TY - JOUR A1 - Bechmann, Wolfgang A1 - Bald, Ilko T1 - Wechselwirkung zwischen elektromagnetischer Strahlung und Stoff – Grundlagen der Spektroskopie N2 - Unter elektromagnetischer Strahlung versteht man eine Welle aus gekoppelten elektrischen und magnetischen Feldern. Stoffe, die dieser Welle ausgesetzt sind, können von ihr Energie aufnehmen. Dabei wechseln die Stoffe zwischen ihrem, der jeweiligen Temperatur entsprechenden energetischen Grundzustand G und einem energetisch angeregten Zustand A* (Abbildung 4.1). Y1 - 2020 SN - 978-3-662-62033-5 SN - 978-3-662-62034-2 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62034-2_4 SP - 303 EP - 457 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ET - 7. Auflage ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hoffmann, Falk A1 - Machatschek, Rainhard Gabriel A1 - Lendlein, Andreas T1 - Understanding the impact of crystal lamellae organization on small molecule diffusion using a Monte Carlo approach JF - MRS advances : a journal of the Materials Research Society (MRS) N2 - Many physicochemical processes depend on the diffusion of small molecules through solid materials. While crystallinity in polymers is advantageous with respect to structure performance, diffusion in such materials is difficult to predict. Here, we investigate the impact of crystal morphology and organization on the diffusion of small molecules using a lattice Monte Carlo approach. Interestingly, diffusion determined with this model does not depend on the internal morphology of the semi-crystalline regions. The obtained insight is highly valuable for developing predictive models for all processes in semi-crystalline polymers involving mass transport, like polymer degradation or drug release, and provide design criteria for the time-dependent functional behavior of multifunctional polymer systems. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1557/adv.2020.386 SN - 2059-8521 VL - 5 IS - 52-53 SP - 2737 EP - 2749 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chen, Lu A1 - Yan, Runyu A1 - Oschatz, Martin A1 - Jiang, Lei A1 - Antonietti, Markus A1 - Xiao, Kai T1 - Ultrathin 2D graphitic carbon nitride on metal films BT - underpotential sodium deposition in adlayers for sodium-ion batteries JF - Angewandte Chemie : a journal of the Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker ; International edition N2 - Efficient and low-cost anode materials for the sodium-ion battery are highly desired to enable more economic energy storage. Effects on an ultrathin carbon nitride film deposited on a copper metal electrode are presented. The combination of effects show an unusually high capacity to store sodium metal. The g-C3N4 film is as thin as 10 nm and can be fabricated by an efficient, facile, and general chemical-vapor deposition method. A high reversible capacity of formally up to 51 Ah g(-1) indicates that the Na is not only stored in the carbon nitride as such, but that carbon nitride activates also the metal for reversible Na-deposition, while forming at the same time an solid electrolyte interface layer avoiding direct contact of the metallic phase with the liquid electrolyte. KW - 2D films KW - carbon nitride KW - chemical vapor deposition KW - sodium-ion KW - batteries KW - underpotential deposition Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202000314 SN - 1433-7851 SN - 1521-3773 VL - 59 IS - 23 SP - 9067 EP - 9073 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bastian, Philipp U. A1 - Nacak, Selma A1 - Roddatis, Vladimir A1 - Kumke, Michael Uwe T1 - Tracking the motion of lanthanide ions within core-shell-shell NaYF4 nanocrystals via resonance energy transfer JF - The journal of physical chemistry : C N2 - Lanthanide resonance energy transfer (LRET) was used to investigate the motion of dopant ions during the synthesis of core-shell-shell-nanocrystals (NCs) that are frequently used as frequency upconversion materials. Reaction conditions (temperature, solvent) as well as lattice composition and precursors were adapted from a typical hydrothermal synthesis approach used to obtain upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs). Instead of adding the lanthanide ions Yb3+/Er3+ as the sensitizer/activator couple, Eu3+/Nd3+ as the donor/acceptor were added as the LRET pair to the outer shell (Eu-3) and the core (Nd-3). By tailoring the thickness of the insulation shell ("middle shell"), the expected distance between the donor and the acceptor was increased beyond 2 R-0, a distance for which no LRET is expected. The successful synthesis of core- shell-shell NCs with different thicknesses of the insulation layer was demonstrated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy measurement. The incorporation of the Eu3+ ions into the NaYF4 lattice was investigated by high-resolution time-resolved luminescence measurements. Two major Eu3+ species (bulk and surface) were found. This was supported by steady-state as well as time-resolved luminescence data. Based on the luminescence decay kinetics, the intermixing of lanthanides during synthesis of core- shell UCNPs was evaluated. The energy transfer between Eu3+ (donor) and Nd3+ (acceptor) ions was exploited to quantify the motion of the dopant ions. This investigation reveals the migration of Ln(3+) ions between different compatiments in core-shell NCs and affects the concept of using core-shell architectures to increase the efficiency of UCNPs. In order to obtain well-separated core and shell structures with different dopants, alternative concepts are needed. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c02588 SN - 1932-7447 SN - 1932-7455 VL - 124 IS - 20 SP - 11229 EP - 11238 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington, DC ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Finke, Hannah A1 - Wandt, Viktoria Klara Veronika A1 - Ebert, Franziska A1 - Guttenberger, Nikolaus A1 - Glabonjat, Ronald A. A1 - Stiboller, Michael A1 - Francesconi, Kevin A. A1 - Raber, Georg A1 - Schwerdtle, Tanja T1 - Toxicological assessment of arsenic-containing phosphatidylcholines in HepG2 cells N2 - Arsenolipids include a wide range of organic arsenic species that occur naturally in seafood and thereby contribute to human arsenic exposure. Recently arsenic-containing phosphatidylcholines (AsPCs) were identified in caviar, fish, and algae. In this first toxicological assessment of AsPCs, we investigated the stability of both the oxo- and thioxo-form of an AsPC under experimental conditions, and analyzed cell viability, indicators of genotoxicity and biotransformation in human liver cancer cells (HepG2). Precise toxicity data could not be obtained owing to the low solubility in the cell culture medium of the thioxo-form, and the ease of hydrolysis of the oxo-form, and to a lesser degree the thioxo-form. Hydrolysis resulted amongst others in the respective constituent arsenic-containing fatty acid (AsFA). Incubation of the cells with oxo-AsPC resulted in a toxicity similar to that determined for the hydrolysis product oxo-AsFA alone, and there were no indices for genotoxicity. Furthermore, the oxo-AsPC was readily taken up by the cells resulting in high cellular arsenic concentrations (50 μM incubation: 1112 ± 146 μM As cellular), whereas the thioxo-AsPC was substantially less bioavailable (50 μM incubation: 293 ± 115 μM As cellular). Speciation analysis revealed biotransformation of the AsPCs to a series of AsFAs in the culture medium, and, in the case of the oxo-AsPC, to as yet unidentified arsenic species in cell pellets. The results reveal the difficulty of toxicity studies of AsPCs in vitro, indicate that their toxicity might be largely governed by their arsenic fatty acid content and suggest a multifaceted human metabolism of food derived complex arsenolipids. KW - Biochemistry KW - Biological Sciences KW - Science and Mathematics KW - Books KW - Journals Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/d0mt00073f VL - 12 IS - 7 SP - 1159 EP - 1170 PB - Oxford University CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Runyu A1 - Oschatz, Martin A1 - Wu, Feixiang T1 - Towards stable lithium-sulfur battery cathodes by combining physical and chemical confinement of polysulfides in core-shell structured nitrogen-doped carbons JF - Carbon N2 - Despite intensive research on porous carbon materials as hosts for sulfur in lithium-sulfur battery cathodes, it remains a problem to restrain the soluble lithium polysulfide intermediates for a long-term cycling stability without the use of metallic or metal-containing species. Here, we report the synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon materials with hierarchical pore architecture and a core-shell-type particle design including an ordered mesoporous carbon core and a polar microporous carbon shell. The initial discharge capacity with a sulfur loading up to 72 wt% reaches over 900 mA h g(sulf)(ur)(-1) at a rate of C/2. Cycling performance measured at C/2 indicates similar to 90% capacity retention over 250 cycles. In comparison to other carbon hosts, this architecture not only provides sufficient space for a high sulfur loading induced by the high-pore-volume particle core, but also enables a dual effect of physical and chemical confinement of the polysulfides to stabilize the cycle life by adsorbing the soluble intermediates in the polar microporous shell. This work elucidates a design principle for carbonaceous hosts that is capable to provide simultaneous physical-chemical confinement. This is necessary to overcome the shuttle effect towards stable lithium-sulfur battery cathodes, in the absence of additional membranes or inactive metal-based anchoring materials. KW - lithium-sulfur battery KW - sulfur KW - porous carbon KW - cathode KW - polysulfides Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.01.046 SN - 0008-6223 SN - 1873-3891 VL - 161 SP - 162 EP - 168 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Amsterdam [u.a.] ER - TY - THES A1 - Harmanli, İpek T1 - Towards catalytic activation of nitrogen in ionic liquid/nanoporous carbon interfaces for electrochemical ammonia synthesis N2 - Ammonia is a chemical of fundamental importance for nature`s vital nitrogen cycle. It is crucial for the growth of living organisms as well as food and energy source. Traditionally, industrial ammonia production is predominated by Haber- Bosch process (HBP) which is based on direct conversion of N2 and H2 gas under high temperature and high pressure (~500oC, 150-300 bar). However, it is not the favorite route because of its thermodynamic and kinetic limitations, and the need for the energy intense production of hydrogen gas by reforming processes. All these disfavors of HBP open a target to search for an alternative technique to perform efficient ammonia synthesis via electrochemical catalytic processes, in particular via water electrolysis, using water as the hydrogen source to save the process from gas reforming. In this study, the investigation of the interface effects between imidazolium-based ionic liquids and the surface of porous carbon materials with a special interest in the nitrogen absorption capability. As the further step, the possibility to establish this interface as the catalytically active area for the electrochemical N2 reduction to NH3 has been evaluated. This particular combination has been chosen because the porous carbon materials and ionic liquids (IL) have a significant importance in many scientific fields including catalysis and electrocatalysis due to their special structural and physicochemical properties. Primarily, the effects of the confinement of ionic liquid (EmimOAc, 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate) into carbon pores have been investigated. The salt-templated porous carbons, which have different porosity (microporous and mesoporous) and nitrogen species, were used as model structures for the comparison of the IL confinement at different loadings. The nitrogen uptake of EmimOAc can be increased by about 10 times by the confinement in the pores of carbon materials compared to the bulk form. In addition, the most improved nitrogen absorption was observed by IL confinement in micropores and in nitrogen-doped carbon materials as a consequence of the maximized structural changes of IL. Furthermore, the possible use of such interfaces between EmimOAc and porous carbon for the catalytic activation of dinitrogen during the kinetically challenging NRR due to the limited gas absorption in the electrolyte, was examined. An electrocatalytic NRR system based on the conversion of water and nitrogen gas to ammonia at ambient operation conditions (1 bar, 25 °C) was performed in a setup under an applied electric potential with a single chamber electrochemical cell, which consists of the combination of EmimOAc electrolyte with the porous carbon-working electrode and without a traditional electrocatalyst. Under a potential of -3 V vs. SCE for 45 minutes, a NH3 production rate of 498.37 μg h-1 cm-2 and FE of 12.14% were achieved. The experimental observations show that an electric double-layer, which serves the catalytically active area, occurs between a microporous carbon material and ions of the EmimOAc electrolyte in the presence of sufficiently high provided electric potential. Comparing with the typical NRR systems which have been reported in the literature, the presented electrochemical ammonia synthesis approach provides a significantly higher ammonia production rate with a chance to avoid the possible kinetic limitations of NRR. In terms of operating conditions, ammonia production rate and the faradic efficiency without the need for any synthetic electrocatalyst can be resulted of electrocatalytic activation of nitrogen in the double-layer formed between carbon and IL ions. N2 - Ammoniak ist eine Chemikalie von grundlegender Bedeutung für den lebenswichtigen Stickstoffkreislauf der Natur. Es ist entscheidend für das Wachstum lebender Organismen sowie von Nahrungsmitteln und Energiequellen. Traditionell wird die industrielle Ammoniakproduktion nach dem Haber-Bosch-Verfahren (HBP) dominiert, das auf der direkten Umwandlung von N2- und H2-Gas unter hoher Temperatur und hohem Druck (~ 500 ° C, 150-300 bar) basiert. Aufgrund seiner thermodynamischen und kinetischen Einschränkungen und der Notwendigkeit einer energieintensiven Erzeugung von Wasserstoffgas durch Reformierungsprozesse ist dies jedoch nicht der bevorzugte Weg. All diese Nachteile von HBP eröffnen ein Ziel für die Suche nach einer alternativen Technik zur Durchführung einer effizienten Ammoniaksynthese über elektrochemische katalytische Prozesse, insbesondere durch Wasserelektrolyse, wobei Wasser als Wasserstoffquelle verwendet wird, um den Prozess vor einer Gasreformierung zu bewahren. In dieser Studie wurde die Untersuchung der Grenzflächeneffekte zwischen ionischen Flüssigkeiten auf Imidazoliumbasis und der Oberfläche poröser Kohlenstoffmaterialien mit besonderem Interesse an der Stickstoffabsorptionsfähigkeit untersucht. Als weiterer Schritt wurde die Möglichkeit geprüft, diese Grenzfläche als katalytisch aktiven Bereich für die elektrochemische N2-Reduktion zu NH3 zu etablieren. Diese besondere Kombination wurde gewählt, weil die porösen Kohlenstoffmaterialien und ionischen Flüssigkeiten (IL) aufgrund ihrer besonderen strukturellen und physikochemischen Eigenschaften in vielen wissenschaftlichen Bereichen, einschließlich Katalyse und Elektrokatalyse, eine bedeutende Bedeutung haben. In erster Linie wurden die Auswirkungen des Einschlusses von ionischer Flüssigkeit (EmimOAc, 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazoliumacetat) in Kohlenstoffporen untersucht. Die porösen Kohlenstoffe mit Salzschablonen, die unterschiedliche Porosität (mikroporös und mesoporös) und Stickstoffspezies aufweisen, wurden als Modellstrukturen für den Vergleich des IL-Einschlusses bei unterschiedlichen Beladungen verwendet. Die Stickstoffaufnahme von EmimOAc kann durch den Einschluss in den Poren von Kohlenstoffmaterialien im Vergleich zur Massenform um das Zehnfache erhöht werden. Zusätzlich wurde die am besten verbesserte Stickstoffabsorption durch IL-Einschluss in Mikroporen und in stickstoffdotierten Kohlenstoffmaterialien als Folge der maximierten strukturellen Änderungen von IL beobachtet. Darüber hinaus wurde die mögliche Verwendung solcher Grenzflächen zwischen EmimOAc und porösem Kohlenstoff für die katalytische Aktivierung von Distickstoff während des kinetisch herausfordernden NRR aufgrund der begrenzten Gasabsorption im Elektrolyten untersucht. Ein elektrokatalytisches NRR-System, das auf der Umwandlung von Wasser und Stickstoffgas in Ammoniak bei Umgebungsbetriebsbedingungen (1 bar, 25 ° C) basiert, wurde in einem Aufbau unter einem angelegten elektrischen Potential mit einer elektrochemischen Einkammerzelle durchgeführt, die aus der Kombination von besteht EmimOAc-Elektrolyt mit poröser Kohlenstoff-Arbeitselektrode und ohne herkömmlichen Elektrokatalysator. Bei einem Potential von -3 V gegen SCE für 45 Minuten wurde eine NH3-Produktionsrate von 498,37 ug h & supmin; ¹ cm & supmin; ² und eine FE von 12,14% erreicht. Die experimentellen Beobachtungen zeigen, dass eine elektrische Doppelschicht, die dem katalytisch aktiven Bereich dient, zwischen einem mikroporösen Kohlenstoffmaterial und Ionen des EmimOAc-Elektrolyten in Gegenwart eines ausreichend hohen bereitgestellten elektrischen Potentials auftritt. Im Vergleich zu den typischen NRR-Systemen, über die in der Literatur berichtet wurde, bietet der vorgestellte Ansatz der elektrochemischen Ammoniaksynthese eine signifikant höhere Ammoniakproduktionsrate mit der Möglichkeit, die möglichen kinetischen Einschränkungen der NRR zu vermeiden. In Bezug auf die Betriebsbedingungen können die Ammoniakproduktionsrate und die Faradic-Effizienz ohne die Notwendigkeit eines synthetischen Elektrokatalysators aus der elektrokatalytischen Aktivierung von Stickstoff in der zwischen Kohlenstoff- und IL-Ionen gebildeten Doppelschicht resultieren. KW - Electrocatalysis KW - Ammonia KW - Ionic liquids KW - Nitrogen Physisorption KW - Porous carbon KW - Ammoniak KW - Elektrokatalyse KW - Ionische Flüssigkeiten KW - Stickstoff Physisorption KW - Poröser Kohlenstoff Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-483591 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kwesiga, George A1 - Kelling, Alexandra A1 - Kersting, Sebastian A1 - Sperlich, Eric A1 - von Nickisch-Rosenegk, Markus A1 - Schmidt, Bernd T1 - Total syntheses of prenylated isoflavones from Erythrina sacleuxii and their antibacterial activity BT - 5-deoxy-3′-prenylbiochanin A and erysubin F JF - Journal of natural products N2 - The prenylated isoflavones 5-deoxyprenylbiochanin A (7-hydroxy-4'-methoxy-3'-prenylisoflavone) and erysubin F (7,4'-dihydroxy-8,3'-diprenylisoflavone) were synthesized for the first time, starting from mono-or di-O-allylated chalcones, and the structure of 5-deoxy-3'-prenylbiochanin A was corroborated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Flavanones are key intermediates in the synthesis. Their reaction with hypervalent iodine reagents affords isoflavones via a 2,3-oxidative rearrangement and the corresponding flavone isomers via 2,3-dehydrogenation. This enabled a synthesis of 7,4'-dihydroxy-8,3'-diprenylflavone, a non-natural regioisomer of erysubin F. Erysubin F (8), 7,4'-dihydroxy-8,3'-diprenylflavone (27), and 5-deoxy-3'prenylbiochanin A (7) were tested against three bacterial strains and one fungal pathogen. All three compounds are inactive against Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (NCTC 13349), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), and Candida albicans (ATCC 90028), with MIC values greater than 80.0 mu M. The diprenylated natural product erysubin F (8) and its flavone isomer 7,4'-dihydroxy-8,3'diprenylflavone (27) show in vitro activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, ATCC 43300) at MIC values of 15.4 and 20.5 mu M, respectively. In contrast, the monoprenylated 5-deoxy-3'-prenylbiochanin A (7) is inactive against this MRSA strain. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00932 SN - 0163-3864 SN - 1520-6025 VL - 83 IS - 11 SP - 3445 EP - 3453 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington ER - TY - THES A1 - López de Guereñu, Anna T1 - Tm3+-doped NaYF4 nanoparticles T1 - Tm3+-dotierte NaYF4 Nanopartikel BT - upconversion properties and bioimaging BT - Aufkonversionseigenschaften und Biologische Bildgebung N2 - Lately, the integration of upconverting nanoparticles (UCNP) in industrial, biomedical and scientific applications has been increasingly accelerating, owing to the exceptional photophysical properties that UCNP offer. Some of the most promising applications lie in the field of medicine and bioimaging due to such advantages as, among others, deeper tissue penetration, reduced optical background, possibility for multicolor imaging, and lower toxicity, compared to many known luminophores. However, some questions regarding not only the fundamental photophysical processes, but also the interaction of the UCNP with other luminescent reporters frequently used for bioimaging and the interaction with biological media remain unanswered. These issues were the primary motivation for the presented work. This PhD thesis investigated several aspects of various properties and possibilities for bioapplications of Yb3+,Tm3+-doped NaYF4 upconverting nanoparticles. First, the effect of Gd3+ doping on the structure and upconverting behaviour of the nanocrystals was assessed. The ageing process of the UCNP in cyclohexane was studied over 24 months on the samples with different Gd3+ doping concentrations. Structural information was gathered by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and discussed in relation to spectroscopic results, obtained through multiparameter upconversion luminescence studies at various temperatures (from 4 K to 295 K). Time-resolved and steady-state emission spectra recorded over this ample temperature range allowed for a deeper understanding of photophysical processes and their dependence on structural changes of UCNP. A new protocol using a commercially available high boiling solvent allowed for faster and more controlled production of very small and homogeneous UCNP with better photophysical properties, and the advantages of a passivating NaYF4 shell were shown. Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between four different species of NaYF4: Yb3+, Tm3+ UCNP (synthesized using the improved protocol) and a small organic dye was studied. The influence of UCNP composition and the proximity of Tm3+ ions (donors in the process of FRET) to acceptor dye molecules have been assessed. The brightest upconversion luminescence was observed in the UCNP with a protective inert shell. UCNP with Tm3+ ions only in the shell were the least bright, but showed the most efficient energy transfer. In the final part, two surface modification strategies were applied to make UCNP soluble in water, which simultaneously allowed for linking them via a non-toxic copper-free click reaction to the liposomes, which served as models for further cell experiments. The results were assessed on a confocal microscope system, which was made possible by lesser known downshifting properties of Yb3+, Tm3+-doped UCNP. Preliminary antibody-staining tests using two primary and one dye-labelled secondary antibodies were performed on MDCK-II cells. N2 - In letzter Zeit hat sich die Integration von hochkonvertierenden Nanopartikeln (UCNP) in industriellen, biomedizinischen und wissenschaftlichen Anwendungen aufgrund der außergewöhnlichen photophysikalischen Eigenschaften, die UCNP bieten, zunehmend beschleunigt. Einige der vielversprechendsten Anwendungen liegen auf dem Gebiet der Medizin und des Bioimaging, der Bildgebung in biologischen Proben, unter anderem aufgrund vieler Vorteile wie einer tieferen Gewebedurchdringung, einem verringerten optischen Hintergrund, der Möglichkeit einer mehrfarbigen Bildgebung und einer geringeren Toxizität im Vergleich zu vielen bekannten Luminophoren. Einige Fragen, die nicht nur die grundlegenden photophysikalischen Prozesse betreffen, sondern auch die Wechselwirkung der UCNP mit anderen Lumineszenzreportern, die häufig für das Bioimaging verwendet werden, und die Wechselwirkung mit biologischen Medien bleiben jedoch offen. Diese Themen waren die Hauptmotivation für die vorgestellte Arbeit. Diese Doktorarbeit untersuchte verschiedene Aspekte verschiedener Eigenschaften und Möglichkeiten für die Bioanwendung von Yb3+,Tm3+-dotierten NaYF4-hochkonvertierenden Nanopartikeln. Zunächst wurde der Einfluss verschiedener Gd3+-Dotierungen auf die Struktur und das Hochkonvertierungsverhalten der Nanokristalle untersucht. Der Alterungsprozess des UCNP in Cyclohexan wurde über 24 Monate an Proben mit unterschiedlichen Gd3+-Dotierungskonzentrationen untersucht. Strukturinformationen wurden mittels Röntgenbeugung (XRD), Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie (TEM) und dynamischer Lichtstreuung (DLS) gesammelt und in Bezug auf die spektroskopischen Ergebnisse diskutiert, die durch Multiparameter-Hochkonversion-Lumineszenz-Experimenten bei verschiedenen Temperaturen (von 4 K bis 295 K) erhalten wurden. Zeitaufgelöste und stationäre Emissionsspektren, die über diesen weiten Temperaturbereich aufgezeichnet wurden, ermöglichten ein tieferes Verständnis der photophysikalischen Prozesse und ihrer Abhängigkeit von strukturellen Änderungen des UCNP. Ein neues Protokoll unter Verwendung eines im Handel erhältlichen hochsiedenden Lösungsmittels ermöglichte eine schnellere und kontrolliertere Herstellung von sehr kleinen und homogenen UCNP mit besseren photophysikalischen Eigenschaften. Weiterhin wurden die Vorteile einer passivierenden NaYF4-Hülle gezeigt. Der Förster-Resonanzenergietransfer (FRET) zwischen vier verschiedenen Spezies der NaYF4:Yb3+,Tm3+ UCNP (synthetisiert unter Verwendung des verbesserten Protokolls) und einem kleinen organischen Farbstoff wurde untersucht. Der Einfluss der UCNP-Zusammensetzung und die Nähe von Tm3+-Ionen (Donoren im FRET-Prozess) zu Akzeptorfarbstoffmolekülen wurden untersucht. Die effizienteste Hochkonversionslumineszenz wurde bei dem UCNP mit einer schützenden inerten Hülle beobachtet. Die UCNP mit den nur in der Schale dotierten Tm3+-Ionen leuchteten am schlechtesten, zeigten jedoch den effizientesten Energietransfer. Im letzten Teil wurden zwei Oberflächenmodifizierungsstrategien angewendet, um die UCNP wasserlöslich zu machen. Dadurch wurde es gleichzeitig möglich, die UCNP mittels einer ungiftigen kupferfreien Klickreaktion mit den Liposomen zu verbinden, die als Modelle für weitere Zellexperimente dienten. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit einem konfokalen Mikroskopsystem untersucht, das durch weniger bekannte Abwärtsumwandlungseigenschaften von Yb3+,Tm3+-dotiertem UCNP ermöglicht wurde. Vorläufige Antikörperfärbungstests wurden unter Verwendung von zwei primären Antikörpern und einem farbstoffmarkierten sekundären Antikörper an MDCK-II-Zellen durchgeführt. KW - upconverting nanoparticles KW - core-shell UCNP KW - resonance energy transfer KW - time-resolved luminescence KW - antibody staining KW - Antikörper-Färbung KW - Kern-Schale Aufkonvertierende Nanopartikel KW - Resonante Energie Transfer KW - Zeitaufgelöste Lumineszenz Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-475593 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Walkowiak, Jacek A1 - Lu, Yan A1 - Gradzielski, Michael A1 - Zauscher, Stefan A1 - Ballauff, Matthias T1 - Thermodynamic analysis of the uptake of a protein in a spherical polyelectrolyte brush T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - A thermodynamic study of the adsorption of Human Serum Albumin (HSA) onto spherical polyelectrolyte brushes (SPBs) by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is presented. The SPBs are composed of a solid polystyrene core bearing long chains of poly(acrylic acid). ITC measurements done at different temperatures and ionic strengths lead to a full set of thermodynamicbinding constants together with the enthalpies and entropies of binding. The adsorption of HSA onto SPBs is described with a two-step model. The free energy of binding Delta Gb depends only weakly on temperature because of a marked compensation of enthalpy by entropy. Studies of the adsorbed HSA by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) demonstrate no significant disturbance in the secondary structure of the protein. The quantitative analysis demonstrates that counterion release is the major driving force for adsorption in a process where proteins become multivalent counterions of the polyelectrolyte chains upon adsorption. A comparison with the analysis of other sets of data related to the binding of HSA to polyelectrolytes demonstrates that the cancellation of enthalpy and entropy is a general phenomenon that always accompanies the binding of proteins to polyelectrolytes dominated by counterion release. KW - ITC KW - spherical polyelectrolyte brushes KW - enthalpy-entropy compensation (EEC) KW - proteins KW - thermodynamics Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-517307 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tapio, Kosti A1 - Bald, Ilko T1 - The potential of DNA origami to build multifunctional materials JF - Multifunctional Materials N2 - The development of the DNA origami technique has revolutionized the field of DNA nanotechnology as it allows to create virtually any arbitrarily shaped nanostructure out of DNA on a 10–100 nm length scale by a rather robust self-assembly process. Additionally, DNA origami nanostructures can be modified with chemical entities with nanometer precision, which allows to tune precisely their properties, their mutual interactions and interactions with their environment. The flexibility and modularity of DNA origami allows also for the creation of dynamic nanostructures, which opens up a plethora of possible functions and applications. Here we review the fundamental properties of DNA origami nanostructures, the wide range of functions that arise from these properties and finally present possible applications of DNA origami based multifunctional materials. Y1 - 2020 UR - https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2399-7532/ab80d5 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-7532/ab80d5 SN - 2399-7532 VL - 3 IS - 3 PB - IOP Publishing CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Franz, Alexandra A1 - Többens, Daniel M. A1 - Lehmann, Frederike A1 - Kärgell, Martin A1 - Schorr, Susan T1 - The influence of deuteration on the crystal structure of hybrid halide perovskites: a temperature-dependent neutron diffraction study of FAPbBr(3) JF - Acta crystallographica; Section B, Structural science, crystal engineering and materials N2 - This paper discusses the full structural solution of the hybrid perovskite formamidinium lead tribromide (FAPbBr(3)) and its temperature-dependent phase transitions in the range from 3 K to 300 K using neutron powder diffraction and synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Special emphasis is put on the influence of deuteration on formamidinium, its position in the unit cell and disordering in comparison to fully hydrogenated FAPbBr(3). The temperature-dependent measurements show that deuteration critically influences the crystal structures, i.e. results in partially-ordered temperature-dependent structural modifications in which two symmetry-independent molecule positions with additional dislocation of the molecular centre atom and molecular angle inclinations are present. KW - hybrid perovskite KW - FAPbBr(3) KW - deuteration KW - neutron powder diffraction KW - crystal structure Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1107/S2052520620002620 SN - 2052-5206 VL - 76 IS - 2 SP - 267 EP - 274 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Oxford [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Koetz, Joachim T1 - The Effect of Surface Modification of Gold Nanotriangles for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Performance JF - Nanomaterials N2 - A surface modification of ultraflat gold nanotriangles (AuNTs) with different shaped nanoparticles is of special relevance for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and the photo-catalytic activity of plasmonic substrates. Therefore, different approaches are used to verify the flat platelet morphology of the AuNTs by oriented overgrowth with metal nanoparticles. The most important part for the morphological transformation of the AuNTs is the coating layer, containing surfactants or polymers. By using well established AuNTs stabilized by a dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT) bilayer, different strategies of surface modification with noble metal nanoparticles are possible. On the one hand undulated superstructures were synthesized by in situ growth of hemispherical gold nanoparticles in the polyethyleneimine (PEI)-coated AOT bilayer of the AuNTs. On the other hand spiked AuNTs were obtained by a direct reduction of Au³⁺ ions in the AOT double layer in presence of silver ions and ascorbic acid as reducing agent. Additionally, crumble topping of the smooth AuNTs can be realized after an exchange of the AOT bilayer by hyaluronic acid, followed by a silver-ion mediated reduction with ascorbic acid. Furthermore, a decoration with silver nanoparticles after coating the AOT bilayer with the cationic surfactant benzylhexadecyldimethylammonium chloride (BDAC) can be realized. In that case the ultraviolet (UV)-absorption of the undulated Au@Ag nanoplatelets can be tuned depending on the degree of decoration with silver nanoparticles. Comparing the Raman scattering data for the plasmon driven dimerization of 4-nitrothiophenol (4-NTP) to 4,4′-dimercaptoazobenzene (DMAB) one can conclude that the most important effect of surface modification with a 75 times higher enhancement factor in SERS experiments becomes available by decoration with gold spikes. KW - undulated KW - spiked and crumble gold nanotriangles KW - SERS enhancement factor KW - dimerization of 4-nitrothiophenol KW - AOT bilayer KW - PEI coating Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10112187 SN - 2079-4991 VL - 10 IS - 11 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - GEN A1 - Koetz, Joachim T1 - The Effect of Surface Modification of Gold Nanotriangles for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Performance T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - A surface modification of ultraflat gold nanotriangles (AuNTs) with different shaped nanoparticles is of special relevance for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and the photo-catalytic activity of plasmonic substrates. Therefore, different approaches are used to verify the flat platelet morphology of the AuNTs by oriented overgrowth with metal nanoparticles. The most important part for the morphological transformation of the AuNTs is the coating layer, containing surfactants or polymers. By using well established AuNTs stabilized by a dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT) bilayer, different strategies of surface modification with noble metal nanoparticles are possible. On the one hand undulated superstructures were synthesized by in situ growth of hemispherical gold nanoparticles in the polyethyleneimine (PEI)-coated AOT bilayer of the AuNTs. On the other hand spiked AuNTs were obtained by a direct reduction of Au³⁺ ions in the AOT double layer in presence of silver ions and ascorbic acid as reducing agent. Additionally, crumble topping of the smooth AuNTs can be realized after an exchange of the AOT bilayer by hyaluronic acid, followed by a silver-ion mediated reduction with ascorbic acid. Furthermore, a decoration with silver nanoparticles after coating the AOT bilayer with the cationic surfactant benzylhexadecyldimethylammonium chloride (BDAC) can be realized. In that case the ultraviolet (UV)-absorption of the undulated Au@Ag nanoplatelets can be tuned depending on the degree of decoration with silver nanoparticles. Comparing the Raman scattering data for the plasmon driven dimerization of 4-nitrothiophenol (4-NTP) to 4,4′-dimercaptoazobenzene (DMAB) one can conclude that the most important effect of surface modification with a 75 times higher enhancement factor in SERS experiments becomes available by decoration with gold spikes. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1022 KW - undulated KW - spiked and crumble gold nanotriangles KW - SERS enhancement factor KW - dimerization of 4-nitrothiophenol KW - AOT bilayer KW - PEI coating Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-485172 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 1022 ER - TY - THES A1 - Knauf, Jan T1 - Synthesis of highly fluorinated precursors and their deposition conditions for self-assembled monolayers with defined small-scale surface structures as templates for the manipulation of wetting behavior N2 - "How Wenzel and Cassie were wrong" – this was the eye-catching title of an article published by Lichao Gao and Thomas McCarthy in 2007, in which fundamental interpretations of wetting behavior were put into question. The authors initiated a discussion on a subject, which had been generally accepted a long time ago and they showed that wetting phenomena were not as fully understood as imagined. Similarly, this thesis tries to put a focus on certain aspects of liquid wetting, which so far have been widely neglected in terms of interpretation and experimental proof. While the effect of surface roughness on the macroscopically observed wetting behavior is commonly and reliably interpreted according to the well-known models of Wenzel and Cassie/Baxter, the size-scale of the structures responsible for the surface's rough texture has not been of further interest. Analogously, the limits of these models have not been described and exploited. Thus, the question arises, what will happen when the size of surface structures is reduced to the size of the contacting liquid molecules itself? Are common methods still valid or can deviations from macroscopic behavior be observed? This thesis wants to create a starting point regarding these questions. In order to investigate the effect of smallest-scale surface structures on liquid wetting, a suitable model system is developed by means of self-assembled monolayer (SAM) formation from (fluoro)organic thiols of differing lengths of the alkyl chain. Surface topographies are created which rely on size differences of several Ångströms and exhibit surprising wetting behavior depending on the choice of the individual precursor system. Thus, contact angles are experimentally detected, which deviate considerably from theoretical calculations based on Wenzel and Cassie/Baxter models and confirm that sub-nm surface topographies affect wetting. Moreover, experimentally determined wetting properties are found to correlate well to an assumed scale-dependent surface tension of the contacting liquid. This behavior has already been described for scattering experiments taking into account capillary waves on the liquid surface induced by temperature and had been predicted earlier by theoretical calculations. However, the investigation of model surfaces requires the provision of suitable precursor molecules, which are not commercially available and opens up a door to the exotic chemistry of fluoro-organic materials. During the course of this work, the synthesis of long-chain precursors is examined with a particular focus put on oligomerically pure semi-fluorinated n-alkyl thiols and n-alkyl trichlorosilanes. For this, general protocols for the syntheses of the desired compounds are developed and product mixtures are assayed to be separated into fractions of individual chain lengths by fluorous-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (F-HPLC). The transition from model systems to technically more relevant surfaces and applications is initiated through the deposition of SAMs from long-chain fluorinated n-alkyl trichlorosilanes. Depositions are accomplished by a vapor-phase deposition process conducted on a pilot-scale set-up, which enables the exact control of relevant process parameters. Thus, the influence of varying deposition conditions on the properties of the final coating is examined and analyzed for the most important parameters. The strongest effect is observed for the partial pressure of reactive water vapor, which directly controls the extent of precursor hydrolysis during the deposition process. Experimental results propose that the formation of ordered monolayers rely on the amount of hydrolyzed silanol species present in the deposition system irrespective of the exact grade of hydrolysis. However, at increased amounts of species which are able to form cross-linked molecules due to condensation reactions, films deteriorate in quality. This effect is assumed to be caused by the introduction of defects within the film and the adsorption of cross linked agglomerates. Deposition conditions are also investigated for chain extended precursor species and reveal distinct differences caused by chain elongation. N2 - "How Wenzel and Cassie were wrong" - so lautete der Aufsehen erregende Titel eines 2007 von Lichao Gao und Thomas McCarthy veröffentlichten Artikels, in dem grundlegende Beschreibungen des Benetzungsverhaltens von Flüssigkeiten in Frage gestellt wurden. Die Autoren leiteten damit eine Diskussion über ein bereits lange als allgemein anerkannt angesehenes Thema ein und sie zeigten, dass Benetzungsphänomene nicht so vollständig aufgeklärt waren, wie zuvor angenommen. In ähnlicher Weise versucht diese Arbeit, einen Schwerpunkt auf bestimmte Aspekte der Flüssigkeitsbenetzung zu legen, die bisher in Bezug auf die Interpretation und den experimentellen Nachweis weitgehend vernachlässigt wurden. Während der Einfluss der Oberflächenrauigkeit auf das makroskopisch beobachtete Benetzungsverhalten nach den bekannten Modellen von Wenzel und Cassie/Baxter allgemein anerkannt ist, war die Größenordnung der Strukturen, die für die raue Textur der Oberfläche verantwortlich sind, nicht Gegenstand weiterer Betrachtungen. Analog dazu sind die Grenzen dieser Modelle bislang nicht beschrieben und untersucht worden. Daher stellt sich die Frage, was passiert, wenn die Größe der Oberflächenstrukturen auf die Größe der benetzenden Flüssigkeitsmoleküle reduziert wird. Sind gängige Methoden und Modelle noch gültig oder können Abweichungen vom makroskopischen Verhalten beobachtet werden? Die vorliegende Arbeit will einen Ausgangspunkt zu diesen Fragen schaffen. Um den Einfluss kleinster Oberflächenstrukturen auf die Flüssigkeitsbenetzung zu untersuchen, wird hierbei ein geeignetes Modellsystem selbstassemblierender Monolagen (self-assembled monolayers, SAM) aus (fluor-)organischen Thiolen unterschiedlicher Alkylkettenlänge entwickelt. Es entstehen Oberflächen-topographien, die auf Größenunterschieden von einigen Ångström beruhen und in Abhängigkeit von der Wahl des einzelnen Präkursorsystems ein überraschendes Benetzungsverhalten zeigen. So werden Kontaktwinkel gemessen, die erheblich von theoretischen Berechnungen auf der Basis von Wenzel- und Cassie/Baxter-Modellen abweichen und die bestätigen, dass bereits Oberflächentopographien im sub-nm-Bereich die Benetzung beeinflussen. Darüber hinaus wird gezeigt, dass experimentell ermittelte Benetzungseigenschaften gut mit einer angenommenen skalenabhängigen Oberflächenspannung der Kontaktflüssigkeit korrelieren. Dieses Verhalten wurde bereits für Streuexperimente unter Berücksichtigung von temperaturinduzierten Kapillarwellen auf der Flüssigkeitsoberfläche beschrieben und war zuvor durch theoretische Berechnungen vorhergesagt worden. Die Untersuchung der Modelloberflächen erfordert jedoch die Bereitstellung geeigneter Vorläufermoleküle, die kommerziell nicht erhältlich sind und eine Tür zur Chemie der fluororganischen Materialien öffnen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird die Synthese langkettiger Präursoren untersucht, wobei ein besonderer Schwerpunkt auf oligomerenreine, semifluorierte n-Alkylthiole und n Alkyltrichlorsilane gelegt wird. Dazu werden allgemeine Protokolle für die Synthesen der gewünschten Verbindungen entwickelt und Produktmischungen untersucht, um sie mit Hilfe der Fluorphasen-Hochleistungsflüssigkeitschromatographie (F-HPLC) in Fraktionen einzelner Kettenlängen aufzutrennen. Der Übergang von Modellsystemen zu technisch relevanteren Oberflächen und Anwendungen wird durch die Abscheidung von SAMs aus langkettigen fluorierten n Alkyltrichlorsilanen eingeleitet. Die Beschichtung erfolgt durch eine chemische Dampfphasenabscheidung (chemical vapor deposition, CVD), die die gezielte Steuerung und Kontrolle relevanter Prozessparameter ermöglicht. So wird der Einfluss unterschiedlicher Abscheidungsbedingungen auf die Eigenschaften der Beschichtung untersucht und für die wichtigsten Parameter analysiert. Die stärkste Wirkung wird für den Partialdruck des reaktiven Wasserdampfes beobachtet, der das Ausmaß der Hydrolyse der Präkursoren während des Abscheidungsprozesses direkt beeinflusst. Experimentelle Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass die Bildung geordneter Monolagen von der Menge der im Abscheidungssystem vorhandenen hydrolysierten Silanolspezies abhängt, unabhängig vom genauen Hydrolysegrad. Mit zunehmender Anzahl kondensierbarer Spezies, die in der Lage sind vernetzte Moleküle zu bilden, verschlechtern sich die Filme jedoch in ihrer Qualität. Es wird angenommen, dass dieser Effekt durch die Entstehung von Defekten innerhalb des Films und die Adsorption von vernetzten Agglomeraten verursacht wird. Die Abscheidebedingungen werden auch für kettenverlängerte Präkursoren untersucht. T2 - Synthese hochfluorierter Präkursoren und deren Abscheidebedingungen für selbstassemblierende Monolagen mit definierten kleinskaligen Oberflächenstrukturen als Modellsysteme für die Manipulation von Benetzungsverhalten KW - wetting KW - self-assembled monolayers KW - surface topography KW - hydrophobicity KW - Benetzung KW - selbstassemblierende Monolagen KW - Oberflächentopografie KW - Hydrophobizität KW - fluorous chemistry KW - Fluorchemie Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-473804 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Belasri, Khadija A1 - Topal, Leila A1 - Heydenreich, Matthias A1 - Koch, Andreas A1 - Kleinpeter, Erich A1 - Fulop, Ferenc A1 - Szatmari, Istvan T1 - Synthesis and conformational analysis of naphthoxazine-fused phenanthrene derivatives JF - Molecules N2 - The synthesis of new phenanthr[9,10-e][1,3]oxazines was achieved by the direct coupling of 9-phenanthrol with cyclic imines in the modified aza-Friedel-Crafts reaction followed by the ring closure of the resulting bifunctional aminophenanthrols with formaldehyde. Aminophenanthrol-type Mannich bases were synthesised and transformed to phenanthr[9,10-e][1,3]oxazines via [4 + 2] cycloaddition. Detailed NMR structural analyses of the new polyheterocycles as well as conformational studies including Density Functional Theory (DFT) modelling were performed. The relative stability of ortho-quinone methides (o-QMs) was calculated, the geometries obtained were compared with the experimentally determined NMR structures, and thereby, the regioselectivity of the reactions has been assigned. KW - modified Mannich reaction KW - cyclic imines KW - [4+2] cycloaddition KW - NMR KW - spectroscopy KW - conformational analysis KW - DFT calculations Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112524 SN - 1420-3049 VL - 25 IS - 11 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rottke, Falko O. A1 - Heyne, Marie-Victoria A1 - Reinicke, Stefan T1 - Switching enzyme activity by a temperature responsive inhibitor modified polymer JF - Chemical communications N2 - A thermoresponsive NIPAAm-based polymer is combined with the selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitor tacrine in order to create a strict in sense on/off switch for enzymatic activity. This polymer-inhibitor conjugate inhibits AChE at room temperature and enables reactivation of AChE by heating above the cloud point of the conjugate. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/c9cc09385k SN - 1359-7345 SN - 1364-548X VL - 56 IS - 16 SP - 2459 EP - 2462 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ilic, Ivan K. A1 - Tsouka, Alexandra A1 - Perovic, Milena A1 - Hwang, Jinyeon A1 - Heil, Tobias A1 - Löffler, Felix A1 - Oschatz, Martin A1 - Antonietti, Markus A1 - Liedel, Clemens T1 - Sustainable cathodes for Lithium-ion energy storage devices based on tannic acid-toward ecofriendly energy storage T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - The use of organic materials with reversible redox activity holds enormous potential for next-generation Li-ion energy storage devices. Yet, most candidates are not truly sustainable, i.e., not derived from renewable feedstock or made in benign reactions. Here an attempt is reported to resolve this issue by synthesizing an organic cathode material from tannic acid and microporous carbon derived from biomass. All constituents, including the redox-active material and conductive carbon additive, are made from renewable resources. Using a simple, sustainable fabrication method, a hybrid material is formed. The low cost and ecofriendly material shows outstanding performance with a capacity of 108 mAh g(-1) at 0.1 A g(-1) and low capacity fading, retaining approximately 80% of the maximum capacity after 90 cycles. With approximately 3.4 V versus Li+/Li, the cells also feature one of the highest reversible redox potentials reported for biomolecular cathodes. Finally, the quinone-catecholate redox mechanism responsible for the high capacity of tannic acid is confirmed by electrochemical characterization of a model compound similar to tannic acid but without catecholic groups. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1366 KW - biomass KW - electrochemistry KW - energy storage KW - redox chemistry KW - sustainability KW - tannic acid Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-570560 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ilic, Ivan K. A1 - Tsouka, Alexandra A1 - Perovic, Milena A1 - Hwang, Jinyeon A1 - Heil, Tobias A1 - Löffler, Felix A1 - Oschatz, Martin A1 - Antonietti, Markus A1 - Liedel, Clemens T1 - Sustainable cathodes for Lithium-ion energy storage devices based on tannic acid-toward ecofriendly energy storage JF - Advanced sustainable systems N2 - The use of organic materials with reversible redox activity holds enormous potential for next-generation Li-ion energy storage devices. Yet, most candidates are not truly sustainable, i.e., not derived from renewable feedstock or made in benign reactions. Here an attempt is reported to resolve this issue by synthesizing an organic cathode material from tannic acid and microporous carbon derived from biomass. All constituents, including the redox-active material and conductive carbon additive, are made from renewable resources. Using a simple, sustainable fabrication method, a hybrid material is formed. The low cost and ecofriendly material shows outstanding performance with a capacity of 108 mAh g(-1) at 0.1 A g(-1) and low capacity fading, retaining approximately 80% of the maximum capacity after 90 cycles. With approximately 3.4 V versus Li+/Li, the cells also feature one of the highest reversible redox potentials reported for biomolecular cathodes. Finally, the quinone-catecholate redox mechanism responsible for the high capacity of tannic acid is confirmed by electrochemical characterization of a model compound similar to tannic acid but without catecholic groups. KW - biomass KW - electrochemistry KW - energy storage KW - redox chemistry KW - sustainability KW - tannic acid Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/adsu.202000206 SN - 2366-7486 VL - 5 IS - 1 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rietze, Clemens A1 - Titov, Evgenii A1 - Granucci, Giovanni A1 - Saalfrank, Peter T1 - Surface hopping dynamics for azobenzene photoisomerization BT - effects of packing density on surfaces, fluorination, and excitation wavelength JF - The journal of physical chemistry : C, Nanomaterials and interfaces N2 - Azobenzenes easily photoswitch in solution, while their photoisomerization at surfaces is often hindered. In recent work, it was demonstrated by nonadiabatic molecular dynamics with trajectory surface hopping [Titov et al., J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2016, 7, 3591-3596] that the experimentally observed suppression of trans -> cis isomerization yields in azobenzenes in a densely packed SAM (self-assembled monolayer) [Gahl et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 1831-1838] is dominated by steric hindrance. In the present work, we systematically study by ground-state Langevin and nonadiabatic surface hopping dynamics, the effects of decreasing packing density on (i) UV/vis absorption spectra, (ii) trans -> cis isomerization yields, and (iii) excited-state lifetimes of photoexcited azobenzene. Within the quantum mechanics/ molecular mechanics models adopted here, we find that above a packing density of similar to 3 molecules/nm(2), switching yields are strongly reduced, while at smaller packing densities, the "monomer limit" is quickly approached. The UV/vis absorption spectra, on the other hand, depend on packing density over a larger range (down to at least similar to 1 molecule/nm(2)). Trends for excited-state lifetimes are less obvious, but it is found that lifetimes of pi pi* excited states decay monotonically with decreasing coverage. Effects of fluorination of the switches are also discussed for single, free molecules. Fluorination leads to comparatively large trans -> cis yields, in combination with long pi pi* lifetimes. Furthermore, for selected systems, also the effects of n pi* excitation at longer excitation wavelengths have been studied, which is found to enhance trans -> cis yields for free molecules but can lead to an opposite behavior in densely packed SAMs. KW - Computational chemistry KW - Energy KW - Molecules KW - Monomers KW - Oligomers Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c08052 SN - 1932-7447 SN - 1932-7455 VL - 124 IS - 48 SP - 26287 EP - 26295 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schneider, Matthias A1 - Fritzsche, Nora A1 - Puciul-Malinowska, Agnieszka A1 - Balis, Andrzej A1 - Mostafa, Amr A1 - Bald, Ilko A1 - Zapotoczny, Szczepan A1 - Taubert, Andreas T1 - Surface etching of 3D printed poly(lactic acid) with NaOH: a systematic approach T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - The article describes a systematic investigation of the effects of an aqueous NaOH treatment of 3D printed poly(lactic acid) (PLA) scaffolds for surface activation. The PLA surface undergoes several morphology changes and after an initial surface roughening, the surface becomes smoother again before the material dissolves. Erosion rates and surface morphologies can be controlled by the treatment. At the same time, the bulk mechanical properties of the treated materials remain unaltered. This indicates that NaOH treatment of 3D printed PLA scaffolds is a simple, yet viable strategy for surface activation without compromising the mechanical stability of PLA scaffolds. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1212 KW - surface modification KW - sodium hydroxide etching KW - poly(lactic acid) KW - 3D printing KW - roughness KW - wettability KW - erosion Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-525088 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schneider, Matthias A1 - Fritzsche, Nora A1 - Puciul-Malinowska, Agnieszka A1 - Balis, Andrzej A1 - Mostafa, Amr A1 - Bald, Ilko A1 - Zapotoczny, Szczepan A1 - Taubert, Andreas T1 - Surface etching of 3D printed poly(lactic acid) with NaOH: a systematic approach JF - Polymers N2 - The article describes a systematic investigation of the effects of an aqueous NaOH treatment of 3D printed poly(lactic acid) (PLA) scaffolds for surface activation. The PLA surface undergoes several morphology changes and after an initial surface roughening, the surface becomes smoother again before the material dissolves. Erosion rates and surface morphologies can be controlled by the treatment. At the same time, the bulk mechanical properties of the treated materials remain unaltered. This indicates that NaOH treatment of 3D printed PLA scaffolds is a simple, yet viable strategy for surface activation without compromising the mechanical stability of PLA scaffolds. KW - surface modification KW - sodium hydroxide etching KW - poly(lactic acid) KW - 3D printing KW - roughness KW - wettability KW - erosion Y1 - 2020 VL - 12 IS - 8 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schneider, Matthias A1 - Fritzsche, Nora A1 - Puciul-Malinowska, Agnieszka A1 - Baliś, Andrzej A1 - Mostafa, Amr A1 - Bald, Ilko A1 - Zapotoczny, Szczepan A1 - Taubert, Andreas T1 - Surface etching of 3D printed poly(lactic acid) with NaOH BT - a systematic approach JF - Polymers N2 - The article describes a systematic investigation of the effects of an aqueous NaOH treatment of 3D printed poly(lactic acid) (PLA) scaffolds for surface activation. The PLA surface undergoes several morphology changes and after an initial surface roughening, the surface becomes smoother again before the material dissolves. Erosion rates and surface morphologies can be controlled by the treatment. At the same time, the bulk mechanical properties of the treated materials remain unaltered. This indicates that NaOH treatment of 3D printed PLA scaffolds is a simple, yet viable strategy for surface activation without compromising the mechanical stability of PLA scaffolds. KW - surface modification KW - sodium hydroxide etching KW - poly(lactic acid) KW - 3D KW - printing KW - roughness KW - wettability KW - erosion Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12081711 SN - 2073-4360 VL - 12 IS - 8 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yeste, Maria Pilar A1 - Primus, Philipp-Alexander A1 - Alcantara, Rodrigo A1 - Cauqui, Miguel Angel A1 - Calvino, Juan Jose A1 - Pintado, José María A1 - Blanco, Ginesa T1 - Surface characterization of two Ce0.62Zr0.38O2 mixed oxides with different reducibility JF - Applied surface science : a journal devoted to applied physics and chemistry of surfaces and interfaces N2 - This paper presents a study of the surface properties of two Ce/Zr mixed oxides with different reducibility, obtained by applying distinct thermal ageing treatments to an oxide with the composition Ce0.62Zr0.38O2. The surface composition was investigated by XPS. Chemical reactivity of the surface was studied by adsorption of the probe molecules CO2, D-2 and methanol. Nanostructural characterization was carried out by XRD, Raman and high-resolution Eu3+ spectroscopy (FLNS). The characterization showed only slight variations in surface composition and bulk Ce-Zr distribution, but hardy differences concerning the type and strength of acidic surface centres, as well as strong differences in the ability to dissociate hydrogen. Structural variations between both samples were identified by comparing the optical spectra of Eu3+ in surface doped samples. KW - Ce/Zr KW - Surface properties KW - Reactive adsorption KW - Hydrogen activation Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.144255 SN - 0169-4332 SN - 1873-5584 VL - 503 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Löwenberg, Candy A1 - Tripodo, Giuseppe A1 - Julich-Gruner, Konstanze K. A1 - Neffe, Axel T. A1 - Lendlein, Andreas T1 - Supramolecular gelatin networks based on inclusion complexes JF - Macromolecular bioscience N2 - Hydrogel forming physical networks based on gelatin are an attractive approach toward multifunctional biomaterials with the option of reshaping, self-healing, and stimuli-sensitivity. However, it is challenging to design such gelatin-based hydrogels to be stable at body temperature. Here, gelatin functionalized with desaminotyrosine (DAT) or desaminotyrosyl tyrosine (DATT) side chains is crosslinked with cyclodextrin (CD) dimers under formation of inclusions complexes. The supramolecular networks displayed at room temperature decreased water uptake (200-600 wt% for DAT-based systems, 200 wt% for DATT based systems), and increased storage moduli up to 25.6 kPa determined by rheology compared to DAT(T) gelatin. The gel-sol transition temperature increased from 33 up to 42 degrees C. The presented system that is completely based on natural building blocks may form the basis for materials that may potentially respond by dissolution or changes of properties to changes in environmental conditions or to the presence of CD guest molecules. KW - cyclodextrin KW - gelatin KW - inclusion complex KW - supramolecular polymer network Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/mabi.202000221 SN - 1616-5187 SN - 1616-5195 VL - 20 IS - 10 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wessig, Pablo A1 - John, Leonard A1 - Sperlich, Eric A1 - Kelling, Alexandra T1 - Sulfur tuning of [1,3]-dioxolo[4.5-f]benzodioxole (DBD) fluorescent dyes JF - European journal of organic chemistry N2 - The replacement of oxygen by sulfur atoms of [1,3]-dioxolo[4.5-f]benzodioxole (DBD) fluorescent dyes is an efficient way to adjust the photophysical properties (sulfur tuning). While previously developed S-4-DBD dyes exhibit considerably red-shifted absorption and emission wavelength, the heavy atom effect of four sulfur atoms cause low fluorescence quantum yields and short fluorescence lifetimes. Herein, we demonstrate that the replacement of less than four sulfur atoms (S-1-DBD, 1,2-S-2-DBD, and 1,4-S-2-DBD dyes) permits a fine-tuning of the photophysical properties. In some cases, a similar influence on the wavelength without the detrimental effect on the quantum yields and lifetimes is observed. Furthermore, the synthetic accessibility of S-1- and S-2-DBD dyes is improved, compared with S-4-DBD dyes. For coupling with biomolecules a series of reactive derivatives of the new dyes were developed (azides, OSu esters, alkynes, maleimides). KW - fluorescent dyes KW - heterocycles KW - photophysics KW - stokes shift KW - sulfur Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.202001418 SN - 1434-193X SN - 1099-0690 VL - 2021 IS - 3 SP - 499 EP - 511 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wessig, Pablo A1 - John, Leonard A1 - Sperlich, Eric A1 - Kelling, Alexandra T1 - Sulfur tuning of [1,3]-dioxolo[4.5-f]benzodioxole (DBD) fluorescent dyes T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - The replacement of oxygen by sulfur atoms of [1,3]-dioxolo[4.5-f]benzodioxole (DBD) fluorescent dyes is an efficient way to adjust the photophysical properties (sulfur tuning). While previously developed S-4-DBD dyes exhibit considerably red-shifted absorption and emission wavelength, the heavy atom effect of four sulfur atoms cause low fluorescence quantum yields and short fluorescence lifetimes. Herein, we demonstrate that the replacement of less than four sulfur atoms (S-1-DBD, 1,2-S-2-DBD, and 1,4-S-2-DBD dyes) permits a fine-tuning of the photophysical properties. In some cases, a similar influence on the wavelength without the detrimental effect on the quantum yields and lifetimes is observed. Furthermore, the synthetic accessibility of S-1- and S-2-DBD dyes is improved, compared with S-4-DBD dyes. For coupling with biomolecules a series of reactive derivatives of the new dyes were developed (azides, OSu esters, alkynes, maleimides). T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1381 KW - fluorescent dyes KW - heterocycles KW - photophysics KW - stokes shift KW - sulfur Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-566241 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fudickar, Werner A1 - Linker, Torsten T1 - Structural motives controlling the binding affinity of 9,10-bis(methylpyridinium)anthracenes towards DNA JF - Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry : a Tetrahedron publication for the rapid dissemination of full original research papers and critical reviews on biomolecular chemistry, medicinal chemistry and related disciplines N2 - In the search of new DNA groove binding agents a series of substituted 9,10-methylpyridiniumanthracenes have been synthesized and their interactions with DNA have been studied by UV/vis absorption, CD and fluorescence spectroscopy. A minor groove binding mode is confirmed by DNA melting studies, strong CD effects, the dependence of the binding affinity on ionic strength, and the differentiation between AT and GC base pairs. No binding occurs to GC sequences. Binding constants to calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA) and poly(dA:dT) in the range between 1 x 10(4) and 3 x 10(5) M-1 have been determined. The binding strength decreases with the size of substituents attached at the anthracene site. Variation of the substitution pattern of the charged groups shows that methyl groups in meta position cause slightly stronger binding than methyl groups in para position. In contrast, with these groups in ortho position, no binding interaction has been observed. The strongest binding is achieved with an expansion of the peripheral heterocycle from pyridine to quinoline. Molecular modeling reveals the pivotal role of the substitution pattern: Anthracenes with para and meta pyridines align along the minor grooves. On the other hand, the ortho derivative adopts no groove-alignment. KW - groove binding KW - anthracenes KW - ct-DNA KW - fluorescence enhancement KW - docking Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115432 SN - 0968-0896 SN - 1464-3391 VL - 28 IS - 8 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Carsten A1 - Schierack, Peter A1 - Gerber, Ulrike A1 - Schroeder, Christian A1 - Choi, Youngeun A1 - Bald, Ilko A1 - Lehmann, Werner A1 - Rödiger, Stefan T1 - Streptavidin homologues for applications on solid surfaces at high temperatures JF - Langmuir N2 - One of the most commonly used bonds between two biomolecules is the bond between biotin and streptavidin (SA) or streptavidin homologues (SAHs). A high dissociation constant and the consequent high-temperature stability even allows for its use in nucleic acid detection under polymerase chain reaction (PCR) conditions. There are a number of SAHs available, and for assay design, it is of great interest to determine as to which SAH will perform the best under assay conditions. Although there are numerous single studies on the characterization of SAHs in solution or selected solid phases, there is no systematic study comparing different SAHs for biomolecule-binding, hybridization, and PCR assays on solid phases. We compared streptavidin, core streptavidin, traptavidin, core traptavidin, neutravidin, and monomeric streptavidin on the surface of microbeads (10-15 mu m in diameter) and designed multiplex microbead-based experiments and analyzed simultaneously the binding of biotinylated oligonucleotides and the hybridization of oligonucleotides to complementary capture probes. We also bound comparably large DNA origamis to capture probes on the microbead surface. We used a real-time fluorescence microscopy imaging platform, with which it is possible to subject samples to a programmable time and temperature profile and to record binding processes on the microbead surface depending on the time and temperature. With the exception of core traptavidin and monomeric streptavidin, all other SA/SAHs were suitable for our investigations. We found hybridization efficiencies close to 100% for streptavidin, core streptavidin, traptavidin, and neutravidin. These could all be considered equally suitable for hybridization, PCR applications, and melting point analysis. The SA/SAH-biotin bond was temperature sensitive when the oligonucleotide was mono-biotinylated, with traptavidin being the most stable followed by streptavidin and neutravidin. Mono-biotinylated oligonucleotides can be used in experiments with temperatures up to 70 degrees C. When oligonucleotides were bis-biotinylated, all SA/SAH-biotin bonds had similar temperature stability under PCR conditions, even if they comprised a streptavidin variant with slower biotin dissociation and increased mechanostability. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02339 SN - 0743-7463 VL - 36 IS - 2 SP - 628 EP - 636 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lood, Kajsa A1 - Schmidt, Bernd T1 - Stereoselective synthesis of conjugated polyenes based on tethered olefin metathesis and carbonyl olefination BT - application to the total synthesis of (+)-bretonin B JF - The journal of organic chemistry N2 - The combination of a highly stereoselective tethered olefin metathesis reaction and a Julia-Kocienski olefination is presented as a strategy for the synthesis of conjugated polyenes with at least one Z-configured C=C bond. The strategy is exemplified by the synthesis of the marine natural product (+)-bretonin B. KW - absolute-configuration KW - natural-products KW - formal synthesis KW - oxidation KW - derivatives KW - aldehydes KW - catalysts KW - alcohols KW - sponge KW - ethers Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.joc.0c00446 SN - 0022-3263 SN - 1520-6904 VL - 85 IS - 7 SP - 5122 EP - 5130 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bald, Ilko A1 - Solov'yov, Ilia A. A1 - Mason, Nigel J. A1 - Solov'yov, Andrey V. T1 - Special issue BT - dynamics of systems on the nanoscale (2018). Editorial JF - The European physical journal. D, Atomic, molecular, optical and plasma physics N2 - The structure, formation and dynamics of both animate and inanimate matter on the nanoscale are a highly interdisciplinary field of rapidly emerging research engaging a broad community encompassing experimentalists, theorists, and technologists. It is relevant for a large variety of molecular and nanosystems of different origin and composition and concerns numerous phenomena originating from physics, chemistry, biology, or materials science. This Topical Issue presents a collection of original research papers devoted to different aspects of structure and dynamics on the nanoscale. Some of the contributions discuss specific applications of the research results in several modern technologies and in next generation medicine. Most of the works of this topical issue were reported at the Fifth International Conference on Dynamics of Systems on the Nanoscale (DySoN) - the premier forum for the presentation of cutting-edge research in this field that was held in Potsdam, Germany in October of 2018. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1140/epjd/e2020-10134-4 SN - 1434-6060 SN - 1434-6079 VL - 74 IS - 4 SP - 75 EP - 82 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lützow, Karola A1 - Weigel, Thomas A1 - Lendlein, Andreas T1 - Solvent-based fabrication method for magnetic, shape-memory nanocomposite foams JF - MRS advances N2 - This paper presents shape-memory foams that can be temporarily fixed in their compressed state and be expanded on demand. Highly porous, nanocomposite foams were prepared from a solution of polyetherurethane with suspended nanoparticles (mean aggregate size 90 nm) which have an iron(III) oxide core with a silica shell. The polymer solution with suspended nanoparticles was cooled down to -20 degrees C in a two-stage process, which was followed by freeze-drying. The average pore size increases with decreasing concentration of nanoparticles from 158 mu m to 230 mu m while the foam porosity remained constant. After fixation of a temporary form of the nanocomposite foams, shape recovery can be triggered either by heat or by exposure to an alternating magnetic field. Compressed foams showed a recovery rate of up to 76 +/- 4% in a thermochamber at 80 degrees C, and a slightly lower recovery rate of up to 65 +/- 4% in a magnetic field. KW - composite KW - foam KW - polymer KW - magnetic KW - shape memory Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1557/adv.2019.422 SN - 2059-8521 VL - 5 IS - 14-15 SP - 785 EP - 795 PB - Cambridge Univ. Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - THES A1 - Lehmann, Frederike Felizia T1 - Solubility limits and phase stabilizing effects of mixed hybrid perovskites N2 - In recent years the development of renewable energy sources attracted much attention due to the increasing environmental pollution induced by burning fossil fuels. The growing public interest in reducing greenhouse gases and the use of pollution-free energies (bio-mass-, geothermal-, solar-, water- or wind energy) paved the way for scientific research in renewable energies. [1] Solar energy provides unlimited access and offers high applicational flexibility, which is needed for energy consumption in a modern society. The scientific interest in photovoltaics (PV) nowadays focuses on discovering new materials and improving materials properties, aiming for the production of highly efficient solar cells. Lately, a new type of absorber material based on the perovskite type structure reached power conversion efficiencies of more than 24%. [2] By varying the chemical composition the electronic properties as e.g. the band gap energy can be tuned to increase the absorption range of this absorber material. This makes them in particular attractive for use in tandem solar cells, where silicon and perovskite absorber layers are combined to absorb a large range of the vible light (28.0% efficiency). [2] However, perovskite based solar cells not only suffer from fast degradation when exposed to humidity, but also from the use of toxic elements (e.g. lead), which can result in long-term environmental damage. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the fundamental structural and optoelectronical properties of highly interesting hybrid perovskite materials, the MAPbX3 solid solution (MA=CH3NH3; X=I,Br,Cl) and the triple cation (FA1-xMAx)1-yCsyPbI3 solid solution (FA=HC(NH2)2). The study was performed on powder samples by using X-ray diffraction, revealing the crystal structure and solubility behavior of all solid solutions. Moreover the temperature-dependent behavior was studied using in-situ high resolution synchrotron X-ray diffraction and combinatorial thermal analysis methods. The influence of compositional changes on the band gap energy variation were observed using spectroscopic methods as photoluminescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The obtained results have shown that for the MAPb(I1-xBrx)3 solid solution a large miscibility gap in the range of 0.29 ( ± 0.02) ≤ x ≤ 0.92 ( ± 0.02) is present. This miscibility gap limits the suitable compositional range for use in thin film solar cells of mixed halide compounds. From the temperature-dependent in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction studies the complete T-X-phase diagram was established. Studies on the MAPb(Cl1-xBrx)3 solid solution revealed that MAPb(Cl1-xBrx)3 forms a complete solid solution series. For the triple cation (FA1-xMAx)1-yCsyPbI3 solid solution the aim was to study the formation of the d-modification in FAPbI3, which is undesired for solar cell application. This can be overcome by stabilizing the favored high temperature cubic a-modification at ambient conditions. By partial substituting the formamidinium molecule by methylammonium and cesium the stabilization of the cubic modification was successful. The solubility limit of FA1-xCsxPbI3 solid solution was determined to be x=0.1, while a full miscibility was observed for the FA1-xMAxPbI3 solid solution. For the triple cation (FA1-xMAx)1-yCsyPbI3 solid solution a solubility limit of cesium was observed to be y=0.1. The optoelectronic properties were investigated, revealing a linear change of band gap energy with chemical composition. It is demonstrated that the stabilized triple cation compound with cubic perovskite-type crystal structure shows enhanced stability of approximately six months. Furthermore, a short insight into lead-free perovskite-type materials is given, using germanium as non-toxic alternative to lead. For germanium based perovskites a fast decomposition in air was observed, due to the preferred formation of GeI4 in oxygen atmosphere. In-situ low temperature synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements revealed a yet unknown low temperature modification of MAGeI3. [1] WESSELAK, Viktor; SCHABBACH, Thomas; LINK, Thomas; FISCHER, Joachim: Handbuch Regenerative Energietechnik. Springer, 2017 [2] NREL: Best Research-Cell Efficiencies. https://www.nrel.gov/pv/assets/pdfs/best-research-cell-efficiencies-190416.pdf. – 25.04.2019 Y1 - 2020 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Erler, Alexander A1 - Riebe, Daniel A1 - Beitz, Toralf A1 - Löhmannsröben, Hans-Gerd A1 - Gebbers, Robin T1 - Soil Nutrient Detection for Precision Agriculture Using Handheld Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and Multivariate Regression Methods (PLSR, Lasso and GPR) JF - Sensors N2 - Precision agriculture (PA) strongly relies on spatially differentiated sensor information. Handheld instruments based on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) are a promising sensor technique for the in-field determination of various soil parameters. In this work, the potential of handheld LIBS for the determination of the total mass fractions of the major nutrients Ca, K, Mg, N, P and the trace nutrients Mn, Fe was evaluated. Additionally, other soil parameters, such as humus content, soil pH value and plant available P content, were determined. Since the quantification of nutrients by LIBS depends strongly on the soil matrix, various multivariate regression methods were used for calibration and prediction. These include partial least squares regression (PLSR), least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression (Lasso), and Gaussian process regression (GPR). The best prediction results were obtained for Ca, K, Mg and Fe. The coefficients of determination obtained for other nutrients were smaller. This is due to much lower concentrations in the case of Mn, while the low number of lines and very weak intensities are the reason for the deviation of N and P. Soil parameters that are not directly related to one element, such as pH, could also be predicted. Lasso and GPR yielded slightly better results than PLSR. Additionally, several methods of data pretreatment were investigated. KW - LIBS KW - lasso KW - PLS regression KW - gaussian processes KW - soil KW - precision agriculture KW - nutrients Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/s20020418 SN - 1424-8220 VL - 20 IS - 2 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wang, Xuepu A1 - Sperling, Marcel A1 - Reifarth, Martin A1 - Böker, Alexander T1 - Shaping metallic nanolattices BT - Design by microcontact printing from wrinkled stamps JF - Small N2 - A method for the fabrication of well-defined metallic nanostructures is presented here in a simple and straightforward fashion. As an alternative to lithographic techniques, this routine employs microcontact printing utilizing wrinkled stamps, which are prepared from polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and includes the formation of hydrophobic stripe patterns on a substrate via the transfer of oligomeric PDMS. Subsequent backfilling of the interspaces between these stripes with a hydroxyl-functional poly(2-vinyl pyridine) then provides the basic pattern for the deposition of citrate-stabilized gold nanoparticles promoted by electrostatic interaction. The resulting metallic nanostripes can be further customized by peeling off particles in a second microcontact printing step, which employs poly(ethylene imine) surface-decorated wrinkled stamps, to form nanolattices. Due to the independent adjustability of the period dimensions of the wrinkled stamps and stamp orientation with respect to the substrate, particle arrays on the (sub)micro-scale with various kinds of geometries are accessible in a straightforward fashion. This work provides an alternative, cost-effective, and scalable surface-patterning technique to fabricate nanolattice structures applicable to multiple types of functional nanoparticles. Being a top-down method, this process could be readily implemented into, e.g., the fabrication of optical and sensing devices on a large scale. KW - gold nanoparticle assembly KW - hydroxyl-functional poly(2-vinyl pyridine) KW - metallic nanolattices KW - microcontact printing KW - oligomeric KW - polydimethylsiloxane KW - polydimethylsiloxane wrinkles KW - wrinkled stamps Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201906721 SN - 1613-6810 SN - 1613-6829 VL - 16 IS - 11 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wang, Xuepu A1 - Sperling, Marcel A1 - Reifarth, Martin A1 - Böker, Alexander T1 - Shaping metallic nanolattices BT - Design by microcontact printing from wrinkled stamps T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - A method for the fabrication of well-defined metallic nanostructures is presented here in a simple and straightforward fashion. As an alternative to lithographic techniques, this routine employs microcontact printing utilizing wrinkled stamps, which are prepared from polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and includes the formation of hydrophobic stripe patterns on a substrate via the transfer of oligomeric PDMS. Subsequent backfilling of the interspaces between these stripes with a hydroxyl-functional poly(2-vinyl pyridine) then provides the basic pattern for the deposition of citrate-stabilized gold nanoparticles promoted by electrostatic interaction. The resulting metallic nanostripes can be further customized by peeling off particles in a second microcontact printing step, which employs poly(ethylene imine) surface-decorated wrinkled stamps, to form nanolattices. Due to the independent adjustability of the period dimensions of the wrinkled stamps and stamp orientation with respect to the substrate, particle arrays on the (sub)micro-scale with various kinds of geometries are accessible in a straightforward fashion. This work provides an alternative, cost-effective, and scalable surface-patterning technique to fabricate nanolattice structures applicable to multiple types of functional nanoparticles. Being a top-down method, this process could be readily implemented into, e.g., the fabrication of optical and sensing devices on a large scale. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1391 KW - gold nanoparticle assembly KW - hydroxyl-functional poly(2-vinyl pyridine) KW - metallic nanolattices KW - microcontact printing KW - oligomeric polydimethylsiloxane KW - polydimethylsiloxane wrinkles KW - wrinkled stamps Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-514341 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 11 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhang, Pengfei A1 - Behl, Marc A1 - Balk, Maria A1 - Peng, Xingzhou A1 - Lendlein, Andreas T1 - Shape-programmable architectured hydrogels sensitive to ultrasound JF - Macromolecular rapid communications N2 - On-demand motion of highly swollen polymer systems can be triggered by changes in pH, ion concentrations, or by heat. Here, shape-programmable, architectured hydrogels are introduced, which respond to ultrasonic-cavitation-based mechanical forces (CMF) by directed macroscopic movements. The concept is the implementation and sequential coupling of multiple functions (swellability in water, sensitivity to ultrasound, shape programmability, and shape-memory) in a semi-interpenetrating polymer network (s-IPN). The semi-IPN-based hydrogels are designed to function through rhodium coordination (Rh-s-IPNH). These coordination bonds act as temporary crosslinks. The porous hydrogels with coordination bonds (degree of swelling from 300 +/- 10 to 680 +/- 60) exhibit tensile strength sigma(max) up to 250 +/- 60 kPa. Shape fixity ratios up to 90% and shape recovery ratios up to 94% are reached. Potential applications are switches or mechanosensors. KW - cavitation-based mechanical force KW - rhodium-phosphine coordination bonds KW - semi-IPN hydrogels KW - shape-memory effect Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.201900658 SN - 1022-1336 SN - 1521-3927 VL - 41 IS - 7 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liu, Yue A1 - Gould, Oliver E. C. A1 - Kratz, Karl A1 - Lendlein, Andreas T1 - Shape-memory actuation of individual micro-/nanofibers JF - MRS Advances N2 - Advances in the fabrication and characterization of polymeric nanomaterials has greatly advanced the miniaturization of soft actuators, creating materials capable of replicating the functional physical behavior previously limited to the macroscale. Here, we demonstrate how a reversible shape-memory polymer actuation can be generated in a single micro/nano object, where the shape change during actuation of an individual fiber can be dictated by programming using an AFM-based method. Electrospinning was used to prepare poly(epsilon-caprolactone) micro-/nanofibers, which were fixed and crosslinked on a structured silicon wafer. The programming as well as the observation of recovery and reversible displacement of the fiber were performed by vertical three point bending, using an AFM testing platform introduced here. A plateau tip was utilized to improve the stability of the fiber contact and working distance, enabling larger deformations and greater rbSMPA performance. Values for the reversible elongation of epsilon(rev)= 3.4 +/- 0.1% and 10.5 +/- 0.1% were obtained for a single micro (d = 1.0 +/- 0.2 mu m) and nanofiber (d = 300 +/- 100 nm) in cyclic testing between the temperatures 10 and 60 degrees C. The reversible actuation of the nanofiber was successfully characterized for 10 cycles. The demonstration and characterization of individual shape-memory nano and microfiber actuators represents an important step in the creation of miniaturized robotic devices capable of performing complex physical functions at the length scale of cells and structural component of the extracellular matrix. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1557/adv.2020.276 SN - 2059-8521 VL - 5 IS - 46-47 SP - 2391 EP - 2399 PB - Cambridge Univ. Press CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mehr, Fatemeh Naderi A1 - Grigoriev, Dmitry A1 - Heaton, Rebecca A1 - Baptiste, Joshua A1 - Stace, Anthony J. A1 - Puretskiy, Nikolay A1 - Besley, Elena A1 - Böker, Alexander T1 - Self-assembly behavior of oppositely charged inverse bipatchy microcolloids JF - Small : nano micro N2 - A directed attractive interaction between predefined "patchy" sites on the surfaces of anisotropic microcolloids can provide them with the ability to self-assemble in a controlled manner to build target structures of increased complexity. An important step toward the controlled formation of a desired superstructure is to identify reversible electrostatic interactions between patches which allow them to align with one another. The formation of bipatchy particles with two oppositely charged patches fabricated using sandwich microcontact printing is reported. These particles spontaneously self-aggregate in solution, where a diversity of short and long chains of bipatchy particles with different shapes, such as branched, bent, and linear, are formed. Calculations show that chain formation is driven by a combination of attractive electrostatic interactions between oppositely charged patches and the charge-induced polarization of interacting particles. KW - electrostatic interactions KW - patchy particles KW - polyelectrolyte inks KW - sandwich microcontact printing KW - self-assembly Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202000442 SN - 1613-6810 SN - 1613-6829 VL - 16 IS - 14 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - THES A1 - Kirste, Matthias T1 - Ruthenium(II)- und Rhenium(I)-Komplexe des 1,6,7,12-Tetraazaperylens und seiner Dimethyl- und Tetramethylderivate T1 - Ruthenium(II) and rhenium(I) complexes of the 1,6,7,12-tetraazaperylene and its dimethyl and tetramethyl derivatives N2 - Die vorliegende Dissertationsschrift mit dem Titel: „Ruthenium(II)- und Rhenium(I)-Komplexe des 1,6,7,12-Tetraazaperylens und seiner Dimethyl- und Tetramethylderivate“ von Matthias Kirste wurde unter der Leitung des Herrn Prof. Dr. Hans-Jürgen Holdt am Institut für Chemie der Universität Potsdam angefertigt. Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit Ruthenium(II)- und Rhenium(I)-Komplexen des großflächigen Liganden 1,6,7,12-Tetraazaperylen (tape) und seiner 2,11-Dimethyl-(dmtape)- und 2,5,8,11-Tetramethyl-(tmtape)-derivate. Es wurden die bekannten Herstellungen des tape- sowie des dmtape-Liganden verbessert und die Synthese des tmtape-Liganden neu entwickelt. Zudem gelang mit einer neu entwickelten chemischen Reaktion die Synthese des dianionischen 3,10-Disulfonato-1,6,7,12-tetraazaperylens. Mit dmtape und tmtape wurde jeweils ein neuer Ruthenium(II)-Komplex hergestellt. Die Komplexe wurden photophysikalisch und elektrochemisch charakterisiert. KT-DNS-Interkalationen wurden von einkernigen Ruthenium(II)-Komplexen mit jeweils tape-, dmtape- und tmtape als interkalative Einheit vermessen. Es zeigte sich, dass diese Komplexe mit einer hohen Bindungsaffinität in die doppelsträngige KT-DNS interkalieren. Aus den mononuklearen Ruthenium(II)-Komplexen gelang die Herstellung von heterodinuklearen RuIIReI-Komplexen, die charakteristische Signale in ihren UV/Vis-Absorptionsspektren zeigen und sehr leicht jeweils ein- sowie zweifach im Bereich von 70 mV bis -80 mV und -440 mV bis -600 mV vs. GKE reduzierbar sind. Diese dmtape- sowie tmtape-verbrückten heterodinuklearen RuIIReI-Komplexe ermöglichen eine Feinjustierung ihrer photophysikalischen und elektrochemischen Eigenschaften, wobei in dieser Arbeit mithilfe einer chemischen Reaktion eine gezielte Einstellung dieser Eigenschaften gezeigt werden konnte. Metallkomplexe mit solchen charakteristischen, leicht einstellbaren photophysikalischen sowie elektrochemischen Eigenschaften sind geeignete Sensor- und Elektronen-Shuttle-Moleküle besonders für bioanalytische Einsatzgebiete. Zudem könnten die vielen Einstellmöglichkeiten der elektronischen Struktur dieser Komplexe sehr interessant für katalytische Anwendungen sein. N2 - The present dissertation with the topic: “ruthenium(II) and rhenium(I) complexes of the 1,6,7,12-tetraazaperylene and its dimethyl and tetramethyl derivatives” by Matthias Kirste was done at the University of Potsdam under the direction of Prof. Dr. Hans-Jürgen Holdt. The work deals with ruthenium(II) and rhenium(I) complexes of the large surface ligand 1,6,7,12-tetraazaperylene (tape) and its 2,11-dimethyl (dmtape) and 2,5,8,11-tetramethyl (tmtape) derivatives. The known preparations of tape and dmtape were improved and the synthesis of tmtape was newly developed. In addition, the synthesis of a dianonic 3,10-disulfonato-1,6,7,12-tetraazaperylene was achieved, using a newly developed chemical reaction. Respectively, a new ruthenium(II) complex from dmtape and tmtape was synthesized. The complexes were characterized by absorption spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. A DNA binding study shows that the mononuclear ruthenium(II) complexes from tape, dmtape and tmtape intercalate into double-stranded CT-DNA with high binding affinities. The mononuclear ruthenium(II) complexes from dmtape and tmtape were converted into heterodinuclear Ru(II)Re(I)-complexes, which show characteristic signals in their UV/Vis absorption spectra and are easy to reduce one and two times in the range of 70 mV to 80 mV and -440 mV to -600 mV vs. SCE. These dmtape and tmtape bridged heterodinuclear Ru(II)Re(I)-complexes enable a fine adjustment of their photophysical and electrochemical properties, whereby in this work a targeted adjustment of these properties could be shown with the help of a chemical reaction. Metal complexes with such characteristic, easily adjustable photophysical and electrochemical properties are suitable sensor and electron-shuttle molecules, especially for bioanalytical applications. In addition, the many adjustment options for the electronic structure of these complexes could be very useful for catalytic processes. KW - 1,6,7,12-Tetraazaperylen KW - großflächige Liganden KW - Ruthenium KW - Rhenium KW - DNS KW - Zweikernkomplexe KW - heterodinuklear Y1 - 2020 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bechmann, Wolfgang A1 - Bald, Ilko T1 - Reaktionskinetik JF - Einstieg in die Physikalische Chemie für Naturwissenschaftler N2 - Bei der Untersuchung chemischer Reaktionen interessiert zunächst, welche Reaktionsprodukte aus gegebenen Ausgangsstoffen gebildet werden können. Wichtig sind weiterhin Angaben zum möglichen Grad der Umsetzung der Ausgangsstoffe und zur Energiebilanz einer Reaktion. Damit sind aber noch keine Aussagen über den zeitlichen Ablauf der Stoffumwandlung getroffen. Y1 - 2020 SN - 978-3-662-62033-5 SN - 978-3-662-62034-2 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62034-2_2 SP - 141 EP - 220 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ET - 7. Auflage ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mai-Linde, Yasemin A1 - Linker, Torsten T1 - Radical clock probes to determine carbohydrate radical stabilities JF - Organic letters N2 - Carbohydrate radical stabilities in the 1- and 2-position have been determined by a radical clock approach, starting from cyclopropanated sugars with xanthates as precursors. Various hexoses and pentoses afforded 1-deoxy sugars as main products, indicating that anomeric radicals are more stable than radicals in the 2-position. An additional influence of the configurations on radical stabilities has been observed. Our results should be interesting for the understanding of 1,2-radical rearrangements in carbohydrate chemistry and offer an easy access to deoxy-vinyl sugars. KW - stereoselective-synthesis KW - convenient synthesis KW - chemistry KW - cyclopropanation KW - mechanism KW - glycals KW - beta-(acyloxy)alkylrear KW - rangement KW - sugars Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00111 SN - 1523-7060 SN - 1523-7052 VL - 22 IS - 4 SP - 1525 EP - 1529 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ehlert, Christopher A1 - Klamroth, Tillmann T1 - PSIXAS: A Psi4 plugin for efficient simulations of X-ray absorption spectra based on the transition-potential and Delta-Kohn-Sham method JF - Journal of computational chemistry : organic, inorganic, physical, biological N2 - Near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectra and their pump-probe extension (PP-NEXAFS) offer insights into valence- and core-excited states. We present PSIXAS, a recent implementation for simulating NEXAFS and PP-NEXAFS spectra by means of the transition-potential and the Delta-Kohn-Sham method. The approach is implemented in form of a software plugin for the Psi4 code, which provides access to a wide selection of basis sets as well as density functionals. We briefly outline the theoretical foundation and the key aspects of the plugin. Then, we use the plugin to simulate PP-NEXAFS spectra of thymine, a system already investigated by others and us. It is found that larger, extended basis sets are needed to obtain more accurate absolute resonance positions. We further demonstrate that, in contrast to ordinary NEXAFS simulations, where the choice of the density functional plays a minor role for the shape of the spectrum, for PP-NEXAFS simulations the choice of the density functional is important. Especially hybrid functionals (which could not be used straightforwardly before to simulate PP-NEXAFS spectra) and their amount of "Hartree-Fock like" exact exchange affects relative resonance positions in the spectrum. KW - transition-potential method KW - X-ray absorption KW - spectroscopy KW - Delta-Kohn-Sham Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/jcc.26219 SN - 0192-8651 SN - 1096-987X VL - 41 IS - 19 SP - 1781 EP - 1789 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gäbert, Chris A1 - Rosenstingl, Tobias A1 - Linsler, Dominic A1 - Dienwiebel, Martin A1 - Reinicke, Stefan T1 - Programming viscosity in silicone oils BT - reversible tuning of rheological properties in 9-anthracene ester-terminated polydimethylsiloxanes JF - ACS applied polymer materials N2 - Programmable oils feature tunable viscosity and therefore possess potential for technical improvements and innovative solutions in many lubricated applications. Herein, we describe the first assessment of the variability of rheological properties of light-programmable 9-anthracene ester-terminated polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS-As), including implications that arise with UV-light as an external trigger. We applied a modified rheometer setup that enables the monitoring of dynamic moduli during exposure to UV-light. The reversible dimerization of anthracene esters is used to either link PDMS chains by UV-A radiation (365 nm) or cleave chains by UV-C radiation (254 nm) or at elevated temperatures (>130 degrees C). Thermal cleavage fully restores the initial material properties, while the photochemical cleavage of dimers occurs only to a limited extent. Prolonged UV radiation causes material damage and in turn reduces the range of programmable rheological properties. The incomplete cleavage contributes to a gradual buildup of viscosity over a course of several switching cycles, which we suggest to result from chain length-dependent reaction kinetics. Material property gradients induced during radiation due to attenuation of the light beam upon its passing through the oil layer have to be considered, emphasizing the need for proper mixing protocols during the programming step. The material in focus shows integrated photorheology and is suggested to improve the performance of silicone oils in friction systems. KW - polysiloxane KW - lubricant KW - light-programmable viscosity KW - anthracene KW - dimerization KW - reversible chain extension Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.0c00794 SN - 2637-6105 VL - 2 IS - 12 SP - 5460 EP - 5468 PB - ACS Publications CY - Washington, DC ER - TY - THES A1 - Schmidt, Bernhard V. K. J. T1 - Polymers, self-assembly and materials BT - from polymer synthesis to applications BT - von der Polymersynthese bis zur Anwendung N2 - In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die Selbstorganisation von hydrophilen Polymeren, verstärkte Hydrogele, sowie anorganische/Polymer Hybridmaterialien untersucht. Dabei beschreibt die Arbeit den Weg von Polymersynthese mittels verschiedener Methoden über Polymerselbstanordnung bis zur Herstellung von Polymermaterialien mit vielversprechenden Eigenschaften für zukünftige Anwendungen. Hydrophile Polymere wurden verwendet, um Mehrphasensysteme herzustellen, Wasser-in-Wasser Emulsionen zu bilden und selbstangeordneten Strukturen zu erzeugen, z. B. Partikel/Aggregate oder hohle Strukturen aus komplett wasserlöslichen Bausteinen. Die Strukturbildung in wässriger Umgebung wurde ferner für supramolekulare Hydrogele mit definierter Unterstruktur und reversiblem Gelierungsverhalten eingesetzt. Auf dem Gebiet der Hydrogele wurde das anorganische Material graphitisches Kohlenstoffnitrid (g-CN) als Photoinitiator für die Hydrogelsynthese und als Verstärker der Gelstruktur beschrieben. Hierbei konnten Hydrogele mit herausragenden Eigenschaften generiert werden, z. B. hohe Kompressibilität, hohe Speichermodule oder Gleitfähigkeit. Die Kombinationen von g-CN mit verschiedenen Polymeren erlaubte es zudem neue Materialien für die Photokatalyse bereitzustellen. Als weiteres anorganisches Material wurden Metall-organische Gerüste (MOFs) mit Polymeren kombiniert. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Verwendung von MOFs in der Polymersynthese einen starken Einfluss auf die erzeugte Polymerstruktur hat und MOFs als Katalysator für Polymerisationen verwendet werden können. Zuletzt wurde die MOF Synthese an sich untersucht, wobei Polymeradditive oder Lösungsmittel eingesetzt wurden um die kristalline Struktur der MOFs zu modulieren. Insgesamt wurden hier verschiedene Errungenschaften für die Polymerchemie beschrieben, z.B. neuartige hydrophile Polymere und Hydrogele, die zur Zeit wichtige Materialien im Polymerbereich durch ihre vielversprechenden Anwendungen im biomedizinischen Sektor darstellen. Außerdem ergab die Kombination von Polymeren mit Materialien aus anderen Bereichen der Chemie, z. B. g-CN und MOFs, neue Materialien mit bemerkenswerten Eigenschaften, die ebenfalls von Interesse für zukünftige Anwendungen sind, z. B. Beschichtungen, Partikeltechnologie und Katalyse. N2 - In the present thesis, self-assembly of hydrophilic polymers, reinforced hydrogels and inorganic/polymer hybrids were examined. The thesis describes an avenue from polymer synthesis via various methods over polymer self-assembly to the formation of polymer materials that have promising properties for future applications. Hydrophilic polymers were utilized to form multi-phase systems, water-in-water emulsions and self-assembled structures, e.g. particles/aggregates or hollow structures from completely water-soluble building blocks. The structuring of aqueous environments by hydrophilic homo and block copolymers was further utilized in the formation of supramolecular hydrogels with compartments or specific thermal behavior. Furthermore, inorganic graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) was utilized as photoinitiator for hydrogel formation and as reinforcer for hydrogels. As such, hydrogels with remarkable mechanical properties were synthesized, e.g. high compressibility, high storage modulus or lubricity. In addition, g-CN was combined with polymers for a broad range of materials, e.g. coatings, films or latex, that could be utilized in photocatalytic applications. Another inorganic material class was combined with polymers in the present thesis as well, namely metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). It was shown that the pore structure of MOFs enables improved control over tacticity and achievement of high molar masses. Furthermore, MOF-based polymerization catalysis was introduced with improved control for coordinating monomers, catalyst recyclability and decreased metal contamination in the product. Finally, the effect of external influence on MOF morphology was studied, e.g. via solvent or polymer additives, which allowed the formation of various MOF structures. Overall, advances in several areas of polymer science are presented in here. A major topic of the thesis was hydrophilic polymers and hydrogels that currently constitute significant materials in the polymer field due to promising future applications in biomedicine. Moreover, the combination of polymers with materials from other areas of research, i.e. g-CN and MOFs, provided various new materials with remarkable properties also of interest for applications in the future, e.g. coatings, particle structures and catalysis. T2 - Polymere, Selbstanordnungen und Materialien KW - block copolymers KW - carbon nitride KW - metal-organic frameworks KW - Blockcopolymere KW - Kohlenstoffnitrid KW - Metall-organische Gerüste Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-484819 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Deng, Zijun A1 - Wang, Weiwei A1 - Xua, Xun A1 - Gould, Oliver E. C. A1 - Kratz, Karl A1 - Ma, Nan A1 - Lendlein, Andreas T1 - Polymeric sheet actuators with programmable bioinstructivity JF - PNAS N2 - Stem cells are capable of sensing and processing environmental inputs, converting this information to output a specific cell lineage through signaling cascades. Despite the combinatorial nature of mechanical, thermal, and biochemical signals, these stimuli have typically been decoupled and applied independently, requiring continuous regulation by controlling units. We employ a programmable polymer actuator sheet to autonomously synchronize thermal and mechanical signals applied to mesenchymal stem cells (MSC5). Using a grid on its underside, the shape change of polymer sheet, as well as cell morphology, calcium (Ca2+) influx, and focal adhesion assembly, could be visualized and quantified. This paper gives compelling evidence that the temperature sensing and mechanosensing of MSC5 are interconnected via intracellular Ca2+. Up-regulated Ca2+ levels lead to a remarkable alteration of histone H3K9 acetylation and activation of osteogenic related genes. The interplay of physical, thermal, and biochemical signaling was utilized to accelerate the cell differentiation toward osteogenic lineage. The approach of programmable bioinstructivity provides a fundamental principle for functional biomaterials exhibiting multifaceted stimuli on differentiation programs. Technological impact is expected in the tissue engineering of periosteum for treating bone defects. KW - reversible shape-memory actuator KW - mesenchymal stem cells KW - calcium influx KW - HDAC1 KW - RUNX2 Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1910668117 SN - 1091-6490 VL - 117 IS - 4 SP - 1895 EP - 1901 PB - National Academy of Sciences CY - Washington, DC ER - TY - GEN A1 - Deng, Zijun A1 - Wang, Weiwei A1 - Xua, Xun A1 - Gould, Oliver E. C. A1 - Kratz, Karl A1 - Ma, Nan A1 - Lendlein, Andreas T1 - Polymeric sheet actuators with programmable bioinstructivity T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Stem cells are capable of sensing and processing environmental inputs, converting this information to output a specific cell lineage through signaling cascades. Despite the combinatorial nature of mechanical, thermal, and biochemical signals, these stimuli have typically been decoupled and applied independently, requiring continuous regulation by controlling units. We employ a programmable polymer actuator sheet to autonomously synchronize thermal and mechanical signals applied to mesenchymal stem cells (MSC5). Using a grid on its underside, the shape change of polymer sheet, as well as cell morphology, calcium (Ca2+) influx, and focal adhesion assembly, could be visualized and quantified. This paper gives compelling evidence that the temperature sensing and mechanosensing of MSC5 are interconnected via intracellular Ca2+. Up-regulated Ca2+ levels lead to a remarkable alteration of histone H3K9 acetylation and activation of osteogenic related genes. The interplay of physical, thermal, and biochemical signaling was utilized to accelerate the cell differentiation toward osteogenic lineage. The approach of programmable bioinstructivity provides a fundamental principle for functional biomaterials exhibiting multifaceted stimuli on differentiation programs. Technological impact is expected in the tissue engineering of periosteum for treating bone defects. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1441 KW - reversible shape-memory actuator KW - mesenchymal stem cells KW - calcium influx KW - HDAC1 KW - RUNX2 Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-515490 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liu, Yue A1 - Gould, Oliver E. C. A1 - Rudolph, Tobias A1 - Fang, Liang A1 - Kratz, Karl A1 - Lendlein, Andreas T1 - Polymeric microcuboids programmable for temperature-memory JF - Macromolecular materials and engineering N2 - Microobjects with programmable mechanical functionality are highly desirable for the creation of flexible electronics, sensors, and microfluidic systems, where fabrication/programming and quantification methods are required to fully control and implement dynamic physical behavior. Here, programmable microcuboids with defined geometries are prepared by a template-based method from crosslinked poly[ethylene-co-(vinyl acetate)] elastomers. These microobjects could be programmed to exhibit a temperature-memory effect or a shape-memory polymer actuation capability. Switching temperaturesT(sw)during shape recovery of 55 +/- 2, 68 +/- 2, 80 +/- 2, and 86 +/- 2 degrees C are achieved by tuning programming temperatures to 55, 70, 85, and 100 degrees C, respectively. Actuation is achieved with a reversible strain of 2.9 +/- 0.2% to 6.7 +/- 0.1%, whereby greater compression ratios and higher separation temperatures induce a more pronounced actuation. Micro-geometry change is quantified using optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The realization and quantification of microparticles, capable of a tunable temperature responsive shape-change or reversible actuation, represent a key development in the creation of soft microscale devices for drug delivery or microrobotics. KW - actuation KW - atomic force microscopy KW - biomaterials KW - microparticles KW - shape-memory polymers Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.202000333 SN - 1438-7492 SN - 1439-2054 VL - 305 IS - 10 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Behl, Marc A1 - Razzaq, Muhammad Yasar A1 - Mazurek-Budzynska, Magdalena A1 - Lendlein, Andreas T1 - Polyetheresterurethane based porous scaffolds with tailorable architectures by supercritical CO2 foaming JF - MRS advances N2 - Porous three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds are promising treatment options in regenerative medicine. Supercritical and dense-phase fluid technologies provide an attractive alternative to solvent-based scaffold fabrication methods. In this work, we report on the fabrication of poly-etheresterurethane (PPDO-PCL) based porous scaffolds with tailorable pore size, porosity, and pore interconnectivity by using supercritical CO2(scCO(2)) fluid-foaming. The influence of the processing parameters such as soaking time, soaking temperature and depressurization on porosity, pore size, and interconnectivity of the foams were investigated. The average pore diameter could be varied between 100-800 mu m along with a porosity in the range from (19 +/- 3 to 61 +/- 6)% and interconnectivity of up to 82%. To demonstrate their applicability as scaffold materials, selected foams were sterilized via ethylene oxide sterilization. They showed negligible cytotoxicity in tests according to DIN EN ISO 10993-5 and 10993-12 using L929 cells. The study demonstrated that the pore size, porosity and the interconnectivity of this multi-phase semicrystalline polymer could be tailored by careful control of the processing parameters during the scCO(2)foaming process. In this way, PPDO-PCL scaffolds with high porosity and interconnectivity are potential candidate materials for regenerative treatment options. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1557/adv.2020.345 SN - 2059-8521 VL - 5 IS - 45 SP - 2317 EP - 2330 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - New York, NY ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Izraylit, Victor A1 - Hommes-Schattmann, Paul J. A1 - Neffe, Axel T. A1 - Gould, Oliver E. C. A1 - Lendlein, Andreas T1 - Polyester urethane functionalizable through maleimide side-chains and cross-linkable by polylactide stereocomplexes JF - European polymer journal N2 - Sustainable multifunctional alternatives to fossil-derived materials, which can be functionalized and are degradable, can be envisioned by combining naturally derived starting materials with an established polymer design concept. Modularity and chemical flexibility of polyester urethanes (PEU) enable the combination of segments bearing functionalizable moieties and the tailoring of the mechanical and thermal properties. In this work, a PEU multiblock structure was synthesized from naturally derived L-lysine diisocyanate ethyl ester (LDI), poly(L-lactide) diol (PLLA) and N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-maleimide (MID) in a one-step reaction. A maleimide side-chain (MID) provided a reactive site for the catalyst-free coupling of thiols shown for L-cysteine with a yield of 94%. Physical cross-links were generated by blending the PEU with poly(D-lactide) (PDLA), upon which the PLLA segments of the PEU and the PDLA formed stereocomplexes. Stereocomplexation occurred spontaneously during solution casting and was investigated with WAXS and DSC. Stereocomplex crystallites were observed in the blends, while isotactic PLA crystallization was not observed. The presented material platform with tailorable mechanical properties by blending is of specific interest for engineering biointerfaces of implants or carrier systems for bioactive molecules. KW - Functionalization KW - Polylactide stereocomplex KW - Biomolecules coupling Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109916 SN - 0014-3057 SN - 1873-1945 VL - 137 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mei, Shilin A1 - Xu, Xiaohui A1 - Priestley, Rodney D. A1 - Lu, Yan T1 - Polydopamine-based nanoreactors: synthesis and applications in bioscience and energy materials JF - Chemical science N2 - Polydopamine (PDA)-based nanoreactors have shown exceptional promise as multifunctional materials due to their nanoscale dimensions and sub-microliter volumes for reactions of different systems. Biocompatibility, abundance of active sites, and excellent photothermal conversion have facilitated their extensive use in bioscience and energy storage/conversion. This minireview summarizes recent advances in PDA-based nanoreactors, as applied to the abovementioned fields. We first highlight the design and synthesis of functional PDA-based nanoreactors with structural and compositional diversity. Special emphasis in bioscience has been given to drug/protein delivery, photothermal therapy, and antibacterial properties, while for energy-related applications, the focus is on electrochemical energy storage, catalysis, and solar energy harvesting. In addition, perspectives on pressing challenges and future research opportunities regarding PDA-based nanoreactors are discussed. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/d0sc04486e SN - 2041-6520 SN - 2041-6539 VL - 11 IS - 45 SP - 12269 EP - 12281 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hechenbichler, Michelle A1 - Laschewsky, Andre A1 - Gradzielski, Michael T1 - Poly(N,N-bis(2-methoxyethyl)acrylamide), a thermoresponsive non-ionic polymer combining the amide and the ethyleneglycolether motifs JF - Colloid and polymer science N2 - Poly(N,N-bis(2-methoxyethyl)acrylamide) (PbMOEAm) featuring two classical chemical motifs from non-ionic water-soluble polymers, namely, the amide and ethyleneglycolether moieties, was synthesized by reversible addition fragmentation transfer (RAFT) polymerization. This tertiary polyacrylamide is thermoresponsive exhibiting a lower critical solution temperature (LCST)-type phase transition. A series of homo- and block copolymers with varying molar masses but low dispersities and different end groups were prepared. Their thermoresponsive behavior in aqueous solution was analyzed via turbidimetry and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The cloud points (CP) increased with increasing molar masses, converging to 46 degrees C for 1 wt% solutions. This rise is attributed to the polymers' hydrophobic end groups incorporated via the RAFT agents. When a surfactant-like strongly hydrophobic end group was attached using a functional RAFT agent, CP was lowered to 42 degrees C, i.e., closer to human body temperature. Also, the effect of added salts, in particular, the role of the Hofmeister series, on the phase transition of PbMOEAm was investigated, exemplified for the kosmotropic fluoride, intermediate chloride, and chaotropic thiocyanate anions. A pronounced shift of the cloud point of about 10 degrees C to lower or higher temperatures was observed for 0.2 M fluoride and thiocyanate, respectively. When PbMOEAm was attached to a long hydrophilic block of poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PDMAm), the cloud points of these block copolymers were strongly shifted towards higher temperatures. While no phase transition was observed for PDMAm-b-pbMOEAm with short thermoresponsive blocks, block copolymers with about equally sized PbMOEAm and PDMAm blocks underwent the coil-to-globule transition around 60 degrees C. KW - polyacrylamide KW - water-soluble polymers KW - responsive systems KW - lower KW - critical solution temperature KW - polymer amphiphile Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00396-020-04701-9 SN - 0303-402X SN - 1435-1536 VL - 299 IS - 2 SP - 205 EP - 219 PB - Springer CY - Berlin; Heidelberg ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hechenbichler, Michelle A1 - Laschewsky, Andre A1 - Gradzielski, Michael T1 - Poly(N,N-bis(2-methoxyethyl)acrylamide), a thermoresponsive non-ionic polymer combining the amide and the ethyleneglycolether motifs T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Poly(N,N-bis(2-methoxyethyl)acrylamide) (PbMOEAm) featuring two classical chemical motifs from non-ionic water-soluble polymers, namely, the amide and ethyleneglycolether moieties, was synthesized by reversible addition fragmentation transfer (RAFT) polymerization. This tertiary polyacrylamide is thermoresponsive exhibiting a lower critical solution temperature (LCST)-type phase transition. A series of homo- and block copolymers with varying molar masses but low dispersities and different end groups were prepared. Their thermoresponsive behavior in aqueous solution was analyzed via turbidimetry and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The cloud points (CP) increased with increasing molar masses, converging to 46 degrees C for 1 wt% solutions. This rise is attributed to the polymers' hydrophobic end groups incorporated via the RAFT agents. When a surfactant-like strongly hydrophobic end group was attached using a functional RAFT agent, CP was lowered to 42 degrees C, i.e., closer to human body temperature. Also, the effect of added salts, in particular, the role of the Hofmeister series, on the phase transition of PbMOEAm was investigated, exemplified for the kosmotropic fluoride, intermediate chloride, and chaotropic thiocyanate anions. A pronounced shift of the cloud point of about 10 degrees C to lower or higher temperatures was observed for 0.2 M fluoride and thiocyanate, respectively. When PbMOEAm was attached to a long hydrophilic block of poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PDMAm), the cloud points of these block copolymers were strongly shifted towards higher temperatures. While no phase transition was observed for PDMAm-b-pbMOEAm with short thermoresponsive blocks, block copolymers with about equally sized PbMOEAm and PDMAm blocks underwent the coil-to-globule transition around 60 degrees C. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1345 KW - polyacrylamide KW - water-soluble polymers KW - responsive systems KW - lower KW - critical solution temperature KW - polymer amphiphile Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-598378 SN - 0303-402X SN - 1435-1536 SN - 1866-8372 VL - 299 IS - 2 PB - Springer CY - Berlin; Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pacholski, Claudia A1 - Rosencrantz, Sophia A1 - Rosencrantz, Ruben R. A1 - Balderas-Valadez, Ruth Fabiola T1 - Plasmonic biosensors fabricated by galvanic displacement reactions for monitoring biomolecular interactions in real time JF - Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry : a merger of Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry, Analusis and Quimica analitica N2 - Optical sensors are prepared by reduction of gold ions using freshly etched hydride-terminated porous silicon, and their ability to specifically detect binding between protein A/rabbit IgG and asialofetuin/Erythrina cristagalli lectin is studied. The fabrication process is simple, fast, and reproducible, and does not require complicated lab equipment. The resulting nanostructured gold layer on silicon shows an optical response in the visible range based on the excitation of localized surface plasmon resonance. Variations in the refractive index of the surrounding medium result in a color change of the sensor which can be observed by the naked eye. By monitoring the spectral position of the localized surface plasmon resonance using reflectance spectroscopy, a bulk sensitivity of 296 nm +/- 3 nm/RIU is determined. Furthermore, selectivity to target analytes is conferred to the sensor through functionalization of its surface with appropriate capture probes. For this purpose, biomolecules are deposited either by physical adsorption or by covalent coupling. Both strategies are successfully tested, i.e., the optical response of the sensor is dependent on the concentration of respective target analyte in the solution facilitating the determination of equilibrium dissociation constants for protein A/rabbit IgG as well as asialofetuin/Erythrina cristagalli lectin which are in accordance with reported values in literature. These results demonstrate the potential of the developed optical sensor for cost-efficient biosensor applications. KW - Optical sensor KW - Gold nanostructure KW - Localized surface plasmon resonance KW - Surface functionalization KW - Biomolecular interactions KW - Lectin Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-02414-0 SN - 1618-2642 SN - 1618-2650 VL - 412 IS - 14 SP - 3433 EP - 3445 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dutta, Anushree A1 - Schürmann, Robin Mathis A1 - Balko, Ilko T1 - Plasmon mediated decomposition of brominated nucleobases on silver nanoparticles BT - a surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) study JF - The european physical journal D N2 - The localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) give rise to the generation of so called hot electrons and a high local electric field enhancement, which enable an application of AgNPs in different fields ranging from catalysis to sensing. Hot electrons generated upon the decay of LSPRs are transferred to molecules adsorbed on the surface of the NPs and trigger chemical reactions via dissociative electron attachment (DEA). Herein, we report on the hot electron induced decomposition of the brominated nucleobases – 8-bromoadenine, 8-bromoguanine, 5-bromocytosine and 5-bromouracil on laser illuminated AgNP surfaces. Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of all canonical nucleobases and their brominated analogues have been recorded at different laser illumination times, and for the very first time we present SERS measurements of 8-bromoguanine and 5-bromocytosine. Reaction products have been identified by their vibrational fingerprint revealing the cleavage of the carbon bromide bond in all cases even under mild illumination conditions. These results indicate that the well-known reactions from DEA experiments in the gas phase (i) are also taking place on nanoparticle surfaces under ambient conditions, (ii) can be monitored by SERS, and (iii) are also of importance in analytical SERS applications involving electrophilic molecules, as the bands originating from reaction products need to be identified. Y1 - 2020 UR - https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjd/e2019-100115-1 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1140/epjd/e2019-100115-1 SN - 1434-6079 SN - 1434-6060 VL - 74 IS - 19 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haubitz, Toni A1 - Fudickar, Werner A1 - Linker, Torsten A1 - Kumke, Michael Uwe T1 - pH-sensitive fluorescence switching of pyridylanthracenes BT - the effect of the isomeric pattern JF - The journal of physical chemistry : A, Molecules, spectroscopy, kinetics, environment & general theory N2 - 9,10-substituted anthracenes are known for their useful optical properties like fluorescence, which makes them frequently used probes in sensing applications. In this article, we investigate the fundamental photophysical properties of three pyridyl-substituted variants. The nitrogen atoms in the pyridinium six-membered rings are located in the ortho-, meta-, and para-positions in relation to the anthracene core. Absorption, fluorescence, and transient absorption measurements were carried out and were complemented by theoretical calculations. We monitored the photophysics of the anthracene derivatives in chloroform and water investigating the protonated as well as their nonprotonated forms. We found that the optical properties of the nonprotonated forms are strongly determined by the anthracene chromophore, with only small differences to other 9,10-substituted anthracenes, for example diphenyl anthracene. In contrast, protonation leads to a strong decrease in fluorescence intensity and lifetime. Transient absorption measurements and theoretical calculations revealed the formation of a charge-transfer state in the protonated chromophores, where electron density is shifted from the anthracene moiety toward the protonated pyridyl substituents. While the para- and ortho-derivatives' charge transfer is still moderately fluorescent, the meta-derivative is affected much stronger and shows nearly no fluorescence. This nitrogen-atom-position-dependent sensitivity to hydronium activity makes a combination of these fluorophores very attractive for pH-sensing applications covering a broadened pH range. KW - Absorption KW - Aromatic compounds KW - Fluorescence KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Reaction mechanisms Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.0c09911 SN - 1089-5639 SN - 1520-5215 VL - 124 IS - 52 SP - 11017 EP - 11024 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Qin, Qing A1 - Oschatz, Martin T1 - Overcoming chemical inertness under ambient conditions BT - a critical view on recent developments in Ammonia synthesis via electrochemical N-2 reduction by asking five questions JF - ChemElectroChem N2 - Ammonia (NH3) synthesis by the electrochemical N-2 reduction reaction (NRR) is increasingly studied and proposed as an alternative process to overcome the disadvantages of Haber-Bosch synthesis by a more energy-efficient, carbon-free, delocalized, and sustainable process. An ever-increasing number of scientists are working on the improvement of the faradaic efficiency (FE) and NH3 production rate by developing novel catalysts, electrolyte concepts, and/or by contributing theoretical studies. The present Minireview provides a critical view on the interplay of different crucial aspects in NRR from the electrolyte, over the mechanism of catalytic activation of N-2, to the full electrochemical cell. Five critical questions are asked, discussed, and answered, each coupled with a summary of recent developments in the respective field. This article is not supposed to be a complete summary of recent research about NRR but provides a rather critical personal view on the field. It is the major aim to give an overview over crucial influences on different length scales to shine light on the sweet spots into which room for revolutionary instead of incremental improvements may exist. KW - N-2 reduction KW - ammonia synthesis KW - catalysis KW - catalysts KW - electrolytes Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201901970 SN - 2196-0216 VL - 7 IS - 4 SP - 878 EP - 889 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zimmermann, Marc A1 - Stomps, Benjamin René Harald A1 - Schulte-Osseili, Christine A1 - Grigoriev, Dmitry A1 - Ewen, Dirk A1 - Morgan, Andrew A1 - Böker, Alexander T1 - Organic dye anchor peptide conjugates as an advanced coloring agent for polypropylene yarn T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Polypropylene as one of the world's top commodity polymers is also widely used in the textile industry. However, its non-polar nature and partially crystalline structure significantly complicate the process of industrial coloring of polypropylene. Currently, textiles made of polypropylene or with a significant proportion of polypropylene are dyed under quite harsh conditions, including the use of high pressures and temperatures, which makes this process energy intensive. This research presents a three-step synthesis of coloring agents, capable of adhering onto synthetic polypropylene yarns without harsh energy-consuming conditions. This is possible by encapsulation of organic pigments using trimethoxyphenylsilane, introduction of surface double bonds via modification of the silica shell with trimethoxysilylpropylmethacrylate and final attachment of highly adhesive anchor peptides using thiol-ene chemistry. We demonstrate the applicability of this approach by dyeing polypropylene yarns in a simple process under ambient conditions after giving a step-by-step guide for the synthesis of these new dyeing agents. Finally, the successful dyeing of the yarns is visualized, and its practicability is discussed. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1380 KW - anchor peptides KW - organic dye pigments KW - coloring agents KW - polypropylene yarns Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-548913 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 1-2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Marc A1 - Stomps, Benjamin René Harald A1 - Schulte-Osseili, Christine A1 - Grigoriev, Dmitry A1 - Ewen, Dirk A1 - Morgan, Andrew A1 - Böker, Alexander T1 - Organic dye anchor peptide conjugates as an advanced coloring agent for polypropylene yarn JF - Textile Research Journal N2 - Polypropylene as one of the world's top commodity polymers is also widely used in the textile industry. However, its non-polar nature and partially crystalline structure significantly complicate the process of industrial coloring of polypropylene. Currently, textiles made of polypropylene or with a significant proportion of polypropylene are dyed under quite harsh conditions, including the use of high pressures and temperatures, which makes this process energy intensive. This research presents a three-step synthesis of coloring agents, capable of adhering onto synthetic polypropylene yarns without harsh energy-consuming conditions. This is possible by encapsulation of organic pigments using trimethoxyphenylsilane, introduction of surface double bonds via modification of the silica shell with trimethoxysilylpropylmethacrylate and final attachment of highly adhesive anchor peptides using thiol-ene chemistry. We demonstrate the applicability of this approach by dyeing polypropylene yarns in a simple process under ambient conditions after giving a step-by-step guide for the synthesis of these new dyeing agents. Finally, the successful dyeing of the yarns is visualized, and its practicability is discussed. KW - anchor peptides KW - organic dye pigments KW - coloring agents KW - polypropylene KW - yarns Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517520932231 SN - 0040-5175 SN - 1746-7748 VL - 91 IS - 1-2 SP - 28 EP - 39 PB - Sage Publ. CY - London ER - TY - THES A1 - Saß, Stephan T1 - Optische chemische Sensorik mittels Phasenmodulationsspektroskopie BT - Sauerstoff als Leitanalyt in Medizin und Lebenswissenschaften N2 - Die vorgelegte Arbeit besteht aus drei Teilprojekten, der Realisierung eines Multiparametersensors (Temperatur, pH-Wert und Sauerstoffkonzentration), der Konzipierung und Untersuchung eines optischen Atemgassensors und Untersuchungen zur Anwendung des Konzeptes der Sauerstofflöschung in der Immuntechnologie. Zur Realisierung des Multiparametersensors wurden die einzelnen Sensorfarbstoffe, sofern notwendig, synthetisiert und anschließend einzeln unter Laborbedingungen charakterisiert. Im weiteren Verlauf wurde ein Versuchsaufbau konzipiert mit dem es möglich ist, alle verwendeten Sensorfarbstoffe mit einer Anregungsquelle anzuregen. Dabei erfolgte die Detektion der Parameter Temperatur und Sauerstoffkonzentration mittels Phasenmodulationsspektroskopie und die pH-Wert-bestimmung mittels stationärer Fluoreszenzspektroskopie. So konnte ein Multiparametersensor konzipiert werden, mit dem es möglich ist, die drei genannten Parameter simultan, in Echtzeit und ohne externe Temperaturmessung zu detektieren. Im Rahmen der Entwicklung eines optischen Atemgassensors konnte zunächst eine neue Sensorform entwickelt werden. Durch diese neue Sensorform, welche sich durch sehr kurze Ansprechzeiten auszeichnet, ist es möglich den Sauerstoffgehalt in der Exspirationsluft sehr detailreich zu erfassen. Durch freiwillige Selbstversuche mit dem Atemgassensor konnte eine Korrelation mit einer etablierten Untersuchungsmethode hergestellt werden. Während der Untersuchungen zur Anwendung des Konzeptes der Sauerstofflöschung in der Immuntechnologie konnte zunächst ein Modell entwickelt werden, welches die Wechselwirkung zwischen Antikörper und synthetisiertem Farbstoff, welcher als Antigen fungierte, beschreibt. Nachdem weiterhin eine Wechselwirkung zwischen Antikörper und Antigen in einfachen Medien, wie PBS-Pufferlösung, gezeigt werden konnte, gelang dies auch in komplexen Medien wie bovinem Serum, Kuhmilch oder Speichelflüssigkeit. So konnte ein System entwickelt werden, mit dem es möglich ist Antikörper-Antigen-Wechselwirkungen in komplexen biologischen Medien zu verfolgen. KW - Sauerstoffsensorik KW - Phasenmodulationsspektroskopie KW - Sensorik KW - Atemgas KW - Sauerstofflöschung Y1 - 2020 N1 - Gedruckt in der Universitätsbibliothek Potsdam einsehbar ab dem 24.06.2021 ER - TY - THES A1 - Rietze, Clemens T1 - Optimierung und Analyse von molekularen Schaltern in komplexen Umgebungen: thermische Stabilität, Auslesbarkeit und Schaltbarkeit T1 - Optimization and analysis of molecular switches in complex environments: thermal stability, selectability and switchability N2 - Seit Jahrzehnten stellen die molekularen Schalter ein wachsendes Forschungsgebiet dar. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation stand die Verbesserung der thermischen Stabilität, der Auslesbarkeit und Schaltbarkeit dieser molekularen Schalter in komplexen Umgebungen mithilfe computergestützter Chemie im Vordergrund. Im ersten Projekt wurde die Kinetik der thermischen E → Z-Isomerisierung und die damit verbundene thermische Stabilität eines Azobenzol-Derivats untersucht. Dafür wurde Dichtefunktionaltheorie (DFT) in Verbindung mit der Eyring-Theorie des Übergangszustandes (TST) angewendet. Das Azobenzol-Derivat diente als vereinfachtes Modell für das Schalten in einer komplexen Umgebung (hier in metallorganischen Gerüsten). Es wurden thermodynamische und kinetische Größen unter verschiedenen Einflüssen berechnet, wobei gute Übereinstimmungen mit dem Experiment gefunden wurden. Die hier verwendete Methode stellte einen geeigneten Ansatz dar, um diese Größen mit angemessener Genauigkeit vorherzusagen. Im zweiten Projekt wurde die Auslesbarkeit der Schaltzustände in Form des nichtlinearen optischen (NLO) Kontrastes für die Molekülklasse der Fulgimide untersucht. Die dafür benötigten dynamischen Hyperpolarisierbarkeiten unter Berücksichtigung der Elektronenkorrelation wurden mittels einer etablierten Skalierungsmethode berechnet. Es wurden verschiedene Fulgimide analysiert, wobei viele experimentelle Befunde bestätigt werden konnten. Darüber hinaus legte die theoretische Vorhersage für ein weiteres System nahe, dass insbesondere die Erweiterung des π-Elektronensystems ein vielversprechender Ansatz zur Verbesserung von NLO-Kontrasten darstellt. Die Fulgimide verfügen somit über nützliche Eigenschaften, sodass diese in Zukunft als Bauelemente in photonischen und optoelektronischen Bereichen Anwendungen finden könnten. Im dritten Projekt wurde die E → Z-Isomerisierung auf ein quantenmechanisch (QM) behandeltes Dimer mit molekularmechanischer (MM) Umgebung und zwei Fluorazobenzol-Monomeren durch Moleküldynamik simuliert. Dadurch wurde die Schaltbarkeit in komplexer Umgebung (hier selbstorgansierte Einzelschichten = SAMs) bzw. von Azobenzolderivaten analysiert. Mit dem QM/MM Modell wurden sowohl Van-der-Waals-Interaktionen mit der Umgebung als auch elektronische Kopplung (nur zwischen QM-Molekülen) berücksichtigt. Dabei wurden systematische Untersuchungen zur Packungsdichte durchgeführt. Es zeigte sich, dass bereits bei einem Molekülabstand von 4.5 Å die Quantenausbeute (prozentuale Anzahl erfolgreicher Schaltprozesse) des Monomers erreicht wird. Die größten Quantenausbeuten wurden für die beiden untersuchten Fluorazobenzole erzielt. Es wurden die Effekte des Molekülabstandes und der Einfluss von Fluorsubstituenten auf die Dynamik eingehend untersucht, sodass der Weg für darauf aufbauende Studien geebnet ist. N2 - For decades, molecular switches have represented a growing field of research. In this dissertation, the focus was on improving the thermal stability, selectability and switchability of these molecular switches in complex environments using computer-aided chemistry. In the first project, the kinetics of thermal E → Z isomerization and the associated thermal stability of an azobenzene derivative were investigated. For this purpose, density functional theory (DFT) in combination with the Eyring theory of transition state (TST) was applied. The azobenzene derivative served as a simplified model for switching in a complex environment (here in metalorganic frameworks). Thermodynamic and kinetic quantities under different influences were calculated, and good agreement with the experiment was found. The method used here represented a suitable approach to predict these quantities with reasonable accuracy. In the second project, the selectability of the switching states in the form of nonlinear optical (NLO) contrast for the molecular class of fulgimides was investigated. The dynamic hyperpolarizabilities required for this, taking into account electron correlation, were calculated using an established scaling method. Different fulgimides were analyzed and many experimental findings were confirmed. Furthermore, the theoretical prediction for another system suggested that especially the extension of the π-electron system is a promising approach to improve NLO contrasts. The fulgimides thus possess useful properties, so that they could find future applications as devices in photonic and optoelectronic fields. In the third project, the E → Z-isomerization on a quantum mechanical (QM) treated dimer with molecular mechanical (MM) environment and two fluorazobenzene monomers was simulated by molecular dynamics. Thereby the switchability in complex environment (here self-assembled monolayers = SAMs) respectively of azobenzene derivatives was analyzed. With the QM/MM model both Van-der-Waals-interactions with the environment and electronic coupling (only between QM molecules) were considered. Systematic investigations on packing density were performed. It was shown that already at a molecule distance of 4.5 Å the quantum yield (percentage number of successful switching processes) of the monomer is reached. The highest quantum yields were achieved for the two fluorazobenzenes investigated. The effects of molecule distance and the influence of fluorine substituents on the dynamics were investigated in detail, so that the path for studies is leveled. KW - elektronische Schalter KW - electrical switches KW - Azobenzol KW - Azobenzene KW - Fulgimide KW - self-assembled monolayer KW - selbstorganisierte Einzelschichten KW - metalorganic frameworks KW - theoretische Chemie KW - Eyring KW - Arrhenius KW - transition state KW - Übergangszustand KW - nichtadibatische Dynamik KW - non-adiabatic dynamic KW - Tully-Algorithmus KW - nichtadiabatische Kopplung KW - non-adiabatic coupling KW - freie Aktivierungsenthalpie KW - nicht-lineare Optik KW - non-linear optics KW - Hyperpolarisierbarkeit KW - hyperpolarizability KW - Moleküle in äußeren Feldern KW - Skalierungsmethode von Champagne KW - Sprungwahrscheinlichkeit KW - trajectory surface hopping KW - Anregungsspektren KW - Populationsanalyse KW - Quantenausbeute KW - quantum yield KW - E-Z Isomerisierung KW - trans-cis Isomerisierung KW - cis-trans Isomerisierung KW - Z-E Isomerisierung KW - Dichtefunktionaltheorie KW - DFT KW - Hartree Fock KW - SAM KW - MP2 KW - QM/MM KW - Pachkungsdichte KW - molekularer Abstand KW - D3 KW - Dispersionskorrektur KW - Kohn Sham KW - B3LYP KW - TDDFT KW - Berny-Algorithmus KW - Normalmodenanalyse KW - nichtlineare Optik KW - second harmonic generation KW - Frequenzverdopplung KW - SHG KW - SFG KW - statische Hyperpolarisierbarkeit KW - dynamische Hyperpolarisierbarkeit KW - static hyperpolarizability KW - dynamic hyperpolarizability KW - Tensor KW - Trajektorien KW - trajectory KW - AM1 KW - AM1/FOMO-CI KW - AM1/FOMO KW - Geometrieoptimierung KW - Elektronenstrukturrechnung KW - GAUSSIAN Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-459594 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hermanns, Jolanda A1 - Schmidt, Bernd A1 - Glowinski, Ingrid A1 - Keller, David T1 - Online teaching in the course "organic chemistry" for nonmajor chemistry students BT - from necessity to opportunity JF - Journal of chemical education N2 - In this communication the development of an online course on the topic organic chemistry for nonmajor chemistry students is described and discussed. For this online course, the existing classroom course was further developed. New elements such as podcasts, task navigators, and a forum for discussing the solving of tasks or problems with the content were added. This new online course was evaluated. Therefore, a questionnaire was developed. This consists of questions with regard to the longtime learning behavior of the students and to the online learning. The results of this evaluation show that a preference for online learning and a preference for classroom teaching can be measured separately in two scales. Students values on the scale representing a preference for online learning correlate positively and significantly with confidence in the choice of the study subject, enthusiasm about the subject, and the ability to organize their learning, learning environment, and time management. They correlate also with the satisfaction concerning the materials provided. Students values for one of those teaching methods also correlate with their rating with regard to their exam preparation. Values representing a preference for online teaching correlate positively with students better feeling of exam preparation. Values representing a preference for classroom teaching show negative correlations with the values representing students similar or even better preparation for the exams as a result of online teaching. It is therefore not surprising that the ratings for the two scales correlate with the wish for a combination of online teaching and classroom teaching in the future. As a solution, a new course concept for the time after the corona virus crisis that suits all students is outlined in the outlook. KW - first-year undergraduate/general KW - organic chenlistry KW - computer-based KW - learning KW - distance learning/self instruction Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00658 SN - 0021-9584 SN - 1938-1328 VL - 97 IS - 9 SP - 3140 EP - 3146 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - von Zander, Robert Edler A1 - Saalfrank, Peter T1 - On the borate-catalyzed electrochemical reduction of phosphine oxide BT - a computational study JF - The journal of physical chemistry : A, Molecules, spectroscopy, kinetics, environment & general theory N2 - Recently, Nocera and co-workers (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 140, 13711) demonstrated that triaryl borate Lewis acids facilitate the direct electrochemical reduction of triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO) to triphenylphosphine (TPP). In the present contribution, we report a quantum chemical study unravelling details of the reaction, which also supports the proposed ECrECi mechanism. Alternative electrochemical routes to TPPO reduction facilitated by other Lewis acids (CH3+), or by photocatalysis at semiconductor surfaces, are also briefly discussed. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.0c07805 SN - 1089-5639 SN - 1520-5215 VL - 124 IS - 49 SP - 10239 EP - 10245 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington ER - TY - GEN A1 - Moerschbacher, Bruno A1 - Jaworska, Małgorzata A1 - Peter, Martin G. T1 - Obituary of George A.F. Roberts (1939-2018) T2 - Reactive & functional polymers Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104711 SN - 1381-5148 SN - 1873-166X VL - 156 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, Anke Katharina A1 - Helms, Ute A1 - Rohrer, Carsten A1 - Möhler, Monika A1 - Hellwig, Frank A1 - Glei, Michael A1 - Schwerdtle, Tanja A1 - Lorkowski, Stefan A1 - Dawczynski, Christine T1 - Nutrient composition of different hazelnut cultivars grown in Germany JF - Foods N2 - Hazelnuts are rarely cultivated in Germany, although they are a valuable source for macro- and micronutrients and can thus contribute to a healthy diet. Near the present, 15 varieties were cultivated in Thuringia, Germany, as a pilot study for further research. The aim of our study was to evaluate the micro- and macronutrient composition of representative, randomly mixed samples of the 15 different hazelnut cultivars. Protein, fat, and fiber contents were determined using established methods. Fatty acids, tocopherols, minerals, trace elements, and ultra-trace elements were analyzed using gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, and inductively coupled plasma triple quadrupole mass-spectrometry, respectively. We found that the different hazelnut varieties contained valuable amounts of fat, protein, dietary fiber, minerals, trace elements, and alpha-tocopherol, however, in different quantities. The variations in nutrient composition were independent of growth conditions, which were identical for all hazelnut varieties. Therefore, each hazelnut cultivar has its specific nutrient profile. KW - Corylus avellana L. KW - nutrient composition KW - hazelnut cultivars KW - minerals KW - tocopherols Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9111596 SN - 2304-8158 VL - 9 IS - 11 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Al-Naji, Majd A1 - Schlaad, Helmut A1 - Antonietti, Markus T1 - New (and old) monomers from biorefineries to make polymer chemistry more sustainable JF - Macromolecular rapid communications N2 - This opinion article describes recent approaches to use the "biorefinery" concept to lower the carbon footprint of typical mass polymers, by replacing parts of the fossil monomers with similar or even the same monomer made from regrowing dendritic biomass. Herein, the new and green catalytic synthetic routes are for lactic acid (LA), isosorbide (IS), 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), and p-xylene (pXL). Furthermore, the synthesis of two unconventional lignocellulosic biomass derivable monomers, i.e., alpha-methylene-gamma-valerolactone (MeGVL) and levoglucosenol (LG), are presented. All those have the potential to enter in a cost-effective way, also the mass market and thereby recover lost areas for polymer materials. The differences of catalytic unit operations of the biorefinery are also discussed and the challenges that must be addressed along the synthesis path of each monomers. KW - biodegradable polymers KW - biorefineries KW - carbohydrate‐ based KW - monomers KW - green polymers KW - lignocellulosic biomass Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.202000485 SN - 1022-1336 SN - 1521-3927 VL - 42 IS - 3 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - GEN A1 - Al-Naji, Majd A1 - Schlaad, Helmut A1 - Antonietti, Markus T1 - New (and old) monomers from biorefineries to make polymer chemistry more sustainable T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - This opinion article describes recent approaches to use the "biorefinery" concept to lower the carbon footprint of typical mass polymers, by replacing parts of the fossil monomers with similar or even the same monomer made from regrowing dendritic biomass. Herein, the new and green catalytic synthetic routes are for lactic acid (LA), isosorbide (IS), 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), and p-xylene (pXL). Furthermore, the synthesis of two unconventional lignocellulosic biomass derivable monomers, i.e., alpha-methylene-gamma-valerolactone (MeGVL) and levoglucosenol (LG), are presented. All those have the potential to enter in a cost-effective way, also the mass market and thereby recover lost areas for polymer materials. The differences of catalytic unit operations of the biorefinery are also discussed and the challenges that must be addressed along the synthesis path of each monomers. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1385 KW - biodegradable polymers KW - biorefineries KW - carbohydrate‐ based KW - monomers KW - green polymers KW - lignocellulosic biomass Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-570614 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 3 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Saalfrank, Peter A1 - Bedurke, Florian A1 - Heide, Chiara A1 - Klamroth, Tillmann A1 - Klinkusch, Stefan A1 - Krause, Pascal A1 - Nest, Mathias A1 - Tremblay, Jean Christophe ED - Ruud, Kenneth ED - Brändas, Erkki J. T1 - Molecular attochemistry: correlated electron dynamics driven by light T2 - Advances in quantum chemistry N2 - Modern laser technology and ultrafast spectroscopies have pushed the timescales for detecting and manipulating dynamical processes in molecules from the picosecond over femtosecond domains, to the attosecond regime (1 as = 10(-18) s). This way, real-time dynamics of electrons after their photoexcitation can be probed and manipulated. In particular, experiments are moving more and more from atomic and solid state systems to molecules, opening the fields of "molecular electron dynamics" and "attosecond chemistry." Also on the theory side, powerful quantum dynamical tools have been developed to rationalize experiments on ultrafast electron dynamics in molecular species.
In this contribution, we concentrate on theoretical aspects of ultrafast electron dynamics in molecules, mostly driven by lasers. The dynamics will be described with the help of wavefunction-based ab initio methods such as time-dependent configuration interaction (TD-CI) or the multiconfigurational time-dependent Hartree-Fock (MCTDHF) methods. Besides a survey of the methods and their extensions toward, e.g., treatment of ionization, laser pulse optimization, and open quantum systems, two specific examples of applications will be considered: The creation and/or dynamical fate of electronic wavepackets, and the nonlinear optical response to laser pulse excitation in molecules by high harmonic generation (HHG). KW - dipole approximation KW - electron dynamics KW - electronic wavepackets KW - high harmonic generation KW - ionization KW - optimal control theory KW - time-dependent Schrödinger equation Y1 - 2020 SN - 978-0-12-819757-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aiq.2020.03.001 SN - 0065-3276 VL - 81 SP - 15 EP - 50 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Deng, Zijun A1 - Wang, Weiwei A1 - Xu, Xun A1 - Ma, Nan A1 - Lendlein, Andreas T1 - Modulation of mesenchymal stem cell migration using programmable polymer sheet actuators JF - MRS advances N2 - Recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to damaged tissue is a crucial step to modulate tissue regeneration. Here, the migration of human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) responding to thermal and mechanical stimuli was investigated using programmable shape-memory polymer actuator (SMPA) sheets. Changing the temperature repetitively between 10 and 37 degrees C, the SMPA sheets are capable of reversibly changing between two different pre-defined shapes like an artificial muscle. Compared to non-actuating sheets, the cells cultured on the programmed actuating sheets presented a higher migration velocity (0.32 +/- 0.1 vs. 0.57 +/- 0.2 mu m/min). These results could motivate the next scientific steps, for example, to investigate the MSCs pre-loaded in organoids towards their migration potential. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1557/adv.2020.235 SN - 2059-8521 VL - 5 IS - 46-47 SP - 2381 EP - 2390 PB - Cambridge Univ. Press CY - New York ER - TY - THES A1 - Markushyna, Yevheniia T1 - Modern photoredox transformations applied to the needs of organic synthesis N2 - Abstract. Catalysis is one of the most effective tools for the highly efficient assembly of complex molecular structures. Nevertheless, it is mainly represented by transition metal-based catalysts and typically is an energy consuming process. Therefore, photocatalysis utilizing solar energy is one of the appealing approaches to overcome these problems. A great alternative to classic transition metal-based photocatalysts, carbon nitrides, a group of organic polymeric semiconductors, have already shown their efficiency in water splitting, CO2 reduction, and organic pollutants degradation. However, these materials have also a great potential for the use in functionalization of complex organic molecules for synthetic needs as it was shown in recent years. This work addresses the challenge to develop efficient system for heterogeneous organic photocatalysis, employing cheap and environmentally benign photocatalysts – carbon nitrides. Herein, fundamental properties of semiconductors are studied from the organic chemistry standpoint; the inherent properties of carbon nitrides, such as ability to accumulate electrons, are deeply investigated and their effect on the reaction outcome is established. Thus, understanding of the electron charging processes allowed for the synthesis of otherwise hardly-achieved diazetidines-1,3 by tetramerization of benzylamines. Furthermore, the high electron capacity of Potassium Poly(heptazine imide)s (K-PHI) made possible a multi-electron reduction of aromatic nitro compounds to bare or formylated anilines. Additionally, two deep eutectic solvents (DES) were designed as a sustainable reaction media and reducing reagent for this reaction. Eventually, the high oxidation ability of carbon nitride K-PHI is employed in a challenging reaction of halide anion oxidation (Cl―, Br―) to accomplish electrophilic substitution in aromatic ring. The possibility to utilize NaCl solution (seawater mimetic) for the chlorination of electron rich arenes was shown. Eventually, light itself is used as a tool in a chromoselective photocatalytic oxidation of aromatic thiols and thioacetatas to three different compounds, using UV, blue, and red LEDs. All in all, the work enhances understanding the mechanism of heterogeneous photocatalysis in synthetic organic reactions and therefore, is a step forward to the sustainable methods of synthesis in organic chemistry. N2 - Abstrakt. Die Katalyse ist eines der effektivsten Werkzeuge für den hocheffizienten Aufbau komplexer molekularer Strukturen. Dennoch wird sie hauptsächlich durch Katalysatoren auf der Basis von Übergangsmetallen repräsentiert und ist typischerweise ein energieaufwendiger Prozess. Daher ist die Photokatalyse unter Nutzung der Sonnenenergie einer der attraktiven Ansätze zur Überwindung dieser Probleme. Kohlenstoffnitride, eine Gruppe organischer polymerer Halbleiter, haben ihre Effizienz bei der Wasserspaltung, der CO2-Reduktion und dem Abbau organischer Schadstoffe bereits unter Beweis gestellt. Diese Materialien haben jedoch auch ein großes Potenzial für die Funktionalisierung komplexer organischer Moleküle für synthetische Zwecke, wie sich in den letzten Jahren gezeigt hat. Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit der Herausforderung, ein effizientes System für die heterogene organische Photokatalyse zu entwickeln, bei dem billige und umweltfreundliche Photokatalysatoren – Kohlenstoffnitride – zum Einsatz kommen. Dabei werden grundlegende Eigenschaften von Halbleitern aus organisch-chemischer Sicht untersucht; die inhärenten Eigenschaften von Kohlenstoffnitriden, wie die Fähigkeit zur Elektronenanreicherung, werden eingehend untersucht und ihr Einfluss auf das Reaktionsergebnis festgestellt. So ermöglichte das Verständnis der Elektronenladungsvorgänge die Synthese von sonst kaum erreichten Diazetidinen-1,3 durch Tetramerisierung von Benzylaminen. Darüber hinaus ermöglichte die hohe Elektronenkapazität von Kalium-Polyheptazinimid (K-PHI) eine Mehrelektronenreduktion von aromatischen Nitroverbindungen zu „nackten“ oder formylierten Anilinen. Zudem wird die hohe Oxidationsfähigkeit von Kohlenstoffnitrid, K-PHI, in einer herausfordernden Reaktion der Oxidation von Halogenidanionen genutzt, um eine elektrophile Substitution im aromatischen Ring zu erreichen. Schließlich wird das Licht selbst als Werkzeug in einer chromoselektiven photokatalytischen Oxidation von aromatischen Thiolen und Thioacetaten verwendet, um drei verschiedene Verbindungen unter Verwendung von UV-, blauen und roten LEDs zu syntetisieren. Alles in allem verbessert die Arbeit das Verständnis des Mechanismus der heterogenen Photokatalyse in synthetischen organischen Reaktionen und ist daher ein Schritt vorwärts zu nachhaltigen Synthesemethoden in der organischen Chemie. KW - photocatalysis KW - carbon nitride KW - organic chemistry KW - photoredox catalysis KW - Photochemie KW - Photokatalyse Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-477661 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heyne, Benjamin A1 - Arlt, Kristin A1 - Geßner, André A1 - Richter, Alexander F. A1 - Döblinger, Markus A1 - Feldmann, Jochen A1 - Taubert, Andreas A1 - Wedel, Armin T1 - Mixed Mercaptocarboxylic Acid Shells Provide Stable Dispersions of InPZnS/ZnSe/ZnS Multishell Quantum Dots in Aqueous Media JF - Nanomaterials N2 - Highly luminescent indium phosphide zinc sulfide (InPZnS) quantum dots (QDs), with zinc selenide/zinc sulfide (ZnSe/ZnS) shells, were synthesized. The QDs were modified via a post-synthetic ligand exchange reaction with 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) and 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) in different MPA:MUA ratios, making this study the first investigation into the effects of mixed ligand shells on InPZnS QDs. Moreover, this article also describes an optimized method for the correlation of the QD size vs. optical absorption of the QDs. Upon ligand exchange, the QDs can be dispersed in water. Longer ligands (MUA) provide more stable dispersions than short-chain ligands. Thicker ZnSe/ZnS shells provide a better photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) and higher emission stability upon ligand exchange. Both the ligand exchange and the optical properties are highly reproducible between different QD batches. Before dialysis, QDs with a ZnS shell thickness of ~4.9 monolayers (ML), stabilized with a mixed MPA:MUA (mixing ratio of 1:10), showed the highest PLQY, at ~45%. After dialysis, QDs with a ZnS shell thickness of ~4.9 ML, stabilized with a mixed MPA:MUA and a ratio of 1:10 and 1:100, showed the highest PLQYs, of ~41%. The dispersions were stable up to 44 days at ambient conditions and in the dark. After 44 days, QDs with a ZnS shell thickness of ~4.9 ML, stabilized with only MUA, showed the highest PLQY, of ~34%. KW - quantum dots KW - cadmium-free KW - Cd-free KW - InP KW - InPZnS KW - multishell KW - mercaptocarboxylic acids KW - 3-mercaptopropionic acid KW - 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid KW - phase transfer KW - ligand exchange KW - aqueous dispersion KW - QDs Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10091858 SN - 2079-4991 VL - 10 IS - 9 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - GEN A1 - Heyne, Benjamin A1 - Arlt, Kristin A1 - Geßner, André A1 - Richter, Alexander F. A1 - Döblinger, Markus A1 - Feldmann, Jochen A1 - Taubert, Andreas A1 - Wedel, Armin T1 - Mixed Mercaptocarboxylic Acid Shells Provide Stable Dispersions of InPZnS/ZnSe/ZnS Multishell Quantum Dots in Aqueous Media T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Highly luminescent indium phosphide zinc sulfide (InPZnS) quantum dots (QDs), with zinc selenide/zinc sulfide (ZnSe/ZnS) shells, were synthesized. The QDs were modified via a post-synthetic ligand exchange reaction with 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) and 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) in different MPA:MUA ratios, making this study the first investigation into the effects of mixed ligand shells on InPZnS QDs. Moreover, this article also describes an optimized method for the correlation of the QD size vs. optical absorption of the QDs. Upon ligand exchange, the QDs can be dispersed in water. Longer ligands (MUA) provide more stable dispersions than short-chain ligands. Thicker ZnSe/ZnS shells provide a better photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) and higher emission stability upon ligand exchange. Both the ligand exchange and the optical properties are highly reproducible between different QD batches. Before dialysis, QDs with a ZnS shell thickness of ~4.9 monolayers (ML), stabilized with a mixed MPA:MUA (mixing ratio of 1:10), showed the highest PLQY, at ~45%. After dialysis, QDs with a ZnS shell thickness of ~4.9 ML, stabilized with a mixed MPA:MUA and a ratio of 1:10 and 1:100, showed the highest PLQYs, of ~41%. The dispersions were stable up to 44 days at ambient conditions and in the dark. After 44 days, QDs with a ZnS shell thickness of ~4.9 ML, stabilized with only MUA, showed the highest PLQY, of ~34%. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1026 KW - quantum dots KW - cadmium-free KW - Cd-free KW - InP KW - InPZnS KW - multishell KW - mercaptocarboxylic acids KW - 3-mercaptopropionic acid KW - 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid KW - phase transfer KW - ligand exchange KW - aqueous dispersion KW - QDs Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-486032 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 1026 ER - TY - THES A1 - Cerdá Doñate, Elisa T1 - Microfluidics for the study of magnetotactic bacteria towards single-cell analysis N2 - Magnetotactic bacteria comprise a heterogeneous group of Gram negative bacteria which share the ability to synthesise intracellular magnetic nanoparticles surrounded by a lipid bilayer, known as magnetosomes, which are arranged in linear chains. The bacteria exert a unique level of control onto the biomineralization of these nanoparticles, which is seen in the controlled size and shape they have. These characteristics have attracted great attention on understanding the process by which the bacteria synthesise the magnetosomes. Moreover, the magnetosome chain impart the bacteria with a net magnetic dipole which makes them susceptible to interact with magnetic fields and thus orient with the Earth’s magnetic field. This feature has attracted as well much interest to understand how the swimming motility of these microorganisms is affected by the presence of magnetic fields. Most of the studies performed in these bacteria so far have been conducted in the traditional manner using large populations of cells. Such studies have the disadvantage of averaging many different individuals with heterogeneous behaviours and fail to consider individual variations. In addition, in large populations each bacterium will be subjected to a different microenvironment that will influence the bacterial behaviour, but which cannot be defined using these traditional methods. In this thesis, different microfluidic platforms are proposed to overcome these limitations and to offer the possibility to study magnetotactic bacteria in defined environments and down to a single-cell resolution. First, a sediment-like microfluidic platform is presented with the purpose of mimicking the porous environment they bacteria naturally dwell in. The platform allows to observe via transmitted light microscopy that bacterial navigation in crowded environments is enhanced by the Earth’s magnetic field strengths (B = 50 μT) rather than by null (B = 0 μT) or higher magnetic fields (B = 500 μT). Second, a microfluidic system to confine single-bacterial cells in physically defined environments is presented. The system allows to study via transmitted light microscopy the interplay between wall curvature, magnetic fields and bacterial speed affect the motion of a confined bacterium, and shows how bacterial trajectories depend on those three parameters. Third, a microfluidic platform to conduct semi in vivo magnetosome nucleation with a single-cell resolution via X-ray fluorescence is fabricated. It is shown that signal arising from magnetosome full chains can be observed individually in each bacterium. Finally, the iron uptake kinetics of a single bacterium are studied via a fluorescent reporter through confocal microscopy. Two different approaches are used for this: one of the previously mentioned platforms, as well as giant lipid vesicles. It is observed how iron uptake rates vary between cells, as well as how these rates are consistent with magnetosome formation taking place within some hours. The present thesis shows therefore how microfluidic technologies can be implemented for the study of magnetotactic bacteria at different degrees, and the level of resolution that can be attained by going into the single- cell scale.
 N2 - Magnetotaktische Bakterien gehören einer heterogenen Gruppe gramnegativer Bakterien an, welche die Fähigkeit zur Synthese intrazellulärer magnetischer Nanopartikel teilen. Diese Partikel, genannt Magnetosomen, sind von einer Doppellipidschicht umgeben und ordnen sich in linearen Ketten an. Die Bakterien haben ein einzigartiges Maß an Kontrolle über die Biomineralisation dieser Nanopartikel, welche sich in der genau bestimmten Größe und Form zeigt. Diese besonderen Eigenschaften haben die Aufmerksamkeit auf ein besseres Verständnis der Magnetosomensynthese durch die Bakteriengezogen. Darüber hinaus besitzen die Bakterien durch die Magnetosomenkette ein magnetisches Dipolmoment, welches sie befähigt auf ein Magnetfeld zu reagieren, wodurch sie sich im Magnetfeld der Erde ausrichten können. Auch diese Eigenschaft hat großes Interesse geweckt, besonders um den Einfluss eines Magnetfeldes auf das Schwimmverhalten der Mikroorganismen besser zu verstehen. Die meisten bisherigen Studien an diesen Organismen wurden in klassischen Systemen mit großen Populationen durchgeführt. Solche Studien haben den Nachteil, dass das heterogene Verhalten vieler verschiedener Individuen gemittelt wird und daher individuelle Variationen nicht berücksichtigt werden. Zusätzlich ist jedes einzelne Bakterium einer großen Population einer anderen Mikroumgebung ausgesetzt, welche sein Verhalten beeinflusst, das aber durch die Verwendung traditioneller Methoden nicht erfasst werden kann. In dieser Arbeit werden verschiedene mikrofluidische Plattformen vorgestellt, um diese Einschränkungen zu überwinden und die Möglichkeit zu bieten, sogar einzelne magnetotaktische Bakterien in einer definierten Umgebung studieren zu können. Als erstes wird eine Sediment-ähnliche mikrofluidische Plattform vorgestellt, die den Zweck hat, die natürliche poröse Umgebung der Bakterien zu imitieren. Die Plattform erlaubt es mit Hilfe von Durchlichtmikroskopie zu sehen, dass Bakterien in einer gedrängten Umgebung eine verbesserte Navigation im Bereich der Erdmagnetfeldstärke (B = 50 μT) haben, im Vergleich zu keinem (B = 0 μT) oder einem höheren Magnetfeld 
 (B = 50μT). Zweitens wurde ein mikrofluidisches System zum Eingrenzen einzelner Bakterien in einer physisch definierten Umgebung entwickelt. Das System erlaubt mit Hilfe von Durchlichtmikroskopie die Untersuchung des Einflusses und des Zusammenspiels von Wandkrümmung, Magnetfeld und Bakteriengeschwindigkeit auf die Bewegung eines eingegrenzten Bakteriums und zeigt, wie die Bewegungspfade der Bakterien von diesen drei Faktoren abhängen. Drittens wurde eine mikrofluidische Plattform hergestellt, die die Durchführung von semi in-vivo Magnetosomenkeimbildung mit einer Auflösung von einzelnen Zellen mittels Röntgenfluoreszenz ermöglicht. Signale, welche von einer kompletten Magnetosomenkette herrühren, können in individuellen Bakterien beobachtet werden. Abschließend wurde die Kinetik der Eisenaufnahme eines einzelnen Bakteriums durch einen fluoreszierenden Reporter mit Hilfe von konfokaler Mikroskopie untersucht. Zwei verschiedenen Ansätze wurden dabei verwendet: eine der bereits vorgestellten Plattformen, sowie riesige Lipidvesikel. Es wurde beobachtet, dass die Eisenaufnahmerate zwischen verschiedenen Zellen variiert und wie sich damit übereinstimmend Magnetosomen innerhalb von Stunden bilden. Diese Arbeit zeigt damit wie mikrofluidische Technologien für die Untersuchung magnetotaktischer Bakterien in unterschiedlichen Bereichen eingesetzt werden können, und welches Level an Auflösung erreicht werden kann, indem mit einzelnen Zellen gearbeitet wird.
 KW - Magnetotactic bacteria KW - microfluidics KW - single-cell KW - iron KW - microscopy Y1 - 2020 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Perovic, Milena A1 - Aloni, Sapir Shekef A1 - Mastai, Yitzhak A1 - Oschatz, Martin T1 - Mesoporous carbon materials with enantioselective surface obtained by nanocasting for selective adsorption of chiral molecules from solution and the gas phase JF - Carbon N2 - Separation of enantiomers is an everlasting challenge in chemistry, catalysis, and synthesis of pharmaceuticals. The design and fabrication of chiral adsorbent materials is a promising way to increase the surface area of chiral information, as well as to maximize the available surface for the adsorption of one enantiomer. Porous materials such as silica or metal-organic-frameworks are established compounds in this field, due to their well-defined surface structure and ease of functionalization with chiral groups. As another class of porous materials, carbons provide the advantages of high thermal and chemical stability, resistance against moisture, electrical conductivity, and widely tunable pore size. Although they are well established in many adsorption-related applications, carbons received far less attention in enantioselective adsorption processes because the controlled functionalization of their surface is rather difficult due to the chemically heterogeneous atoms in the network. A suitable approach to overcome this limitation is the synthesis of chiral carbons directly from chiral precursors. So far, chiral carbons synthesized from chiral precursors used salt-templating as a way of introducing porosity, which resulted in mainly microporous materials or materials with broad pore size distribution. In the present study, the possibility of combining nanocasting as an alternative templating approach with chiral ionic liquids as a carbon precursor is demonstrated. Chiral recognition is measured in the gas phase, by adsorption of chiral gas, as well as in the solution, by using isothermal titration calorimetry. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - mesoporous carbon KW - chiral carbon KW - porous materials KW - enantiomers KW - separation KW - chiral recognition KW - adsorption Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.08.010 SN - 0008-6223 SN - 1873-3891 VL - 170 SP - 550 EP - 557 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gonzalez-Chavarria, Ivan A1 - Duprat, Felix A1 - Roa, Francisco J. A1 - Jara, Nery A1 - Toledo, Jorge R. A1 - Miranda, Felipe A1 - Becerra, Jose A1 - Inostroza, Alejandro A1 - Kelling, Alexandra A1 - Schilde, Uwe A1 - Heydenreich, Matthias A1 - Paz, Cristian T1 - Maytenus disticha extract and an isolated β-Dihydroagarofuran induce mitochondrial depolarization and apoptosis in human cancer cells by increasing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species JF - Biomolecules N2 - Maytenus disticha (Hook F.), belonging to the Celastraceae family, is an evergreen shrub, native of the central southern mountains of Chile. Previous studies demonstrated that the total extract of M. disticha (MD) has an acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity along with growth regulatory and insecticidal activities. beta-Dihydroagarofurans sesquiterpenes are the most active components in the plant. However, its activity in cancer has not been analyzed yet. Here, we demonstrate that MD has a cytotoxic activity on breast (MCF-7), lung (PC9), and prostate (C4-2B) human cancer cells with an IC50 (mu g/mL) of 40, 4.7, and 5 mu g/mL, respectively, an increasing Bax/Bcl2 ratio, and inducing a mitochondrial membrane depolarization. The beta-dihydroagarofuran-type sesquiterpene (MD-6), dihydromyricetin (MD-9), and dihydromyricetin-3-O-beta-glucoside (MD-10) were isolated as the major compounds from MD extracts. From these compounds, only MD-6 showed cytotoxic activity on MCF-7, PC9, and C4-2B with an IC50 of 31.02, 17.58, and 42.19 mu M, respectively. Furthermore, the MD-6 increases cell ROS generation, and MD and MD-6 induce a mitochondrial superoxide generation and apoptosis on MCF-7, PC9, and C4-2B, which suggests that the cytotoxic effect of MD is mediated in part by the beta-dihydroagarofuran-type that induces apoptosis by a mitochondrial dysfunction. KW - Maytenus disticha KW - beta-dihydroagarofuran-type sesquiterpene KW - dihydromyricetin KW - dihydromyricetin-3-O-beta-glucoside KW - cytotoxic KW - activity KW - Mitochondrial ROS Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10030377 SN - 2218-273X VL - 10 IS - 3 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bechmann, Wolfgang A1 - Bald, Ilko T1 - Lösungen JF - Einstieg in die Physikalische Chemie für Naturwissenschaftler N2 - In diesem Kapitel finden Sie die Lösungen zu den Übungsaufgaben. Y1 - 2020 SN - 978-3-662-62033-5 SN - 978-3-662-62034-2 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62034-2_5 SP - 459 EP - 492 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ET - 7. Auflage ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tao, Lumi A1 - Liu, Yuchuan A1 - Wu, Dan A1 - Wei, Qiao-Hua A1 - Taubert, Andreas A1 - Xie, Zailai T1 - Luminescent Ionogels with Excellent Transparency, High Mechanical Strength, and High Conductivity JF - Nanomaterials N2 - The paper describes a new kind of ionogel with both good mechanical strength and high conductivity synthesized by confining the ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide ([Bmim][NTf₂]) within an organic–inorganic hybrid host. The organic–inorganic host network was synthesized by the reaction of methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS), tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), and methyl methacrylate (MMA) in the presence of a coupling agent, offering the good mechanical strength and rapid shape recovery of the final products. The silane coupling agent 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (KH-570) plays an important role in improving the mechanical strength of the inorganic–organic hybrid, because it covalently connected the organic component MMA and the inorganic component SiO₂. Both the thermal stability and mechanical strength of the ionogel significantly increased by the addition of IL. The immobilization of [Bmim][NTf₂] within the ionogel provided the final ionogel with an ionic conductivity as high as ca. 0.04 S cm⁻¹ at 50 °C. Moreover, the hybrid ionogel can be modified with organosilica-modified carbon dots within the network to yield a transparent and flexible ionogel with strong excitation-dependent emission between 400 and 800 nm. The approach is, therefore, a blueprint for the construction of next-generation multifunctional ionogels. KW - ionic liquid KW - ionogel KW - carbon dots KW - organic–inorganic hybrid KW - luminescence KW - mechanical strength Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10122521 SN - 2079-4991 VL - 10 IS - 12 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - GEN A1 - Tao, Lumi A1 - Liu, Yuchuan A1 - Wu, Dan A1 - Wei, Qiao-Hua A1 - Taubert, Andreas A1 - Xie, Zailai T1 - Luminescent Ionogels with Excellent Transparency, High Mechanical Strength, and High Conductivity T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - The paper describes a new kind of ionogel with both good mechanical strength and high conductivity synthesized by confining the ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide ([Bmim][NTf₂]) within an organic–inorganic hybrid host. The organic–inorganic host network was synthesized by the reaction of methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS), tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), and methyl methacrylate (MMA) in the presence of a coupling agent, offering the good mechanical strength and rapid shape recovery of the final products. The silane coupling agent 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (KH-570) plays an important role in improving the mechanical strength of the inorganic–organic hybrid, because it covalently connected the organic component MMA and the inorganic component SiO₂. Both the thermal stability and mechanical strength of the ionogel significantly increased by the addition of IL. The immobilization of [Bmim][NTf₂] within the ionogel provided the final ionogel with an ionic conductivity as high as ca. 0.04 S cm⁻¹ at 50 °C. Moreover, the hybrid ionogel can be modified with organosilica-modified carbon dots within the network to yield a transparent and flexible ionogel with strong excitation-dependent emission between 400 and 800 nm. The approach is, therefore, a blueprint for the construction of next-generation multifunctional ionogels. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1058 KW - ionic liquid KW - ionogel KW - carbon dots KW - organic–inorganic hybrid KW - luminescence KW - mechanical strength Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-487334 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 1058 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ebel, Kenny A1 - Bald, Ilko T1 - Length and Energy Dependence of Low-Energy Electron-Induced Strand Breaks in Poly(A) DNA JF - International Journal of Molecular Sciences N2 - The DNA in living cells can be effectively damaged by high-energy radiation, which can lead to cell death. Through the ionization of water molecules, highly reactive secondary species such as low-energy electrons (LEEs) with the most probable energy around 10 eV are generated, which are able to induce DNA strand breaks via dissociative electron attachment. Absolute DNA strand break cross sections of specific DNA sequences can be efficiently determined using DNA origami nanostructures as platforms exposing the target sequences towards LEEs. In this paper, we systematically study the effect of the oligonucleotide length on the strand break cross section at various irradiation energies. The present work focuses on poly-adenine sequences (d(A₄), d(A₈), d(A₁₂), d(A₁₆), and d(A₂₀)) irradiated with 5.0, 7.0, 8.4, and 10 eV electrons. Independent of the DNA length, the strand break cross section shows a maximum around 7.0 eV electron energy for all investigated oligonucleotides confirming that strand breakage occurs through the initial formation of negative ion resonances. When going from d(A₄) to d(A₁₆), the strand break cross section increases with oligonucleotide length, but only at 7.0 and 8.4 eV, i.e., close to the maximum of the negative ion resonance, the increase in the strand break cross section with the length is similar to the increase of an estimated geometrical cross section. For d(A₂₀), a markedly lower DNA strand break cross section is observed for all electron energies, which is tentatively ascribed to a conformational change of the dA₂₀ sequence. The results indicate that, although there is a general length dependence of strand break cross sections, individual nucleotides do not contribute independently of the absolute strand break cross section of the whole DNA strand. The absolute quantification of sequence specific strand breaks will help develop a more accurate molecular level understanding of radiation induced DNA damage, which can then be used for optimized risk estimates in cancer radiation therapy. KW - DNA origami KW - DNA radiation damage KW - DNA strand breaks KW - low-energy electrons KW - sequence dependence Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21010111 SN - 1422-0067 VL - 21 IS - 1 PB - Molecular Diversity Preservation International CY - Basel ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ebel, Kenny A1 - Bald, Ilko T1 - Length and Energy Dependence of Low-Energy Electron-Induced Strand Breaks in Poly(A) DNA T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - The DNA in living cells can be effectively damaged by high-energy radiation, which can lead to cell death. Through the ionization of water molecules, highly reactive secondary species such as low-energy electrons (LEEs) with the most probable energy around 10 eV are generated, which are able to induce DNA strand breaks via dissociative electron attachment. Absolute DNA strand break cross sections of specific DNA sequences can be efficiently determined using DNA origami nanostructures as platforms exposing the target sequences towards LEEs. In this paper, we systematically study the effect of the oligonucleotide length on the strand break cross section at various irradiation energies. The present work focuses on poly-adenine sequences (d(A₄), d(A₈), d(A₁₂), d(A₁₆), and d(A₂₀)) irradiated with 5.0, 7.0, 8.4, and 10 eV electrons. Independent of the DNA length, the strand break cross section shows a maximum around 7.0 eV electron energy for all investigated oligonucleotides confirming that strand breakage occurs through the initial formation of negative ion resonances. When going from d(A₄) to d(A₁₆), the strand break cross section increases with oligonucleotide length, but only at 7.0 and 8.4 eV, i.e., close to the maximum of the negative ion resonance, the increase in the strand break cross section with the length is similar to the increase of an estimated geometrical cross section. For d(A₂₀), a markedly lower DNA strand break cross section is observed for all electron energies, which is tentatively ascribed to a conformational change of the dA₂₀ sequence. The results indicate that, although there is a general length dependence of strand break cross sections, individual nucleotides do not contribute independently of the absolute strand break cross section of the whole DNA strand. The absolute quantification of sequence specific strand breaks will help develop a more accurate molecular level understanding of radiation induced DNA damage, which can then be used for optimized risk estimates in cancer radiation therapy. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 814 KW - DNA origami KW - DNA radiation damage KW - DNA strand breaks KW - low-energy electrons KW - sequence dependence Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-444125 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 814 ER - TY - THES A1 - Kärgell, Martin T1 - Layer formation from perovskite nanoparticles with tunable optical and electronic properties N2 - Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites have attracted attention in recent years, caused by the incomparable increase in efficiency in energy convergence, which implies the application as an absorber material for solar cells. A disadvantage of these materials is, among others, the instability to moisture and UV-radiation. One possible solution for these problems is the reduction of the size towards the nano world. With that nanosized perovskites are showing superior stability in comparison to e.g. perovskite layers. Additionally to this the nanosize even enables stable perovskite structures, which could not be achieved otherwise at room temperature. This thesis is separated into two major parts. The separation is done by the composition and the band gap of the material and at the same time the shape and size of the nanoparticles. Here the division is made by the methylammonium lead tribromide nanoplatelets and the caesium lead triiodide nanocubes. The first part is focusing on the hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite (methylammonium lead tribromide) nanoplatelets with a band gap of 2.35 eV and their thermal behaviour. Due to the challenging character of this material, several analysis methods are used to investigate the sub nano and nanostructures under the influence of temperature. As a result, a shift of phase-transition temperatures towards higher temperatures is observed. This unusual behaviour can be explained by the ligand, which is incorporated in the perovskite outer structure and adds phase-stability into the system. The second part of this thesis is focusing on the inorganic caesium lead triiodide nanocubes with a band gap of 1.83 eV. These nanocrystals are first investigated and compared by TEM, XRD and other optical methods. Within these methods, a cuboid and orthorhombic structure are revealed instead of the in literature described cubic shape and structure. Furthermore, these cuboids are investigated towards their self-assembly on a substrate. Here a high degree in self-assembly is shown. As a next step, the ligands of the nanocuboids are exchanged against other ligands to increase the charge carrier mobility. This is further investigated by the above-mentioned methods. The last section is dealing with the enhancement of the CsPbI3 structure, by incorporating potassium in the crystal structure. The results are suggesting here an increase in stability. N2 - Hybrid organisch-anorganisch Perowskite zeigten sich in den letzten Jahren, durch ihren unvergleichbaren Anstieg an Effizienz in der Energiekonversion, als herausragendes Material für die Anwendung als Solarzellen Absorbermaterial. Ein Nachteil dieser Materialien ist allerdings unteranderem ihre Instabilität gegenüber Feuchtigkeit und UV-Strahlung. Eine Möglichkeit, diese Herausforderungen zu meistern, bietet die Nanowelt. So zeigen Perowskitstrukturen in Nanogröße eine dem Schichten überlegene Stabilität. Des Weiteren sind durch die Nanogröße auch Verbindungen bei Raumtemperatur stabil, die als Schicht oder Einkristall nicht darzustellen sind. Diese Arbeit ist unterteilt in zwei Teile. Unterteilt nach Zusammensetzung, Bandlücke und Form der Nanopartikel, in Methylammonium Blei Tribromid Nanoplättchen und Cäsium Blei Triiodid Nanokuben. Im ersten Teil werden hybrid organisch-anorganische Perowskite (Methylammonium Blei tribromid) Nanoplättchen mit einer Bandlücke von 2.35 eV auf ihr thermisches Verhalten untersucht. Aufgrund der herausfordernden Eigenschaften der Nanomaterialien, werden mehrere Analysemethoden verwendet und sowohl die Subnanostruktur als auch die Nanostruktur unter Veränderung der Temperatur beobachtet. Dabei wird ein Verschub der Phasenübergangstemperatur zu höheren Temperaturen beobachtet. Erklärt werden kann dieses ungewöhnliche Verhalten durch die Berücksichtigung des organischen Liganden der Nanoplättchen, welcher einen Einfluß auf den Phasenübergang hat. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit werden anorganische Perowskit (Cäsium Blei triodid) Nanokuben mit einer Bandlücke von 1.83 eV untersucht. Diese werden als Erstes mittels TEM, XRD und optischen Analysemethoden untersucht und verglichen. Als Resultat stellen sich die Kuben, als Quader einer orthorhombischen Phase heraus. Anschließend erfolgt eine Untersuchung der Selbstanordnung der Schichten auf einem Substrat, welche einen hohen Grad der Selbstanordnung zeigt. Um die Ladungsträgermobilität in den Schichten zu erhöhen, werden verschiedene Ligandenaustauschreaktionen durchgeführt und diese mittels der oben genannten Methoden untersucht. Dabei konnte ein Anstieg der Ladungsträgermobilität um das Sechsfache im Vergleich zur Literatur beobachtet werden. Im letzten Teil wird versucht die Stabilität der Nanokristalle, durch das Einbinden von Kalium in die Perowskitstruktur, zu erhöhen. Die hier vorliegenden Ergebnisse deuten eine Erhöhung der Stabilität an. T2 - Schichtbildung von Perowskit Nanopartikeln mit einstellbaren optischen und elektronischen Eigenschaften KW - Perovskite KW - Nanoparticle KW - Quantumdots KW - Perowskit KW - Nanopartikel KW - Nanoplättchen KW - Quantenpunkte Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-475667 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bouakline, Foudhil A1 - Tremblay, Jean Christophe T1 - Is it really possible to control aromaticity of benzene with light? JF - Physical chemistry, chemical physics : PCCP N2 - Recent theoretical investigations claim that tailored laser pulses may selectively steer benzene's aromatic ground state to localized non-aromatic excited states. For instance, it has been shown that electronic wavepackets, involving the two lowest electronic eigenstates, exhibit subfemtosecond charge oscillation between equivalent Kekule resonance structures. In this contribution, we show that such dynamical electron-localization in the molecule-fixed frame contravenes the principle of the indistinguishability of identical particles. This breach stems from a total omission of the nuclear degrees of freedom, giving rise to nonsymmetric electronic wavepackets under nuclear permutations. Enforcement of the latter leads to entanglement between the electronic and nuclear states. To obey quantum statistics, the entangled molecular states should involve compensating nuclear-permutation symmetries. This in turn engenders complete quenching of dynamical electron-localization in the molecule-fixed frame. Indeed, for the (six-fold) equilibrium geometry of benzene, group-theoretic analysis reveals that any electronic wavepacket exhibits a (D-6h) totally symmetric electronic density, at all times. Thus, our results clearly show that the six carbon atoms, and the six C-C bonds, always have equal Mulliken charges, and equal bond orders, respectively. However, electronic wavepackets may display dynamical localization of the electronic density in the space-fixed frame, whenever they involve both even and odd space-inversion (parity) or permutation-inversion symmetry. Dynamical spatial-localization can be probed experimentally in the laboratory frame, but it should not be deemed equivalent to charge oscillation between benzene's identical electronic substructures, such as Kekule resonance structures. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/c9cp06794a SN - 1463-9076 SN - 1463-9084 VL - 22 IS - 27 SP - 15401 EP - 15412 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Balischewski, Christian A1 - Behrens, Karsten A1 - Zehbe, Kerstin A1 - Günter, Christina A1 - Mies, Stefan A1 - Sperlich, Eric A1 - Kelling, Alexandra A1 - Taubert, Andreas T1 - Ionic liquids with more than one metal BT - optical and rlectrochemical properties versus d-block metal vombinations JF - Chemistry - a European journal N2 - Thirteen N-butylpyridinium salts, including three monometallic [C4Py](2)[MCl4], nine bimetallic [C4Py](2)[(M1-xMxCl4)-M-a-Cl-b] and one trimetallic compound [C4Py](2)[(M1-y-zMyMz (c) Cl4)-M-a-M-b] (M=Co, Cu, Mn; x=0.25, 0.50 or 0.75 and y=z=0.33), were synthesized and their structure and thermal and electrochemical properties were studied. All compounds are ionic liquids (ILs) with melting points between 69 and 93 degrees C. X-ray diffraction proves that all ILs are isostructural. The conductivity at room temperature is between 10(-4) and 10(-8) S cm(-1). Some Cu-based ILs reach conductivities of 10(-2) S cm(-1), which is, however, probably due to IL dec. This correlates with the optical bandgap measurements indicating the formation of large bandgap semiconductors. At elevated temperatures approaching the melting points, the conductivities reach up to 1.47x10(-1) S cm(-1) at 70 degrees C. The electrochemical stability windows of the ILs are between 2.5 and 3.0 V. KW - bandgap KW - electrochemistry KW - ionic liquids KW - metal-containing ionic KW - liquids KW - tetrahalido metallates Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202003097 SN - 0947-6539 SN - 1521-3765 VL - 26 IS - 72 SP - 17504 EP - 17513 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haubitz, Toni A1 - John, Leonard A1 - Freyse, Daniel A1 - Wessig, Pablo A1 - Kumke, Michael Uwe T1 - Investigating the Sulfur "Twist" on the Photophysics of DBD Dyes JF - The journal of physical chemistry : A, Molecules, spectroscopy, kinetics, environment & general theory N2 - The so-called DBD ([1,3]dioxolo[4,5-f][1,3]benzodioxole) dyes are a new class of fluorescent dyes, with tunable photophysical properties like absorption, fluorescence lifetime, and Stokes shift. With the development of sulfur based DBDs, this dye class is extended even further for possible applications in spectroscopy and microscopy. In this paper we are investigating the basic photophysical properties and their implications for future applications for S-4-DBD as well as O-4-DBD. On the basis of time-resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopy, transient absorption spectroscopy, and UV/vis-spectroscopy, we determined the rate constants of the radiative and nonradiative deactivation processes as well as the energy of respective electronic states involved in the electronic deactivation of S-4-DBD and of O-4-DBD. For S-4-DBD we unraveled the triplet formation with intersystem crossing quantum yields of up to 80%. By TD-DFT calculations we estimated a triplet energy of around 13500-14700 cm(-1) depending on the DBD dye and solvent. Through solvent dependent measurements, we found quadrupole moments in the range of 2 B. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.0c01880 SN - 1089-5639 SN - 1520-5215 VL - 124 IS - 22 SP - 4345 EP - 4353 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Izraylit, Victor A1 - Gould, Oliver E. C. A1 - Kratz, Karl A1 - Lendlein, Andreas T1 - Investigating the phase-morphology of PLLA-PCL multiblock copolymer/PDLA blends cross-linked using stereocomplexation JF - MRS advances N2 - The macroscale function of multicomponent polymeric materials is dependent on their phase-morphology. Here, we investigate the morphological structure of a multiblock copolymer consisting of poly(L-lactide) and poly(epsilon-caprolactone) segments (PLLA-PCL), physically cross-linked by stereocomplexation with a low molecular weight poly(D-lactide) oligomer (PDLA). The effects of blend composition and PLLA-PCL molecular structure on the morphology are elucidated by AFM, TEM and SAXS. We identify the formation of a lattice pattern, composed of PLA domains within a PCL matrix, with an average domain spacing d0 = 12 - 19 nm. The size of the PLA domains were found to be proportional to the block length of the PCL segment of the copolymer and inversely proportional to the PDLA content of the blend. Changing the PLLA-PCL / PDLA ratio caused a shift in the melt transition Tm attributed to the PLA stereocomplex crystallites, indicating partial amorphous phase dilution of the PLA and PCL components within the semicrystalline material. By elucidating the phase structure and thermal character of multifunctional PLLA-PCL / PDLA blends, we illustrate how composition affects the internal structure and thermal properties of multicomponent polymeric materials. This study should facilitate the more effective incorporation of a variety of polymeric structural units capable of stimuli responsive phase transitions, where an understanding the phase-morphology of each component will enable the production of multifunctional soft-actuators with enhanced performance. KW - polymer KW - blend KW - nanostructure KW - morphology Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1557/adv.2019.465 SN - 2059-8521 VL - 5 IS - 14-15 SP - 699 EP - 707 PB - Cambridge Univ. Press CY - New York ER - TY - THES A1 - Latza, Victoria Maria T1 - Interactions involving lipid-based surfaces T1 - Wechselwirkungen lipid-basierter Oberflächen BT - from protein adsorption to membrane adhesion BT - Protein-Adsorption und Membran-Adhäsion N2 - Interactions involving biological interfaces such as lipid-based membranes are of paramount importance for all life processes. The same also applies to artificial interfaces to which biological matter is exposed, for example the surfaces of drug delivery systems or implants. This thesis deals with the two main types of interface interactions, namely (i) interactions between a single interface and the molecular components of the surrounding aqueous medium and (ii) interactions between two interfaces. Each type is investigated with regard to an important scientific problem in the fields of biotechnology and biology: 1.) The adsorption of proteins to surfaces functionalized with hydrophilic polymer brushes; a process of great biomedical relevance in context with harmful foreign-body-response to implants and drug delivery systems. 2.) The influence of glycolipids on the interaction between lipid membranes; a hitherto largely unexplored phenomenon with potentially great biological relevance. Both problems are addressed with the help of (quasi-)planar, lipid-based model surfaces in combination with x-ray and neutron scattering techniques which yield detailed structural insights into the interaction processes. Regarding the adsorption of proteins to brush-functionalized surfaces, the first scenario considered is the exposure of the surfaces to human blood serum containing a multitude of protein species. Significant blood protein adsorption was observed despite the functionalization, which is commonly believed to act as a protein repellent. The adsorption consists of two distinct modes, namely strong adsorption to the brush grafting surface and weak adsorption to the brush itself. The second aspect investigated was the fate of the brush-functionalized surfaces when exposed to aqueous media containing immune proteins (antibodies) against the brush polymer, an emerging problem in current biomedical applications. To this end, it was found that antibody binding cannot be prevented by variation of the brush grafting density or the polymer length. This result motivates the search for alternative, strictly non-antigenic brush chemistries. With respect to the influence of glycolipids on the interaction between lipid membranes, this thesis focused on the glycolipids’ ability to crosslink and thereby to tightly attract adjacent membranes. This adherence is due to preferential saccharide-saccharide interactions occurring among the glycolipid headgroups. This phenomenon had previously been described for lipids with special oligo-saccharide motifs. Here, it was investigated how common this phenomenon is among glycolipids with a variety of more abundant saccharide-headgroups. It was found that glycolipid-induced membrane crosslinking is equally observed for some of these abundant glycolipid types, strongly suggesting that this under-explored phenomenon is potentially of great biological relevance. N2 - Wechselwirkungen, die von biologischen Grenzflächen wie Lipidmembranen eingegangen werden, haben tiefgreifende Auswirkungen auf alle Lebensprozesse. Dasselbe trifft auf alle künstlichen Grenzflächen zu, die in Kontakt mit biologischer Materie treten. Die Oberflächen von Wirkstoffverabreichungssystemen oder Implantaten sind hierfür prominente Beispiele. Diese Dissertationsschrift behandelt zwei Hauptkategorien von Grenzflächen-Wechselwirkungen: Zum einen die Wechselwirkung zwischen einzelnen Grenzflächen und den molekularen Komponenten des wässrigen Umfelds; zum anderen die Wechselwirkung zwischen zwei Grenzflächen. Jede dieser beiden Wechselwirkungskategorien wurde unter Bezugnahme auf eine wichtige wissenschaftliche Fragestellung aus den Bereichen der Biologie und Biotechnologie untersucht: 1.) Die Adsorption von Proteinen an Oberflächen die mit hydrophilen Polymerbürsten funktionalisiert sind; diese Anlagerung von biologischem Material stellt einen Prozess von äußerster biomedizinischer Relevanz dar, der beispielsweise beim Auftreten der schädlichen Fremdkörperabstoßung von Implantaten oder Wirkstoffverabreichungssystemen eine entscheidende Rolle spielt. 2.) Der Einfluss von Glykolipiden auf Wechselwirkungen zwischen Lipidmembranen, einem bislang größtenteils unerforschten Phänomen von potentiell herausragender biologischer Bedeutung. Die Bearbeitung beider Fragestellungen erfolgte unter Verwendung (quasi-)planarer, lipid-basierter Modellsysteme in Kombination mit Röntgen- oder Neutronenstreuung, welche detaillierte strukturelle Einblicke von Wechselwirkungsprozessen liefern. In Bezug auf die Adsorption von Proteinen an polymer-funktionalisierte Oberflächen wurde zunächst ein Szenario behandelt, bei dem die Oberflächen menschlichem Blutserum ausgesetzt sind, welches eine Vielzahl verschiedener Proteinspezies enthält. Die verwendete Funktionalisierung gilt gemeinhin als proteinabstoßend. Anders als erwartet zeigte sich dennoch signifikante Adsorption von Blutproteinen auf der Oberfläche. Die gemessene Adsorption weist zwei unterschiedliche Arten auf: Starke Adsorption an die Oberfläche, an die die Polymere kovalent gebunden sind, und schwache Adsorption an die Polymerbürste selbst. Der zweite Aspekt, der beleuchtet wurde, sind die Folgen von Antikörpern gegen die Bürstenpolymere. Deren zunehmendes Vorkommen stellt ein Problem für biomedizinische Anwendungen dar. Die Ergebnisse der Arbeit zeigen, dass die starke Adsorption von Antikörpern nicht durch die Veränderung von Bürstenparametern, wie Anbindungsdichte oder Polymerisationsgrad, aufgehalten werden kann. Diese Erkenntnis motiviert die Suche nach alternativen, nicht-antigenen Bürstenmaterialien. In der zweiten Wechselwirkungskategorie, dem Einfluss von Glykolipiden auf Wechselwirkungen zwischen Lipidmembranen, wurde die Fähigkeit der Glykolipide zur Membran-Adhäsion und der damit einhergehenden starken Anziehung von aneinander liegenden Membranen beleuchtet. Die Kohäsion erfolgt dabei über anziehende Saccharid-Saccharid-Wechselwirkungen der Kopfgruppen. Dieses Verhalten wurde schon für Lipide mit speziellen Oligosaccharid-Motiven beschrieben. Daher wurde bei der Untersuchung der Adhäsionsfähigkeit besonders die Verbreitung des Phänomens unter Glykolipiden mit häufig vorkommenden Saccharid-Kopfgruppen fokussiert. Es zeigte sich, dass die von Glykolipiden hervorgerufene Adhäsion auch für einige dieser häufig vorkommenden Glykolipidtypen beobachtet werden kann. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass dieses Phänomen von weitreichender Bedeutung für die Biologie ist und daher weiterhin intensiv erforscht werden sollte. KW - surfaces and interfaces KW - biocompatibility KW - PEG brushes KW - lipids KW - neutron reflectometry KW - biological membranes KW - glycolipids KW - SAXS KW - WAXS KW - neutron diffraction KW - off-specular scattering KW - Oberfächen KW - Grenzflächen KW - Biokompatibilität KW - PEG-Funktionalisierung KW - Lipide KW - Neutronen Reflektometrie KW - biologische Membranen KW - Glykolipide KW - SAXS KW - WAXS KW - Neutronen Diffraktion Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-445593 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schürmann, Robin Mathis A1 - Luxford, Thomas A1 - Vinklárek, Ivo A1 - Kočišek, Jaroslav A1 - Zawadzki, Mateusz A1 - Balko, Ilko T1 - Interaction of 4-nitrothiophenol with low energy electrons BT - implications for plasmon mediated reactions JF - Journal of chemical physics N2 - The reduction of 4-nitrothiophenol (NTP) to 4-4′-dimercaptoazobenzene (DMAB) on laser illuminated noble metal nanoparticles is one of the most widely studied plasmon mediated reactions. The reaction is most likely triggered by a transfer of low energy electrons from the nanoparticle to the adsorbed molecules. Besides the formation of DMAB, dissociative side reactions of NTP have also been observed. Here, we present a crossed electron-molecular beam study of free electron attachment to isolated NTP in the gas-phase. Negative ion yields are recorded as a function of the electron energy, which helps to assess the accessibility of single electron reduction pathways after photon induced electron transfer from nanoparticles. The dominant process observed with isolated NTP is associative electron attachment leading to the formation of the parent anion of NTP. Dissociative electron attachment pathways could be revealed with much lower intensities, leading mainly to the loss of functional groups. The energy gained by one electron reduction of NTP may also enhance the desorption of NTP from nanoparticles. Our supporting experiments with small clusters, then, show that further reaction steps are necessary after electron attachment to produce DMAB on the surfaces. Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0018784 SN - 1089-7690 SN - 0021-9606 VL - 153 SP - 104303 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tarazona, Natalia A. A1 - Machatschek, Rainhard Gabriel A1 - Lendlein, Andreas T1 - Influence of depolymerases and lipases on the degradation of polyhydroxyalkanoates determined in Langmuir degradation studies JF - Advanced materials interfaces N2 - Microbially produced polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are polyesters that are degradable by naturally occurring enzymes. Albeit PHAs degrade slowly when implanted in animal models, their disintegration is faster compared to abiotic hydrolysis under simulated physiological environments. Ultrathin Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films are used as models for fast in vitro degradation testing, to predict enzymatically catalyzed hydrolysis of PHAs in vivo. The activity of mammalian enzymes secreted by pancreas and liver, potentially involved in biomaterials degradation, along with microbial hydrolases is tested toward LB-films of two model PHAs, poly(3-R-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and poly[(3-R-hydroxyoctanoate)-co-(3-R-hydroxyhexanoate)] (PHOHHx). A specific PHA depolymerase fromStreptomyces exfoliatus, used as a positive control, is shown to hydrolyze LB-films of both polymers regardless of their side-chain-length and phase morphology. From amorphous PHB and PHOHHx, approximate to 80% is eroded in few hours, while mass loss for semicrystalline PHB is 25%. Surface potential and interfacial rheology measurements show that material dissolution is consistent with a random-chain-scission mechanism. Degradation-induced crystallization of semicrystalline PHB LB-films is also observed. Meanwhile, the surface and the mechanical properties of both LB-films remain intact throughout the experiments with lipases and other microbial hydrolases, suggesting that non-enzymatic hydrolysis could be the predominant factor for acceleration of PHAs degradation in vivo. KW - enzymatic-degradation KW - Langmuir thin-films KW - lipases KW - PHA-depolymerases KW - polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.202000872 SN - 2196-7350 VL - 7 IS - 17 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Prüfert, Chris A1 - Urban, Raphael David A1 - Fischer, Tillmann Georg A1 - Villatoro, José Andrés A1 - Riebe, Daniel A1 - Beitz, Toralf A1 - Belder, Detlev A1 - Zeitler, Kirsten A1 - Löhmannsröben, Hans-Gerd T1 - In situ monitoring of photocatalyzed isomerization reactions on a microchip flow reactor by IR-MALDI ion mobility spectrometry JF - Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry : a merger of Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry, Analusis and Quimica analitica N2 - The visible-light photocatalyticE/Zisomerization of olefins can be mediated by a wide spectrum of triplet sensitizers (photocatalysts). However, the search for the most efficient photocatalysts through screenings in photo batch reactors is material and time consuming. Capillary and microchip flow reactors can accelerate this screening process. Combined with a fast analytical technique for isomer differentiation, these reactors can enable high-throughput analyses. Ion mobility (IM) spectrometry is a cost-effective technique that allows simple isomer separation and detection on the millisecond timescale. This work introduces a hyphenation method consisting of a microchip reactor and an infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (IR-MALDI) ion mobility spectrometer that has the potential for high-throughput analysis. The photocatalyzedE/Zisomerization of ethyl-3-(pyridine-3-yl)but-2-enoate (E-1) as a model substrate was chosen to demonstrate the capability of this device. Classic organic triplet sensitizers as well as Ru-, Ir-, and Cu-based complexes were tested as catalysts. The ionization efficiency of theZ-isomer is much higher at atmospheric pressure which is due to a higher proton affinity. In order to suppress proton transfer reactions by limiting the number of collisions, an IM spectrometer working at reduced pressure (max. 100 mbar) was employed. This design reduced charge transfer reactions and allowed the quantitative determination of the reaction yield in real time. Among 14 catalysts tested, four catalysts could be determined as efficient sensitizers for theE/Zisomerization of ethyl cinnamate derivativeE-1. Conversion rates of up to 80% were achieved in irradiation time sequences of 10 up to 180 s. With respect to current studies found in the literature, this reduces the acquisition times from several hours to only a few minutes per scan. KW - microchip KW - reaction monitoring KW - IR-MALDI KW - ion mobility spectrometry KW - photochemistry KW - photocatalysis KW - Olefin isomerization Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-02923-y SN - 1618-2642 SN - 1618-2650 VL - 412 IS - 28 SP - 7899 EP - 7911 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laroque, Sophie A1 - Reifarth, Martin A1 - Sperling, Marcel A1 - Kersting, Sebastian A1 - Kloepzig, Stefanie A1 - Budach, Patrick A1 - Hartlieb, Matthias A1 - Storsberg, Joachim T1 - Impact of multivalence and self-assembly in the design of polymeric antimicrobial peptide mimics JF - ACS applied materials & interfaces N2 - Antimicrobial resistance is an increasingly serious challenge for public health and could result in dramatic negative consequences for the health care sector during the next decades. To solve this problem, antibacterial materials that are unsusceptible toward the development of bacterial resistance are a promising branch of research. In this work, a new type of polymeric antimicrobial peptide mimic featuring a bottlebrush architecture is developed, using a combination of reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). This approach enables multivalent presentation of antimicrobial subunits resulting in improved bioactivity and an increased hemocompatibility, boosting the selectivity of these materials for bacterial cells. Direct probing of membrane integrity of treated bacteria revealed highly potent membrane disruption caused by bottlebrush copolymers. Multivalent bottlebrush copolymers clearly outperformed their linear equivalents regarding bioactivity and selectivity. The effect of segmentation of cationic and hydrophobic subunits within bottle brushes was probed using heterograft copolymers. These materials were found to self-assemble under physiological conditions, which reduced their antibacterial activity, highlighting the importance of precise structural control for such applications. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example to demonstrate the positive impact of multivalence, generated by a bottlebrush topology in polymeric antimicrobial peptide mimics, making these polymers a highly promising material platform for the design of new bactericidal systems. KW - RAFT polymerization KW - ROMP KW - antimicrobial polymers KW - antimicrobial peptide KW - mimics KW - bottlebrush copolymers Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c05944 SN - 1944-8244 SN - 1944-8252 VL - 12 IS - 27 SP - 30052 EP - 30065 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Perovic, Milena A1 - Zeininger, Lukas A1 - Oschatz, Martin T1 - Immobilization of gold-on-carbon catalysts onto perfluorocarbon emulsion droplets to promote oxygen delivery in aqueous phase (D)-glucose oxidation JF - ChemCatChem N2 - The catalytic activity of metal nanoparticles (NPs) supported on porous supports can be controlled by various factors, such as NPs size, shape, or dispersivity, as well as their interaction with the support or the properties of the support material itself. However, these intrinsic properties are not solely responsible for the catalytic behavior of the overall reaction system, as the local environment and surface coverage of the catalyst with reactants, products, intermediates and other invloved species often play a crucial role in catalytic processes as well. Their contribution can be particularly critical in liquid-phase reactions with gaseous reactants that often suffer from low solubiltiy. One example is (D)-glucose oxidation with molecular oxygen over gold nanoparticles supported on porous carbons. The possibility to promote oxygen delivery in such aqueous phase oxidation reactions via the immobilization of heterogenous catalysts onto the interface of perfluorocarbon emulsion droplets is reported here. Gold-on-carbon catalyst particles can stabilize perfluorocarbon droplets in the aqueous phase and the local concentration of the oxidant in the surroundings of the gold nanoparticles accelerates the rate-limiting step of the reaction. Consequently, the reaction rate of a system with the optimal volume fraction of fluorocarbon is higher than a reference emulsion system without fluorocarbon, and the effect is observed even without additional oxygen supply. KW - perfluorocarbon emulsion KW - glucose oxidation KW - porous carbon KW - gas KW - solubility KW - pickering emulsion KW - liquid-phase catalysis Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.202001590 SN - 1867-3880 SN - 1867-3899 VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - 196 EP - 201 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - GEN A1 - Perovic, Milena A1 - Zeininger, Lukas A1 - Oschatz, Martin T1 - Immobilization of gold-on-carbon catalysts onto perfluorocarbon emulsion droplets to promote oxygen delivery in aqueous phase (D)-glucose oxidation T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - The catalytic activity of metal nanoparticles (NPs) supported on porous supports can be controlled by various factors, such as NPs size, shape, or dispersivity, as well as their interaction with the support or the properties of the support material itself. However, these intrinsic properties are not solely responsible for the catalytic behavior of the overall reaction system, as the local environment and surface coverage of the catalyst with reactants, products, intermediates and other invloved species often play a crucial role in catalytic processes as well. Their contribution can be particularly critical in liquid-phase reactions with gaseous reactants that often suffer from low solubiltiy. One example is (D)-glucose oxidation with molecular oxygen over gold nanoparticles supported on porous carbons. The possibility to promote oxygen delivery in such aqueous phase oxidation reactions via the immobilization of heterogenous catalysts onto the interface of perfluorocarbon emulsion droplets is reported here. Gold-on-carbon catalyst particles can stabilize perfluorocarbon droplets in the aqueous phase and the local concentration of the oxidant in the surroundings of the gold nanoparticles accelerates the rate-limiting step of the reaction. Consequently, the reaction rate of a system with the optimal volume fraction of fluorocarbon is higher than a reference emulsion system without fluorocarbon, and the effect is observed even without additional oxygen supply. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1362 KW - perfluorocarbon emulsion KW - glucose oxidation KW - porous carbon KW - gas KW - solubility KW - pickering emulsion KW - liquid-phase catalysis Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-569471 SN - 1867-3880 SN - 1867-3899 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarze, Thomas A1 - Riemer, Janine T1 - Highly K+ selective probes with fluorescence emission wavelengths higher than 500 nm in water JF - ChemistrySelect N2 - Herein, we report on the synthesis of highly K+/Na+ selective fluorescent probes in a feasible number of synthetic steps. These K+ selective fluorescent probes, so called fluoroionophores, 1 and 2 consists of different highly K+/Na+ selective building blocks the alkoxy-substituted N-phenylaza-18-crown-6 lariat ethers (ionophores) and "green" (cf. coumarin unit in 1) or "red" (cf. nile red unit in 2) fluorescent moieties (fluorophores). The fluorescent probes 1 and 2 show K+ induced fluorescence enhancement factors of 4.1 for 1 and 1.9 for 2 and dissociation constants for the corresponding K+ complexes of 43 mM (1+K+) and 18 mM (2+K+) in buffered aqueous solution. The fluorescence signal of 1 and 2 is changed by less than 5 % by pH values in the range of 6.8 to 8.8. Thus, 1 and 2 are capable fluorescent tools to determine extracellular K+ levels by fluorescence enhancements at wavelengths higher than 500 nm. KW - potassium KW - sodium KW - fluorescence KW - selectivity KW - probes Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.202003785 SN - 2365-6549 VL - 5 IS - 42 SP - 13174 EP - 13178 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hossain, Mohammad Delwar A1 - Chakraborty, Chanchal A1 - Rana, Utpal A1 - Mondal, Sanjoy A1 - Holdt, Hans-Jürgen A1 - Higuchi, Masayoshi T1 - Green-to-black electrochromic copper(I)-based metallo-supramolecular polymer with a perpendicularly twisted structure JF - ACS applied polymer materials N2 - A Cu(I)-based metallo-supramolecular polymer with a perpendicularly twisted structure was synthesized by a 1:1 complexation of tetrakis(acetonitrile)copper(I) triflate with the pi-conjugated dibenzoeilatin ligand. Stepwise complexation behavior of Cu(I) with the ligand was revealed by titrimetric ultraviolet- visible (UV-vis) spectroscopic analysis. Formation of a high-molecular-weight polymer (M-w = 1.21 x 10(5) Da) was confirmed by a size-exclusion chromatography-viscometry-right-angle laser light scattering study. A bundle structure of the polymer chains was observed by scanning electron microscopy. A cyclic voltammogram of the polymer film showed reversible redox waves at a negative potential. A device consisting of indium tin oxide (ITO) glass coated with a film of the polymer exhibited reversible green-to-black electrochromism upon alternate application of -3 and +1 V. KW - electrochromism KW - metallo-supramolecular polymers KW - stepwise complexation KW - metal-to-ligand charge transfer KW - copper KW - dibenzoeilatin Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.0c00559 SN - 2637-6105 VL - 2 IS - 11 SP - 4449 EP - 4454 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington, DC ER - TY - THES A1 - Cao, Qian T1 - Graphitic carbon nitride and polymer hybrid materials BT - a promising combination for advanced properties N2 - Advanced hybrid materials are recognized as one of the most significant enablers for new technologies, which holds true especially on the quest for sustainable energy sources and energy production schemes (e.g., semiconductor based photocatalytic materials). Usually, a single component is far from meeting all the demands needed for these advanced applications. Hybrid materials are composed of at least two components commonly an inorganic and an organic material on the molecular level, which feature novel properties exceeding the sum of the individual parts and might be the milestones of next-generation applications. This dissertation aims to provide novel combinations of the metal-free semiconductor graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) with polymers to obtain materials with advanced properties and applications. Visible light constitutes the core of the present work as it is the only energy source utilized either in synthesis or in the application process. In the area of applications by combination of g-C3N4 and polymers, two different hybrids were thoroughly elucidated, i.e.. their design and construction as well as potential application in photocatalysis. Novel soft 3D liquid objects were formed via charge-interaction driven interfacial jamming between polyelectrolytes in aqueous environment and colloidal dispersions of g-C3N4 in edible sunflower oil. As such, stable liquid objects could be molded into specific shapes and utilized for photodegradation of organic dyes in water. Furthermore, the grafting of polymers onto g-C3N4 was investigated. Allyl-end functionalized polymers were grafted onto g-C3N4 by a photoinitiated process to yield g-C3N4 with versatile and improved properties, e.g. advanced dispersibility enabling processing via spin coating. As g-C3N4 produces radicals under visible light irradiation, which is of significant interest for polymer science, g-C3N4 containing polymer latex and macrogel beads (MGB) were synthesized by emulsion photopolymerization and inverse suspension photopolymerization, respectively. A well-controlled emulsion photopolymerization process via g-C3N4 initiation was designed, which features synthesis of well-defined and cross-linked polymer particles. Furthermore, the polymerization process was investigated thoroughly, indicating an ad-layer polymerization in early stages of the process. The utilization of functionalized g-C3N4 allowed the polymerization of various monomer types. Moreover, g-C3N4 was utilized as photoinitiator in hydrogel MGB formation. The formed MGB properties could be tailored via process design, e.g. stirring rate, cross-linker content and g-C3N4 content. Finally, MGBs were introduced as photocatalyst for waste water remediation, i.e. the degradation of Rhodamine B in aqueous solution was studied. The present thesis therefore builds a bridge between g-C3N4 and polymers and provides strategies for hybrid material formation. Furthermore, several potential applications are revealed with significant implications for photocatalysis, polymerization processes and polymer materials. KW - Graphitic carbon nitride KW - Hybrid materials synthesis KW - Polymers KW - Photopolymerization Y1 - 2020 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Henning, Ricky A1 - Liebig, Ferenc A1 - Prietzel, Claudia Christina A1 - Klemke, Bastian A1 - Koetz, Joachim T1 - Gold nanotriangles with magnetite satellites JF - Colloids and surfaces : an international journal devoted to the principles and applications of colloid and interface science ; A, Physicochemical and engineering aspects N2 - This work describes the synthesis of hybrid particles of gold nanotriangles (AuNTs) with magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) by using 1-mercaptopropyl-3-trimethoxysilan (MPTMS) and L-cysteine as linker molecules. Due to the combination of superparamagnetic properties of MNPs with optical properties of the AuNTs, nanoplatelet-satellite hybrid nanostructures with combined features become available. By using MPTMS with silan groups as linker molecule a magnetic "cloud" with embedded AuNTs can be separated. In presence of L-cysteine as linker molecule at pH > pH(iso) a more unordered aggregate structure of MNPs is obtained due to the dimerization of the L-cysteine. At pH < pH(iso) water soluble positively charged AuNTs with satellite MNPs can be synthesized. The time-dependent loading with MNP satellites under release of the extinction and magnetization offer a hybrid material, which is of special relevance for biomedical applications and plasmonic catalysis. KW - nanotriangles KW - Superparamagnetic magnetite KW - Satellite hybrid KW - nanostructures KW - L-Cysteine KW - UV-Vis-NIR KW - HRTEM Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.124913 SN - 0927-7757 SN - 1873-4359 VL - 600 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liebig, Ferenc A1 - Sarhan, Radwan Mohamed A1 - Schmitt, Clemens Nikolaus Zeno A1 - Thünemann, Andreas F. A1 - Prietzel, Claudia Christina A1 - Bargheer, Matias A1 - Koetz, Joachim T1 - Gold nanotriangles with crumble topping and their influence on catalysis and surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy JF - ChemPlusChem N2 - By adding hyaluronic acid (HA) to dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT)-stabilized gold nanotriangles (AuNTs) with an average thickness of 7.5 +/- 1 nm and an edge length of about 175 +/- 17 nm, the AOT bilayer is replaced by a polymeric HA-layer leading to biocompatible nanoplatelets. The subsequent reduction process of tetrachloroauric acid in the HA-shell surrounding the AuNTs leads to the formation of spherical gold nanoparticles on the platelet surface. With increasing tetrachloroauric acid concentration, the decoration with gold nanoparticles can be tuned. SAXS measurements reveal an increase of the platelet thickness up to around 14.5 nm, twice the initial value of bare AuNTs. HRTEM micrographs show welding phenomena between densely packed particles on the platelet surface, leading to a crumble formation while preserving the original crystal structure. Crumbles crystallized on top of the platelets enhance the Raman signal by a factor of around 20, and intensify the plasmon-driven dimerization of 4-nitrothiophenol (4-NTP) to 4,4 '-dimercaptoazobenzene in a yield of up to 50 %. The resulting crumbled nanotriangles, with a biopolymer shell and the absorption maximum in the second window for in vivo imaging, are promising candidates for biomedical sensing. KW - gold nanostructures KW - HRTEM KW - hyaluronic acid KW - monolayer formation KW - SERS Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/cplu.201900745 SN - 2192-6506 VL - 85 IS - 3 SP - 519 EP - 526 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Behl, Marc A1 - Zhao, Qian A1 - Lendlein, Andreas T1 - Glucose-responsive shape-memory cryogels JF - Journal of materials research : JMR N2 - Boronic ester bonds can be reversibly formed between phenylboronic acid (PBA) and triol moieties. Here, we aim at a glucose-induced shape-memory effect by implementing such bonds as temporary netpoints, which are cleavable by glucose and by minimizing the volume change upon stimulation by a porous cryogel structure. The polymer system consisted of a semi-interpenetrating network (semi-IPN) architecture, in which the triol moieties were part of the permanent network and the PBA moieties were located in the linear polymer diffused into the semi-IPN. In an alkaline medium (pH = 10), the swelling ratio was approximately 35, independent of C-glu varied between 0 and 300 mg/dL. In bending experiments, shape fixity R-f approximate to 80% and shape recovery R-r approximate to 100% from five programming/recovery cycles could be determined. R-r was a function of C-glu in the range from 0 to 300 mg/dL, which accords with the fluctuation range of C-glu in human blood. In this way, the shape-memory hydrogels could play a role in future diabetes treatment options. KW - shape memory KW - polymer KW - porosity Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2020.204 SN - 0884-2914 SN - 2044-5326 VL - 35 IS - 18 SP - 2396 EP - 2404 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ER - TY - THES A1 - Perovic, Milena T1 - Functionalization of nanoporous carbon materials for chiral separation and heterogeneous oxidation catalysis N2 - The impact that catalysis has on global economy and environment is substantial, since 85% of all chemical industrial processes are catalytic. Among those, 80% of the processes are heterogeneously catalyzed, 17% make use of homogeneous catalysts, and 3% are biocatalytic processes. Especially in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industry, a significant part of these processes involves chiral compounds. Obtaining enantiomerically pure compounds is necessary and it is usually accomplished by asymmetric synthesis and catalysis, as well as chiral separation. The efficiency of these processes may be vastly improved if the chiral selectors are positioned on a porous solid support, thereby increasing the available surface area for chiral recognition. Similarly, the majority of commercial catalysts are also supported, usually comprising of metal nanoparticles (NPs) dispersed on highly porous oxide or nanoporous carbon material. Materials that have exceptional thermal and chemical stability, and are electrically conductive are porous carbons. Their stability in extreme pH regions and temperatures, the possibility to tailor their pore architecture and chemical functionalization, and their electric conductivity have already established these materials in the fields of separation and catalysis. However, their heterogeneous chemical structure with abundant defects make it challenging to develop reliable models for the investigation of structure-performance relationships. Therefore, there is a necessity for expanding the fundamental understanding of these robust materials under experimental conditions to allow for their further optimization for particular applications. This thesis gives a contribution to our knowledge about carbons, through different aspects, and in different applications. On the one hand, a rather exotic novel application was investigated by attempts in synthesizing porous carbon materials with an enantioselective surface. Chapter 4.1 described an approach for obtaining mesoporous carbons with an enantioselective surface by direct carbonization of a chiral precursor. Two enantiomers of chiral ionic liquids (CIL) based on amino acid tyrosine were used as carbon precursors and ordered mesoporous silica SBA-15 served as a hard template for obtaining porosity. The chiral recognition of the prepared carbons has been tested in the solution by isothermal titration calorimetry with enantiomers of Phenylalanine as probes, as well as chiral vapor adsorption with 2-butanol enantiomers. Measurements in both solution and the gas phase revealed the differences in the affinity of carbons towards two enantiomers. The atomic efficiency of the CIL precursors was increased in Chapter 4.2, and the porosity was developed independently from the development of chiral carbons, through the formation of stable composites of pristine carbon and CIL-derived coating. After the same set of experiments for the investigation of chirality, the enantiomeric ratios of the composites reported herein were even higher than in the previous chapter. On the other hand, the structure‒activity relationship of carbons as supports for gold nanoparticles in a rather traditional catalytic model reaction, on the interface between gas, liquid, and solid, was studied. In Chapter 5.1 it was shown on the series of catalysts with different porosities that the kinetics of ᴅ-glucose oxidation reaction can be enhanced by increasing the local concentration of the reactants around the active phase of the catalyst. A large amount of uniform narrow mesopores connected to the surface of the Au catalyst supported on ordered mesoporous carbon led to the water confinement, which increased the solubility of the oxygen in the proximity of the catalyst and thereby increased the apparent catalytic activity of this catalyst. After increasing the oxygen concentration in the internal area of the catalyst, in Chapter 5.2 the concentration of oxygen was increased in the external environment of the catalyst, by the introduction of less cohesive liquids that serve as efficient solvent for oxygen, perfluorinated compounds, near the active phase of the catalyst. This was achieved by a formation of catalyst particle-stabilized emulsions of perfluorocarbon in aqueous ᴅ-glucose solution, that further promoted the catalytic activity of gold-on-carbon catalyst. The findings reported within this thesis are an important step in the understanding of the structure-related properties of carbon materials. N2 - Die Auswirkungen, die die Katalyse auf die globale Wirtschaft und Umwelt hat, sind beträchtlich, da 85% aller chemischen Industrieprozesse katalytisch sind. Vor allem in der pharmazeutischen und agrochemischen Industrie ist ein bedeutender Teil dieser Prozesse mit chiralen Verbindungen verbunden, Moleküle, die als Bild und Spiegelbild dargestellt werden können. Es ist notwendig, chiral reine Verbindungen zu erhalten, und die Prozesse, um dies zu erreichen, sind effizienter, wenn poröse chirale Materialien aufgrund ihrer größeren Oberfläche verwendet werden. In ähnlicher Weise besteht die Mehrzahl der kommerziellen Katalysatoren in der Regel aus Metallnanopartikeln, die auf hochporösem Oxid- oder nanoporösem Kohlenstoffmaterial dispergiert sind. Materialien, die eine außergewöhnliche thermische und chemische Stabilität aufweisen und elektrisch leitfähig sind, sind poröse Kohlenstoffe. Ihre Anwendung ist jedoch aufgrund ihrer heterogenen, defektreichen Struktur sehr anspruchsvoll. Daher besteht die Notwendigkeit, das grundlegende Verständnis dieser Materialien unter experimentellen Bedingungen zu erweitern, um ihre weitere Optimierung für bestimmte Anwendungen zu ermöglichen. Diese Arbeit leistet einen Beitrag zu unserem Wissen über Kohlenstoffe durch eine eher exotische neue Anwendung der chiralen Trennung und eine eher traditionelle katalytische Anwendung. In Kapitel 4 wurden zwei Ansätze zur Gewinnung nanoporöser Kohlenstoffe mit chiraler Oberfläche unter Verwendung chiraler ionischer Flüssigkeitsvorläufer beschrieben. Ihre chirale Erkennung wurde in der Lösung und in der Gasphase untersucht. Kapitel 5 konzentrierte sich auf die Struktur-Aktivitäts-Beziehung von Kohlenstoffmaterialien als Träger von Goldnanopartikeln in einer katalytischen Modellreaktion der Glukoseoxidation mit molekularem Sauerstoff. Die in dieser Arbeit berichteten Ergebnisse sind ein wichtiger Schritt zum Verständnis der strukturbezogenen Eigenschaften von Kohlenstoffmaterialien. T2 - Funktionalisierung von nanoporösen Kohlenstoffmaterialien für die chirale Trennung und heterogene Oxidationskatalyse KW - Porous carbon KW - heterogeneous catalysis KW - chiral separation KW - functionalization KW - glucose oxidation KW - poröse Kohlenstoffmaterialien KW - chirale Trennung KW - Funktionalisierung KW - Glukose Oxidation KW - heterogene Katalyse Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-486594 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Perovic, Milena A1 - Qin, Qing A1 - Oschatz, Martin T1 - From molecular precursors to nanoparticles BT - tailoring the adsorption properties of porous carbon materials by controlled chemical functionalization JF - Advanced functional materials N2 - Nanoporous carbon materials (NCMs) provide the "function" of high specific surface area and thus have large interface area for interactions with surrounding species, which is of particular importance in applications related to adsorption processes. The strength and mechanism of adsorption depend on the pore architecture of the NCMs. In addition, chemical functionalization can be used to induce changes of electron density and/or electron density distribution in the pore walls, thus further modifying the interactions between carbons and guest species. Typical approaches for functionalization of nanoporous materials with regular atomic construction like porous silica, metal-organic frameworks, or zeolites, cannot be applied to NCMs due to their less defined local atomic construction and abundant defects. Therefore, synthetic strategies that offer a higher degree of control over the process of functionalization are needed. Synthetic approaches for covalent functionalization of NCMs, that is, for the incorporation of heteroatoms into the carbon backbone, are critically reviewed with a special focus on strategies following the concept "from molecules to materials." Approaches for coordinative functionalization with metallic species, and the functionalization by nanocomposite formation between pristine carbon materials and heteroatom-containing carbons, are introduced as well. Particular focus is given to the influences of these functionalizations in adsorption-related applications. KW - composites KW - heteroatoms KW - metal species KW - porous carbon materials KW - surface KW - functionalization Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201908371 SN - 1616-301X SN - 1616-3028 VL - 30 IS - 41 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER -