TY  - JOUR
A1  - Graeber, Daniel
A1  - Kritikos, Alexander
A1  - Seebauer, Johannes
T1  - COVID-19
BT  - a crisis of the female self-employed
JF  - Journal of population economics
N2  - We investigate how the economic consequences of the pandemic and the government-mandated measures to contain its spread affect the self-employed — particularly women — in Germany. For our analysis, we use representative, real-time survey data in which respondents were asked about their situation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings indicate that among the self-employed, who generally face a higher likelihood of income losses due to COVID-19 than employees, women are about one-third more likely to experience income losses than their male counterparts. We do not find a comparable gender gap among employees. Our results further suggest that the gender gap among the self-employed is largely explained by the fact that women disproportionately work in industries that are more severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Our analysis of potential mechanisms reveals that women are significantly more likely to be impacted by government-imposed restrictions, e.g., the regulation of opening hours. We conclude that future policy measures intending to mitigate the consequences of such shocks should account for this considerable variation in economic hardship.
KW  - self-employed
KW  - COVID-19
KW  - income
KW  - gender
KW  - representative real-time survey data
KW  - decomposition methods
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-021-00849-y
SN  - 0933-1433
SN  - 1432-1475
VL  - 34
IS  - 4
SP  - 1141
EP  - 1187
PB  - Springer
CY  - Berlin
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Caliendo, Marco
A1  - Graeber, Daniel
A1  - Kritikos, Alexander
A1  - Seebauer, Johannes
T1  - Pandemic depression
BT  - COVID-19 and the mental health of the self-employed
JF  - Entrepreneurship theory and practice
N2  - We investigate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on self-employed people’s mental health. Using representative longitudinal survey data from Germany, we reveal differential effects by gender: whereas self-employed women experienced a substantial deterioration in their mental health, self-employed men displayed no significant changes up to early 2021. Financial losses are important in explaining these differences. In addition, we find larger mental health responses among self-employed women who were directly affected by government-imposed restrictions and bore an increased childcare burden due to school and daycare closures. We also find that self-employed individuals who are more resilient coped better with the crisis.
KW  - self-employment
KW  - COVID-19
KW  - mental health
KW  - gender
KW  - representative longitudinal survey data
KW  - PHQ-4 score
KW  - resilience
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1177/10422587221102106
SN  - 1042-2587
VL  - 47
IS  - 3
SP  - 788
EP  - 830
PB  - SAGE Publishing
CY  - Thousand Oaks
ER  - 
TY  - RPRT
A1  - Caliendo, Marco
A1  - Graeber, Daniel
A1  - Kritikos, Alexander
A1  - Seebauer, Johannes
T1  - Pandemic Depression: COVID-19 and the Mental Health of the Self-Employed
T2  - CEPA Discussion Papers
N2  - We investigate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on self-employed people’s mental health. Using representative longitudinal survey data from Germany, we reveal differential effects by gender: whereas self-employed women experienced a substantial deterioration in their mental health, self-employed men displayed no significant changes up to early 2021. Financial losses are important in explaining these differences. In addition, we find larger mental health responses among self-employed women who were directly affected by government-imposed restrictions and bore an increased childcare burden due to school and daycare closures. We also find that self-employed individuals who are more resilient coped better with the crisis.
T3  - CEPA Discussion Papers - 46 
KW  - self-employment
KW  - COVID-19
KW  - mental health
KW  - gender
KW  - representative longitudinal survey data
KW  - PHQ-4 score
KW  - resilience
Y1  - 2022
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-548999
SN  - 2628-653X
IS  - 46
ER  - 
TY  - RPRT
A1  - Graeber, Daniel
A1  - Kritikos, Alexander
A1  - Seebauer, Johannes
T1  - COVID-19: a crisis of the female self-employed
T2  - CEPA Discussion Papers
N2  - We investigate how the economic consequences of the pandemic, and of the government-mandated measures to contain its spread, affect the self-employed – particularly women – in Germany. For our analysis, we use representative, real-time survey data in which respondents were asked about their situation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings indicate that among the self-employed, who generally face a higher likelihood of income losses due to COVID-19 than employees, women are 35% more likely to experience income losses than their male counterparts. Conversely, we do not find a comparable gender gap among employees. Our results further suggest that the gender gap among the self-employed is largely explained by the fact that women disproportionately work in industries that are more severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Our analysis of potential mechanisms reveals that women are significantly more likely to be impacted by government-imposed restrictions, i.e. the regulation of opening hours. We conclude that future policy measures intending to mitigate the consequences of such shocks should account for this considerable variation in economic hardship.
T3  - CEPA Discussion Papers - 27 
KW  - self-employed
KW  - COVID-19
KW  - income
KW  - gender
KW  - representative real-time survey data
KW  - decomposition methods
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-498108
SN  - 2628-653X
IS  - 27
ER  -