TY - THES A1 - Bölling, Christian T1 - Comprehensive metabolite analysis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii : method development and application to the study of environmental and genetic perturbations T1 - Multiparallele Metabolitenanalyse in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii N2 - This study introduces a method for multiparallel analysis of small organic compounds in the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, one of the premier model organisms in cell biology. The comprehensive study of the changes of metabolite composition, or metabolomics, in response to environmental, genetic or developmental signals is an important complement of other functional genomic techniques in the effort to develop an understanding of how genes, proteins and metabolites are all integrated into a seamless and dynamic network to sustain cellular functions. The sample preparation protocol was optimized to quickly inactivate enzymatic activity, achieve maximum extraction capacity and process large sample quantities. As a result of the rapid sampling, extraction and analysis by gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF) more than 800 analytes from a single sample can be measured, of which over a 100 could be positively identified. As part of the analysis of GC-TOF raw data, aliquot ratio analysis to systematically remove artifact signals and tools for the use of principal component analysis (PCA) on metabolomic datasets are proposed. Cells subjected to nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S) or iron (Fe) depleted growth conditions develop highly distinctive metabolite profiles with metabolites implicated in many different processes being affected in their concentration during adaptation to nutrient deprivation. Metabolite profiling allowed characterization of both specific and general responses to nutrient deprivation at the metabolite level. Modulation of the substrates for N-assimilation and the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway indicated a priority for maintaining the capability for immediate activation of N assimilation even under conditions of decreased metabolic activity and arrested growth, while the rise in 4-hydroxyproline in S deprived cells could be related to enhanced degradation of proteins of the cell wall. The adaptation to sulfur deficiency was analyzed with greater temporal resolution and responses of wild-type cells were compared with mutant cells deficient in SAC1, an important regulator of the sulfur deficiency response. Whereas concurrent metabolite depletion and accumulation occurs during adaptation to S deprivation in wild-type cells, the sac1 mutant strain is characterized by a massive incapability to sustain many processes that normally lead to transient or permanent accumulation of the levels of certain metabolites or recovery of metabolite levels after initial down-regulation. For most of the steps in arginine biosynthesis in Chlamydomonas mutants have been isolated that are deficient in the respective enzyme activities. Three strains deficient in the activities of N-acetylglutamate-5-phosphate reductase (arg1), N2 acetylornithine-aminotransferase (arg9), and argininosuccinate lyase (arg2), respectively, were analyzed with regard to activation of endogenous arginine biosynthesis after withdrawal of externally supplied arginine. Enzymatic blocks in the arginine biosynthetic pathway could be characterized by precursor accumulation, like the amassment of argininosuccinate in arg2 cells, and depletion of intermediates occurring downstream of the enzymatic block, e.g. N2-acetylornithine, ornithine, and argininosuccinate depletion in arg9 cells. The unexpected finding of substantial levels of the arginine pathway intermediates N-acetylornithine, citrulline, and argininosuccinate downstream the enzymatic block in arg1 cells provided an explanation for the residual growth capacity of these cells in the absence of external arginine sources. The presence of these compounds, together with the unusual accumulation of N-Acetylglutamate, the first intermediate that commits the glutamate backbone to ornithine and arginine biosynthesis, in arg1 cells suggests that alternative pathways, possibly involving the activity of ornithine aminotransferase, may be active when the default reaction sequence to produce ornithine via acetylation of glutamate is disabled. N2 - Entwicklung und Anwendung von Methoden zur multiparallelen Analyse von Metaboliten in der einzelligen Grünalge Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, einem der wichtigsten Modellorganismen der Zellbiologie, sind Gegenstand dieser Arbeit. Metabolomanalyse, die umfassende Analyse von Veränderungen der Konzentrationen von Stoffwechselprodukten durch Umweltreize oder genetische und entwicklungsbedingte Signale, ist ein wichtiges Komplement anderer Genomanalysemethoden, um die Integration von Genen, Proteinen und Metaboliten in ein nahtloses und dynamisches Netzwerk zur Aufrechterhaltung der Lebensfunktionen eines Organismus zu verstehen. Die Methode wurde im Hinblick auf schnelle Inaktivierung enzymatischer Aktivität, Maximierung der Extraktionskapazität und Behandlung großer Probenmengen optimiert. Im Ergebnis der Probenaufarbeitung, Extraktion und Analyse mittels Gaschromatographie und Time-Of-Flight-Massenspektrometrie konnten mehr als 800 analytische Signale in Einzelproben dargestellt werden, von denen über 100 identifiziert werden konnten. Die Arbeit stellt methodische Innovationen zur systematischen Erkennung von Artefakten in GC-MS Chromatogrammen und Werkzeuge zur Anwendung der Hauptkomponentenanalyse auf Metabolom-Daten vor. Zellen unter Stickstoff- (N), Phosphor- (P), Schwefel- (S), oder Eisen- (Fe) Mangel zeigen deutliche Unterschiede in ihrer Metabolitenausstattung. Die Anpassung an die einzelnen Nährstoffmangelsituationen ist durch spezifische Änderungen einer Reihe von Metaboliten zentraler Prozesse des Primärstoffwechsels gekennzeichnet. Die Konzentrationsänderungen von Substraten für die Stickstoffassimilation und den oxidativen Pentosephosphatweg deuten darauf hin, dass die Fähigkeit zur schnellen Aktivierung der N-Assimilation auch unter Bedingungen herabgesetzter Stoffwechsel- und Wachstumsaktivität aufrechterhalten wird. Die Akkumulation von 4-Hydroxyprolin unter Schwefelmangel könnte im Zusammenhang stehen mit der Degradation von Proteinen der Chlamydomonas-Zellwand, deren wesentlicher Bestandteil hydroxyprolinreiche Glykoproteine sind und die unter Schwefelmangel aktiv umgebaut wird. Die Anpassung an Schwefelmangel wurde mit größerer zeitlicher Auflösung in Wildtyp-Zellen und Zellen des sac1-Stammes untersucht. SAC1 ist ein zentraler Regulator der Schwefelmangelantwort in Chlamydomonas. Zeitgleiche Ab- und Zunahme von Metaboliten ist ein charakteristisches Element der Anpassung an Schwefelmangel in Wildtypzellen. Die Reaktion von SAC1-Mutanten auf Schwefelmangel ist durch weit reichenden Verlust zur Steuerung von Prozessen gekennzeichnet, die normalerweise zur vorübergehenden oder dauerhaften Anreicherung bestimmter Metabolite führen. Die Verfügbarkeit von Chlamydomonas-Stämmen mit fehlender Enzymaktivität für fast jeden der Schritte der Argininbiosynthese eröffnet die Möglichkeit, das Potential der Metabolitenanalyse zur Untersuchung der Regulation der Aminosäurebiosynthese in photosynthetischen Eukaryoten zur Anwendung zu bringen. Drei Stämme, mit fehlender Aktivität für N-Acetylglutamat-5-phosphat Reduktase (arg1), N2 Acetylornithin-Aminotransferase (arg9) beziehungsweise Argininosuccinat Lyase (arg2) wurden in Bezug auf die Aktivierung ihrer endogenen Argininbiosynthese nach Entzug externer Argininquellen analysiert. Die einzelnen enzymatischen Blocks konnten durch Precursor-Anreicherung, wie die Anhäufung von Argininosuccinat in arg2-Zellen, und Erschöpfung von Intermediaten nachgelagerter Reaktionen, beispielsweise die deutliche Abnahme von N2-Acetylornithin, Ornithin und Argininosuccinat in arg9-Zellen charakterisiert werden. Das unerwartete Vorhandensein von zum Teil das Wildtyp-Niveau überschreitender Mengen von N2-Acetylornithin, Citrullin und Argininosuccinat, die Produkte bzw. Substrate dem enzymatischen Block nachgelagerter Reaktionen in arg1-Zellen sind, bot eine Erklärung für eine noch vorhandene Restkapazität zum Wachstum des arg1-Stamms auch ohne äußere Arginingabe. Der Nachweis dieser Verbindungen sowie die ungewöhnliche Anreicherung von N-Acetylglutamat, der ersten Verbindung, die das Glutamat-Gerüst für die Ornithin- und Argininsynthese bindet, in arg1-Zellen könnte auf alternative Reaktionen, möglicherweise unter Beteiligung von Ornithin-Aminotransferase, zur Synthese von Ornithin hindeuten, die in Erscheinung treten, wenn die Synthesekette nach Acetylierung von Glutamat blockiert ist. KW - Chlamydomonas KW - Metabolite KW - Schwefel KW - Argininbiosynthese KW - Stoffwechsel KW - Chlamydomonas KW - metabolite profiling KW - metabolomics KW - sulfur KW - arginine biosynthesis Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-11329 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Plath, Martin A1 - Seggel, Uta A1 - Burmeister, Heike A1 - Heubel, Katja U. A1 - Schlupp, Ingo T1 - Choosy males from the underground : male mating preferences in surface- and cave-dwelling Atlantic mollies (Poecilia mexicana) N2 - Atlantic mollies (Poecilia mexicana) inhabit a variety of surface habitats, but they also occur in a sulfur cave in southern Mexico. We examined male mate choice relative to female body size in the cave population and in the most closely related surface-dwelling population from a nearby river. Males from both populations were either light- or dark-reared and could choose between two differently sized females either on the basis of visual cues in light or on the basis of solely nonvisual cues in darkness. Sexual preferences were estimated from the degree of association. Cave molly males always showed a preference for the larger female, both in light and in darkness. Among the surface males, only light-reared males showed a preference in the visual cues test, but not in darkness. In a control experiment, we demonstrated that male association preferences directly translate into actual mating preferences. Apparently, using visual cues for mate choice is the ancestral state in this system, and using nonvisual cues has evolved as a novel trait in the cave population. We discuss the evolution of nonvisual male mate choice in the context of changed environmental conditions, namely the absence of light, hypoxia, and toxic hydrogen sulfide in the cave Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.springerlink.com/content/100479 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-005-0072-z ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Halamek, Jan A1 - Teller, Carsten A1 - Zeravik, Jiri A1 - Fournier, Didier A1 - Makower, Alexander A1 - Scheller, Frieder W. T1 - Characterization of binding of cholinesterases to surface immobilized ligands N2 - We summarize here the development of various piezoelectric biosensors utilizing cholinesterase (ChE) as the recognition element. In our work we studied the interaction between cholinesterase and its ligands (propidium, carnitine, benzylgonine-1,8-diamino-3,4-dioxaoctane (BZE-DADOO) and paraoxon). The sensor modification was based on a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of a thiol compound (11-mercaptoundecanoic acid) on the gold electrode and the subsequent covalent coupling of the cholinesterase ligand to this SAM. The ligand-modified piezoelectric sensors were placed in a flow system to allow the on-line monitoring of cholinesterase binding and the enzymatic activity quantification by amperometry. Cholinesterases from different species-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) from Electrophorus electricus , AChE from Drosophila melanogaster , and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) of human origin-were tested on the various immobilized ligands. Our research allowed the development of a competitive assay for the detection of organophosphates in river water samples using the BZE-DADOO-modified piezosensor. Another direction of research was pointed on the characterization of the interactions between ChE and its ligands. The kinetic binding constants were derived using a one- to-one binding model Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.informaworld.com/openurl?genre=journal&issn=0003-2719 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/00032710600713107 SN - 0003-2719 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Spahn, Frank A1 - Schmidt, Jürgen A1 - Albers, Nicole A1 - Hörning, Marcel A1 - Makuch, Martin A1 - Seiß, Martin A1 - Kempf, Sascha A1 - Srama, Ralf A1 - Dikarev, Valeri A1 - Helfert, Stefan A1 - Moragas-Klostermeyer, Georg A1 - Krivov, Alexander V. A1 - Sremcevic, Miodrag A1 - Tuzzolino, Anthony J. A1 - Economou, Thanasis A1 - Grün, Eberhard T1 - Cassini dust measurements at Enceladus and implications for the origin of the E ring Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.sciencemag.org/content/311/5766/1416.full U6 - https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1121375 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dames, Petra A1 - Zimmermann, Bernhard A1 - Schmidt, Ruth A1 - Rein, Julia A1 - Voss, Martin A1 - Schewe, Bettina A1 - Walz, Bernd A1 - Baumann, Otto T1 - cAMP regulates plasma membrane vacuolar-type H+-ATPase assembly and activity in blowfly salivary glands N2 - Reversible assembly of the V0V1 holoenzyme from V-0 and V-1 subcomplexes is a widely used mechanism for regulation of vacuolar-type H+-ATPases (V-ATPases) in animal cells. in the blowfly (Calliphora vicina) salivary gland, V- ATPase is located in the apical membrane of the secretory cells and energizes the secretion of a KCl-rich saliva in response to the hormone serotonin. We have examined whether the CAMP pathway, known to be activated by serotonin, controls V-ATPase assembly and activity. Fluorescence measurements of pH changes at the luminal surface of isolated glands demonstrate that CAMP, Sp-adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate, or forskolin, similar to serotonin, cause V-ATPase-dependent luminal acidification. In addition, V-ATPase-dependent ATP hydrolysis increases upon treatment with these agents. Immunofluorescence microscopy and pelleting assays have demonstrated further that V, components become translocated from the cytoplasm to the apical membrane and V-ATPase holoenzymes are assembled at the apical membrane during conditions that increase intracellular cAMP. Because these actions occur without a change in cytosolic Ca2+, our findings suggest that the cAMP pathway mediates the reversible assembly and activation of V-ATPase molecules at the apical membrane upon hormonal stimulus Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.pnas.org/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0600011103 SN - 0027-8424 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Raynaud, F A1 - Jond-Necand, C A1 - Marcilhac, Anne A1 - Fürst, Dieter Oswald A1 - Benyamin, Yves T1 - Calpain 1-gamma filamin interaction in muscle cells :a possible in situ regulation by PKC-alpha Y1 - 2006 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Raynaud, F A1 - Jond-Necand, C A1 - Marcilhac, Anne A1 - Fürst, Dieter Oswald A1 - Benyamin, Yves T1 - Calpain 1-gamma filamin interaction in muscle cells : a possible in situ regulation by PKC-alpha Y1 - 2006 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Raynaud, Fabrice A1 - Jond-Necand, Carole A1 - Marcilhac, Anne A1 - Fürst, Dieter A1 - Benyamin, Yves T1 - Calpain 1-gamma filamin interaction in muscle cells : a possible in situ regulation by PKC-alpha N2 - Calpains are a family of calcium-dependant cysteine-proteases involved in cytoskeleton remodelling and muscle differentiation. In a recent study, we observed the presence of calpain I in the muscle contractile apparatus and specifically in the N1- and N2-fines. This calpain isoform was found to be involved in the degradation of muscle fibres via proteolysis of key proteins in Z-disk and costameric junctions. The goal of this study was to determine whether gamma-filamin - a specific muscle isoform of the filamin family - is a calpain, I substrate and to characterise this interaction. gamma-Filamin is a major muscle architectural protein located in the Z-fine and under the sarcolemmal membrane. This protein is a component of the chain binding the sarcolemma to the sarcomeric structure. In this study, we found that gamma-filamin formed a stable complex in vitro and in cells with calpain I in the absence of calcium stimulation. We also located the binding domains in the C-terminus of gamma-filamin with a cleavage site between serine 2626 and serine 2627 in the hinge 2 region. The catalytic (80 kDa) and regulatory (28 kDa) subunits of calpain I are both involved in high affinity binding at gamma-filamin. Moreover, we showed that phosphorylation of the filamin C- terminus domain by PKC alpha protected gamma-filamin against proteolysis by calpain I in COS cells. Stimulation of PKC activity in myotubes, prevented gamma-filamin proteolysis by calpain and resulted in an increase in myotube adhesion. Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/13572725 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2005.09.020 SN - 1357-2725 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tobler, Michael A1 - Plath, Martin A1 - Burmeister, Heike A1 - Schlupp, Ingo T1 - Black spots and female association preferences in a sexual / asexual mating complex (Poecilia, Poecilildae, Teleostei) N2 - We investigated whether female association preferences for males are influenced by black spot disease (BSD), a parasite induced change of the host phenotype. We compared three different species of fish: a gynogenetic hybrid species, Poecilia formosa (amazon molly) and two sexual species (Poecilia latipinna and Poecilia mexicana), which were involved in the natural hybridisation leading to the amazon molly. Contrary to their sexual relatives, asexual amazon mollies significantly avoided images of males infected with black spot disease. We propose that amazon molly females have direct fitness benefits from choosing healthy males. The adaptive significance of the preference for BSD-uninfected males in the asexual amazon molly is yet unclear but may involve avoidance of predation or parasite infection as well as increased sperm availability Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.springerlink.com/content/h865p1h6630k8675/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-005-0152-2 ER - TY - THES A1 - Arana-Ceballos, Fernando Alberto T1 - Biochemical and physiological studies of Arabidopsis thaliana Diacylglycerol Kinase 7 (AtDGK7) T1 - Biochemische physiologische Studien an der Arabidopsis thaliana Diazylglyzerol Kinase 7 (AtDGK7) N2 - A family of diacylglycerol kinases (DGK) phosphorylates the substrate diacylglycerol (DAG) to generate phosphatidic acid (PA) . Both molecules, DAG and PA, are involved in signal transduction pathways. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, seven candidate genes (named AtDGK1 to AtDGK7) code for putative DGK isoforms. Here I report the molecular cloning and characterization of AtDGK7. Biochemical, molecular and physiological experiments of AtDGK7 and their corresponding enzyme are analyzed. Information from Genevestigator says that AtDGK7 gene is expressed in seedlings and adult Arabidopsis plants, especially in flowers. The AtDGK7 gene encodes the smallest functional DGK predicted in higher plants; but also, has an alternative coding sequence containing an extended AtDGK7 open reading frame, confirmed by PCR and submitted to the GenBank database (under the accession number DQ350135). The new cDNA has an extension of 439 nucleotides coding for 118 additional amino acids The former AtDGK7 enzyme has a predicted molecular mass of ~41 kDa and its activity is affected by pH and detergents. The DGK inhibitor R59022 also affects AtDGK7 activity, although at higher concentrations (i.e. IC50 ~380 µM). The AtDGK7 enzyme also shows a Michaelis-Menten type saturation curve for 1,2-DOG. Calculated Km and Vmax were 36 µM 1,2-DOG and 0.18 pmol PA min-1 mg of protein-1, respectively, under the assay conditions. Former protein AtDGK7 are able to phosphorylate different DAG analogs that are typically found in plants. The new deduced AtDGK7 protein harbors the catalytic DGKc and accessory domains DGKa, instead the truncated one as the former AtDGK7 protein (Gomez-Merino et al., 2005). N2 - Wachstum und Entwicklung sind die Kennzeichen lebender Systeme. Diese Prozesse unterliegen einer strengen Regulation im Organismus. Diacylglycerol (DAG) und Phosphatidsäure (PA) sind wesentliche Elemente in der Signalübertragung in Organismen. In Säugetieren kann DAG auf drei verschiedenen Wegen metabolisiert werden, die Entstehung von PA durch Phosphorylierung der freien Hydroxyl-Gruppe von DAG ist jedoch der am häufigsten vorkommende Stoffwechselweg. Die enzymatische Umsetzung dieser Reaktion wird von der Familie der Diacylglycerol-Kinasen (DGKs) katalysiert. Molekulare und biochemische Untersuchungen konnten die Anwesenheit von DGKs in Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana und jüngst auch in Dictyostelium discoideum zeigen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Klonierung und Charakterisierung von AtDGK7 aus Arabidopsis thaliana präsentiert, einem Vertreter des pflanzlichen DGK-Clusters II. Das Transkript von AtDGK7 findet sich in der gesamten Pflanze, jedoch sind die Transkriptmengen in Blüten und jungem Gewebe stark erhöht. Rekombinant hergestelltes AtDGK7 ist katalytisch aktiv und akzeptiert DAG-ähnliche Moleküle mit mindestens einer ungesättigten Fettsäure als bevorzugtes Substrat. AtDGK2, ein weiteres Mitglied der DGK-Familie, und AtDGK7 metabolisieren Substrate, welche in Pflanzen physiologisch relevant sind. Das als DGK-Inhibitor beschriebene Molekül 6-{2-{4-[(4-fluorophenyl)phenylmethylene]-1-piperidinyl}ethyl}-7-methyl-5H-thiazolo(3,2-a)pyrimidine-5-one (R59022) inhibiert bei Konzentrationen von 50-100 µM rekombinant hergestelltes AtDGK2 in vitro. In ähnlichen Konzentrationen eingesetzt modifiziert R59022 das Wurzelwachstum. Dies weist darauf hin, dass DGKs in Entwicklungsprozessen eine Rolle spielen. In in vitro Experimenten wurde AtDGK7 von R59022 allerdings erst in Konzentrationen über 100 µM inhibiert. Ferner wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit die erfolgreiche Klonierung einer cDNA beschrieben, die für AtDGK7 aus A. thaliana kodiert und welche im Vergleich zu der bereits bekannten cDNA um 439 bp länger ist. Expressionsanalysen mit Hilfe eines Promotor-ß-glucuronidase (GUS) Fusions-Produktes zeigten die Aktivität von AtDGK7 in vielen Geweben, vor allem aber in Schließzellen, im Konnektiv-Gewebe der Antheren, sowie besonders in den Spitzen der Seitenwurzeln. Physiologische Untersuchungen unter abiotischem Stress (Verwendung verschiedener Konzentrationen von Stickstoff, Saccharose, Auxin und Inhibitoren von Auxin-Transportern) wurden mit AtDGK7 T-DNA-Insertionslinien sowie mit den Promotor-GUS-Linien durchgeführt. AtDGK7 T-DNA-Insertionslinien zeigten eine starke Inhibierung des Seitenwurzel-Wachstums unter limitierenden Stickstoff- und/oder Saccharose-Konzentrationen. In einigen der T-DNA-Insertionslinien inhibierte die Zugabe eines Inhibitors für Auxin-Transport (TIBA; 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid) die Bildung von Haupt- und Seitenwurzeln fast vollständig. Die Inhibition des Wurzelwachstums in den T-DNA-Insertionslinien konnte teilweise durch die Zugabe von 50nM NAA (α-naphtalene acetic acid) revertiert werden. Aus den vorliegenden Ergebnissen wird die Hypothese abgeleitet, dass AtDGK7 im Zusammenspiel mit Auxin in Signaltransduktionsprozessen eine Rolle spielt, welche das Wachstum und die Entwicklung in Pflanzen regulieren. KW - AtDGK gene KW - Diacylglycerol KW - Phosphatidsäure KW - Diacylglycerol-Kinasen KW - Signaltransduktionsprozesse KW - AtDGK genes KW - auxin KW - diacylglycerol KW - phosphatidic acid KW - signaling Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13729 ER - TY - THES A1 - Vakeel, Padmanabhan T1 - Biochemical and cellular characterization of filamin binding proteins in cross striated muscle Y1 - 2006 CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wronski, Torsten A1 - Apio, Ann A1 - Wanker, R A1 - Plath, Martin T1 - Behavioural repertoire of the bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus): agonistic interactions, mating behaviour and parent-offspring relations N2 - A free-ranging bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) population was observed over a period of 3 years, thereby enabling a detailed description of the behavioural repertoire of this widespread but barely investigated solitary African antelope species. Agonistic and submissive behaviour patterns are described, among them several hitherto un- described behaviour patterns - such as "escorting", where territorial males guide intruders to the periphery of their territory - and "push-up position", an extreme form of submissive behaviour. Furthermore, we report on behaviour patterns of males and females during mating as well as on behaviour patterns of parents directed towards their offspring. Again, we describe a hitherto unknown behaviour: the protection of calves by adult males, which may be a socio-positive behaviour directed towards their offspring led by kin selection Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.springerlink.com/content/h4v41315l1717v87/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10164-005-0186-y ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rossmanith, Eva A1 - Grimm, Volker A1 - Blaum, Niels A1 - Jeltsch, Florian T1 - Behavioural flexibility in the mating system buffers population extinction: lessons from the Lesser Spotted Woodpecker (Picoides minor) N2 - In most stochastic models addressing the persistence of small populations, environmental noise is included by imposing a synchronized effect of the environment on all individuals. However, buffer mechanisms are likely to exist that may counteract this synchronization to some degree. We have studied whether the flexibility in the mating system, which has been observed in some bird species, is a potential mechanism counteracting the synchronization of environmental fluctuations. Our study organism is the lesser spotted woodpecker Picoides minor (Linnaeus), a generally monogamous species. However, facultative polyandry, where one female mates with two males with separate nests, was observed in years with male-biased sex ratio. We constructed an individual-based model from data and observations of a population in Taunus, Germany. We tested the impact of three behavioural scenarios on population persistence: (1) strict monogamy; (2) polyandry without costs; and (3) polyandry assuming costs in terms of lower survival and reproductive success for secondary males. We assumed that polyandry occurs only in years with male-biased sex ratio and only for females with favourable breeding conditions. Even low rates of polyandry had a strong positive effect on population persistence. The increase of persistence with carrying capacity was slower in the monogamous scenario, indicating strong environmental noise. In the polyandrous scenarios, the increase of persistence was stronger, indicating a buffer mechanism. In the polyandrous scenarios, populations had a higher mean population size, a lower variation in number of individuals, and recovered faster after a population breakdown. Presuming a realistic polyandry rate and costs for polyandry, there was still a strong effect of polyandry on persistence. The results show that polyandry and in general flexibility in mating systems is a buffer mechanism that can significantly reduce the impact of environmental and demographic noise in small populations. Consequently, we suggest that even behaviour that seems to be exceptional should be considered explicitly when predicting the persistence of populations Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01074.x ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Feng, Xiao-Li A1 - Ni, Wei-Min A1 - Elge, Stephan A1 - Müller-Röber, Bernd A1 - Xu, Zhi-Hong A1 - Xue, Hong-Wei T1 - Auxin flow in anther filaments is critical for pollen grain development through regulating pollen mitosis N2 - It was well known that auxin is critical for anther/pollen grain development, however, the clear distribution and detailed effects of auxin during floral development are still unclear. We have shown here that, through analyzing GUS activities of Arabidopsis lines harboring auxin response elements DR5-GUS, auxin was mainly accumulated in the anther during flower stages 10-12. Further studies employing the indoleacetic acid-lysine synthetase (iaaL) coding gene from Pseudomonas syringae subsp. savastanoi under control of the promoter region of Arabidopsis phosphatidylinositol monophosphate 5-kinase 1 gene, which conducts the anther filament-specific expression, showed that block of auxin flow of filaments resulted in shortened filaments and significantly defective pollen grains. Similar phenotype was observed in tobacco plants transformed with the same construct, confirming the effects of auxin flow in filaments on anther development. Detailed studies further revealed that the meiosis process of pollen grain was normal while the mitosis at later stage was significantly defected, indicating the effects of auxin flow in filaments on pollen grain mitosis process. Analysis employing [C-14]IAA, as well as the observation on the expression of AtPIN1, coding for auxin efflux carrier, demonstrated the presence of polar auxin transport in anther filaments and pollen grains Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.springerlink.com/content/100330 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-006-0005-z SN - 0167-4412 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mikhailyuk, Igor K. A1 - Knox, Peter P. A1 - Paschenko, Vladimir Z. A1 - Razjivin, Andrej P. A1 - Lokstein, Heiko T1 - Analysis of absorption spectra of purple bacterial reaction centers in the near infrared region by higher order derivative spectroscopy N2 - Reaction centers (RCs) of purple bacteria are uniquely suited objects to study the mechanisms of the photosynthetic conversion of light energy into chemical energy. A recently introduced method of higher order derivative spectroscopy [I.K. Mikhailyuk, H. Lokstein, A.P. Razjivin, A method of spectral subband decomposition by simultaneous fitting the initial spectrum and a set of its derivatives, J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods 63 (2005) 10-23] was used to analyze the NIR absorption spectra of RC preparations from Rhodobacter (R.) sphaeroides strain 2R and Blastochloris (B.) viridis strain KH, containing bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) a and b, respectively. Q(y) bands of individual RC porphyrin components (BChls and bacteriopheophytins, BPheo) were identified. The results indicate that the upper exciton level Py+ of the photo-active BChl dimer in RCs of R. sphaeroides has an absorption maximum of 810nm. The blue shift of a complex integral band at approximately 800nm upon oxidation of the RC is caused primarily by bleaching of Py+, rather than by an electrochromic shift of the absorption band(s) of the monomeric BChls. Likewise, the disappearance of a band peaking at 842 nm upon oxidation of RCs from B. viridis indicates that this band has to be assigned to Py+, A blue shift of an absorption band at approximately 830nm upon oxidation of RCs of B. viridis is also essentially caused by the disappearance of Py+, rather than by an electrochromic shift of the absorption bands of monomeric BChls. Absorption maxima of the monomeric BCHls, B-B and B-A are at 802 and 797nm, respectively, in RCs of R. sphaeroides at room temperature. BPheo co-factors H-B and HA peak at 748 and 758 nm, respectively, at room temperature. For B. viridis RCs the spectral positions of HB and HA were found to be 796 and 816nm, respectively, at room temperature. Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03014622 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpc.2006.02.002 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Scheiner, Ricarda A1 - Baumann, Arnd A1 - Blenau, Wolfgang T1 - Aminergic control and modulation of honeybee behaviour N2 - Biogenic amines are important messenger substances in the central nervous system and in peripheral organs of vertebrates and of invertebrates. The honeybee, Apis mellifera, is excellently suited to uncover the functions of biogenic amines in behaviour, because it has an extensive behavioural repertoire, with a number of biogenic amine receptors characterised in this insect. In the honeybee, the biogenic amines dopamine, octopamine, serotonin and tyramine modulate neuronal functions in various ways. Dopamine and serotonin are present in high concentrations in the bee brain, whereas octopamine and tyramine are less abundant. Octopamine is a key molecule for the control of honeybee behaviour. It generally has an arousing effect and leads to higher sensitivity for sensory inputs, better learning performance and increased foraging behaviour. Tyramine has been suggested to act antagonistically to octopamine, but only few experimental data are available for this amine. Dopamine and serotonin often have antagonistic or inhibitory effects as compared to octopamine. Biogenic amines bind to membrane receptors that primarily belong to the large gene-family of GTP-binding (G) protein coupled receptors. Receptor activation leads to transient changes in concentrations of intracellular second messengers such as cAMP, IP3 and/or Ca2+. Although several biogenic amine receptors from the honeybee have been cloned and characterised more recently, many genes still remain to be identified. The availability of the completely sequenced genome of Apis mellifera will contribute substantially to closing this gap. In this review, we will discuss the present knowledge on how biogenic amines and their receptor-mediated cellular responses modulate different behaviours of honeybees including learning processes and division of labour. KW - Serotonin KW - dopamine KW - octopamine KW - tyramine KW - honeybee Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-46106 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schlenstedt, Jana A1 - Balfanz, Sabine A1 - Baumann, Arnd A1 - Blenau, Wolfgang T1 - Am5-HT7 : molecular and pharmacological characterization of the first serotonin receptor of the honeybee (Apis mellifera) N2 - The biogenic amine serotonin (5-HT) plays a key role in the regulation and modulation of many physiological and behavioural processes in both vertebrates and invertebrates. These functions are mediated through the binding of serotonin to its receptors, of which 13 subtypes have been characterized in vertebrates. We have isolated a cDNA from the honeybee Apis mellifera (Am5-ht7) sharing high similarity to members of the 5-HT7 receptor family. Expression of the Am5-HT7 receptor in HEK293 cells results in an increase in basal cAMP levels, suggesting that Am5-HT7 is expressed as a constitutively active receptor. Serotonin application to Am5-ht7-transfected cells elevates cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) levels in a dose-dependent manner (EC50 = 1.1-1.8 nM). The Am5-HT7 receptor is also activated by 5-carboxamidotryptamine, whereas methiothepin acts as an inverse agonist. Receptor expression has been investigated by RT-PCR, in situ hybridization, and western blotting experiments. Receptor mRNA is expressed in the perikarya of various brain neuropils, including intrinsic mushroom body neurons, and in peripheral organs. This study marks the first comprehensive characterization of a serotonin receptor in the honeybee and should facilitate further analysis of the role(s) of the receptor in mediating the various central and peripheral effects of 5-HT. KW - Behaviour KW - biogenic amine KW - cellular signalling KW - constitutive activity KW - cyclic AMP Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-44423 ER - TY - THES A1 - Feulner, Philine T1 - Adaptive radiation, speciation, and reproductive isolation in African weakly electric fish : (Genus Campylomormyrus, Mormyridae, Teleostei) T1 - Adaptive Radiation, Artbildung und reproduktive Isolation bei schwach elektrischen Fischen Afrikas : (Genus Campylomormyrus, Mormyridae, Teleostei) N2 - The ultimate aim of this study is to better understand the relevance of weak electricity in the adaptive radiation of the African mormyrid fish. The chosen model taxon, the genus Campylomormyrus, exhibits a wide diversity of electric organ discharge (EOD) waveform types. Their EOD is age, sex, and species specific and is an important character for discriminating among species that are otherwise cryptic. After having established a complementary set of molecular markers, I examined the radiation of Campylomormyrus by a combined approach of molecular data (sequence data from the mitochondrial cytochrome b and the nuclear S7 ribosomal protein gene, as well as 18 microsatellite loci, especially developed for the genus Campylomormyrus), observation of ontogeny and diversification of EOD waveform, and morphometric analysis of relevant morphological traits. I built up the first convincing phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus Campylomormyrus. Taking advantage of microsatellite data, the identified phylogenetic clades proved to be reproductively isolated biological species. This way I detected at least six species occurring in sympatry near Brazzaville/Kinshasa (Congo Basin). By combining molecular data and EOD analyses, I could show that there are three cryptic species, characterised by their own adult EOD types, hidden under a common juvenile EOD form. In addition, I confirmed that adult male EOD is species-specific and is more different among closely related species than among more distantly related ones. This result and the observation that the EOD changes with maturity suggest its function as a reproductive isolation mechanism. As a result of my morphometric shape analysis, I could assign species types to the identified reproductively isolated groups to produce a sound taxonomy of the group. Besides this, I could also identify morphological traits relevant for the divergences between the identified species. Among them, the variations I found in the shape of the trunk-like snout, suggest the presence of different trophic specializations; therefore, this trait might have been involved in the ecological radiation of the group. In conclusion, I provided a convincing scenario envisioning an adaptive radiation of weakly electric fish triggered by sexual selection via assortative mating due to differences in EOD characteristics, but caused by a divergent selection of morphological traits correlated with the feeding ecology. N2 - Das übergreifende Ziel dieser Arbeit ist das bessere Verständnis der Bedeutung der schwachen Elektrizität für die adaptive Radiation der Mormyriden Afrikas. Das gewählte Modell-Taxon, die Mormyriden-Gattung Campylomormyrus, zeigt eine große Vielfalt an elektrischen Entladungsformen. Diese Entladungsformen sind alters-, geschlechts-, sowie artspezifisch und ein wichtiges Unterscheidungskriterium von ansonsten kryptischen Arten. Ich untersuchte die Radiation der Gattung Campylomormyrus anhand eines kombinierten Ansatzes aus molekularen Daten (Sequenzdaten des mitochondrialen Cytochrom b Gens und des nukleären S7 ribosomalen Protein-Gens, sowie 18 Mikrosatelliten, speziell von mir entwickelt für die Gattung Campylomormyrus), Beobachtungen der Ontogenie und der Diversifikation der Entladungsform, sowie morphometrische Auswertungen der Gestalt relevanter morphologischer Merkmale. Ich erstellte eine erste phylogenetische Hypothese für die Gattung Campylomormyrus. Durch meine Mikrosatellitendaten, die als unabhängiger Beweis dienten, konnte ich zeigen, dass die identifizierten phylogenetischen Gruppen reproduktiv isolierte biologische Arten sind. Auf diese Weise konnte ich mindesten sechs Arten nachweisen, die in Sympatrie nahe Brazzaville/Kinshasa (Kongo-Becken) vorkommen. Durch die Übereinstimmung von molekularen Daten und Entladungsformen konnte ich drei kryptische Arten unterscheiden, die sich hinter einheitlichen juvenilen Entladungsformen verbergen, sich aber zu verschiedenen adulten Formen entwickelten. Des Weiteren konnte ich zeigen, dass die adulten männlichen Entladungsformen artspezifisch sind und, dass der Unterschied in der Entladungsform zwischen nah verwandten Arten deutlicher ausgeprägt ist als zwischen entfernter verwandten Arten. Dieses Ergebnis und die Beobachtung, dass sich die Entladungsform bei der Geschlechtsreife ändert, weisen darauf hin, dass die Entladungsform als reproduktiver Isolationsmechanismus dient. In einer morphometrischen Gestalt-Analyse verglich ich das Typen-Material der beschriebenen Arten mit den zuvor ermittelten reproduktiv isolierten Gruppen, um auf diese Weise deren Art zu bestimmen. Überdies konnte ich maßgebliche morphologische Unterscheidungsmerkmale identifizieren. Diese äußern sich hauptsächlich in der Gestalt der rüsselartigen Schnauze, könnten daher mit einer trophischen Spezialisierung einhergehen und eine ökologische Artbildung ermöglichen. Zusammenfassend entwickelte ich, in Übereinstimmung mit anderen Untersuchungen und theoretischen Überlegungen, eine plausible Hypothese einer adaptiven Radiation der schwach-elektrischen Fische Afrikas, ausgelöst durch sexuelle Selektion. Diese wirkt durch assortative Verpaarung, basierend auf Charakteristika der elektrischen Entladungsform. Verursacht wird der Prozess der adaptiven Radiation jedoch durch divergierende Selektion morphologischer Merkmale, die in Bezug zur Nahrungsökologie stehen. KW - Phylogenie KW - Ontogenie KW - Morphologie KW - Elektrische Fische KW - Nilhechte KW - Elektrische Entladung KW - Campylomormyrus KW - Mikrosatelliten KW - Campylomormyrus KW - Microsatellite Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-9560 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wronski, Torsten A1 - Apio, Ann A1 - Plath, Martin T1 - Activity patterns of bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) in Queen Elizabeth National Park JF - Behavioural processes N2 - Activity patterns and time budgets of bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) were studied in a free-ranging population in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda from August 2000 to January 2002. We investigated differences in activity patterns in relation to daytime, season, sun radiation, moonlight, age and sex. Bushbuck were found to show peak activities around sunrise and at dawn. No difference in the mean activity rates was found between the dry and wet season. Daytime activity was not predicted by differences in sun radiation, nor was nighttime activity predicted by the presence or absence of moonlight. We found the activity of adult territorial males to be strongly positively correlated with that of females, whereas the activity of young-adult non-territorial males was not significantly correlated with the activity of females. This suggests that young-adult males shift their peak activity to phases when adult territorial males are less active. KW - activity patterns KW - bushbuck KW - tragelaphini KW - ungulate behaviour KW - Uganda Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2006.08.003 SN - 0376-6357 VL - 73 IS - 3 SP - 333 EP - 341 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hlinak, Andreas A1 - Mühle, Ralf-Udo A1 - Werner, Ortrud A1 - Globig, Anja A1 - Starick, Elke A1 - Schirrmeier, Horst A1 - Hoffmann, Bernd A1 - Engelhardt, Andreas A1 - Hübner, Dagmar A1 - Conraths, Franz J. A1 - Wallschläger, Hans-Dieter A1 - Kruckenberg, Helmut A1 - Müller, Thomas T1 - A virological survey in migrating waders and other waterfowl in one of the most important resting sites of Germany N2 - Wild birds are considered a potential reservoir or a carrier of viral diseases and may therefore play a role in the epidemiology of economically important or zoonotic diseases. In 2001 and 2002, a survey with special emphasis oil virus isolation in migrating waders and some other birds were conducted. In one of the most important inland resting sites for migratory waterfowl, tracheal and cloacal swabs were collected from 465 waders representing 19 different species, and 165 other birds that were not captured on purpose. A total of 42 avian viruses were isolated, 34 of these were identified as paramyxoviruses (PMVs). The majority of isolates came from waders and wild ducks, and were characterized as PMV-1. In contrast, PMV-4 was found in wild ducks only, PMV-6 was mainly detected in wader species. Four avian influenza viruses (ATVs), belonging to H4 and H3 haemagglutinin subtype, were isolated from wild duck species. Furthermore, four reo-like viruses were isolated from one particular wader species for the first time. The majority of virus positive birds were < 1 year old and did not show any clinical symptoms. There was no evidence for the presence of West Nile virus in these birds. These results confirm that the restricted resting sites in Western Europe must be considered as important locations for the intra- and interspecies transmission of avian viruses Y1 - 2006 SN - 0931-1793 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fettke, Jörg A1 - Chia, Tansy A1 - Eckermann, Nora A1 - Smith, Alison M. A1 - Steup, Martin T1 - A transglucosidase necessary for starch degradation and maltose metabolism in leaves at night acts on cytosolic heteroglycans (SHG) N2 - The recently characterized cytosolic transglucosidase DPE2 (EC 2.4.1.25) is essential for the cytosolic metabolism of maltose, an intermediate on the pathway by which starch is converted to sucrose at night. In in vitro assays, the enzyme utilizes glycogen as a glucosyl acceptor but the in vivo acceptor molecules remained unknown. In this communication we present evidence that DPE2 acts on the recently identified cytosolic water-soluble heteroglycans (SHG) as does the cytosolic phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1) isoform. By using in vitro two-step C-14 labeling assays we demonstrate that the two transferases can utilize the same acceptor sites of the SHG. Cytosolic heteroglycans from a DPE2-deficient Arabidopsis mutant were characterized. Compared with the wild type the glucose content of the heteroglycans was increased. Most of the additional glucosyl residues were found in the outer chains of SHG that are released by an endo- alpha-arabinanase (EC 3.2.1.99). Additional starch-related mutants were characterized for further analysis of the increased glucosyl content. Based on these data, the cytosolic metabolism of starch-derived carbohydrates is discussed Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/issn?DESCRIPTOR=PRINTISSN&VALUE=0960-7412 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2006.02732.x SN - 0960-7412 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grimm, Volker A1 - Berger, Uta A1 - Bastiansen, Finn A1 - Eliassen, Sigrunn A1 - Ginot, Vincent A1 - Giske, Jarl A1 - Goss-Custard, John A1 - Grand, Tamara A1 - Heinz, Simone K. A1 - Huse, Geir A1 - Huth, Andreas A1 - Jepsen, Jane U. A1 - Jorgensen, Christian A1 - Mooij, Wolf M. A1 - Mueller, Birgit A1 - Piou, Cyril A1 - Railsback, Steven Floyd A1 - Robbins, Andrew M. A1 - Robbins, Martha M. A1 - Rossmanith, Eva A1 - Rueger, Nadja A1 - Strand, Espen A1 - Souissi, Sami A1 - Stillman, Richard A. A1 - Vabo, Rune A1 - Visser, Ute A1 - DeAngelis, Donald L. T1 - A standard protocol for describing individual-based and agent-based models JF - Ecological modelling : international journal on ecological modelling and engineering and systems ecolog N2 - Simulation models that describe autonomous individual organisms (individual based models, IBM) or agents (agent-based models, ABM) have become a widely used tool, not only in ecology, but also in many other disciplines dealing with complex systems made up of autonomous entities. However, there is no standard protocol for describing such simulation models, which can make them difficult to understand and to duplicate. This paper presents a proposed standard protocol, ODD, for describing IBMs and ABMs, developed and tested by 28 modellers who cover a wide range of fields within ecology. This protocol consists of three blocks (Overview, Design concepts, and Details), which are subdivided into seven elements: Purpose, State variables and scales, Process overview and scheduling, Design concepts, Initialization, Input, and Submodels. We explain which aspects of a model should be described in each element, and we present an example to illustrate the protocol in use. In addition, 19 examples are available in an Online Appendix. We consider ODD as a first step for establishing a more detailed common format of the description of IBMs and ABMs. Once initiated, the protocol will hopefully evolve as it becomes used by a sufficiently large proportion of modellers. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - individual-based model KW - agent-based model KW - model description KW - scientific communication KW - standardization Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.04.023 SN - 0304-3800 VL - 198 SP - 115 EP - 126 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - GEN A1 - Blenau, Wolfgang A1 - Hauser, Frank A1 - Cazzamali, Giuseppe A1 - Williamson, Michael A1 - Grimmelikhuijzen, Cornelis J. P. T1 - A review of neurohormone GPCRs present in the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster and the honey bee Apis mellifera N2 - G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes are large gene families in every animal, sometimes making up to 1-2% of the animal's genome. Of all insect GPCRs, the neurohormone (neuropeptide, protein hormone, biogenic amine) GPCRs are especially important, because they, together with their ligands, occupy a high hierarchic position in the physiology of insects and steer crucial processes such as development, reproduction, and behavior. In this paper, we give a review of our current knowledge on Drosophila melanogaster GPCRs and use this information to annotate the neurohormone GPCR genes present in the recently sequenced genome from the honey bee Apis mellifera. We found 35 neuropeptide receptor genes in the honey bee (44 in Drosophila) and two genes, coding for leucine-rich repeats-containing protein hormone GPCRs (4 in Drosophila). In addition, the honey bee has 19 biogenic amine receptor genes (21 in Drosophila). The larger numbers of neurohormone receptors in Drosophila are probably due to gene duplications that occurred during recent evolution of the fly. Our analyses also yielded the likely ligands for 40 of the 56 honey bee neurohormone GPCRs identified in this study. In addition, we made some interesting observations on neurohormone GPCR evolution and the evolution and co-evolution of their ligands. For neuropeptide and protein hormone GPCRs, there appears to be a general co-evolution between receptors and their ligands. This is in contrast to biogenic amine GPCRs, where evolutionarily unrelated GPCRs often bind to the same biogenic amine, suggesting frequent ligand exchanges ("ligand hops") during GPCR evolution. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - GPCR KW - neuropeptide KW - neurohormone KW - hormone KW - biogenic amine Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-44326 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hauser, Frank A1 - Cazzamali, Giuseppe A1 - Williamson, Michael A1 - Blenau, Wolfgang A1 - Grimmelikhuijzen, CJ. T1 - A review of neurohormone GPCRs present in the fruitfly "Drosophila melanogaster" and the honey bee "Apis mellifera" N2 - G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes are large gene families in every animal, sometimes making up to 1-2% of the animal's genome. Of all insect GPCRs, the neurohormone (neuropeptide, protein hormone, biogenic amine) GPCRs are especially important, because they, together with their ligands, occupy a high hierarchic position in the physiology of insects and steer crucial processes such as development, reproduction, and behavior. In this paper, we give a review of our current knowledge on Drosophila melanogaster GPCRs and use this information to annotate the neurohormone GPCR genes present in the recently sequenced genome from the honey bee Apis mellifera. We found 35 neuropeptide receptor genes in the honey bee (44 in Drosophila) and two genes, coding for leucine-rich repeats-containing protein hormone GPCRs (4 in Drosophila). In addition, the honey bee has 19 biogenic amine receptor genes (21 in Drosophila). The larger numbers of neurohormone receptors in Drosophila are probably due to gene duplications that occurred during recent evolution of the fly. Our analyses also yielded the likely ligands for 40 of the 56 honey bee neurohormone GPCRs identified in this study. In addition, we made some interesting observations on neurohormone GPCR evolution and the evolution and co-evolution of their ligands. For neuropeptide and protein hormone GPCRs, there appears to be a general co-evolution between receptors and their ligands. This is in contrast to biogenic amine GPCRs, where evolutionarily unrelated GPCRs often bind to the same biogenic amine, suggesting frequent ligand exchanges ("ligand hops") during GPCR evolution. Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03010082 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2006.07.005 SN - 0301-0082 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Teller, C. A1 - Halamek, Jan A1 - Makower, Alexander A1 - Fournier, Didier A1 - Schulze, H. A1 - Scheller, Frieder W. T1 - A piezoelectric sensor with propidium as a recognition element for cholinesterases N2 - A piezoelectric biosensor has been developed on the basis of the reversible acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor propidium. The propidium cation was bound to a 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid monolayer on gold-coated quartz crystals. The immobilization was done via activation of carboxyl groups by 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC). Different types of cholinesterases (acetyl- and butyryl-ChE) from different origins were tested for their binding ability towards the immobilized propidium. Binding Studies were performed in a flow system, Furthermore, catalytically active and organophosphate-inhibited enzyme were compared re-aiding their binding capability. The binding constants were derived by using an one to one binding model and a refined model also including rebinding effects. It was shown that organophosphorylation of the active site hardly influences the affinity of AChE towards propidium. Furthermore the propidium-based biosensor provides equal sensitivity as compared with piezolelectric sensors with immobilized paraoxon- an active site ligand of AChE. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2005.02.053 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hahnewald, Rita A1 - Leimkühler, Silke A1 - Vilaseca, Antonia A1 - Acquaviva-Bourdain, Cecile A1 - Lenz, Ulrike A1 - Reiss, Jochen T1 - A novel MOCS2 mutation reveals coordinated expression of the small and large subunit of molybdopterin synthase JF - Molecular genetics and metabolism N2 - The small and large subunits of molybdopterin (MPT) synthase (MOCS2A and MOCS2B), are both encoded by the MOCS2 gene in overlapping and shifted open reading frames (ORFs), which is a highly unusual structure for eukaryotes. Theoretical analysis of genomic sequences suggested that the expression of these overlapping ORFs is facilitated by the use of alternate first exons leading to alternative transcripts. Here, we confirm the existence of these overlapping transcripts experimentally. Further, we identified a deletion in a molybdenum cofactor deficient patient, which removes the start codon for the small subunit (MOCS2A). We observed undisturbed production of both transcripts, while Western blot analysis demonstrated that MOCS2B, the large subunit, is unstable in the absence of MOCS2A. This reveals new insights into the expression of this evolutionary ancient anabolic system. KW - molybdenum cofactor deficiency KW - MOCS2 KW - overlapping reading frames Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymgme.2006.04.008 SN - 1096-7192 VL - 89 IS - 3 SP - 210 EP - 213 PB - Elsevier CY - San Diego ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Leimu, Roosa A1 - Koricheva, Julia T1 - A meta-analysis of genetic correlations between plant resistances to multiple enemies N2 - Genetic correlations between plant resistances to multiple natural enemies are important because they have the potential to determine the mode of selection that natural enemies impose on a host plant, the structure of herbivore and pathogen communities, and the success of plant breeding for resistance to multiple diseases and pests. We conducted a meta-analysis of 29 published studies of 16 different plant species reporting a total of 467 genetic correlations between resistances to multiple herbivores or pathogens. In general, genetic associations between resistances to multiple natural enemies tended to be positive regardless of the breeding design, type of attacker, and type of host plant. Positive genetic correlations between resistances were stronger when both attackers were pathogens or generalist herbivores and when resistance to different enemies was tested independently, suggesting that generalists may be affected by the same plant resistance traits and that interactions among natural enemies are common. Although the mean associations between resistances were positive, indicating the prevalence of diffuse selection and generalized defenses against multiple enemies, the large variation in both the strength and the direction of the associations suggests a continuum between pairwise and diffuse selection Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublication?journalCode=amernatu U6 - https://doi.org/10.1086/505766 SN - 0003-0147 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lettau, Kristian A1 - Warsinke, Axel A1 - Katterle, Martin A1 - Danielsson, Bengt A1 - Scheller, Frieder W. T1 - A bifunctional molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP): analysis of binding and catalysis by a thermistor N2 - Binding or catalysis? Both can be distinguished with a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) by the different patterns of heat generation. The catalytically active sites, like in the corresponding enzyme, generate a steady-state temperature increase. Thus, enzyme-like catalysis and antibody-analogue binding are analyzed simultaneously in a bifunctional MIP for the first time (see scheme). Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jhome/26737/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200601796 ER -