen A1 - Penner, Zvi T1 - Strong continuity, parameter setting and the trigger hierarchy : on the acquisition of the DP in Bernese Swiss German and High German Y1 - 1996 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weissenborn, Jürgen A1 - Höhle, Barbara A1 - Kiefer, D. A1 - Cavar, Damir T1 - On the Structure of early syntactic knowledge : continuity and Economy Y1 - 2000 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weissenborn, Jürgen A1 - Haverkort, Marco T1 - Parameters and cliticization in early child german Y1 - 1995 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weissenborn, Jürgen T1 - Children's sensitivity to word-order violations in German : evidence for very early parameter-setting Y1 - 1998 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weissenborn, Jürgen T1 - Constraining the child's grammar : local wellformedness in the development of verb movement in German and French Y1 - 1994 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weissenborn, Jürgen T1 - Der Erwerb von Morphologie und Syntax Y1 - 2000 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weissenborn, Jürgen T1 - Prävention, Früherkennung und Frühintervention bei Spracherwerbsstörungen Y1 - 1999 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weirich, Melanie A1 - Lancia, Leonardo A1 - Brunner, Jana T1 - Inter-speaker articulatory variability during vowel-consonant-vowel sequences in twins and unrelated speakers JF - The journal of the Acoustical Society of America N2 - The purpose of this study is to examine and compare the amount of inter-speaker variability in the articulation of monozygotic twin pairs (MZ), dizygotic twin pairs (DZ), and pairs of unrelated twins with the goal of examining in greater depth the influence of physiology on articulation. Physiological parameters are assumed to be very similar in MZ twin pairs in contrast to DZ twin pairs or unrelated speakers, and it is hypothesized that the speaker specific shape of articulatory looping trajectories of the tongue is at least partly dependent on biomechanical properties and the speaker's individual physiology. By means of electromagnetic articulography (EMA), inter-speaker variability in the looping trajectories of the tongue back during /VCV/ sequences is analyzed. Results reveal similar looping patterns within MZ twin pairs but in DZ pairs differences in the shape of the loop, the direction of the upward and downward movement, and the amount of horizontal sliding movement at the palate are found. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4822480 SN - 0001-4966 SN - 1520-8524 VL - 134 IS - 5 SP - 3766 EP - 3780 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville ER - TY - THES A1 - Weber, Christiane T1 - Rhythm is gonna get you : electrophysiological markers of rhythmic processing in infants with and without risk for specific language impairment (SLI) T2 - MPI series in human cognitive and brain sciences Y1 - 2004 SN - 3-936816-25-5 VL - 52 PB - Max Planck Inst. for Human Cognitive and Brain Schiences CY - Leipzig ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wattendorf, Elise A1 - Festman, Julia A1 - Westermann, Birgit A1 - Keil, Ursula A1 - Zappatore, Daniela A1 - Franceschini, Rita A1 - Luedi, Georges A1 - Radue, Ernst-Wilhelm A1 - Muente, Thomas F. A1 - Rager, Guenter A1 - Nitsch, Cordula T1 - Early bilingualism influences early and subsequently later acquired languages in cortical regions representing control functions JF - International journal of bilingualism : cross-disciplinary, cross-linguistic studies of language behavior N2 - Early acquisition of a second language influences the development of language abilities and cognitive functions. In the present study, we used functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to investigate the impact of early bilingualism on the organization of the cortical language network during sentence production. Two groups of adult multilinguals, proficient in three languages, were tested on a narrative task; early multilinguals acquired the second language before the age of three years, late multilinguals after the age of nine. All participants learned a third language after nine years of age. Comparison of the two groups revealed substantial differences in language-related brain activity for early as well as late acquired languages. Most importantly, early multilinguals preferentially activated a fronto-striatal network in the left hemisphere, whereas the left posterior superior temporal gyrus (pSTG) was activated to a lesser degree than in late multilinguals. The same brain regions were highlighted in previous studies when a non-target language had to be controlled. Hence the engagement of language control in adult early multilinguals appears to be influenced by the specific learning and acquisition conditions during early childhood. Remarkably, our results reveal that the functional control of early and subsequently later acquired languages is similarly affected, suggesting that language experience has a pervasive influence into adulthood. As such, our findings extend the current understanding of control functions in multilinguals. KW - Multilingual KW - language acquisition KW - narration KW - age of acquisition KW - functional magnetic resonance imaging KW - emergentist framework Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006912456590 SN - 1367-0069 SN - 1756-6878 VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - 48 EP - 66 PB - Sage Publ. CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Watermeyer, Melanie A1 - Höhle, Barbara A1 - Kauschke, Christina T1 - Ausagieren von Sätzen versus Satz-Bild-Zuordnung BT - Vergleich zweier Methoden zur Untersuchung des Sprachverständnisses anhand von semantisch reversiblen Sätzen mit Objektvoranstellung bei drei- und fünfjährigen Kindern JF - Spektrum Patholinguistik Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-54374 SN - 1869-3822 SN - 1866-9433 IS - 4 SP - 237 EP - 246 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Watermeyer, Melanie A1 - Höhle, Barbara A1 - Kauschke, Christina T1 - Ausagieren von Sätzen versus Satz-Bild-Zuordnung: Vergleich zweier Methoden zur Untersuchung des Sprachverständnisses anhand von semantisch reversiblen Sätzen mit Objektvoranstellung bei drei- und fünfjährigen Kindern Y1 - 2011 ER - TY - THES A1 - Watermeyer, Melanie T1 - Ausagieren von Sätzen versus Satz-Bild-Zuordnung : Vergleich zweier Methoden zur Untersuchung des Sprachverständnisses anhand von semantisch reversiblen Sätzen mit Objektvoranstellung bei drei- und fünfjährigen Kindern T1 - Act-out versus picture selection : comparison of two methods for the assessment of receptive language abilities using semantically reversible sentences with object fronting in three and five-year-old children N2 - Sprachverständnisuntersuchungen sind sowohl für die Forschung zum Spracherwerb und zu dessen Störungen als auch für die Diagnostik in der klinischen Praxis von essentieller Bedeutung. Zwei der verbreitetesten Methoden zur Erfassung des Verständnisses von syntaktischen Strukturen sind das Ausagieren von Sätzen (AS) und die Satz-Bild-Zuordnung (SBZ). Beide Methoden sind mit unterschiedlichen Anforderungen an die Probanden sowie mit spezifischen Vor- und Nachteilen verbunden (vgl. z.B. Goodluck 1996, Gerken & Shady 1996), woraus sich die Frage ergibt, inwiefern die Wahl der Methode das Testergebnis und die damit verbundenen Schlussfolgerungen beeinflusst. In der hier beschriebenen empirischen Untersuchung wurden die AS- und die SBZ-Methode anhand des Verstehens semantisch reversibler Sätze mit Objektvoranstellung direkt miteinander verglichen: Jeweils 24 monolingual mit Deutsch als Muttersprache aufwachsenden, sprachunauffälligen Kindern im Alter von 3;0 bis 3;5 bzw. 5;0 bis 5;5 Jahren wurden insgesamt zwölf Items, von denen neun aus semantisch reversiblen Sätzen mit Objektvoranstellung und drei aus entsprechenden subjektinitialen Kontrastsätzen bestanden, sowohl mittels der AS-Methode als auch mittels der SBZ-Methode präsentiert. Zum Ausagieren der Testsätze (AS-Test) wurden Spielzeugfiguren verwendet, für die Satz-Bild-Zuordnung (SBZ-Test) wurden pro Item ein Ziel- und zwei Ablenkerbilder erstellt. Die kindlichen Reaktionen wurden nach syntaktischen Kriterien als korrekt bzw. inkorrekt bewertet, Abweichungen wurden hinsichtlich der Fehlerart klassifiziert. Zusätzlich wurde bei den einzelnen Kindern der Erwerbsstand der untersuchten Struktur beurteilt und es wurden, sofern möglich, die eingesetzten Sprachverständnisstrategien ermittelt. Der Vergleich der Methoden ergab für die einzelnen Altersgruppen sehr unterschiedliche Befunde: Bei den 3;0- bis 3;5-jährigen Kindern zeigten sich im SBZ-Test teilweise starke Rateeffekte, die zu verfälschten Ergebnissen und kaum interpretierbaren Reaktionsmustern führten, während dies im AS-Test nicht der Fall war. Für diese Altersgruppe ist demnach die AS-Methode als die geeignetere anzusehen. Bei den 5;0- bis 5;5-jährigen Kindern konnte indes keine derartige Diskrepanz zwischen den beiden Tests festgestellt werden. Vielmehr waren die Leistungen hier insgesamt vergleichbar, so dass für diese Altersgruppe die AS- und die SBZ-Methode als für die Untersuchung des Syntaxverständnisses gleichwertig gelten können. Darüber hinaus bestätigte die Untersuchung viele der in der Literatur beschriebenen Vor- und Nachteile der beiden Methoden, darunter der geringere Materialbeschaffungsaufwand bei der AS-Methode, die größere Durchführungspraktikabilität der SBZ-Methode, die höhere Attraktivität und das geringere Risiko für Antwort-biases bei der AS-Methode, die leichtere Bewertbarkeit der kindlichen Reaktionen bei der SBZ-Methode. Im Vergleich der Altersgruppen zeigte sich, dass die 5;0- bis 5;5-jährigen Kinder Testsätze mit Objektvoranstellung deutlich besser verstanden als die 3;0- bis 3;5-jährigen: Die meisten der jüngeren Kinder hatten die untersuchte Struktur offenbar noch nicht erworben – sie interpretierten die Sätze mit Objektvoranstellung stattdessen am häufigsten nach der Wortreihenfolgestrategie, verstanden sie also wie subjektinitiale Strukturen. Von den 5;0- bis 5;5-jährigen Kindern dagegen hatten 75% die untersuchte Struktur rezeptiv erworben, interpretierten die Testsätze also primär korrekt nach der grammatischen Strategie. Aus diesen Ergebnissen wurde geschlossen, dass die Struktur semantisch reversibler Sätze mit Objektvoranstellung frühestens ab einem Alter von 5;0 bis 5;5 Jahren als in der ungestörten Sprachentwicklung rezeptiv erworben gelten kann. Da sich jedoch in beiden Altersgruppen trotz allem eine erhebliche interindividuelle Variation hinsichtlich der Verständnisfähigkeiten zeigte, muss insgesamt von einem relativ langen Zeitfenster für den ungestörten Erwerb dieser Struktur ausgegangen werden. N2 - The assessment of children’s receptive language abilities plays an essential part in both experimental research on language acquisition and clinical diagnostics of language acquisition impairments. Two of the most prevalent methods especially used for assessing syntax comprehension are act-out and picture selection. The two methods do not only differ in their requirements on the proband/patient, but also have specific advantages and disadvantages concerning the development, administration, and interpretation of experimental or diagnostic tests (cf. Goodluck 1996, Gerken & Shady 1996). This leads to the question of how far the adopted method influences the result of the test and the conclusions drawn from it. In the study reported here, act-out and picture selection were, by means of a comprehension task using semantically reversible sentences with object fronting, directly compared to each other. Subjects were 48 German-speaking children with normal language development: 24 aged 3;0 to 3;5 years and another 24 aged 5;0 to 5;5 years. The children were presented with twelve stimuli, nine consisting of semantically reversible sentences with object fronting and three of correspondent subject initial constructions, using both an act-out procedure with toy props and a picture selection procedure with three choices per sentence. The child’s responses were scored correct or incorrect according to syntactic criteria, with incorrect responses categorised by type. In addition, the child’s level of acquisition of the structure in focus and, when possible, the comprehension strategies used by the child were determined. The comparison of the two methods yielded very different results for the individual age groups: A considerable proportion of the 3;0 to 3;5-year-olds displayed strong effects of guessing with the picture selection procedure, which led to inaccurate results and response patterns that were hardly interpretable, whereas this was not the case with the act-out procedure. According to these findings then, act-out is to be considered the more suitable method for children of this age. However with the 5;0 to 5;5-year-olds, no such discrepancy between the two methods was found, their results in both tests being comparable. Thus, for children aged five years or older, picture selection and act-out can be regarded as equivalent methods for the assessment of syntax comprehension. In addition to these findings, many of the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods described in the literature were confirmed in the study, such as the lower material provision costs with the act-out procedure, the higher administration practicability of the picture selection method, the greater appeal for children and the lower risk for response-biases with act-out tasks, and with picture selection, the easier scoring of the child’s responses . Comparing the two age groups, the 5;0 to 5;5-year-olds showed considerably better comprehension of the semantically reversible sentences with object fronting than the 3;0 to 3;5-year-olds: The majority of the younger children obviously had not yet acquired the structure in question and instead, mostly relying on the so called word order strategy, misinterpreted the sentences with object fronting as subject-initial structures. In contrast, 75% of the older children had receptively acquired the syntax of object fronting, since they interpreted most of the test sentences correctly according to a grammatical strategy. From these results, it was concluded that the structure of semantically reversible sentences with object fronting can be regarded as receptively acquired in normal language development at the earliest at age 5;0 to 5;5 years. However, since there was considerable interindividual variation in the comprehension abilities in both age groups, the time frame for the acquisition of this structure must be assumed to be relatively large. KW - Testmethoden KW - Sprachverständnis KW - Syntaxerwerb KW - assessment methods KW - language comprehension KW - syntax acquisition Y1 - 2010 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-52380 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wartenburger, Isabell A1 - Steinbrink, Jens A1 - Telkemeyer, Silke A1 - Friedrich, Manuela A1 - Friederici, Angela D. A1 - Obrig, Hellmuth T1 - The processing of prosody : evidence of interhemispheric specialization at the age of four Y1 - 2007 SN - 1053-8119 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wartenburger, Isabell A1 - Kühn, Esther A1 - Sassenberg, Uta A1 - Foth, Manja A1 - Franz, Elizabeth A. A1 - van derMeer, Elke T1 - On the relationship between fluid intelligence, gesture production, and brain structure Y1 - 2009 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01602896 SN - 0160-2896 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wartenburger, Isabell A1 - Kühn, Esther A1 - Sassenberg, Uta A1 - Foth, Manja A1 - Franz, Elisabeth A. A1 - van der Meer, Elke T1 - On the relationship between fluid intelligence, gesture production, and brain structure N2 - Individuals scoring high in fluid intelligence tasks generally perform very efficiently in problem solving tasks and analogical reasoning tasks presumably because they are able to select the task-relevant information very quickly and focus on a limited set of task-relevant cognitive operations. Moreover, individuals with high fluid intelligence produce more representational hand and arm gestures when describing a geometric analogy task than individuals with average fluid intelligence. No study has yet addressed the relationship between intelligence, gesture production, and brain structure, to our knowledge. That was the purpose of our study. To characterize the relation between intelligence, gesture production, and brain structure we assessed the frequency of representational gestures and cortical thickness values in a group of adolescents differing in fluid intelligence. Individuals scoring high in fluid intelligence showed higher accuracy in the geometric analogy task and produced more representational gestures (in particular more movement gestures) when explaining how they solved the task and showed larger cortical thickness values in some regions in the left hemisphere (namely the pars opercularis, superior frontal, and temporal cortex) than individuals with average fluid intelligence. Moreover, the left pars opercularis (a part of Broca's area) and left transverse temporal cortex showed larger cortical thickness values in participants who produced representational and in particular movement gestures compared to those who did not. Our results thus indicate that cortical thickness of those brain regions is related to both high fluid intelligence and the production of gestures. Results are discussed in the gestures-as-simulated-action framework that states that gestures result from simulated perception and simulated action that underlie embodied language and mental imagery. Y1 - 2010 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01602896 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2009.11.001 SN - 0160-2896 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wartenburger, Isabell A1 - Heekeren, Hauke R. A1 - Preusse, Franziska A1 - Kramer, Jürg A1 - van der Meer, Elke T1 - Cerebral correlates of analogical processing and their modulation by training N2 - There is increasing interest ill understanding the neural systems that mediate analogical thinking, which is essential for learning and fluid intelligence. The aim of the present study was to shed light on the cerebral correlates of geometric analogical processing and on training-induced changes at the behavioral and brain level. In healthy participants a bilateral fronto-parietal network was engaged in processing geometric analogies and showed greater blood oxygenation dependent (BOLD) signals as resource demands increased. This network, as well as fusiform and subcortical brain regions, additionally showed training-induced decreases in the BOLD signal over time. The general finding that brain regions were modulated by the amount of resources demanded by the task, and/or by the reduction of allocated resources due to short term training, reflects increased efficiency - in terms of more focal and more specialized brain activation - to more economically process the geometric analogies. Our data indicate a rapid adaptation of the cognitive system which is efficiently modulated by short term training based on a positive correlation of resource demands and brain activation. Y1 - 2009 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/10538119 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.06.025 SN - 1053-8119 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wartenburger, Isabell A1 - Heekeren, Hauke R. A1 - Burchert, Frank A1 - Heinemann, Steffi A1 - De Bleser, Ria A1 - Villringer, Arno T1 - Neural correlates of syntactic transformations N2 - Many agrammatic aphasics have a specific syntactic comprehension deficit involving processing syntactic transformations. It has been proposed that this deficit is due to a dysfunction of Broca's area, an area that is thought to be critical for comprehension of complex transformed sentences. The goal of this study was to investigate the role of Broca's area in processing canonical and non-canonical sentences in healthy subjects. The sentences were presented auditorily and were controlled for task difficulty. Subjects were asked to judge the grammaticality of the sentences while their brain activity was monitored using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. Processing both kinds of sentences resulted in activation of language-related brain regions. Comparison of non-canonical and canonical sentences showed greater activation in bilateral temporal regions; a greater activation of Broca's area in processing antecedent-gap relations was not found. Moreover, the posterior part of Broca's area was conjointly activated by both sentence conditions. Broca's area is thus involved in general syntactic processing as required by grammaticality judgments and does not seem to have a specific role in processing syntactic transformations. (C) 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc Y1 - 2004 UR - http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/38751/home SN - 1065-9471 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wartenburger, Isabell A1 - Heekeren, Hauke R. A1 - Abutalebi, Jubin A1 - Cappa, Stefano F. A1 - Villringer, Arno A1 - Perani, Daniela T1 - Early setting of grammatical processing in the bilingual brain Y1 - 2003 UR - http://www.cell.com/neuron/home SN - 0896-6273 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wartenburger, Isabell A1 - Burchert, Frank A1 - Heekeren, Hauke R. A1 - De Bleser, Ria A1 - Villringer, Arno T1 - Grammaticality judgments on sentences with and without movement of phrasal constituents : an event-related fMRI study Y1 - 2003 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/09116044 SN - 0911-6044 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wartenburger, Isabell T1 - Gehirn und Sprache : wie wir Sprache(n) erlernen und verarbeiten Y1 - 2010 SN - 978-3-8340-0654-7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wartenburger, Isabell T1 - Wie verändert der (Fremd-)Spracherwerb das Gehirn? : Einfluss von Erwerbsalter und Sprachleistungsniveau auf die kortikale Repräsentation grammatikalischer und semantischer Verarbeitungsprozesse Y1 - 2006 SN - 3-88246-298-1 ER - TY - THES A1 - Wartena, Christian T1 - Storage Structures and Conditions on Movement in Natural Language Syntax : Speicherstrukturen und Bewegungsbeschränkungen in der Syntax natürlicher Sprachen Y1 - 1999 CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Warditz, Vladislava Maria T1 - The linguistic Reception of the French Novel in Russia the Phenomenon of the Argot in Hugo's Les Miserables and in Krestovskij's Peterburgskie truscoby JF - Zeitschrift für Slawistik Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1524/slaw.2013.58.4.391 SN - 0044-3506 VL - 58 IS - 4 SP - 391 EP - 416 PB - De Gruyter CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Warditz, Vladislava Maria T1 - The status of syntactic variations in linguistic contact situations: a case study of Polish in Germany JF - Zeitschrift für Slawistik Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2014-0004 SN - 0044-3506 VL - 59 IS - 1 SP - 63 EP - 82 PB - De Gruyter CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Warditz, Vladislava Maria T1 - Brückners Höflichkeitskonzept (1916): Linguistik oder Ideologie? Linguistische Untersuchung des sprachpolitischen Manifests eines Universalgelehrten JF - Zeitschrift für Slawistik N2 - The paper presents the Polish study Ty-wy-pan. Kartka z dziejów próżności ludzkiej (‘You (singular)–you (plural)–Lord. An overview on the history of the people’s vanity’, 1916) by Alexander Brückner from a linguistic-pragmatical as well as ideological point of view. In his pioneer study on politeness, the German-Polish slavist Brückner (1856–1939) critically reflects on the current system of Polish addresses and titles, especially in relating to the soon-to-be refoundation of the Second Polish Republic (1918). The paper analyzes how his linguistic description and his ideas for reformation of the Polish addressative system are pragmatically justified and how they are ideologically motivated. Furthermore, the paper reconstructs the status of Brückner’s concept of politeness in the context of current studies on Polish pragmatics. KW - Alexander Bruckner KW - Polish addressative system KW - politeness KW - pragmatics KW - language ideology KW - language change Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2017-0014 SN - 0044-3506 VL - 62 SP - 297 EP - 315 PB - De Gruyter CY - Berlin ER - TY - GEN A1 - Warditz, Vladislava Maria T1 - Zum Status syntaktischer Variationen in Sprachkontaktsituationen T1 - The Status of Syntactic Variations in Linguistic Contact Situations BT - Eine Fallstudie zum Polnischen in Deutschland BT - A Case Study of Polish in Germany N2 - The article presents first results of a pilot study on the syntactic changes in Polish as a language contact in Germany. On the base of the experimental data tests the study examines the syntactic changes in Polish of two diaspora-generations: the so called forgetters and the incomplete learners. The article focuses on the questions: how the situation of languages in contact influences the syntactic changes in the heritage language (Polish) and which status have those syntactic transferences. Other linguistic and sociolinguistic factors, capable to cause the language change in the situation of language contact, are also discussed in the article. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 328 KW - language changes KW - Polish speaking immigrants in Germany KW - language contact KW - syntactic changes KW - linguistic and sociolinguistic factors of language changes Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-399167 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ward, Nigel G. A1 - Vega, Alejandro A1 - Baumann, Timo T1 - Prosodic and temporal features for language modeling for dialog JF - Speech communication N2 - If we can model the cognitive and communicative processes underlying speech, we should be able to better predict what a speaker will do. With this idea as inspiration, we examine a number of prosodic and timing features as potential sources of information on what words the speaker is likely to say next. In spontaneous dialog we find that word probabilities do vary with such features. Using perplexity as the metric, the most informative of these included recent speaking rate, volume, and pitch, and time until end of utterance. Using simple combinations of such features to augment trigram language models gave up to a 8.4% perplexity benefit on the Switchboard corpus, and up to a 1.0% relative reduction in word error rate (0.3% absolute) on the Verbmobil II corpus. KW - Dialog dynamics KW - Dialog state KW - Prosody KW - Interlocutor behavior KW - Word probabilities KW - Prediction KW - Perplexity KW - Speech recognition KW - Switchboard corpus KW - Verbmobil corpus Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2011.07.009 SN - 0167-6393 VL - 54 IS - 2 SP - 161 EP - 174 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Walch, Elisabeth A1 - Chaudhary, Tanja A1 - Herold, Birgit A1 - Obladen, Michael T1 - Parental bilingualism is associated with slower cognitive development in very low birth weight infants N2 - Background: Speech development is frequently impaired in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Few and controversial data have been published on concepts regarding the influence of bilingual education. Aims: The objectives of the current study were to assess the influence of parental bilingualism on speech development and neurodevelopmental outcome in low risk VLBW infants. Study design: Monocentric prospective controlled cohort study with standardized follow- up. Subjects: We recruited 50 singleton VLBW infants each from monolingual and bilingual families as well as 90 term control infants. The infants were free of disease and congenital malformation. Outcome measures: Griffiths scales of infant development at the corrected ages of 6 and 12 months, Bayley Scales of Infant Development II (BSID II) with 22 months. Results: In general, both bilingual and monolingual VLBW infants achieved age-specific milestones at the corrected age of 6,12 and 22 months. However, bilingual VLBW infants achieved significantly lower scores than their monolingual peers in all cognitive subscales. The influence of maternal education on the neurodevelopmental outcome of the preterm infants was not significant; the subscales' correlation with socioeconomic or biological parameters was poor. However, a clear differentiation between social status and bilingual environment importance for speech development was not possible. Conclusions: In the setting of the present investigation, parental bilingualism is associated with slower neurodevelopment in VLBW infants during the first 2 years of life. Y1 - 2009 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03783782 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2009.03.002 SN - 0378-3782 ER - TY - THES A1 - Wahl, Michael T1 - Syntaktische und semantische Verarbeitung auditorisch präsentierter Sätze in kortiko-basalen Hirnstrukturen : eine EKP-Studie T1 - Syntacic and semantic processing of auditory presented sentences within cortico-basal brain structures : an ERP-study N2 - Seit den Anfängen empirisch-neurowissenschaftlicher Forschung gilt Sprachkompetenz zuvorderst als eine Leistung der Hirnrinde (Kortex), jedoch wurden v. a. im Zuge sich verbessernder bildgebender Verfahren aphasische Syndrome auch nach Läsionen subkortikaler Hirnregionen, insbesondere der Basalganglien und des Thalamus nachgewiesen. Diese Strukturen liegen in der Tiefe des Gehirns und kommunizieren über weit gefächerte Faserverbindungen mit dem Kortex. In erster Linie werden den Basalganglien senso-motorische Kontrollfunktionen zugewiesen. Dementsprechend werden diverse Erkrankungen, die durch Störungen physiologischer Bewegungsabläufe gekennzeichnet sind (z. B. Morbus Parkinson, Chorea Huntington), auf Funktionsdefekte dieser Strukturen zurückgeführt. Der Thalamus wird häufig als Relaisstation des Informationsaustauschs zwischen anatomisch entfernten Arealen des Nervensystems aufgefasst. Basalganglien und Thalamus werden jedoch auch darüber hinausgehende Funktionen, z. B. zur Bereitstellung, Aufrechterhaltung und Auslenkung von Aufmerksamkeit bei der Bearbeitung kognitiver Aufgaben zugesprochen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde mit elektrophysiologischen Methoden untersucht, ob auf der Ebene von Thalamus und Basalganglien kognitive Sprachleistungen, spezifisch der syntaktischen und semantischen Verarbeitung nachgewiesen werden können und inwieweit sich eventuell subkortikale von kortikaler Sprachverarbeitung unterscheidet. Die Untersuchung spezieller Sprachfunktionen der Basalganglien und des Thalamus ist im Rahmen der operativen Behandlung bewegungsgestörter Patienten mit der sog. Tiefenhirnstimulation (DBS = engl. Deep Brain Stimulation) möglich. Hierbei werden Patienten mit Morbus Parkinson Stimulationselektroden in den Nucleus subthalamicus (STN) implantiert. Bei Patienten mit generalisierten Dystonien erfolgt die Implantation in den Globus pallidus internus (GPI) und bei Patienten mit essentiellem Tremor in den Nucleus ventralis intermedius (VIM). STN und GPI sind Kernareale der Basalganglien, der VIM ist Teil des motorischen Systems. Nach der Implantation besteht die Möglichkeit, direkt von diesen Elektroden elektroenzephalographische (EEG)-Signale abzuleiten und diese mit simultan abgeleiteten Oberflächen-EEG zu vergleichen. In dieser Arbeit wurden DBS-Patienten aus allen genannten Gruppen in Bezug auf Sprachverständnisleistungen untersucht. Neben der Präsentation korrekter Sätze hörten die Patienten Sätze mit syntaktischen oder semantischen Fehlern. In verschiedenen Studien wurden an der Skalp-Oberfläche EKP-Komponenten (EKP = ereigniskorrelierte Potentiale) beschrieben, welche mit der Verarbeitung solcher Fehler in Verbindung gebracht werden. So verursachen syntaktische Phrasenstrukturverletzungen eine frühe links-anteriore Negativierung (ELAN). Dieser Komponente folgt eine späte Positivierung (P600), die mit Reanalyse und Reparaturmechanismen in Verbindung gebracht wird. Semantische Verletzungen evozieren eine breite Negativierung um 400ms (N400). In den thalamischen Ableitungen wurden zwei zusätzliche syntaktische fehlerbezogene Komponenten gefunden, die (i) ~ 80ms nach der Skalp-ELAN und (ii) ~ 70ms vor der Skalp-P600 auftraten. Bei semantischen Verletzungen wurde im Thalamus ein fehlerbezogenes Potential nachgewiesen, welches weitgehend parallel mit dem am Skalp gefundenen Muster verläuft. Aus den Ergebnissen der vorliegenden Studie folgt, dass der Thalamus spezifische Sprachfunktionen erfüllt. Komponenten, die Sprachverarbeitungsprozesse reflektieren, konnten in den Basalganglienstrukturen STN und GPI nicht identifiziert werden. Aufgrund der erhobenen Daten werden zwei getrennte Netzwerke für die Verarbeitung syntaktischer bzw. semantischer Fehler angenommen. In diesen Netzwerken scheint der Thalamus spezifische Aufgaben zu übernehmen. In einem ‚Syntaxnetzwerk’ kommunizieren frontale Hirnstrukturen unter Einbeziehung des Thalamus mit parietalen Hirnstrukturen. Dem Thalamus wurde eine Mediationsfunktion in der syntaktischen Reanalyse zugesprochen. In einem ‚Semantiknetzwerk’ waren keine eindeutig zuordenbaren Prozesse auf thalamischer Ebene nachweisbar. Es wurde eine unscharfe, jedoch aber spezifische Aktivierung des Thalamus über den gesamten Zeitraum der kortikalen semantischen Analyse gezeigt, welche als Integration verschiedener Analysemechanismen gewertet wurde. N2 - Since the beginning of empirical neuroscientific research language competence has been primary localized at the brain cortex. Improved functional neuroimaging techniques were able to localize lesions in structures which caused aphasic syndromes. These syndromes were particularly found after lesions of the basal ganglia and the thalamus These structures are located in the depth of the brain and communicate over widespread fiber connections with the cortex. Sensori-motor control functions are primarily assigned to the basal ganglia. Various diseases, which are characterized by disturbances of physiological courses of motion (e.g. Parkinson’s disease, Chorea Huntington) are attributed to function defects of these structures. The thalamus was originally understood as a simple relay station of information exchange between various cortical areas of the nervous system. However, additional functions were assigned to the basal ganglia and thalamus, e.g. maintenance and deflection of attention while processing of cognitive tasks. Within the present investigation thalamic and basal ganglia achievements in language processing were studied with electro-physiological methods to investigate differences between cortical and subcortical processes. The investigation of special language functions of the basal ganglia and the thalamus is possible in the context of the surgical treatment of movement-disordered patients with "Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)". Stimulation electrodes have been implanted to patients with Parkinson’s disease into the subthalamic nucleus (STN), patients with generalized dystonia into the globus pallidus internus (GPi), and patients suffering from essential tremor into the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus (VIM). STN and GPi are core areas of the basal ganglia, the VIM is part of the motor system. EEG-signals may be derived directly from these implanted electrodes and be compared to the simultaneously derived signals of a surface EEG. In this thesis DBS patients from all groups mentioned above were examined regarding language understanding achievements. The patients listened to sentences, which were either correct or syntactical or semantical incorrect. Different studies described scalp ERP components (ERP = event related potentials) which occurred after different types of errors in sentences. Thus, syntactic phrase structure violations cause an early left anterior negativity (ELAN). A late positivity (P600) follows this component and was hypothesized as a reflection of syntactical reanalysis and/or repair. Semantic violations evoke a broad negativity around 400ms (N400). In the thalamic EEG two additional syntactic components were identified, which were seen (i) ~ 80ms after the scalp ELAN and (ii) ~ 70ms before the scalp-P600. At thalamic level semantic violations caused a negativity, which parallels largely with the negativity found at the scalp. The results of this study suggest, that the thalamus fulfills specific language functions. In the basal ganglia structures (GPI and STN) no language specific components were found. Due to the collected data two separate networks are suggested for the processing of syntactic and/or semantic errors. In these networks the thalamus seems to fulfill specific tasks. In a "syntax network” frontal brain structures communicate with parietale brain structures via the thalamus. The function of the thalamus in this network is the mediation of the syntactic reanalysis. In a "semantic network” no clearly classified processes were proved at thalamic level, because of a similarity of thalamic and scalp signals. However, during the entire period of the cortical analysis activation of the thalamus was apparent. This activation was rated as integration of different analysis mechanisms. KW - EKP KW - Sprachverarbeitung KW - Thalamus KW - Basalganglien KW - ERP KW - language processing KW - thalamus KW - basal ganglia Y1 - 2007 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14247 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wahl, Michael T1 - Zwei Sprachen = Zwei Systeme? BT - ein Überblick über die neuronalen Grundlagen JF - Spektrum Patholinguistik N2 - Inhalt: 1. Einführung 1.1 Methoden zur Untersuchung sprachlicher Fähigkeiten 1.2 Die Anfänge der Erforschung von Mehrsprachigkeit 2. Funktionelle Bildgebung 2.1 Einfluss des Erwerbsalters 2.2 Einfluss der Sprachkompetenz 3. Elektrophysiologische Daten 3.1 Einfluss des Erwerbsalters 3.2 Einfluss der Sprachkompetenz 4. Neurokognitive Modelle 4.1 Lexikalisch-semantische Modelle 4.2 Lexikalisch-Grammatikalisches Modell 4.3 Implizit-Explizites Modell 5. Schlussfolgerung 6. Literatur KW - Patholinguistik KW - Bilingualismus KW - Mehrsprachigkeit KW - Sprachtherapie KW - Sprachförderung KW - patholinguistics KW - bilingualism KW - speech and language therapy Y1 - 2009 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-32602 SN - 1866-9433 SN - 1866-9085 VL - 2 SP - 9 EP - 30 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wahl, Michael T1 - Die Patholinguistik im Fokus berufspolitischer Entwicklungen JF - Spektrum Patholinguistik (Band 10) - Schwerpunktthema: Panorama Patholinguistik: Sprachwissenschaft trifft Sprachtherapie Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-405093 SN - 1866-9085 IS - 10 SP - 91 EP - 101 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - THES A1 - Wagner, Susanne T1 - Verbales Arbeitgedächtnis und die Verarbeitung lexikalisch ambiger Wörter in Wort- und Satzkontexten T2 - MPI series in cognitive neuroscience Y1 - 2003 SN - 3-936816-05-0 VL - 33 PB - Max-Planck-Institut für Neuropsychologische Forschung CY - Leipzig ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wachtlin, Bianka A1 - Schäfer, Blanca T1 - Phonologische Bewusstheit bei deutschsprachigen Kindern mit bilateraler Cochlea-Implantat Versorgung BT - eine Pilotstudie JF - Spektrum Patholinguistik N2 - 1 Einleitung 2 Methode 3 Ergebnisse 4 Diskussion 5 Literatur KW - Patholinguistik KW - Sprachtherapie KW - Hörstörungen KW - Cochlea-Implantat KW - Hören KW - patholinguistics KW - speech/language therapy KW - hearing loss KW - cochlear implant KW - hearing Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-71481 SN - 1866-9085 SN - 1866-9433 IS - 7 SP - 117 EP - 122 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Völsch, Juliane A1 - Mayer, Jörg T1 - Somatosensorisches Feedback und auditive Wahrnehmung bei Sprechapraxie JF - Spektrum Patholinguistik Y1 - 2010 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-46983 SN - 1866-9085 SN - 1866-9433 VL - 3 SP - 129 EP - 138 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Völsch, Juliane A1 - Mayer, Jörg T1 - Somatosensorisches Feedback und auditive Wahrnehmung bei Sprechapraxie Y1 - 2010 ER - TY - THES A1 - Völsch, Juliane T1 - "Wortabruf im Handumdrehen"? BT - Untersuchung der fazilitierenden Wirkung ikonischer und nicht-ikonischer Gesten auf den Verbabruf bei Probanden mit Aphasie Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - von der Malsburg, Titus Raban A1 - Vasishth, Shravan T1 - Scanpaths reveal syntactic underspecification and reanalysis strategies JF - Language and cognitive processes N2 - What theories best characterise the parsing processes triggered upon encountering ambiguity, and what effects do these processes have on eye movement patterns in reading? The present eye-tracking study, which investigated processing of attachment ambiguities of an adjunct in Spanish, suggests that readers sometimes underspecify attachment to save memory resources, consistent with the good-enough account of parsing. Our results confirm a surprising prediction of the good-enough account: high-capacity readers commit to an attachment decision more often than low-capacity participants, leading to more errors and a greater need to reanalyse in garden-path sentences. These results emerged only when we separated functionally different types of regressive eye movements using a scanpath analysis; conventional eye-tracking measures alone would have led to different conclusions. The scanpath analysis also showed that rereading was the dominant strategy for recovering from garden-pathing. Our results may also have broader implications for models of reading processes: reanalysis effects in eye movements occurred late, which suggests that the coupling of oculo-motor control and the parser may not be as tight as assumed in current computational models of eye movement control in reading. KW - Reading KW - Eye movements KW - Scanpaths KW - Parsing KW - Reanalysis KW - Individual differences KW - Working memory KW - Underspecification Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/01690965.2012.728232 SN - 0169-0965 SN - 1464-0732 VL - 28 IS - 10 SP - 1545 EP - 1578 PB - Wiley CY - Hove ER - TY - JOUR A1 - von der Malsburg, Titus Raban A1 - Vasishth, Shravan T1 - What is the scanpath signature of syntactic reanalysis? JF - Journal of memory and language N2 - Which repair strategy does the language system deploy when it gets garden-pathed, and what can regressive eye movements in reading tell us about reanalysis strategies? Several influential eye-tracking studies on syntactic reanalysis (Frazier & Rayner, 1982; Meseguer, Carreiras, & Clifton, 2002; Mitchell, Shen, Green, & Hodgson, 2008) have addressed this question by examining scanpaths, i.e., sequential patterns of eye fixations. However, in the absence of a suitable method for analyzing scanpaths, these studies relied on simplified dependent measures that are arguably ambiguous and hard to interpret. We address the theoretical question of repair strategy by developing a new method that quantifies scanpath similarity. Our method reveals several distinct fixation strategies associated with reanalysis that went undetected in a previously published data set (Meseguer et al., 2002). One prevalent pattern suggests re-parsing of the sentence, a strategy that has been discussed in the literature (Frazier & Rayner, 1982); however, readers differed tremendously in how they orchestrated the various fixation strategies. Our results suggest that the human parsing system non-deterministically adopts different strategies when confronted with the disambiguating material in garden-path sentences. KW - Reading KW - Syntactic reanalysis KW - Eye movements KW - Parsing KW - Individual differences KW - Scanpaths Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2011.02.004 SN - 0749-596X VL - 65 IS - 2 SP - 109 EP - 127 PB - Elsevier CY - San Diego ER - TY - GEN A1 - von der Malsburg, Titus Raban A1 - Poppels, Till A1 - Levy, Roger P. T1 - Implicit gender bias in linguistic descriptions for expected events BT - the cases of the 2016 United States and 2017 United Kingdom elections T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Gender stereotypes influence subjective beliefs about the world, and this is reflected in our use of language. But do gender biases in language transparently reflect subjective beliefs? Or is the process of translating thought to language itself biased? During the 2016 United States (N = 24,863) and 2017 United Kingdom (N = 2,609) electoral campaigns, we compared participants' beliefs about the gender of the next head of government with their use and interpretation of pronouns referring to the next head of government. In the United States, even when the female candidate was expected to win, she pronouns were rarely produced and induced substantial comprehension disruption. In the United Kingdom, where the incumbent female candidate was heavily favored, she pronouns were preferred in production but yielded no comprehension advantage. These and other findings suggest that the language system itself is a source of implicit biases above and beyond previously known biases, such as those measured by the Implicit Association Test. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 856 KW - language KW - psycholinguistics KW - event expectations KW - reference KW - implicit bias KW - open data KW - open materials Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-516154 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - von der Malsburg, Titus Raban A1 - Poppels, Till A1 - Levy, Roger P. T1 - Implicit gender bias in linguistic descriptions for expected events BT - the cases of the 2016 United States and 2017 United Kingdom elections JF - Psychological Science N2 - Gender stereotypes influence subjective beliefs about the world, and this is reflected in our use of language. But do gender biases in language transparently reflect subjective beliefs? Or is the process of translating thought to language itself biased? During the 2016 United States (N = 24,863) and 2017 United Kingdom (N = 2,609) electoral campaigns, we compared participants' beliefs about the gender of the next head of government with their use and interpretation of pronouns referring to the next head of government. In the United States, even when the female candidate was expected to win, she pronouns were rarely produced and induced substantial comprehension disruption. In the United Kingdom, where the incumbent female candidate was heavily favored, she pronouns were preferred in production but yielded no comprehension advantage. These and other findings suggest that the language system itself is a source of implicit biases above and beyond previously known biases, such as those measured by the Implicit Association Test. KW - language KW - psycholinguistics KW - event expectations KW - reference KW - implicit bias KW - open data KW - open materials Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797619890619 SN - 0956-7976 SN - 1467-9280 VL - 31 IS - 2 SP - 115 EP - 128 PB - Sage CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - von der Malsburg, Titus Raban A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Vasishth, Shravan T1 - Determinants of Scanpath Regularity in Reading JF - Cognitive science : a multidisciplinary journal of anthropology, artificial intelligence, education, linguistics, neuroscience, philosophy, psychology ; journal of the Cognitive Science Society N2 - Scanpaths have played an important role in classic research on reading behavior. Nevertheless, they have largely been neglected in later research perhaps due to a lack of suitable analytical tools. Recently, von der Malsburg and Vasishth (2011) proposed a new measure for quantifying differences between scanpaths and demonstrated that this measure can recover effects that were missed with the traditional eyetracking measures. However, the sentences used in that study were difficult to process and scanpath effects accordingly strong. The purpose of the present study was to test the validity, sensitivity, and scope of applicability of the scanpath measure, using simple sentences that are typically read from left to right. We derived predictions for the regularity of scanpaths from the literature on oculomotor control, sentence processing, and cognitive aging and tested these predictions using the scanpath measure and a large database of eye movements. All predictions were confirmed: Sentences with short words and syntactically more difficult sentences elicited more irregular scanpaths. Also, older readers produced more irregular scanpaths than younger readers. In addition, we found an effect that was not reported earlier: Syntax had a smaller influence on the eye movements of older readers than on those of young readers. We discuss this interaction of syntactic parsing cost with age in terms of shifts in processing strategies and a decline of executive control as readers age. Overall, our results demonstrate the validity and sensitivity of the scanpath measure and thus establish it as a productive and versatile tool for reading research. KW - Eye movements KW - Reading KW - Scanpaths KW - Language understanding KW - Oculo-motor control KW - Individual differences KW - Aging KW - Development Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12208 SN - 0364-0213 SN - 1551-6709 VL - 39 IS - 7 SP - 1675 EP - 1703 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - von der Malsburg, Titus Raban A1 - Angele, Bernhard T1 - False positives and other statistical errors in standard analyses of eye movements in reading JF - Journal of memory and language N2 - In research on eye movements in reading, it is common to analyze a number of canonical dependent measures to study how the effects of a manipulation unfold over time. Although this gives rise to the well-known multiple comparisons problem, i.e. an inflated probability that the null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected (Type I error), it is accepted standard practice not to apply any correction procedures. Instead, there appears to be a widespread belief that corrections are not necessary because the increase in false positives is too small to matter. To our knowledge, no formal argument has ever been presented to justify this assumption. Here, we report a computational investigation of this issue using Monte Carlo simulations. Our results show that, contrary to conventional wisdom, false positives are increased to unacceptable levels when no corrections are applied. Our simulations also show that counter-measures like the Bonferroni correction keep false positives in check while reducing statistical power only moderately. Hence, there is little reason why such corrections should not be made a standard requirement. Further, we discuss three statistical illusions that can arise when statistical power is low, and we show how power can be improved to prevent these illusions. In sum, our work renders a detailed picture of the various types of statistical errors than can occur in studies of reading behavior and we provide concrete guidance about how these errors can be avoided. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. KW - Statistics KW - False positives KW - Null-hypothesis testing KW - Eye-tracking KW - Reading KW - Sentence processing Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2016.10.003 SN - 0749-596X SN - 1096-0821 VL - 94 SP - 119 EP - 133 PB - Elsevier CY - San Diego ER - TY - THES A1 - von der Malsburg, Titus Raban T1 - Scanpath phenomena in reading : an investigation of scanpath effects in syntactic ambiguity resolution and in general reading Y1 - 2012 CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - von Bloh, Ute T1 - No concessions made? Law and justice in the epic Loher and Mailer JF - Zeitschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Linguistik N2 - The late mediaeval prose epic Loher und Muller constantly challenges a naive interpretation of what constitutes justice by confronting it over and over again with extreme cases. Generally speaking, 'poetic justice' succeeds in establishing coherence and propel the narrative forward. The constituents of societal norms and of laws are nevertheless relentlessly questioned - to such an extent that the narrative inquiry occasionally departs from the common understanding of justice. With its focus on morality, especially the presence or absence of faith, Loher und Muller is primarily concerned with the potential for conflict inherent in medieval constructions of legality and justice. In doing so, the epic opens up a narrative playground unencumbered by legal constraints as - after all - literature need not comply with medieval jurisdiction and its claims to the validity and scope of its writings. It is literature's privilege to facilitate unfamiliar ways of looking. The playful - but by no means inconsequential - casuistry played out in Loher und Maller gives rise to a 'probable' world tangential to historical reality and its understanding of justice and the law. Y1 - 2011 SN - 0049-8653 VL - 41 IS - 163 SP - 42 EP - 65 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Stuttgart ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Voigt-Zimmermann, Susanne A1 - Stier, Karl-Heinz A1 - Lascheit, Thomas A1 - Kruse, Stephanie A. A1 - Blickensdorff, Maria A1 - Förster, Theresa A1 - Schumacher, Rebecca A1 - Burchert, Frank A1 - Ablinger, Irene A1 - Förster, Christine A1 - Wahl, Michael A1 - Schirmacher, Irene A1 - Ostermann, Frank A1 - Welke, Lisa-Marie A1 - Frank, Ulrike A1 - Zakariás, Lilla A1 - Salis, Christos A1 - Wartenburger, Isabell A1 - Krug, Ragna A1 - Stübner, Hanna A1 - Hoffmann, Sophie A1 - Heide, Judith ED - Fritzsche, Tom ED - Yetim, Özlem ED - Otto, Constanze ED - Adelt, Anne T1 - Spektrum Patholinguistik Band 11. Schwerpunktthema: Gut gestimmt: Diagnostik und Therapie bei Dysphonie N2 - Das 11. Herbsttreffen Patholinguistik mit dem Schwerpunktthema »Gut gestimmt: Diagnostik und Therapie bei Dysphonie« fand am 18.11.2017 in Potsdam statt. Das Herbsttreffen wird seit 2007 jährlich vom Verband für Patholinguistik e.V. (vpl) durchgeführt. Der vorliegende Tagungsband beinhaltet die Hauptvorträge zum Schwerpunktthema sowie Beiträge zu den Kurzvorträgen »Spektrum Patholinguistik« und der Posterpräsentationen zu weiteren Themen aus der sprachtherapeutischen Forschung und Praxis. N2 - The Eleventh Autumn Meeting Patholinguistics (Herbsttreffen Patholinguistik) with its main topic »Well tuned: Diagnostics and therapy in dysphonia« took place in Potsdam on November 18 2017. This annual meeting has been organised since 2007 by the Association for Patholinguistics (Verband für Patholinguistik e.V./vpl). The present proceedings contain the keynote talks on the main topic as well as contributions from the short talks in the section »Spectrum Patholinguistics« and from the poster session covering a broad range of areas in speech/language therapy research and practice. T3 - Spektrum Patholinguistik - 11 KW - Patholinguistik KW - Sprachtherapie KW - Stimmtherapie KW - Stimmstörung KW - Dysphonie KW - patholinguistics KW - speech/language therapy KW - voice therapy KW - dysphonia Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-418574 SN - 978-3-86956-448-7 SN - 1866-9085 SN - 1866-9433 IS - 11 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Ralf A1 - Zugck, Marco T1 - Counting Markedness BT - a corpus investigation on German free relative constructions JF - Linguistics in Potsdam N2 - This paper reports the results of a corpus investigation on case conflicts in German argument free relative constructions. We investigate how corpus frequencies reflect the relative markedness of free relative and correlative constructions, the relative markedness of different case conflict configurations, and the relative markedness of different conflict resolution strategies. Section 1 introduces the conception of markedness as used in Optimality Theory. Section 2 introduces the facts about German free relative clauses, and section 3 presents the results of the corpus study. By and large, markedness and frequency go hand in hand. However, configurations at the highest end of the markedness scale rarely show up in corpus data, and for the configuration at the lowest end we found an unexpected outcome: the more marked structure is preferred. Y1 - 2003 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-32476 SN - 1864-1857 SN - 1616-7392 VL - 21 SP - 105 EP - 122 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Ralf A1 - Frisch, Stefan T1 - The resolution of case conflicts BT - a pilot study JF - Linguistics in Potsdam N2 - This paper reports the results of a pilot study on the resolution of case conflicts in German free relative constructions. Section 1 gives a brief introduction into the phenomenon, section 2 presents the experiment and its results, section 3 ends the paper with a brief more general discussion. Y1 - 2003 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-32466 SN - 1616-7392 SN - 1864-1857 VL - 21 SP - 91 EP - 103 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Ralf T1 - The simple generator JF - Linguistics in Potsdam N2 - I argue that the shift of explanatory burden from the generator to the evaluator in OT syntax – together with the difficulties that arise when we try to formulate a working theory of the interfaces of syntax – leads to a number of assumptions about syntactic structures in OT which are quite different from those typical of minimalist syntax: formal features, as driving forces behind syntactic movement, are useless, and derivational and representational economy are problematic for both empirical and conceptual reasons. The notion of markedness, central in Optimality Theory, is not fully compatible with the idea of synactic economy. Even more so, seemingly obvious cases of blocking by structural economy do not seem to result from grammar proper, but reflect (economical) aspects of language use. KW - OT syntax KW - generator KW - markedness KW - syntax-semantics interface KW - syntax-phonology interface Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-32338 SN - 1616-7392 SN - 1864-1857 IS - 25 SP - 99 EP - 136 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Ralf T1 - Dialectal variation in German 3-verb clusters BT - looking for the best analysis JF - Linguistics in Potsdam N2 - Content: 1 The Typology 1.1 Object Placement 2 Treatment of StG in terms of LF Movement – with and without Head Movement 3 An OT-solution in terms of linearisation (‘LF-to-PF-Mapping’) 3.1 The trigger for additional orders: Focus 3.2 Competitions 3.3 Summary 4 RP 4.1 LF Movement – with and without Head Movement 4.2 The OT-account for RP 4.3 Competitions 5 Summary Y1 - 2004 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-32516 SN - 1864-1857 SN - 1616-7392 VL - 22 SP - 83 EP - 118 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Ralf T1 - Yet another Theta-System Y1 - 2002 SN - 0301-4428 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Annemarie A1 - Claus, Inga A1 - Ahring, Sigrid A1 - Gruber, Doreen A1 - Haghikia, Aiden A1 - Frank, Ulrike A1 - Dziewas, Rainer A1 - Ebersbach, Georg A1 - Gandor, Florin A1 - Warnecke, Tobias T1 - Endoscopic characteristics of dysphagia in multiple system atrophy JF - Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society N2 - Background Dysphagia is a major clinical concern in multiple system atrophy (MSA). A detailed evaluation of its major endoscopic features compared with Parkinson's disease (PD) is lacking. Objective This study systematically assessed dysphagia in MSA compared with PD and correlated subjective dysphagia to objective endoscopic findings. Methods Fifty-seven patients with MSA (median, 64 [interquartile range (IQR): 59-71] years; 35 women) underwent flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing using a specific MSA-flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing task protocol. Findings were compared with an age-matched cohort of 57 patients with PD (median, 67 [interquartile range: 60-73] years; 28 women). In a subcohort, subjective dysphagia was assessed using the Swallowing Disturbance Questionnaire and correlated to endoscopy findings. Results Patients with MSA predominantly showed symptoms suggestive of oral-phase disturbance (premature spillage, 75.4%, piecemeal deglutition, 75.4%). Pharyngeal-phase symptoms occurred less often (pharyngeal residues, 50.9%; penetration/aspiration, 28.1%). In contrast, pharyngeal symptoms were the most common finding in PD (pharyngeal residues, 47.4%). Oral symptoms occurred less frequently in PD (premature spillage, 15.8%, P < 0.001; piecemeal deglutition, 1.8%, P < 0.01). Patients with MSA had a greater risk for oral-phase disturbances with increased disease severity (P < 0.05; odds ratio, 3.15). Patients with MSA showed a significantly higher intraindividual interswallow variability compared with PD. When correlating Swallowing Disturbance Questionnaire scores with endoscopy results, its cutoff, validated for PD, was not sensitive enough to identify patients with MSA with dysphagia. We developed a subscore for identifying dysphagia in MSA and calculated a new cutoff (sensitivity 85%, specificity 100%). Conclusions In contrast with patients with PD, patients with dysphagic MSA more frequently present with oral-phase symptoms and a significantly higher intraindividual interswallow variability. A novel Swallowing Disturbance Questionnaire MSA subscore may be a valuable tool to identify patients with MSA with early oropharyngeal dysphagia. KW - multiple system atrophy KW - dysphagia KW - FEES KW - Swallowing Disturbance Questionnaire KW - SDQ Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.28854 SN - 0885-3185 SN - 1531-8257 VL - 37 IS - 3 SP - 535 EP - 544 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vitali, P. A1 - Abutalebi, Jubin A1 - Tettamanti, M. A1 - Rowe, J. A1 - Scifo, P. A1 - Fazio, F. A1 - Cappa, Stefano F. A1 - Perani, Daniela T1 - Generating animal and tool names : an fMRI study of effective connectivity N2 - The present fMRI study of semantic fluency for animal and tool names provides further evidence for category- specific brain activations, and reports task-related changes in effective connectivity among defined cerebral regions. Two partially segregated systems of functional integration were highlighted: the tool condition was associated with an enhancement of connectivity within left hemispheric regions, including the inferior prefrontal and premotor cortex, the inferior parietal lobule and the temporo-occipital junction; the animal condition was associated with greater coupling among left visual associative regions. These category-specific functional differences extend the evidence for anatomical specialization to lexical search tasks, and provide for the first time evidence of category-specific patterns of functional integration in word-retrieval. (c) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved Y1 - 2005 SN - 0093-934X ER -