TY - JOUR A1 - Zhu, Hui A1 - Shprits, Yuri Y. A1 - Chen, Lunjin A1 - Liu, Xu A1 - Kellerman, Adam C. T1 - An event on simultaneous amplification of exohiss and chorus waves associated with electron density enhancements JF - Journal of geophysical research : Space physics N2 - Whistler mode exohiss are the structureless hiss waves observed outside the plasma pause with featured equatorward Poynting flux. An event of the amplification of exohiss as well as chorus waves was recorded by Van Allen Probes during the recovery phase of a weak geomagnetic storm. Amplitudes of both types of the waves showed a significant increase at the regions of electron density enhancements. It is found that the electrons resonant with exohiss and chorus showed moderate pitch angle anisotropies. The ratio of the number of electrons resonating with exohiss to total electron number presented in-phase correlation with density variations, which suggests that exohiss can be amplified due to electron density enhancement in terms of cyclotron instability. The calculation of linear growth rates further supports above conclusion. We suggest that exohiss waves have potential to become more significant due to the background plasma fluctuation. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JA025023 SN - 2169-9380 SN - 2169-9402 VL - 123 IS - 11 SP - 8958 EP - 8968 PB - American Geophysical Union CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhu, Hui A1 - Shprits, Yuri Y. A1 - Spasojevic, M. A1 - Drozdov, Alexander T1 - New hiss and chorus waves diffusion coefficient parameterizations from the Van Allen Probes and their effect on long-term relativistic electron radiation-belt VERB simulations JF - Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics N2 - New wave frequency and amplitude models for the nightside and dayside chorus waves are built based on measurements from the Electric and Magnetic Field Instrument Suite and Integrated Science (EMFISIS) instrument onboard the Van Allen Probes. The corresponding 3D diffusion coefficients are systematically obtained. Compared with previous commonly-used (typical) parameterizations, the new parameterizations result in differences in diffusion rates that depend on the energy and pitch angle. Furthermore, one-year 3D diffusive simulations are performed using the Versatile Electron Radiation Belt (VERB) code. Both typical and new wave parameterizations simulation results are in a good agreement with observations at 0.9 MeV. However, the new parameterizations for nightside chorus better reproduce the observed electron fluxes. These parameterizations will be incorporated into future modeling efforts. KW - Inner magnetosphere KW - Radiation belts KW - Chorus waves KW - Diffusion coefficients KW - VERB code Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2019.105090 SN - 1364-6826 SN - 1879-1824 VL - 193 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhu, Jian A1 - Kollosche, Matthias A1 - Lu, Tongqing A1 - Kofod, Guggi A1 - Suo, Zhigang T1 - Two types of transitions to wrinkles in dielectric elastomers JF - Soft matter N2 - A membrane of a dielectric elastomer coated with compliant electrodes may form wrinkles as the applied voltage is ramped up. We present a combination of experiment and theory to investigate the transition to wrinkles using a clamped membrane subject to a constant force and a voltage ramp. Two types of transitions are identified. In type-I transition, the voltage-stretch curve is N-shaped, and flat and wrinkled regions coexist in separate areas of the membrane. The type-I transition progresses by nucleation of small wrinkled regions, followed by the growth of the wrinkled regions at the expense of the flat regions, until the entire membrane is wrinkled. By contrast, in type-II transition, the voltage-stretch curve is monotonic, and the entire flat membrane becomes wrinkled with no nucleation barrier. The two types of transitions are analogous to the first and the second order phase transitions. While the type-I transition is accompanied by a jump in the vertical displacement, type-II transition is accompanied by a continuous change in the vertical displacement. Such transitions may enable applications in muscle-like actuation and energy harvesting, where large deformation and large energy of conversion are desired. Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/c2sm26034d SN - 1744-683X VL - 8 IS - 34 SP - 8840 EP - 8846 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhu, Jian A1 - Stoyanov, Hristiyan A1 - Kofod, Guggi A1 - Suo, Zhigang T1 - Large deformation and electromechanical instability of a dielectric elastomer tube actuator N2 - This paper theoretically analyzes a dielectric elastomer tube actuator (DETA). Subject to a voltage difference between the inner and outer surfaces, the actuator reduces in thickness and expands in length, so that the same voltage will induce an even higher electric field. This positive feedback may cause the actuator to thin down drastically, resulting in electrical breakdown. We obtain an analytical solution of the actuator undergoing finite deformation when the elastomer obeys the neo-Hookean model. The critical strain of actuation is calculated in terms of various parameters of design. We also discuss the effect of the strain-stiffening on electromechanical behavior of DETAs by using the model of freely joined links. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3490186] Y1 - 2010 UR - http://jap.aip.org/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3490186 SN - 0021-8979 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhu, Jinshan T1 - Assessing China’s price review policy on Clean Development Mechanism projects JF - European Journal of Law and Economics N2 - The Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) allows developed countries to meet part of their obligational emission reductions by carrying out emission reduction projects in developing countries. China imposed a price floor to the CDM carbon credits produced in China through its price review policy. Scholars have not agreed on the purpose of China’s price review policy. With a theoretical model and a coherent empirical study, the present study shows that the price floor imposed by China’s price review is more likely to protect those domestic project owners against price discrimination, rather than to distort the CDM market. Nevertheless, China’s price review has its own flaws. Although a regression study shows month of approval, types of projects and location of project can explain 55% of price floor designation, the operation of price review remains quite random and unpredictable in individual cases. This would bring extra bureaucratically uncertainty on its way to curb market uncertainty. Its function can be fulfilled by alternative policy tools with better economic efficiency and legal legitimacy, such as mandatory price disclosure and trading forum, which doesn’t have such drawback, but still be able to alleviate possible price discrimination in individual cases. KW - CDM KW - China KW - Price review KW - Price floor KW - Law and economics Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10657-016-9550-3 SN - 0929-1261 SN - 1572-9990 VL - 43 SP - 285 EP - 316 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhu, M. Q. A1 - Armbruster, Dieter A1 - Katzorke, Ines T1 - Does synchronization of networks of chaotic maps lead to control? N2 - We consider networks of chaotic maps with different network topologies. In each case, they are coupled in such a way as to generate synchronized chaotic solutions. By using the methods of control of chaos we are controlling a single map into a predetermined trajectory. We analyze the reaction of the network to such a control. Specifically we show that a line of one-dimensional logistic maps that are unidirectionally coupled can be controlled from the first oscillator whereas a ring of diffusively coupled maps cannot be controlled for more than 5 maps. We show that rings with more elements can be controlled if every third map is controlled. The dependence of unidirectionally coupled maps on noise is studied. The noise level leads to a finite synchronization lengths for which maps can be controlled by a single location. A two-dimensional lattice is also studied. (C) 2005 American Institute of Physics Y1 - 2005 SN - 1054-1500 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhu, Shigen A1 - Schulz, Burkhard A1 - Bruma, Maria A1 - Brehmer, Ludwig T1 - Comparative study of the thermal properties of related aromatic polyhydrazides and poly(1,3,4-oxadiazole)s Y1 - 1996 UR - http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/5401/home?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1581(199612)7:12<879::AID-PAT600>3.0.CO;2-X SN - 1042-7147 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhu, Zhennan A1 - Tian, Hong A1 - Kempka, Thomas A1 - Jiang, Guosheng A1 - Dou, Bin A1 - Mei, Gang T1 - Mechanical behaviors of granite after thermal treatment under loading and unloading conditions JF - Natural resources research / sponsored by the International Association for Mathematical Geology N2 - Understanding the mechanical behaviors of granite after thermal treatment under loading and unloading conditions is of utmost relevance to deep geothermal energy recovery. In the present study, a series of loading and unloading triaxial compression tests (20, 40 and 60 MPa) on granite specimens after exposure to different temperatures (20, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 degrees C) was carried out to quantify the combined effects of thermal treatment and loading/unloading stress conditions on granite strength and deformation. Changes in the microstructure of granite exposed to high temperatures were revealed by optical microscopy. The experimental results indicate that both, thermal treatment and loading/unloading stress conditions, degrade the mechanical behaviors and further decrease the carrying capacity of granite. The gradual degradation of the mechanical characteristics of granite after thermal treatment is mainly associated with the evolution of thermal micro-cracks based on optical microscopy observations. The unloading stress state induces the extension of tension cracks parallel to the axial direction, and thus, the mechanical properties are degraded. Temperatures above 400 degrees C have a more significant influence on the mechanical characteristics of granite than the unloading treatment, whereby 400 degrees C can be treated as a threshold temperature for the delineation of significant deterioration. This study is expected to support feasibility and risk assessments by means of providing data for analytical calculations and numerical simulations on granite exposed to high temperatures during geothermal energy extraction. KW - Granite KW - Thermal treatment KW - Unloading KW - Mechanical properties KW - Micro-structure Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-021-09815-7 SN - 1520-7439 SN - 1573-8981 VL - 30 IS - 3 SP - 2733 EP - 2752 PB - Springer Science + Business Media B.V. CY - New York, NY [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhuang, Guangsheng A1 - Johnstone, Samuel A. A1 - Hourigan, Jeremy A1 - Ritts, Bradley A1 - Robinson, Alexander A1 - Sobel, Edward T1 - Understanding the geologic evolution of Northern Tibetan Plateau with multiple thermochronometers JF - Gondwana research : international geoscience journal ; official journal of the International Association for Gondwana Research N2 - The early onset of deformation following the India-Asia collision, Neogene expanse of uplift, and complex systems that comprise strike-slip faults, thrust faults, and intermontane basins characterize the Cenozoic tectonism of Northern Tibetan Plateau and raise two prominent questions in orogenic geodynamics: 1) What mechanism(s) control(s) the transfer of stress related to the India-Asia collision across the distance of >2000 km; and 2) Why the development of high topography was delayed in the Northern Tibetan Plateau and what does it reveal about how the internal forces and external boundary conditions evolved. To address these two questions, we reconstruct a holistic spatial-temporal deformation history of the Northern Tibetan Plateau by using a range of thermochronometers, with closure temperature spanning from 350 degrees C to-60-70 degrees C. This multi-thermochronometer study reveals three stages of faulting related cooling, in the early Cretaceous, in Paleocene-Eocene and in middle-late Miocene. We observe that Paleocene-Eocene deformation was spatially restricted and mostly occurred on reactivated Cretaceous structures, indicating a control of pre-existing weakness on early Cenozoic deformation. Extensive Neogene deformation contrasts with restricted Paleocene-Eocene deformation and relatively quiescent shortening during the Oligocene-early Miocene, which implies a change in the regional tectonics regime. Global plate reconstructions show that this tectonic reorganization is coeval with an increase in Pacific-Asia plate convergence rates. We argue that this change in regional tectonics is a result of increasing constrictive environment of the eastern plate boundary, which changed the behavior of the Altyn Tagh fault the boundary fault of Northern Tibetan Plateau, causing it to change from feeding slip into structures out of the plateau to feeding slip into structures at plateau margins. KW - Northern Tibetan Plateau KW - Thermochronology KW - Altyn Tagh Fault KW - Pacific-Asia convergence KW - Gravitational potential energy Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2018.02.014 SN - 1342-937X SN - 1878-0571 VL - 58 SP - 195 EP - 210 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhuang, Y. A1 - Holý, Václav A1 - Stangl, Jochen A1 - Darhuber, A. A1 - Mikulik, P. A1 - Zerlauth, S. A1 - Schäffler, F. A1 - Bauer, Günther A1 - Darowski, Nora A1 - Lübbert, Daniel A1 - Pietsch, Ullrich T1 - Strain relaxation in periodic arrays of Si/SiGe quantum wires determined by coplanar high-resolution x-ray diffrcation and grazing-incidence diffraction Y1 - 1999 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhuang, Y. A1 - Pietsch, Ullrich A1 - Stangl, Jochen A1 - Holý, Vaclav A1 - Darowski, Nora A1 - Grenzer, Jörg A1 - Zerlauth, S. A1 - Schäffler, F. A1 - Bauer, Günther T1 - In-plane strain and shape analysis of Si/SiGe nanostructures by grazing incidence diffraction Y1 - 2000 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhuang, Y. A1 - Schelling, Christoph A1 - Stangl, Jochen A1 - Penn, C. A1 - Senz, S. A1 - Schäffler, Friedrich A1 - Roche, T. A1 - Daniel, A. A1 - Grenzer, Jörg A1 - Pietsch, Ullrich A1 - Bauer, Günther T1 - Structural and optical properties of Si/Si{1-x}Ge{x} wires Y1 - 2000 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhuk, Alexandre A1 - Gunther, U. T1 - Massive scalar fields in the early universe N2 - We discuss the role of gravitational excitons/radions in different cosmological scenarios. Gravitational excitons are massive moduli fields which describe conformal excitations of the internal spaces and which, due to their Planck-scale suppressed coupling to matter fields, are WIMPs. It is demonstrated that, depending on the concrete scenario, observational cosmological data set strong restrictions on the allowed masses and initial oscillation amplitudes of these particles Y1 - 2004 SN - 0218-2718 ER - TY - THES A1 - Zibulski, Romy T1 - Taxonomic composition and biochemical and isotopic characteristics of North-Siberian mosses and their application to the palaeoecological reconstruction of tundra polygon development Y1 - 2014 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zibulski, Romy A1 - Herzschuh, Ulrike A1 - Pestryakova, Luidmila Agafyevna T1 - Vegetation patterns along micro-relief and vegetation type transects in polygonal landscapes of the Siberian Arctic JF - Journal of vegetation science N2 - QuestionHow important is the effect of micro-relief and vegetation type on the characteristics of vascular plants and bryophytes in low-centred polygons? LocationSiberian Arctic, Russia. MethodsEight low-centred polygons in northern Siberia were surveyed for vegetation along transects running from the rim to the pond via the rim-pond transition of each polygon and across a vegetation type gradient from open forest to tundra. ResultsThe cover of vascular plants and bryophytes displays no significant differences between the rim and rim-pond transition but is significantly lower in the pond section of the polygons. Alpha-diversity of vascular plants decreases strongly from rim to pond, whereas bryophyte diversity in pond plots is significantly distinct from the rim and the rim-pond transition. There is no clear trend in cover for either plant group along the vegetation type transect and only a weak trend in -diversity. However, both gradients are reflected in the compositional turnover. The applied indicator species analysis identified taxa characteristic of certain environmental conditions. Among others, we found vascular plants primarily characteristic of the rim and bryophyte taxa characteristic of each micro-relief level and vegetation type. ConclusionsThe observed gradual pattern in -diversity and composition of polygonal vegetation suggests that micro-relief is the main driver of changes in the vegetation composition, while vegetation type and the related forest cover change are of subordinate importance for polygonal vegetation patterns along the Siberian tree line. KW - Bryophytes KW - Indicator species KW - Low-centred polygon KW - NMDS KW - Russia KW - Tree line KW - Tundra KW - Vascular plants Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.12356 SN - 1100-9233 SN - 1654-1103 VL - 27 SP - 377 EP - 386 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zibulski, Romy A1 - Herzschuh, Ulrike A1 - Pestryakova, Luidmila Agafyevna A1 - Wolter, Juliane A1 - Mueller, S. A1 - Schilling, N. A1 - Wetterich, Sebastian A1 - Schirrmeister, Lutz A1 - Tian, Fang T1 - River flooding as a driver of polygon dynamics: modern vegetation data and a millennial peat record from the Anabar River lowlands (Arctic Siberia) JF - Biogeosciences N2 - The spatial and temporal variability of a low-centred polygon on the eastern floodplain area of the lower Anabar River (72.070 degrees N, 113.921 degrees E; northern Yakutia, Siberia) has been investigated using a multi-method approach. The present-day vegetation in each square metre was analysed, revealing a community of Larix, shrubby Betula, and Salix on the polygon rim, a dominance of Carex and Andromeda polifolia in the rim-to-pond transition zone, and a predominantly monospecific Scorpidium scorpioides coverage within the pond. The total organic carbon (TOC) content, TOC/TN (total nitrogen) ratio, grain size, vascular plant macrofossils, moss remains, diatoms, and pollen were analysed for two vertical sections and a sediment core from a transect across the polygon. Radiocarbon dating indicates that the formation of the polygon started at least 1500 yr ago; the general positions of the pond and rim have not changed since that time. Two types of pond vegetation were identified, indicating two contrasting development stages of the polygon. The first was a well-established moss association, dominated by submerged or floating Scorpidium scorpioides and/or Drepanocladus spp. and overgrown by epiphytic diatoms such as Tabellaria flocculosa and Eunotia taxa. This stage coincides temporally with a period in which the polygon was only drained by lateral subsurface water flow, as indicated by mixed grain sizes. A different moss association occurred during times of repeated river flooding (indicated by homogeneous medium-grained sand that probably accumulated during the annual spring snowmelt), characterized by an abundance of Meesia triquetra and a dominance of benthic diatoms (e. g. Navicula vulpina), indicative of a relatively high pH and a high tolerance of disturbance. A comparison of the local polygon vegetation (inferred from moss and macrofossil spectra) with the regional vegetation (inferred from pollen spectra) indicated that the moss association with Scorpidium scorpioides became established during relatively favourable climatic conditions, while the association dominated by Meesia triquetra occurred during periods of harsh climatic conditions. Our study revealed a strong riverine influence (in addition to climatic influences) on polygon development and the type of peat accumulated. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-5703-2013 SN - 1726-4170 VL - 10 IS - 8 SP - 5703 EP - 5728 PB - Copernicus CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zibulski, Romy A1 - Wesener, Felix A1 - Wilkes, Heinz A1 - Plessen, Birgit A1 - Pestryakova, Luidmila Agafyevna A1 - Herzschuh, Ulrike T1 - C / N ratio, stable isotope (delta C-13, delta N-15), and n-alkane patterns of brown mosses along hydrological gradients of low-centred polygons of the Siberian Arctic JF - Biogeosciences N2 - Mosses are a major component of the arctic vegetation, particularly in wetlands. We present C / N atomic ratio, delta C-13 and delta N-15 data of 400 brown-moss samples belonging to 10 species that were collected along hydrological gradients within polygonal mires located on the southern Taymyr Peninsula and the Lena River delta in northern Siberia. Additionally, n-alkane patterns of six of these species (16 samples) were investigated. The aim of the study is to see whether the inter-and intraspecific differences in C / N, isotopic compositions and n-alkanes are indicative of habitat, particularly with respect to water level. Overall, we find high variability in all investigated parameters for two different moisture-related groups of moss species. The C / N ratios range between 11 and 53 (median: 32) and show large variations at the intraspecific level. However, species preferring a dry habitat (xero-mesophilic mosses) show higher C / N ratios than those preferring a wet habitat (meso-hygrophilic mosses). The delta C-13 values range between 37.0 and 22.5% (median D 27.8 %). The delta N-15 values range between 6.6 and C 1.7%(median D 2.2 %). We find differences in delta C-13 and delta N-15 compositions between both habitat types. For some species of the meso-hygrophilic group, we suggest that a relationship between the individ-ual habitat water level and isotopic composition can be inferred as a function of microbial symbiosis. The n-alkane distribution also shows differences primarily between xeromesophilic and meso-hygrophilic mosses, i. e. having a dominance of n-alkanes with long (n-C29, n-C31 /and intermediate (n-C25 /chain lengths, respectively. Overall, our results reveal that C / N ratios, isotopic signals and n-alkanes of studied brown-moss taxa from polygonal wetlands are characteristic of their habitat. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1617-2017 SN - 1726-4170 SN - 1726-4189 VL - 14 SP - 1617 EP - 1630 PB - Copernicus CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziebarth, Malte J. A1 - von Specht, Sebastian A1 - Heidbach, Oliver A1 - Cotton, Fabrice A1 - Anderson, John G. T1 - Applying conservation of energy to estimate earthquake frequencies from strain rates and stresses JF - Journal of geophysical research : Solid earth N2 - Estimating earthquake occurrence rates from the accumulation rate of seismic moment is an established tool of seismic hazard analysis. We propose an alternative, fault-agnostic approach based on the conservation of energy: the Energy-Conserving Seismicity Framework (ENCOS). Working in energy space has the advantage that the radiated energy is a better predictor of the damage potential of earthquake waves than the seismic moment release. In a region, ENCOS balances the stationary power available to cause earthquakes with the long-term seismic energy release represented by the energy-frequency distribution's first moment. Accumulation and release are connected through the average seismic efficiency, by which we mean the fraction of released energy that is converted into seismic waves. Besides measuring earthquakes in energy, ENCOS differs from moment balance essentially in that the energy accumulation rate depends on the total stress in addition to the strain rate tensor. To validate ENCOS, we exemplarily model the energy-frequency distribution around Southern California. We estimate the energy accumulation rate due to tectonic loading assuming poroelasticity and hydrostasis. Using data from the World Stress Map and assuming the frictional limit to estimate the stress tensor, we obtain a power of 0.8 GW. The uncertainty range, 0.3-2.0GW, originates mainly from the thickness of the seismogenic crust, the friction coefficient on preexisting faults, and models of Global Positioning System (GPS) derived strain rates. Based on a Gutenberg-Richter magnitude-frequency distribution, this power can be distributed over a range of energies consistent with historical earthquake rates and reasonable bounds on the seismic efficiency. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JB020186 SN - 2169-9313 SN - 2169-9356 VL - 125 IS - 8 PB - American Geophysical Union CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziege, Madlen A1 - Hennige-Schulz, Carmen A1 - Muecksch, Frauke A1 - Bierbach, David A1 - Tiedemann, Ralph A1 - Streit, Bruno A1 - Plath, Martin T1 - A comparison of two methods to assess audience-induced changes in male mate choice JF - Current zoology N2 - Multidirectional communicative interactions in social networks can have a profound effect on mate choice behavior. Male Atlantic molly Poecilia mexicana exhibit weaker mating preferences when an audience male is presented. This could be a male strategy to reduce sperm competition risk: interacting more equally with different females may be advantageous because rivals might copy mate choice decisions. In line with this hypothesis, a previous study found males to show a strong audience effect when being observed while exercising mate choice, but not when the rival was presented only before the choice tests. Audience effects on mate choice decisions have been quantified in poeciliid fishes using association preference designs, but it remains unknown if patterns found from measuring association times translate into actual mating behavior. Thus, we created five audience treatments simulating different forms of perceived sperm competition risk and determined focal males' mating preferences by scoring pre-mating (nipping) and mating behavior (gonopodial thrusting). Nipping did not reflect the pattern that was found when association preferences were measured, while a very similar pattern was uncovered in thrusting behavior. The strongest response was observed when the audience could eavesdrop on the focal male's behavior. A reduction in the strength of focal males' preferences was also seen after the rival male had an opportunity to mate with the focal male's preferred mate. In comparison, the reduction of mating preferences in response to an audience was greater when measuring association times than actual mating behavior. While measuring direct sexual interactions between the focal male and both stimulus females not only the male's motivational state is reflected but also females' behavior such as avoidance of male sexual harassment. KW - Communication networks KW - Male mate choice KW - Non-independent mate choice KW - Sexual selection KW - Sperm competition risk KW - Audience effect Y1 - 2012 SN - 1674-5507 VL - 58 IS - 1 SP - 84 EP - 94 PB - Current Zoology CY - Beijing ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziege, Madlen A1 - Hermann, Bernd Timo A1 - Kriesten, Stefanie A1 - Merker, Stefan A1 - Ullmann, Wiebke A1 - Streit, Bruno A1 - Wenninger, Sandra A1 - Plath, Martin T1 - Ranging behavior of European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in urban and suburban landscapes JF - Mammal research / Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences N2 - Various mammals, particularly carnivores, reportedly establish smaller home ranges in urban compared with rural areas. This may be because urban environments provide optimal resources within a small area, negating the requirement to range further, or because habitat fragmentation constrains ranging behavior. Comparable information on urban populations of herbivorous mammalian species (such as European rabbits) is scarce. To fill this knowledge gap, we radio-tracked 13 individuals (seven females and six males) equipped with radio collars in a suburban and an urban study site in the city of Frankfurt am Main in Germany during the reproductive season (March to September) of 2012. The study sites differed in levels of habitat fragmentation. We report the smallest home ranges ever described for this species, with mean 95% minimum convex polygons (MCPs) covering 0.50 ha, while no consistent differences between sites were uncovered. We occasionally tracked individuals crossing streets underground (in burrows), suggesting that streets may restrict the ranging behavior of rabbits-and possibly other burrowing species-to a much lesser extent than previously thought. We conclude that heterogeneous landscape structures, made up of a diverse mosaic of buildings, parks, and gardens, provide sufficient food and shelter in close proximity to burrows at both study sites. Therefore, our data support the hypothesis that optimal resources constrain ranges in this case rather than habitat fragmentation. KW - Habitat fragmentation KW - Home range KW - Urbanization KW - Urban ecology KW - Minimum convex polygons (MCPs) Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s13364-020-00490-2 SN - 2199-2401 SN - 2199-241X VL - 65 IS - 3 SP - 607 EP - 614 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziege, Madlen A1 - Theodorou, Panagiotis A1 - Jüngling, Hannah A1 - Merker, Stefan A1 - Plath, Martin A1 - Streit, Bruno A1 - Lerp, Hannes T1 - Population genetics of the European rabbit along a rural-to-urban gradient JF - Scientific Reports N2 - The European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is declining in large parts of Europe but populations in some German cities remained so far unaffected by this decline. The question arises of how urbanization affects patterns of population genetic variation and differentiation in German rabbit populations, as urban habitat fragmentation may result in altered meta-population dynamics. To address this question, we used microsatellite markers to genotype rabbit populations occurring along a rural-to-urban gradient in and around the city of Frankfurt, Germany. We found no effect of urbanization on allelic richness. However, the observed heterozygosity was significantly higher in urban than rural populations and also the inbreeding coefficients were lower, most likely reflecting the small population sizes and possibly on-going loss of genetic diversity in structurally impoverished rural areas. Global FST and G'ST-values suggest moderate but significant differentiation between populations. Multiple matrix regression with randomization ascribed this differentiation to isolation-by-environment rather than isolation-by-distance. Analyses of migration rates revealed asymmetrical gene flow, which was higher from rural into urban populations than vice versa and may again reflect intensified agricultural land-use practices in rural areas. We discuss that populations inhabiting urban areas will likely play an important role in the future distribution of European rabbits. KW - Conservation biology KW - Genetics Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-57962-3 SN - 2045-2322 VL - 10 PB - Nature Publ. Group CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziegenhain, Ute T1 - Assessing childrenïs representational attachment models through a separation story : longitudinal relations to behavioral measures of motherchild attachment quality Y1 - 1999 SN - 0022-1325 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziegenhain, Ute A1 - Jacobsen, T. A1 - Huss, M. T1 - Prepubertal suicide attempts Y1 - 1994 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziegler, A. A1 - Fischer, Thomas M. A1 - Menzel, Henning A1 - Stumpe, Joachim T1 - Photo-Induced modification and photo-orientation in LB-multilayers of thermotropic polymers containing azobenzene side groups Y1 - 1998 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziegler, Joceline A1 - Pfitzner, Bjarne A1 - Schulz, Heinrich A1 - Saalbach, Axel A1 - Arnrich, Bert T1 - Defending against Reconstruction Attacks through Differentially Private Federated Learning for Classification of Heterogeneous Chest X-ray Data JF - Sensors N2 - Privacy regulations and the physical distribution of heterogeneous data are often primary concerns for the development of deep learning models in a medical context. This paper evaluates the feasibility of differentially private federated learning for chest X-ray classification as a defense against data privacy attacks. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to directly compare the impact of differentially private training on two different neural network architectures, DenseNet121 and ResNet50. Extending the federated learning environments previously analyzed in terms of privacy, we simulated a heterogeneous and imbalanced federated setting by distributing images from the public CheXpert and Mendeley chest X-ray datasets unevenly among 36 clients. Both non-private baseline models achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.940.94 on the binary classification task of detecting the presence of a medical finding. We demonstrate that both model architectures are vulnerable to privacy violation by applying image reconstruction attacks to local model updates from individual clients. The attack was particularly successful during later training stages. To mitigate the risk of a privacy breach, we integrated Rényi differential privacy with a Gaussian noise mechanism into local model training. We evaluate model performance and attack vulnerability for privacy budgets ε∈{1,3,6,10}�∈{1,3,6,10}. The DenseNet121 achieved the best utility-privacy trade-off with an AUC of 0.940.94 for ε=6�=6. Model performance deteriorated slightly for individual clients compared to the non-private baseline. The ResNet50 only reached an AUC of 0.760.76 in the same privacy setting. Its performance was inferior to that of the DenseNet121 for all considered privacy constraints, suggesting that the DenseNet121 architecture is more robust to differentially private training. KW - federated learning KW - privacy and security KW - privacy attack KW - X-ray Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/s22145195 SN - 1424-8220 VL - 22 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Schweiz ET - 14 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziegler, Matthias A1 - Ehrlenspiel, Felix A1 - Brand, Ralf T1 - Latent state-trait theory : an application in sport psychology N2 - Objective: Questionnaires are often applied in sports psychology to measure a person's trait or state. However, the extent to which the questionnaire captures differences because of trait or state influences is often unclear. The latent state-trait (LST) theory offers the opportunity to separate both variance sources. This separation allows estimating specific reliability coefficients. Design: The present paper gives a theoretical introduction to LST and its basic ideas. Using a real data set with N = 156 athletes we exemplify the steps necessary to derive the LST coefficients. All athletes filled out a comprehensive inventory assessing competitive anxiety on two occasions. Method: The data are analysed with structural equation models based on LST principles. Results: The results confirm the questionnaire's trait saturation. Conclusion: Finally, results are discussed in light of practical and theoretical implications. Y1 - 2009 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/14690292 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2008.12.004 SN - 1469-0292 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziegler, Moritz O. A1 - Heidbach, Oliver A1 - Reinecker, John A1 - Przybycin, Anna M. A1 - Scheck-Wenderoth, Magdalena T1 - A multi-stage 3-D stress field modelling approach exemplified in the Bavarian Molasse Basin JF - Solid earth Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1365-2016 SN - 1869-9510 SN - 1869-9529 VL - 7 SP - 1365 EP - 1382 PB - Copernicus CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziegler, Moritz O. A1 - Heidbach, Oliver A1 - Zang, Arno A1 - Martinez-Garzon, Patricia A1 - Bohnhoff, Marco T1 - Estimation of the differential stress from the stress rotation angle in low permeable rock JF - Geophysical research letters N2 - Rotations of the principal stress axes are observed as a result of fluid injection into reservoirs. We use a generic, fully coupled 3-D thermo-hydro-mechanical model to investigate systematically the dependence of this stress rotation on different reservoir properties and injection scenarios. We find that permeability, injection rate, and initial differential stress are the key factors, while other reservoir properties only play a negligible role. In particular, we find that thermal effects do not significantly contribute to stress rotations. For reservoir types with usual differential stress and reservoir treatment the occurrence of significant stress rotations is limited to reservoirs with a permeability of less than approximately 10(-12)m(2). Higher permeability effectively prevents stress rotations to occur. Thus, according to these general findings, the observed principal stress axes rotation can be used as a proxy of the initial differential stress provided that rock permeability and fluid injection rate are known a priori. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073598 SN - 0094-8276 SN - 1944-8007 VL - 44 SP - 6761 EP - 6770 PB - American Geophysical Union CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziegler, Moritz O. A1 - Rajabi, Mojtaba A1 - Heidbach, Oliver A1 - Hersir, Gylfi Pall A1 - Agustsson, Kristjan A1 - Arnadottir, Sigurveig A1 - Zang, Arno T1 - The stress pattern of Iceland JF - Tectonophysics : international journal of geotectonics and the geology and physics of the interior of the earth N2 - Iceland is located on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge which is the plate boundary between the Eurasian and the North American plates. It is one of the few places on earth where an active spreading centre is located onshore but the stress pattern has not been extensively investigated so far. In this paper we present a comprehensive compilation of the orientation of maximum horizontal stress (S-Hmax). In particular we interpret borehole breakouts and drilling induced fractures from borehole image logs in 57 geothermal wells onshore Iceland. The borehole results are combined with other stress indicators including earthquake focal mechanism solutions, geological information and overcoring measurements resulting in a dataset with 495 data records for the S-Hmax orientation. The reliability of each indicator is assessed according to the quality criteria of the World Stress Map project The majority of S-Hmax orientation data records in Iceland is derived from earthquake focal mechanism solutions (35%) and geological fault slip inversions (26%). 20% of the data are borehole related stress indicators. In addition minor shares of S-Hmax orientations are compiled, amongst others, from focal mechanism inversions and the alignment of fissure eruptions. The results show that the S-Hmax orientations derived from different depths and stress indicators are consistent with each other. The resulting pattern of the present-day stress in Iceland has four distinct subsets of S-Hmax orientations. The S-Hmax orientation is parallel to the rift axes in the vicinity of the active spreading regions. It changes from NE-SW in the South to approximately N-S in central Iceland and NNW-SSE in the North. In the Westfjords which is located far away from the ridge the regional S-Hmax rotates and is parallel to the plate motion. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - Iceland KW - Stress field KW - Stress pattern KW - Borehole image logs Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.02.008 SN - 0040-1951 SN - 1879-3266 VL - 674 SP - 101 EP - 113 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziegler, Moritz O. A1 - Reiter, Karsten A1 - Heidbach, Oliver A1 - Zang, Arno A1 - Kwiatek, Grzegorz A1 - Stromeyer, Dietrich A1 - Dahm, Torsten A1 - Dresen, Georg A1 - Hofmann, Gerhard T1 - Mining-Induced Stress Transfer and Its Relation to a 1.9 Seismic Event in an Ultra-deep South African Gold Mine JF - Pure and applied geophysics N2 - On 27 December 2007, a 1.9 seismic event occurred within a dyke in the deep-level Mponeng Gold Mine, South Africa. From the seismological network of the mine and the one from the Japanese-German Underground Acoustic Emission Research in South Africa (JAGUARS) group, the hypocentral depth (3,509 m), focal mechanism and aftershock location were estimated. Since no mining activity took place in the days before the event, dynamic triggering due to blasting can be ruled out as the cause. To investigate the hypothesis that stress transfer, due to excavation of the gold reef, induced the event, we set up a small-scale high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) geomechanical numerical model. The model consisted of the four different rock units present in the mine: quartzite (footwall), hard lava (hanging wall), conglomerate (gold reef) and diorite (dykes). The numerical solution was computed using a finite-element method with a discretised mesh of approximately elements. The initial stress state of the model is in agreement with in situ data from a neighbouring mine, and the step-wise excavation was simulated by mass removal from the gold reef. The resulting 3D stress tensor and its changes due to mining were analysed based on the Coulomb failure stress changes on the fault plane of the event. The results show that the seismic event was induced regardless of how the Coulomb failure stress changes were calculated and of the uncertainties in the fault plane solution. We also used the model to assess the seismic hazard due to the excavation towards the dyke. The resulting curve of stress changes shows a significant increase in the last in front of the dyke, indicating that small changes in the mining progress towards the dyke have a substantial impact on the stress transfer. KW - Induced seismicity KW - static stress change KW - deep-level mining KW - tabular mining KW - Coulomb failure stress KW - 3D geomechanical numerical model Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-015-1033-x SN - 0033-4553 SN - 1420-9136 VL - 172 IS - 10 SP - 2557 EP - 2570 PB - Springer CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziehe, Andreas A1 - Kawanabe, Motoaki A1 - Harmeling, Stefan T1 - Blind separation of post-nonlinear mixtures using linearizing transformations and temporal decorrelation N2 - We propose two methods that reduce the post-nonlinear blind source separation problem (PNL-BSS) to a linear BSS problem. The first method is based on the concept of maximal correlation: we apply the alternating conditional expectation (ACE) algorithm-a powerful technique from nonparametric statistics-to approximately invert the componentwise nonlinear functions. The second method is a Gaussianizing transformation, which is motivated by the fact that linearly mixed signals before nonlinear transformation are approximately Gaussian distributed. This heuristic, but simple and efficient procedure works as good as the ACE method. Using the framework provided by ACE, convergence can be proven. The optimal transformations obtained by ACE coincide with the sought-after inverse functions of the nonlinearitics. After equalizing the nonlinearities, temporal decorrelation separation (TDSEP) allows us to recover the source signals. Numerical simulations testing "ACE-TD" and "Gauss-TD" on realistic examples are performed with excellent results Y1 - 2004 SN - 1532-4435 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziehe, Andreas A1 - Laskov, Pavel A1 - Nolte, G A1 - Müller, Klaus-Robert T1 - A fast algorithm for joint diagonalization with non-orthogonal transformations and its application to blind source separation N2 - A new efficient algorithm is presented for joint diagonalization of several matrices. The algorithm is based on the Frobenius-norm formulation of the joint diagonalization problem, and addresses diagonalization with a general, non- orthogonal transformation. The iterative scheme of the algorithm is based on a multiplicative update which ensures the invertibility of the diagonalizer. The algorithm's efficiency stems from the special approximation of the cost function resulting in a sparse, block-diagonal Hessian to be used in the computation of the quasi-Newton update step. Extensive numerical simulations illustrate the performance of the algorithm and provide a comparison to other leading diagonalization methods. The results of such comparison demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is a viable alternative to existing state-of-the-art joint diagonalization algorithms. The practical use of our algorithm is shown for blind source separation problems Y1 - 2004 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziehe, Andreas A1 - Müller, Klaus-Robert A1 - Nolte, G. A1 - Mackert, B.-M. A1 - Curio, Gabriel T1 - Artifact reduction in magnetoneurography based on time-delayed second-order correlations Y1 - 2000 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziehmann, Christine A1 - Smith, L. A1 - Kurths, Jürgen T1 - The bootstrap and lyapunov exponents in deterministic chaos Y1 - 1999 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziehmann, Christine A1 - Smith, Leonard A. A1 - Kurths, Jürgen T1 - Localized Lyapunov exponents and the prediction of predictability Y1 - 2000 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zielhofer, Christoph A1 - Schmidt, Johannes A1 - Reiche, Niklas A1 - Tautenhahn, Marie A1 - Ballasus, Helen A1 - Burkart, Michael A1 - Linstädter, Anja A1 - Dietze, Elisabeth A1 - Kaiser, Knut A1 - Mehler, Natascha T1 - The lower Havel River Region (Brandenburg, Germany) BT - a 230-Year-Long historical map record indicates a decrease in surface water areas and groundwater levels JF - Water N2 - Instrumental data show that the groundwater and lake levels in Northeast Germany have decreased over the past decades, and this process has accelerated over the past few years. In addition to global warming, the direct influence of humans on the local water balance is suspected to be the cause. Since the instrumental data usually go back only a few decades, little is known about the multidecadal to centennial-scale trend, which also takes long-term climate variation and the long-term influence by humans on the water balance into account. This study aims to quantitatively reconstruct the surface water areas in the Lower Havel Inner Delta and of adjacent Lake Gulpe in Brandenburg. The analysis includes the calculation of surface water areas from historical and modern maps from 1797 to 2020. The major finding is that surface water areas have decreased by approximately 30% since the pre-industrial period, with the decline being continuous. Our data show that the comprehensive measures in Lower Havel hydro-engineering correspond with groundwater lowering that started before recent global warming. Further, large-scale melioration measures with increasing water demands in the upstream wetlands beginning from the 1960s to the 1980s may have amplified the decline in downstream surface water areas. KW - long-term hydrological changes KW - historical maps KW - review of written KW - sources KW - preindustrial to industrial period KW - hydro-engineering history; KW - effects of global warming KW - drying trend KW - wetlands KW - drainage works to KW - create cropland KW - Lower Havel River Region KW - Brandenburg KW - Germany Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/w14030480 SN - 2073-4441 VL - 14 IS - 3 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zielke, Olaf A1 - Strecker, Manfred T1 - Recurrence of large earthquakes in magmatic continental rifts : insights from a paleoseismic study along the Laikipia-Marmanet Fault, Subukia Valley, Kenya Rift N2 - The seismicity of the Kenya rift is characterized by high-frequency low-magnitude events concentrated along the rift axis. Its seismic character is typical for magmatically active continental rifts, where igneous material at a shallow depth causes extensive grid faulting and geothermal activity. Thermal overprinting and dike intrusion prohibit the buildup of large elastic strains, therefore prohibiting the generation of large-magnitude earthquakes. On 6 January 1928, the M-S 6.9 Subukia earthquake occurred on the Laikipia-Marmanet fault, the eastern rift-bounding structure of the central Kenya rift. It is the largest instrumentally recorded seismic event in the Kenya rift, standing in contrast to the current model of the rift's seismic character in which large earthquakes are not anticipated. Furthermore, the proximity of the ruptured fault and the rift axis is intriguing: The rift-bounding structure that ruptured in 1928 remains seismically active, capable of generating large-magnitude earthquakes, even though thermally weakened crust and better oriented structures are present along the rift axis nearby, prohibiting any significant buildup of elastic strain. We excavated the surface rupture of the 1928 Subukia earthquake to find evidence for preceding ground-rupturing earthquakes. We also made a total station survey of the site topography and mapped the site geology. We show that the Laikipia-Marmanet fault was repeatedly activated during the late Quaternary. We found evidence for six ground-rupturing earthquakes, including the 1928 earthquake. The topographic survey around the trench site revealed a degraded fault scarp of approximate to 7.5 m in height, offsetting a small debris slide. Using scarp-diffusion modeling, we estimated an uplift rate of U = 0.09-0.15 mm/yr, constraining the scarp age to 50-85 ka. Assuming an average fault dip of 55 degrees-75 degrees, the preferred uplift rate (0.15 mm/yr) accommodates approximately 10%-20% of the recent rate of extension (0.5 mm/yr) across the Kenya rift. Y1 - 2009 UR - http://bssa.geoscienceworld.org/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.1785/0120080015 SN - 0037-1106 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziemann, Martin Andreas T1 - In situ micro-Raman spectroscopy on minerals on-site in the Grotto Hall of the New Palace, Park Sanssouci, in Potsdam JF - Journal of Raman spectroscopy : JRS N2 - Questions of identity and provenance of minerals that are parts of masterpieces in museums have become increasingly important in mineralogical and historical studies. Detailed investigations of valuable and unique objects require on-site, nondestructive and noninvasive methods because touching or removing them may cause irreparable damage. A mobile Raman-microprobe has been used to meet these demands for truly in situ mineralogical studies of the large collection of minerals and rocks of the Prussian kings in the Grotto Hall (Grottensaal) of the New Palace (Neues Palais), Park Sanssouci in Potsdam. Minerals on the walls of the Grotto Hall were analyzed to identify them and thereby to complete the data bank of the collection. Fluid and solid inclusions in the interior of a large quartz crystal have been studied to provide evidence of the provenance of the crystal. The fluid inclusions contain aqueous saline solutions, whereas the solid inclusions are needles of anhydrite with a length of about 1.5 mm. The quartz probably originated from an area in the eastern Alps, from the surroundings of Bad Gastein, Austria. This is the first on-site and in situ study of inclusions below the surface of a mineral with a mobile Raman-microprobe outside a laboratory. KW - mobile Raman-microprobe KW - minerals KW - provenance KW - fluid inclusions KW - anhydrite inclusions Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1584 SN - 0377-0486 VL - 37 IS - 10 SP - 1019 EP - 1025 PB - Wiley CY - Chichester ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziemann, Martin Andreas A1 - Förster, Hans-Jürgen A1 - Harlov, Daniel E. A1 - Frei, Dirk T1 - Origin of fluorapatite-monazite assemblages in a metamorphosed, sillimanite-bearing pegmatoid, Reinbolt Hills, East Antarctica N2 - Thermobarometrical and mineral-chemical investigations by electron microprobe and LA-ICP-MS on a sillimanite- bearing pegmatoid from the Reinbolt Hills provide important constraints on the P-T-X-age relations of part of East Antarctica during Pan-African tectonism. U-Th-total Pb ages of monazite imply that the pegmatoid of originally Grenvillan age (zircon U-Pb age of ca. 900 Ma) underwent a major, late Pan-African (Cambrian) regional, granulite-facies metamorphism between 500 and 550 Ma. Most of the monazite formed during this event, as result of apatite metasomatism owing to infiltration of high-grade metamorphic fluids. Apatite-biotite and other mineral thermobarometers define the peak metamorphic temperatures and pressures with 850-950 degrees C and 0.8-1.0 GPa. The F-Cl-OH relations in apatite, and biotite, the chemistry of fluid inclusions and the presence of K-feldspar microveins suggest that the metasomatising fluid was a CO2-bearing, diluted KCl brine. The pegmatoid is the first record of monazite-(Ce) formed from fluorapatite that is rich in U (up to 2.6 Wt% UO2) and possesses Th/U ratios <1 (0.09 on average). These chemical signatures are direct reflection of the U and Th concentration patterns in the parental fluorapatite Y1 - 2005 SN - 0935-1221 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziemann, Martin Andreas A1 - Madariaga, Juan Manuel T1 - Applications of Raman spectroscopy in art and archaeology JF - Journal of Raman spectroscopy N2 - The 10th edition of the International Congress on the Application of Raman Spectroscopy in Art and Archaeology (RAA2019) was held in Potsdam (Germany) from 3 to 7 September 2019, with eight keynote lectures, 35 oral presentations and 18 Poster Presentations. The number of active participants was 68 delegates from 20 countries among the 236 authors that presented at least one work. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.6054 SN - 0377-0486 SN - 1097-4555 VL - 52 IS - 1 SP - 8 EP - 14 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziemann, Martin Andreas A1 - Schmidt, Christian A1 - Mirwald, Peter W. T1 - Raman spectroscopic study of the liquid-liquid transition in water Y1 - 2004 SN - 0024-4937 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziemert, Nadine A1 - Ishida, Keishi A1 - Weiz, Annika A1 - Hertweck, Christian A1 - Dittmann-Thünemann, Elke T1 - Exploiting the natural diversity of microviridin gene clusters for discovery of novel tricyclic depsipeptides N2 - Microviridins are ribosomally synthesized tricyclic depsipeptides produced by different genera of cyanobacteria. The prevalence of the microviridin gene clusters and the natural diversity of microviridin precursor sequences are currently unknown. Screening of laboratory strains and field samples of the bloom-forming freshwater cyanobacterium Microcystis via PCR revealed global occurrence of the microviridin pathway and an unexpected natural variety. We could detect 15 new variants of the precursor gene mdnA encoding microviridin backbones that differ in up to 4 amino acid positions from known isoforms of the peptide. The survey not only provides insights into the versatility of the biosynthetic enzymes in a closely related group of cyanobacteria, but also facilitates the discovery and characterization of cryptic microviridin variants. This is demonstrated for microviridin L in Microcystis aeruginosa strain NIES843 and heterologously produced variants. Y1 - 2010 UR - http://aem.asm.org/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02858-09 SN - 0099-2240 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zien, Alexander A1 - Rätsch, Gunnar A1 - Mika, Sebastian A1 - Schölkopf, Bernhard A1 - Lengauer, Thomas A1 - Müller, Klaus-Robert T1 - Engineering support vector machine kernels that recognize translation initiation sites Y1 - 2000 SN - 1367-4803 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zienicke, Egbert A1 - Seehafer, Norbert A1 - Feudel, Fred T1 - Bifurcations in two-dimensional Rayleigh-Bénard convection Y1 - 1998 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Zienicke, Egbert A1 - Seehafer, Norbert A1 - Feudel, Fred T1 - Bifurcations in two-dimensional Rayleigh-Bénard convection T3 - Preprint NLD Y1 - 1997 SN - 1432-2935 VL - 42 PB - Univ. Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zienicke, Egbert A1 - Seehafer, Norbert A1 - Li, B.-W. A1 - Schumacher, Jörg A1 - Politano, H. A1 - Thess, H. T1 - Voltage-driven instability of electrically conducting fluids Y1 - 2003 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziesemer, Florence A1 - Hüttel, Alexandra A1 - Balderjahn, Ingo T1 - Anti-Consumption JF - Sustainability N2 - Transcending the conventional debate around efficiency in sustainable consumption, anti-consumption patterns leading to decreased levels of material consumption have been gaining importance. Change agents are crucial for the promotion of such patterns, so there may be lessons for governance interventions that can be learnt from the every-day experiences of those who actively implement and promote sustainability in the field of anti-consumption. Eighteen social innovation pioneers, who engage in and diffuse practices of voluntary simplicity and collaborative consumption as sustainable options of anti-consumption share their knowledge and personal insights in expert interviews for this research. Our qualitative content analysis reveals drivers, barriers, and governance strategies to strengthen anti-consumption patterns, which are negotiated between the market, the state, and civil society. Recommendations derived from the interviews concern entrepreneurship, municipal infrastructures in support of local grassroots projects, regulative policy measures, more positive communication to strengthen the visibility of initiatives and emphasize individual benefits, establishing a sense of community, anti-consumer activism, and education. We argue for complementary action between top-down strategies, bottom-up initiatives, corporate activities, and consumer behavior. The results are valuable to researchers, activists, marketers, and policymakers who seek to enhance their understanding of materially reduced consumption patterns based on the real-life experiences of active pioneers in the field. KW - social innovation KW - sufficiency KW - collaborative consumption KW - expert interview KW - consumer behavior KW - sustainability KW - innovation policy KW - governance for sustainable development KW - consumer education Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236663 SN - 2071-1050 VL - 11 IS - 23 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziesemer, Florence A1 - Hüttel, Alexandra A1 - Balderjahn, Ingo T1 - Young people as drivers or inhibitors of the sustainability movement BT - the case of anti-consumption JF - Journal of consumer policy : consumer issues in law, economics and behavioural sciences N2 - As overconsumption has negative effects on ecological balance, social equality, and individual well-being, reducing consumption levels among the materially affluent is an emerging strategy for sustainable development. Today's youth form a crucial target group for intervening in unsustainable overconsumption habits and for setting the path and ideas on responsible living. This article explores young people's motivations for engaging in three behavioural patterns linked to anti-consumption (voluntary simplicity, collaborative consumption, and living within one's means) in relation to sustainability. Applying a qualitative approach, laddering interviews reveal the consequences and values behind the anti-consumption behaviours of young people of ages 14 to 24 according to a means-end chains analysis. The findings highlight potential for and the challenges involved in motivating young people to reduce material levels of consumption for the sake of sustainability. Related consumer policy tools from the fields of education and communication are identified. This article provides practical implications for policy makers, activists, and educators. Consumer policies may strengthen anti-consumption among young people by addressing individual benefits, enabling reflection on personal values, and referencing credible narratives. The presented insights can help give a voice to young consumers, who struggle to establish themselves as key players in shaping the future consumption regime. KW - Voluntary simplicity KW - Collaborative consumption KW - Sustainable KW - consumption KW - Means-end chain analysis KW - Laddering interviews KW - Youth Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10603-021-09489-x SN - 0168-7034 SN - 1573-0700 VL - 44 IS - 3 SP - 427 EP - 453 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zilliges, Yvonne A1 - Kehr, Jan-Christoph A1 - Meissner, Sven A1 - Ishida, Keishi A1 - Mikkat, Stefan A1 - Hagemann, Martin A1 - Kaplan, Aaron A1 - Börner, Thomas A1 - Dittmann-Thünemann, Elke T1 - The cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin binds to proteins and increases the fitness of microcystis under oxidative stress conditions JF - PLoS one N2 - Microcystins are cyanobacterial toxins that represent a serious threat to drinking water and recreational lakes worldwide. Here, we show that microcystin fulfils an important function within cells of its natural producer Microcystis. The microcystin deficient mutant Delta mcyB showed significant changes in the accumulation of proteins, including several enzymes of the Calvin cycle, phycobiliproteins and two NADPH-dependent reductases. We have discovered that microcystin binds to a number of these proteins in vivo and that the binding is strongly enhanced under high light and oxidative stress conditions. The nature of this binding was studied using extracts of a microcystin-deficient mutant in vitro. The data obtained provided clear evidence for a covalent interaction of the toxin with cysteine residues of proteins. A detailed investigation of one of the binding partners, the large subunit of RubisCO showed a lower susceptibility to proteases in the presence of microcystin in the wild type. Finally, the mutant defective in microcystin production exhibited a clearly increased sensitivity under high light conditions and after hydrogen peroxide treatment. Taken together, our data suggest a protein-modulating role for microcystin within the producing cell, which represents a new addition to the catalogue of functions that have been discussed for microbial secondary metabolites. Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0017615 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 6 IS - 3 PB - PLoS CY - San Fransisco ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zillmer, Rüdiger A1 - Ahlers, Volker A1 - Pikovskij, Arkadij T1 - Scaling of Lyapunov exponents of coupled chaotic systems N2 - We develop a statistical theory of the coupling sensitivity of chaos. The effect was first described by Daido [Prog. Theor. Phys. 72, 853 (1984)]; it appears as a logarithmic singularity in the Lyapunov exponent in coupled chaotic systems at very small couplings. Using a continuous-time stochastic model for the coupled systems we derive a scaling relation for the largest Lyapunov exponent. The singularity is shown to depend on the coupling and the systems' mismatch. Generalizations to the cases of asymmetrical coupling and three interacting oscillators are considered, too. The analytical results are confirmed by numerical simulations. Y1 - 2000 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zillmer, Rüdiger A1 - Ahlers, Volker A1 - Pikovskij, Arkadij T1 - Stochastic approach to Lapunov exponents in coupled chaotic systems Y1 - 2000 SN - 3-540-41074-0 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zillmer, Rüdiger A1 - Pikovskij, Arkadij T1 - Continuous approach for the random-field Ising chain N2 - We study the random-field Ising chain in the limit of strong exchange coupling. In order to calculate the free energy we apply a continuous Langevin-type approach. This continuous model can be solved exactly, whereupon we are able to locate the crossover between an exponential and a power-law decay of the free energy with increasing coupling strength. In terms of magnetization, this crossover restricts the validity of the linear scaling. The known analytical results for the free energy are recovered in the corresponding limits. The outcomes of numerical computations for the free energy are presented, which confirm the results of the continuous approach. We also discuss the validity of the replica method which we then utilize to investigate the sample-to-sample fluctuations of the finite size free energy Y1 - 2005 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Alexander A1 - Francke, Till A1 - Elsenbeer, Helmut T1 - Forests and erosion: Insights from a study of suspended-sediment dynamics in an overland flow-prone rainforest catchment JF - Journal of hydrology N2 - Forests seem to represent low-erosion systems, according to most, but not all, studies of suspended-sediment yield. We surmised that this impression reflects an accidental bias in the selection of monitoring sites towards those with prevailing vertical hydrological flowpaths, rather than a tight causal link between vegetation cover and erosion alone. To evaluate this conjecture, we monitored, over a 2-year period, a 3.3 ha old-growth rainforest catchment prone to frequent and widespread overland flow. We sampled stream flow at two and overland flow at three sites in a nested arrangement on a within-event basis, and monitored the spatial and temporal frequency of overland flow. Suspended-sediment concentrations were modeled with Random Forest and Quantile Regression Forest to be able to estimate the annual yields for the 2 years, which amounted to 1 t ha(-1) and 2 t ha(-1) in a year with below-average and with average precipitation, respectively. These estimates place our monitoring site near the high end of reported suspended-sediment yields and lend credence to the notion that low yields reflect primarily the dominance of vertical flowpaths and not necessarily and exclusively the kind of vegetative cover. Undisturbed forest and surface erosion are certainly no contradiction in terms even in the absence of mass movements. KW - Rainforest KW - Overland flow KW - Erosion KW - Suspended-sediment yield KW - Quantile Regression Forest model KW - Panama Canal watershed Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.01.039 SN - 0022-1694 VL - 428 IS - 7 SP - 170 EP - 181 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Alexander A1 - Germer, Sonja A1 - Neill, Christopher A1 - Krusche, Alex V. A1 - Elsenbeer, Helmut T1 - Spatio-temporal patterns of throughfall and solute deposition in an open tropical rain forest Y1 - 2008 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00221694 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.07.028 SN - 0022-1694 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Alexander A1 - Schinn, Dustin S. A1 - Francke, Till A1 - Elsenbeer, Helmut A1 - Zimmermann, Beate T1 - Uncovering patterns of near-surface saturated hydraulic conductivity in an overland flow-controlled landscape JF - Geoderma : an international journal of soil science N2 - Saturated hydraulic conductivity (K-s) is an important soil characteristic affecting soil water storage, runoff generation and erosion processes. In some areas where high-intensity rainfall coincides with low K-s values at shallow soil depths, frequent overland flow entails dense drainage networks. Consequently, linear structures such as flowlines alternate with inter-flowline areas. So far, investigations of the spatial variability of K-s mainly relied on isotropic covariance models which are unsuitable to reveal patterns resulting from linear structures. In the present study, we applied two sampling approaches so as to adequately characterize K-s spatial variability in a tropical forest catchment that features a high density of flowlines: A classical nested sampling survey and a purposive sampling strategy adapted to the presence of flowlines. The nested sampling approach revealed the dominance of small-scale variability, which is in line with previous findings. Our purposive sampling, however, detected a strong spatial gradient: surface K-s increased substantially as a function of distance to flowline; 10 m off flowlines, values were similar to the spatial mean of K-s. This deterministic trend can be included as a fixed effect in a linear mixed modeling framework to obtain realistic spatial fields of K-s. In a next step we used probability maps based on those fields and prevailing rainfall intensities to assess the hydrological relevance of the detected pattern. This approach suggests a particularly good agreement between the probability statements of K-s exceedance and observed overland flow occurrence during wet stages of the rainy season. KW - Soil hydrology KW - Saturated hydraulic conductivity KW - Overland flow generation KW - Spatial patterns KW - Drainage network Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.11.002 SN - 0016-7061 VL - 195 IS - 169 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Alexander A1 - Uber, Magdalena A1 - Zimmermann, Beate A1 - Levia, Delphis F. T1 - Predictability of stemflow in a species-rich tropical forest JF - Hydrological processes N2 - Numerous studies investigated the influence of abiotic (meteorological conditions) and biotic factors (tree characteristics) on stemflow generation. Although these studies identified the variables that influence stemflow volumes in simply structured forests, the combination of tree characteristics that allows a robust prediction of stemflow volumes in species-rich forests is not well known. Many hydrological applications, however, require at least a rough estimate of stemflow volumes based on the characteristics of a forest stand. The need for robust predictions of stemflow motivated us to investigate the relationships between tree characteristics and stemflow volumes in a species-rich tropical forest located in central Panama. Based on a sampling setup consisting of ten rainfall collectors, 300 throughfall samplers and 60 stemflow collectors and cumulated data comprising 26 rain events, we derive three main findings. Firstly, stemflow represents a minor hydrological component in the studied 1-ha forest patch (1.0% of cumulated rainfall). Secondly, in the studied species-rich forest, single tree characteristics are only weakly related to stemflow volumes. The influence of multiple tree parameters (e.g. crown diameter, presence of large epiphytes and inclination of branches) and the dependencies among these parameters require a multivariate approach to understand the generation of stemflow. Thirdly, predicting stemflow in species-rich forests based on tree parameters is a difficult task. Although our best model can capture the variation in stemflow to some degree, a critical validation reveals that the model cannot provide robust predictions of stemflow. A reanalysis of data from previous studies in species-rich forests corroborates this finding. Based on these results and considering that for most hydrological applications, stemflow is only one parameter among others to estimate, we advocate using the base model, i.e. the mean of the stemflow data, to quantify stemflow volumes for a given study area. Studies in species-rich forests that wish to obtain predictions of stemflow based on tree parameters probably need to conduct a much more extensive sampling than currently implemented by most studies. Copyright (c) 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. KW - stemflow KW - rainfall partitioning KW - multivariate regression KW - tropical lowland rainforest KW - ecohydrology Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10554 SN - 0885-6087 SN - 1099-1085 VL - 29 IS - 23 SP - 4947 EP - 4956 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Alexander A1 - Voss, Sebastian A1 - Metzger, Johanna Clara A1 - Hildebrandt, Anke A1 - Zimmermann, Beate T1 - estimating mean throughfall JF - Journal of hydrology N2 - The selection of an appropriate spatial extent of a sampling plot is one among several important decisions involved in planning a throughfall sampling scheme. In fact, the choice of the extent may determine whether or not a study can adequately characterize the hydrological fluxes of the studied ecosystem. Previous attempts to optimize throughfall sampling schemes focused on the selection of an appropriate sample size, support, and sampling design, while comparatively little attention has been given to the role of the extent. In this contribution, we investigated the influence of the extent on the representativeness of mean throughfall estimates for three forest ecosystems of varying stand structure. Our study is based on virtual sampling of simulated throughfall fields. We derived these fields from throughfall data sampled in a simply structured forest (young tropical forest) and two heterogeneous forests (old tropical forest, unmanaged mixed European beech forest). We then sampled the simulated throughfall fields with three common extents and various sample sizes for a range of events and for accumulated data. Our findings suggest that the size of the study area should be carefully adapted to the complexity of the system under study and to the required temporal resolution of the throughfall data (i.e. event-based versus accumulated). Generally, event-based sampling in complex structured forests (conditions that favor comparatively long autocorrelations in throughfall) requires the largest extents. For event-based sampling, the choice of an appropriate extent can be as important as using an adequate sample size. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - Throughfall KW - Sampling KW - Extent KW - Hydrological monitoring KW - Tropical forest KW - European beech forest Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.09.047 SN - 0022-1694 SN - 1879-2707 VL - 542 SP - 781 EP - 789 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Alexander A1 - Wilcke, Wolfgang A1 - Elsenbeer, Helmut T1 - Spatial and temporal patterns of throughfall quantity and quality in a tropical montane forest in Ecuador Y1 - 2007 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169407003460 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.06.012 SN - 0022-1694 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Alexander A1 - Zimmermann, Beate T1 - Requirements for throughfall monitoring: The roles of temporal scale and canopy complexity JF - Agricultural and forest meteorology N2 - A wide range of basic and applied problems in water resources research requires high-quality estimates of the spatial mean of throughfall. Many throughfall sampling schemes, however, are not optimally adapted to the system under study. The application of inappropriate sampling schemes may partly reflect the lack of generally applicable guidelines on throughfall sampling strategies. In this study we conducted virtual sampling experiments using simulated fields which are based on empirical throughfall data from three structurally distinct forests (a 12-year old teak plantation, a 5-year old young secondary forest, and a 130-year old secondary forest). In the virtual sampling experiments we assessed the relative error of mean throughfall estimates for 38 different throughfall sampling schemes comprising a variety of funnel- and trough-type collectors and a large range of sample sizes. Moreover, we tested the performance of each scheme for both event-based and accumulated throughfall data. The key findings of our study are threefold. First, as errors of mean throughfall estimates vary as a function of throughfall depth, the decision on which temporal scale (i.e. event-based versus accumulated data) to sample strongly influences the required sampling effort. Second, given a chosen temporal scale throughfall estimates can vary considerably as a function of canopy complexity. Accordingly, throughfall sampling in simply structured forests requires a comparatively modest effort, whereas heterogeneous forests can be extreme in terms of sampling requirements, particularly if the focus is on reliable data of small events. Third, the efficiency of trough-type collectors depends on the spatial structure of throughfall. Strong, long-ranging throughfall patterns decrease the efficiency of troughs substantially. Based on the results of our virtual sampling experiments, which we evaluated by applying two contrasting sampling approaches simultaneously, we derive readily applicable guidelines for throughfall monitoring. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - Throughfall KW - Interception KW - Uncertainty KW - Spatial structure KW - Sampling strategy KW - Forest ecosystem Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.01.014 SN - 0168-1923 SN - 1873-2240 VL - 189 SP - 125 EP - 139 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Alexander A1 - Zimmermann, Beate A1 - Elsenbeer, Helmut T1 - Rainfall redistribution in a tropical forest : spatial and temporal patterns N2 - The investigation of throughfall patterns has received considerable interest over the last decades. And yet, the geographical bias of pertinent previous studies and their methodologies and approaches to data analysis cast a doubt on the general validity of claims regarding spatial and temporal patterns of throughfall. We employed 220 collectors in a 1-ha plot of semideciduous tropical rain forest in Panama and sampled throughfall during a period of 14 months. Our analysis of spatial patterns is based on 60 data sets, whereas the temporal analysis comprises 91 events. Both data sets show skewed frequency distributions. When skewness arises from large outliers, the classical, nonrobust variogram estimator overestimates the sill variance and, in some cases, even induces spurious autocorrelation structures. In these situations, robust variogram estimation techniques offer a solution. Throughfall in our plot typically displayed no or only weak spatial autocorrelations. In contrast, temporal correlations were strong, that is, wet and dry locations persisted over consecutive wet seasons. Interestingly, seasonality and hence deciduousness had no influence on spatial and temporal patterns. We argue that if throughfall patterns are to have any explanatory power with respect to patterns of near-surface processes, data analytical artifacts must be ruled out lest spurious correlation be confounded with causality; furthermore, temporal stability over the domain of interest is essential. Y1 - 2009 UR - http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2009/2008WR007470.shtml U6 - https://doi.org/10.1029/2008WR007470 SN - 0043-1397 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas T1 - Humanitarian Assistance and the Security Council JF - Israel Law Review N2 - Over the years, the Security Council has on several occasions dealt with humanitarian assistance issues. However, it is Security Council Resolution 2165(2014), related to the situation in Syria, that has brought the role of the Security Council to the forefront of the debate. It is against this background that the article discusses the legal issues arising from Security Council action facilitating humanitarian assistance to be delivered in situations of non-international armed conflict. Following a brief survey of relevant practice of the Security Council related to humanitarian assistance, the article considers the relevance, if any, of Article 2(7) of the Charter of the United Nations (UN) to humanitarian assistance to be delivered in such situations. It then moves on to analyse whether a rejection by the territorial state of humanitarian aid to be delivered by third parties may amount to a situation under Article 39 of the UN Charter. It then considers in detail whether (at least implicitly) Resolution 2165 has been adopted under Chapter VII and, if this is not the case, whether it can be still considered to be legally binding. The article finally considers what impact the adoption of Security Council Resolution 2165 might have on the interpretation of otherwise applicable rules of international humanitarian law and, in particular, the right of third parties to provide humanitarian assistance in a situation of a non-international armed conflict in spite of the absence of consent by the territorial state, and the obligations that members of the Security Council, permanent and non-permanent, have under Common Article 1 of the Geneva Conventions when faced with a draft resolution providing for the delivery of humanitarian assistance, notwithstanding the absence of consent by the territorial state. Y1 - 2017 SN - 0021-2237 U6 - https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1017/S0021223716000315 VL - 50 IS - 1 SP - 3 EP - 23 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas T1 - Finally...Or would rather less have been more? JF - Journal of International Criminal Justice N2 - In November 2015, the 14th Session of the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) adopted, by consensus, an amendment providing for the deletion of Article 124 of the ICC Statute, which so far enables contracting parties, when joining the Statute, to opt out from the ICC’s treaty-based war crimes-related jurisdiction. After considering the genesis of the provision and the practice arising under Article 124 of the ICC Statute so far, this article considers the arguments for and against the deletion of Article 124 in light of the increasingly small number of accessions to the ICC Statute that have been forthcoming in the last few years. It also analyses the quite strict requirements for the entry into force of the amendment, as well as the effect of the entry into force of the amendment on possible declarations having been made pending such entry into force. It ends by considering the positive effect a continued applicability of Article 124 may have on states so far being reluctant to accede to the ICC Statute. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqw012 VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - 505 EP - 517 PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas T1 - Article 8, D. Article 8 para 2 (c)-(f) and para 3: War crimes committed in an armed conflict not of an international character T2 - The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court : a Commentary Y1 - 2016 SN - 978-3-8487-2263-1 SN - 978-3-8452-6357-1 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5771/9783845263571-296 SP - 296 EP - 580 PB - Beck CY - München ET - 3 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas T1 - Article 8bis: Crime of Aggression T2 - The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Y1 - 2015 SP - 580 EP - 618 PB - Beck CY - München ET - 3. Aufl. ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas T1 - The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict: Developing International Law Without Solving the Conflict JF - Archiv des Völkerrechts N2 - The article analyses whether the Palestinian-Israeli conflict has served as a catalyst for the development of international law, as well as whether international law has been instrumental in attempting to find solutions for the said conflict. In several ways, this conflict has made a significant contribution to understanding and interpreting the UN Charter. It also brought along important developments about the role of third parties, both under the Geneva Conventions and under the law of state responsibility, which provides for an obligation of not recognizing as legal, or not rendering aid or assistance to situations caused by serious violations of jus cogens. International judicial institutions (and also domestic ones) play a rather limited role in this respect, due both to a lack of courage to address fundamental questions, and/or a disregard of the outcome of the proceedings by at least one of the parties to the conflict. Other reasons are Israel's reluctance of accepting the jurisdiction of either the ICJ or the ICC, and its view on the non-applicability of human rights treaties outside of its territory, as well as Palestine's uncertain status in the international community limiting its access to international courts. However, the ICJ's 2004 (formally non-binding) advisory opinion on the Israeli Wall provided answers to some of the most fundamental questions related to the conflict, unfortunately without having any immediate impact on the situation on the ground. Given Palestine's accession to the Rome Statute in early 2015, time has yet to show which role in the process will be played by the ICC. Other issues arising from the conflict, and examined by this article, are that of (Palestinian) statehood, going beyond the traditional concept of statehood and including the consequences of the jus cogens-character of the right of self-determination, as well as questions of treaty succession and succession in matters of State responsibility with regard to acts committed by the PLO. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1628/000389215X14412717564749 VL - 53 IS - 2 SP - 149 EP - 166 PB - Mohr Siebeck CY - Tübingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas T1 - Amending the amendment provisions of the rome statute the kampala compromise on the crime of aggression and the law of treaties JF - Journal of international criminal justice N2 - The adoption, in Kampala in June 2010, of amendments to the Rome Statute on the crime of aggression was hailed as a historic milestone in the development of the international Criminal Court (ICC). However, the manner in which these amendments are supposed to enter into force runs the risk of undermining the rules of the international law of treaties, as well as the legality and acceptability of the Kampala compromise itself The author examines the relevant amendment procedures provided for in the ICC Statute and the compatibility with them of the amendment procedure chosen in Kampala and ultimately warns of the legal consequences which may follow from the Review Conference's somewhat-Alexandrian solution. Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqs002 SN - 1478-1387 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 209 EP - 227 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas T1 - Article 5: Crimes within the Jurisdiction of the Court T2 - The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court ; a commentary Y1 - 2016 SN - 978-3-406-64854-0 SP - 111 EP - 126 PB - Beck CY - München ET - 3. Aufl. ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas T1 - Finally ... Or Would Rather Less Have Been More? The Recent Amendment on the Deletion of Article 124 of the Rome Statute and the Continued Quest for the Universality of the International Criminal Court JF - Journal of international criminal justice N2 - In November 2015, the 14th Session of the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) adopted, by consensus, an amendment providing for the deletion of Article 124 of the ICC Statute, which so far enables contracting parties, when joining the Statute, to opt out from the ICC’s treaty-based war crimes-related jurisdiction. After considering the genesis of the provision and the practice arising under Article 124 of the ICC Statute so far, this article considers the arguments for and against the deletion of Article 124 in light of the increasingly small number of accessions to the ICC Statute that have been forthcoming in the last few years. It also analyses the quite strict requirements for the entry into force of the amendment, as well as the effect of the entry into force of the amendment on possible declarations having been made pending such entry into force. It ends by considering the positive effect a continued applicability of Article 124 may have on states so far being reluctant to accede to the ICC Statute. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqw012 SN - 1478-1387 SN - 1478-1395 VL - 14 SP - 505 EP - 517 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas T1 - A victory for international rule of law? BT - Or: All's Well that ends Well? The 2017 ASP decision to amend the kampala amendment on the crime of aggression JF - Journal of international criminal justice N2 - On 14 December 2017, the Assembly of States Parties of the Rome Statute decided to activate the International Criminal Court’s jurisdiction over the crime of aggression. In doing so, it however seems to have rescinded the Kampala amendment adopted in 2010, and in particular, the need for State Parties to eventually opt out from the Court’s aggression-related jurisdiction. This reversal, while being more in line with the Rome Statute than the Kampala amendment itself, raises new (and old) and challenging legal questions which are highlighted in this article. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqy008 SN - 1478-1387 SN - 1478-1395 VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - 19 EP - 29 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas ED - Volpe, Valentina ED - Peters, Anne ED - Battini, Stefano T1 - Would the world be a better place if one were to adopt a European approach to state immunity? BT - Or, "Soll am Europäischen Wesen die Staatenimmunität genesen"? T2 - Remedies against immunity? N2 - This chapter argues not only that there is no European Sonderweg (or ‘special way’) when it comes to the law of state immunity but that there ought not to be one. Debates within The Hague Conference on Private International Law in the late 1990s and those leading to the adoption of the 2002 UN Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States, as well as the development of the EU Brussels Regulation on Jurisdiction and Enforcement, as amended in 2015, all demonstrate that state immunity was not meant to be limited by such treaties but ‘safeguarded’. Likewise, there is no proof that regional European customary law limits state immunity when it comes to ius cogens violations, as Italy and (partly) Greece are the only European states denying state immunity in such cases while the European Court of Human Rights has, time and again, upheld a broad concept of state immunity. It therefore seems unlikely that in the foreseeable future a specific European customary law norm on state immunity will develop, especially given the lack of participation in such practice by those states most concerned by the matter, including Germany. This chapter considers the possible legal implications of the jurisprudence of the Italian Constitutional Court for European military operations (if such operations went beyond peacekeeping). These implications would mainly depend on the question of attribution: if one where to assume that acts undertaken within the framework of military operations led by the EU were to be, at least also, attributable to the troop-contributing member states, the respective troop-contributing state would be entitled to enjoy state immunity exactly to the same degree as in any kind of unilateral military operations. Additionally, some possible perspectives beyond Sentenza 238/2014 are examined, in particular concerning the redress awarded by domestic courts ‘as long as’ neither the German nor the international system grant equivalent protection to the victims of serious violations of international humanitarian law committed during World War II. In the author’s opinion, strengthening the jurisdiction of international courts and tribunals, bringing interstate cases for damages before the International Court of Justice, as well as providing for claims commissions where individual compensation might be sought for violations of international humanitarian law would be more useful and appropriate mechanisms than denying state immunity. Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-3-662-62303-9 SN - 978-3-662-62304-6 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62304-6_12 VL - 297 SP - 219 EP - 233 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas ED - Jeßberger, Florian ED - Burghardt, Boris ED - Vormbaum, Moritz T1 - The International Criminal Court’s decision on jurisdiction concerning Palestine and the future of the ICC T2 - Strafrecht und Systemunrecht : Festschrift für Gerhard Werle zum 70. Geburtstag Y1 - 2022 SN - 978-3-16-161046-2 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1628/978-3-16-161046-2 SP - 451 EP - 460 PB - Mohr Siebeck CY - Tübingen ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas ED - Ambos, Kai T1 - Article 15bis. Exercise of jurisdiction over the crime of aggression (State referral, proprio motu) T2 - Rome statute of the International Criminal Court Y1 - 2022 SN - 978-3-406-77926-8 SN - 978-3-406-74384-9 SN - 978-1-5099-4405-7 SN - 978-3-8487-7648-1 U6 - https://doi.org/10.17104/9783406779268-899 SP - 899 EP - 926 PB - Beck CY - München ET - Fourth ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas ED - Ambos, Kai T1 - Article 5 Crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court T2 - Rome statute of the International Criminal Court Y1 - 2022 SN - 978-3-406-74384-9 SN - 978-3-406-77926-8 SN - 978-1-5099-4405-7 SP - 107 EP - 116 PB - Beck CY - München ET - Fourth ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas ED - Ambos, Kai T1 - Article 124 Transitional provision T2 - Rome statute of the International Criminal Court Y1 - 2022 SN - 978-3-406-77926-8 SN - 978-3-406-74384-9 SN - 978-1-5099-4405-7 SN - 978-3-8487-7648-1 SP - 2905 EP - 2914 PB - Beck CY - München ET - Fourth ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas T1 - International law scholarship in times of dictatorship and democracy : exemplified by life and work of Wilhelm Wengler Y1 - 2010 SN - 978-0-521-19252-1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas T1 - Article 33, para. 2 Y1 - 2011 SN - 978-0-19-954251-2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas T1 - Article 1 F Y1 - 2011 SN - 978-0-19-954251-2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas T1 - The obligation to prevent genocide: towards a general responsibility to protect? Y1 - 2011 SN - 978-0-19-958881-7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas T1 - Abiding by and enforcing international humanitarian law in asymmetric warfare : the case of "operation cast lead" Y1 - 2012 SN - 0554-498x ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas T1 - Amending the amendment provisions of the rome statute : the kampala compromise on the crime of aggression and the law of treaties Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas T1 - State sucession in other matters than treaties Y1 - 2012 SN - 978-0-19-929168-7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas T1 - State sucession in treaties Y1 - 2012 SN - 978-0-19-929168-7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas T1 - Continuity of states Y1 - 2012 SN - 978-0-19-929168-7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas T1 - Bringing Kosovo within the reach of the european convention on human rights : disentangling the convention and the status-issue Y1 - 2013 SN - 978-3-16-152628-2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas T1 - The international court of justice and state succession to treaties: avoiding principled answers to questions of principle Y1 - 2013 SN - 978-0-19-965321-8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas T1 - International courts and tribunals, intervention in proceedings Y1 - 2012 SN - 978-0-19-929168-7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas T1 - Human rights treaty bodies and the jurisdiction of the international court of justice Y1 - 2013 SN - 1569-1853 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas T1 - The security council and the obligation to prevent genocide and war crimes Y1 - 2013 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas T1 - Palestine and the international criminal court quo vadis? Y1 - 2013 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas T1 - Palestine and the international criminal court quo vadis? - reach and limits of declarations under article 12(3) JF - Journal of international criminal justice N2 - In 2009, 'Palestine' lodged a declaration recognizing the jurisdiction of the ICC under Article 12(3). However, in April 2012, the OTP determined that this declaration had not brought about the result, of providing for the ICC's jurisdiction, pending clarification from the political organs of the UN concerning the legal status of Palestine within the organization. On 29 November 2012, the General Assembly granted Palestine the status of a non-member observer state within the UN framework, thereby fulfilling the condition mentioned by the OTP in April 2012. It is against this background that the article considers the current legal effects of the 2009 Palestinian declaration. In particular, it addresses the issue of whether the declaration, when read in conjunction with the 29 November 2012 decision, possesses retroactive effect, i.e. whether it provides, as claimed, for the Court's temporal jurisdiction from 1 July 2002 onwards or rather starting only from 29 November 2012. ... the current status granted to Palestine by the United Nations General Assembly is that of 'observer', not as a 'Non-member State'. ... [T]his... informs the current legal status of Palestine for the interpretation and application of article 12 [Rome Statute]. ... The Office could in the future consider allegations of crimes committed in Palestine, should competent organs of the United Nations... resolve the legal issue relevant to an assessment of article 12. ... International Criminal Court, Office of the Prosecutor, 'Situation in Palestine', 3 April 2012 Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqt014 SN - 1478-1387 VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - 303 EP - 329 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas A1 - Boos, Felix T1 - Bringing States to Justice for Crimes against Humanity BT - The Compromissory Clause in the International Law Commission Draft Convention on Crimes against Humanity JF - Journal of international criminal justice N2 - Draft Article 15 of the International Law Commission’s project on crimes against humanity — dealing with the settlement of disputes arising from a proposed convention — attempts to strike a balance between state autonomy and robust judicial supervision. It largely follows Article 22 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, which renders the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) conditional upon prior negotiations. Hence, the substance of the clause can be interpreted in light of the recent case law of the ICJ, especially in the case Georgia v. Russia. In addition, this contribution discusses several issues regarding the scope ratione temporis of the compromissory clause. It advances several proposals to improve the current draft, addressing its relationship with state responsibility — an explicit reference to which is currently missing — as well as the relationship between the ICJ and a possible treaty body. It also proposes to recalibrate the interplay of the requirement of prior negotiations with, respectively, the possibility of seizing a future treaty body and the indication of provisional measures by the ICJ. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqy053 SN - 1478-1387 SN - 1478-1395 VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - 835 EP - 855 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas A1 - Bäumler, Jelena T1 - Navigating through narrow jurisdictional straits : the Philippines - PRC South China Sea Dispute and UNCLOS Y1 - 2013 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas A1 - Devaney, James G. T1 - Succession to treaties and the inherent limits of international law T2 - Research handbook on the law of treaties Y1 - 2016 SN - 978-1-78536-951-3 SP - 505 EP - 540 PB - Elgar CY - Cheltenham ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas A1 - Dorschner, Jonas T1 - Article 22 Y1 - 2011 SN - 978-0-19-954251-2 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas A1 - Freiburg, Elisa ED - Triffterer, Otto ED - Ambos, Kai T1 - Article 15bis: Exercise of jurisdiction over the crime of aggression (State referal, proprio motu) T2 - The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court ; a commentary Y1 - 2016 SN - 978-3-406-64854-0 SP - 741 EP - 764 PB - Beck CY - München ET - 3. Aufl ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas A1 - Freiburg, Elisa ED - Triffterer, Otto ED - Ambos, Kai T1 - Article 8bis: Crime of aggression T2 - The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court ; a commentary Y1 - 2016 SN - 978-3-406-64854-0 SP - 580 EP - 618 PB - Beck CY - München ET - 3. Aufl. ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas A1 - Freiburg-Braun, Elisa T1 - Aggression under the Rome Statute BT - an introduction N2 - Das Werk analysiert umfassend das Verbrechen der Aggression im Sinne des Römischen Statuts. Ausgehend von der Rechtsgeschichte, werde die einschlägigen Artikel 8bis, 15bis und 15ter des Römischen Statuts, also die Definition des Verbrechens der Aggression, analysiert. Ebenso behandelt das Buch weiterführende Entwicklungen des Verbrechens der Aggression über das Jahr 2017 hinaus – das Jahr, in dem es, wahrscheinlich, zu einer Entscheidung über die Aktivierung der Gerichtsbarkeit kommt Y1 - 2019 SN - 978-3-8487-4678-1 PB - Nomos CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas A1 - Freiburg-Braun, Elisa ED - Ambos, Kai T1 - Article 15ter Exercise of jurisdiction over the crime of aggression (Security Council referral) T2 - Rome statute of the International Criminal Court Y1 - 2022 SN - 978-3-406-77926-8 SN - 978-3-406-74384-9 SN - 978-1-5099-4405-7 SN - 978-3-8487-7648-1 U6 - https://doi.org/10.17104/9783406779268-927 SP - 927 EP - 932 PB - Beck CY - München ET - Fourth ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas A1 - Freiburg-Braun, Elisa ED - Ambos, Kai T1 - Article 8bis Crime of aggression T2 - Rome statute of the International Criminal Court Y1 - 2022 SN - 978-3-406-77926-8 SN - 978-3-406-74384-9 SN - 978-1-5099-4405-7 SN - 978-3-8487-7648-1 U6 - https://doi.org/10.17104/9783406779268-686 SP - 686 EP - 726 PB - Beck CY - München ET - Fourth ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas A1 - Geiß, Robin T1 - The International Committee of the Red Cross: A Unique Actor in the Field of International Humanitarian Law Creation and Progressive Development BT - the Red Cross and the development of international humanitarian law T2 - Humanizing the Laws of War Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-1-107-17135-0 SN - 978-1-3167-5996-7 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316759967.009 SP - 215 EP - 255 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - Cambridge ER -